DEFENCE FORCES OF NEW ZEALAND: REPORT OF THE GENERAL OFFICER COMMANDING THE FORCES FOR THE PERIOD FROM 7th DECEMBER, 1910, TO 27th JULY, 1911.

Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1911 Session I, H-19

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1911. NE W ZEAL A N D.

DEFENCE FORCES OF NEW ZEALAND: REPORT OF THE GENERAL OFFICER COMMANDING THE FORCES FOR THE PERIOD FROM 7th DECEMBER, 1910, TO 27th JULY, 1911.

Presented to both Homes of the General Assembly by Command of Hi* Excellency.

To the Right Honourable the Minister of Defence. Sir,— I have the honour to submit the following report on the Forces under my command from the time of my arrival in the Dominion on 7th December, 1910, to the opening of Parliament on 27th July, 1911. In view of the fact that the period under review is one of transition from the old Volunteer Forces to the new Citizen Army, I propose to confine myself mainly to a narrative of what has been accomplished or undertaken between the dates in question. 1. Reorganization ok Headquarters Staff. The Headquarters Staff has been reorganized on the same lines as at Home, and the Dominion section of the Imperial Genera! Staff is now in working-order. (Vide Appendix A.) 2. Officers and Non-commissioned Officers on Loan from Home. The services of the following officers have been lent by the Army Council for the periods stated against their names, in order to assist in the formation of the Citizen Army. At the expiration of these periods it is hoped that the training of the New Zealand Staff Corps will be so far advanced, and the first batch of Cadets will be so near the completion of their period of study at the Australian Military College, that in many cases these Imperial officers may be replaced by officers of the New Zealand Staff Corps:— General Officer Commanding the Forces .. ..) „ . Assistant Military Secretary f For five years. Director of Staff Duties and Military Training. . . . .. .. I „ , Director of Military Operations .. .. \* at tour y, ''"' s - Director of Ordnance and Artillery Director of Supplies and Transport .. .. .. Four Third-grade General Staff Officers .. .. .. (_ , Assistant Director of Ordnance and Instructor in Artillery Duties .. or ree years - One Instructor in Mounted Duties . . . . . . .. j Three Instructors in Infantry Duties . . . . . . .. Four Cavalry and four Infantry non-commissioned officers as Sergeant Instructors for Mounted Rifles and Infantry respectively have also been obtained from Home on a five-years engagement. 3. New Zealand Staff Corps. The New Zealand Staff Corps, as recommended by Field-Marshal Viscount Kitchener (strength 100), has been formed with an establishment of three Colonels, six Lieut.-Colonels, thirteen Majors, twentysix Captains, and fifty-two Lieutenants. In addition to the twenty-two officers and the thirty-five warrant and non-commissioned officers of the local Permanent Staff who-were here prior to my arrival, forty-one officers and forty-two non-commissioned officers have been already appointed locally. The New Zealand Staff Corps will eventually be brought up to its full establishment by the influx of cadets from the Australian Military College. 4. Training-camp at Tauherenikau. The officers and N.C.O.s appointed locally were trained at a special camp of instruction al Tauherenikau. (See Appendix B.) These officers and N.C.O.s were carefully selected from among many hundreds of applicants. Their period of probation elapsed on 7th July, and lam glad to be able tc say that their selection has been fully justified, and that all have been confirmed in their appointments. 5. Australian Military College. It was decided to throw open by competitive examination the ten cadetships available at the Australian Military College for New Zealand candidates, to any boy in the Dominion who fulfilled the necessary physical qualifications and was well recommended as regards character, &c. The notice

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given was of necessity very short, and the syllabus at first sight appeared rather alarming. These two factors account for the fact that only fifteen candidates presented themselves for examination, and of these only eight reached a standard sufficiently high to warrant their being sent to the college; the remaining two vacancies were filled by nomination. These Cadets proceeded to Australia on 16th June, and notification has been received that they have arrived and are now at work. The next examination for a similar number of candidates will be held in December, 1911, in connection with the Matriculation Examination. The syllabus and results of the last examination have now been widely circulated, and it is hoped that a large number of candidates will be forthcoming. Our thanks are due to the University of New Zealand for holding the last examination at short notice, and for undertaking the next. 6. Appointments and Promotions of Officers. Appointments as Territorial officers will go to the most suitable and most deserving from the ranks. or to those who show most promise as Senior Cadets. Every recommendation for a commission will be made in the first instance by the officer commanding the unit or corps in which the officer is to serve. No officers will be promoted, even provisionally, unless they have passed the prescribed examination for the next higher rank. The promotion examinations will in future be held on exactly the same lines as at Home. 7. Officers' Training Corps. It was decided that the formation of Officers' Training Corps should not be proceeded with, as it was not considered that the officers of a Citizen Army should necessarily be drawn from any particular corps or class of the community. The Officers' Training Corps was an organization primarily designed to supply a want in a voluntary system, and has no place now that this Dominion has accepted the principle of universal obligation for military sendee. 8. Further Training of Officers. One officer of the New Zealand Staff Corps is now at the Staff College at Camberley, and I am glad to be able to report that for the first time there are candidates in the Dominion for the examination for entrance to the Staff College. Four officers sat at the examination held this month. One vacancy is promised for the Staff College at Camberley, and it is hoped that another may possibly be obtained. Six officers of the New Zealand Staff Corps have been sent Home for a year's training, and application has been made for four officers to be sent for six months' training to India. Arrangements arc also in progress for sending a certain number of Citizen officers to India for training, and for the exchange of officers of the New Zealand Staff Corps with a corresponding number of permanent officers from Canada and Australia. 9. Courses of Instruction. In the future I think it is imperative that the officers and N.C.O.s of the New Zealand Staff Corps and the Permanent Staff should be assembled annually, to brush up their military knowledge, as was done at the beginning of this year at the camp at Tauherenikau. The nature of the duties of these officers and N.C.O.s under the new scheme, and their isolated positions in the areas, makes it very difficult for them to keep themselves up to date or to exchange ideas on military subjects. The same applies to the senior officers of the Territorial Forces, and I think that an annual assembly in camp, not only of the officers and N.C.O.s of the Permanent Staff, but also of the Territorial Brigadiers and Commanding Officers, should be held. Similarly, the 100 officers, N.C.O.s, and men of the R.N.Z.F.A., who will be scattered in the various cadres of the Territorial field batteries throughout the Dominion, should be assembled annually and trained as a battery. Classes of instruction for junior Territorial officers and N.C.O.s have been started in districts, and will be held regularly, and I hope shortly to make proposals for the establishment of a School of Musketry. 10. Retirements. „ I wish to call your particular attention to the ages for retirement for officers both of the New Zealand Staff Corps and the Territorial Forces as laid down by the Regulations. These must be most strictly enforced, if the proper efficiency of the body of officers is to be maintained. In the past it has been a great discouragement to junior officers to find that their chances of promotion and advancement were blocked by the retention of officers beyond a reasonable age-limit. 11. Harbour-defences. I have inspected all the harbour-defences of the Dominion, and, though exception may be taken in some cases to the siting of the forts, I am of opinion that the existing defences are in excellent order and aie sufficient for our present needs. The new works at Wellington and Auckland have been practically completed during the year. The works and armament are very well kept and cared for by the Royal New Zealand Artillery; the personnel of the 'Territorial Garrison Artillery is excellent, and will be able to efficiently man these defences ; and I do not recommend that at present any considerable expenditure should be undertaken with regard to the harbour-defences. I consider that we should rely for the defence of the country upon an efficient mobile force rather than upon fixed defences, and that our energies and money should be devoted first and foremost to the creation of an efficient mobile Territorial army. What is required, rather than guns of position, is an efficient mobile Artillery which can be sent to meet a possible invader who might land anywhere round the coast. It is impossible to attempt to defend all the innumerable ports and harbours in the country, and our besi chance of dealing effectively with an invader is to go to meet him while he is landing or after he has landed.

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12. Permanent P'orce. With this object the Royal New Zealand Artillery has been reorganized so that a considerable portion of it (100) has now been converted into Field Artillery. This Field Artillery portion will provide the permanent cadres for the Territorial Field Artillery batteries, and will, I hope, bring them to the same pitch of excellence us that to which tiny have brought the Territorial Garrison Artillery in the past. The Garrison Artillery portion of the Royal New Zealand Artillery will continue to form the instructional cadres a 1 the defended ports. 13. Field Artillery. Three extra batteries (each to consist of four guns) have been raised in the Dominion, making a total of eight batteries. These have been formed into four brigades, one brigade being furnished from each of the four military districts. Twenty-four of the new 18-pounder field guns have been ordered from Home for six of these batteries, and eighl of the latest-pattern field howitzers for the remaining two. The provision of an extra mountain battery is also under consideration. The first consignment of the 18-pounders is due to leave England this month, and it i> anticipated that all the 18-pounders will have reached the Dominion by next February. Artillery horses are now being purchased for the Field Artillery cadres, and the training of the R.N.Z.A. in Field Artillery work will shortly be completed ; so that, as the guns arrive, the permanent cadres will be ready for the immediate commencement of the 1 raining of the batteries. 14. Changes in Organization ok the Forces. The following have been amalgamated : — Mounted Rifles — 2nd and 4th Regiments, Auckland Mounted Rifles, to form the 4th (Waikato) Mounted Rifles. Ist and 2nd Regiments, North Canterbury Mounted Rifles, to form the Ist Mounted Rifles (Canterbury Yeomanry Cavalry). 2nd and 4th Regiments, Wellington Mounted Rifles, to form the 9th (Welling on East Coast) Mounted Rifles. Garrison Artillery — Nos. 1 and 2 Companies, Canterbury Division, New Zealand Garrison Artillery, to form No. 4 Company, New Zealand Garrison Artillery. Nos. 1 and 2 Companies, Otago Division, New Zealand Garrison Artillery, to form No. 2 Company, New Zealand Garrison Artillery. Infantry — Ist and 2nd Battalions, Nelson Infantry, to form the 12th (Nelson) Regiment. 3rd and sth Battalions, Wellington Infantry, to form the 9th Regiment (Wellington East Coast Rifles). The following new units have been raised : — Mounted Rifles—l2th (Otago) Mounted Rifles. Field Artillery —C Battery (Invercargill) ; F Battery (Napier) ; G Battery (Hamilton). Infantry —15th (North Auckland) Regiment; 16th (Waikato) Regiment. Signal Corps —Auckland Mounted Signal Company; Canterbury Mounted Signal Company; Otago Mounted Signal Company ; Wellington Mounted Signal Company. Auckland Infantry Signal Company ; Canterbury Infantry Signal Company ; Otago Infantry Signal Company ; Wellington Infantry Signal Company. Mounted Field Ambulances—No. 5 Mounted Field Ambulance (Auckland); No. 6 Mounted Field Ambulance (Christchurch); No. 7 Mounted Field Ambulance (Invercargill) ; No. 8 Mounted Field Ambulance (Palmerston North). The heterogeneous mass of scattered squadrons, batteries, and companies of which the Forces have hitherto consisted has been sorted out and reorganized. A Mounted Rifles brigade of three regiments, an Infantry brigade of four battalions, and an Artillery brigade of two batteries are now allotted to each of the four districts, making a total of twelve Mounted Rifle regiments, sixteen battalions, and eight batteries. These have been numbered consecutively as follows : Mounted Rifles, Itol2 ; Infantry, Ito 16, &c. ; and have also been given a Territorial designation. Local Territorial Brigadiers have been appointed, and their Brigade "Majors will be permanent officers of the New Zealand Staff Corps. Territorial Coast Defence Commanders have also been appointed, with permanent officers of the Royal New Zealand Artillery as their Staff Officers. Regiments and battalions will be commanded by local Territorial officers, who will have permanenl officers of the New Zealand Staff Corps as their Adjutants. It will thus be seen that the principle is for Citizen officers to command all units of the Citizen Army, and to be assisted in so doing by Permanent officers. Further particulars of the reorganization can be seen in the revised Army List, issued in June, 1911, which shows the Forces in regimental lists. 15. Establishments. The establishments of the Forces have been raised to practically the same strength for peace as for war, and have now been issued in detail. This provides for the Force of 30,000 men recomn lended by the War Office, and also enables us to take into the Territorial Army all those who will be available for service. It has therefore been decided, for the present, that the General Training Section will not be necessary. This section was only a makeshift to provide for the men available for training who could not be embraced by the original low peace establishment. 16. Regulations. The new Regulations for the Territorial Force have been approved by Cabinet, published, and issued.

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17. The Area System. The area system, as recommended by Field-Marshal Viscount Kitchener, has been adopted in the Dominion, and details of the division of the country into areas, and of the appointment of permanent officers and N.C.O.s to the areas, will be found in Appendix C and in the Army List. 18. Registration. The registration of all youths available for service has been completed, with the following result, up to 17th July: Territorials, 21,838 ; Senior Cadets, 29,991. To arrive at the numbers available for training, these must be added to the Territorials now serving, as follows : Under twenty-one years of age, 6,309 ; those over age desirous of and peimitted to continue service, 2,862 : making a total of 31,009 —practically just the strength required for the new Army establishment of 30,CC0 men. A certain percentage of these (it is impossible to say how many) will be eliminated by the results of the medical examination, which is now proceeding. We can, however, well afford to he below our full establishment at first. The details of the method in which the registration was conducted will be found in Appendices C and D. 19. Medical Examination. The training is to be as far as possible universal, and it is hoped that, in the Cadet stages, many weaklings will derive benefit from it. The standard of rejection will therefore be a light one, and only those likely to be injured in any way by the training they have to undergo will be rejected. 20. Exemptions. The only exemptions permitted are those who are physically unfit as above, and those who are employed, under the Education Department, in a military capacity as Instructors for Junior Cadets. Special Railway and Post and Telegraph Corps are being foimed for Railway and Post Office men. These Railway and Post Office Corps will he of great value to the Army. A few sparsely inhabited areas have been exempted from training for the present (vide New Zealand Gazette notice of July 28th). But, with the exception of those living in these areas, all males between the ages of fourteen and twentyone will be posted to units for training, however far they may he from towns or railways. Villages, farms, &c, will be visited by officers aid N.C.O.s of the Peimanent Stati for the purpose of carrying out the necessary drills, and all will be assembled for regimental drills and battalion camps. (For further details see Appendix E.) 21. Conditions of Service and Training of the New Forces. The paper, which gives complete information on the subject (Appendix F) was prepared and issued by the General Staff. Every possible publicity was given to this pamphlet, which has been widely distributed. I have personally visited all districts in the Dominion, and by meeting employers of labour, citizens, farmers, and, as far as possible, all classes of the community, have, I hope, succeeded in removing and allaying misunderstandings and misapprehensions on the subject. Wherever I have been I have received the most cordial support from all with whom I have come in contact. 22. Old Volunteers. During my tour I have inspected a considerable number of the old Volunteers and Senior Cadets, and have been very much struck with the excellence of the material which they represent, and with the spirit in which they are entering into the new scheme. lam glad to say that many of the officers, N.C.O.s, and men of the old Volunteer Forces are remaining in the new Citizen Army, and I feel sure that they will prove a valuable nucleus to the Force. 23. Boy Scouts. The situation as regards the relationship between the Boy Scouts and the Senior Cadets is most satisfactory, and arrangements have been made for the Boy Scouts who are incorporated into the Senior Cadets to wear their distinctive uniform, and to do their Senior Cadet training as far as possible in Boy Scout units. In future Boy Scout uniforms for these units will be provided by the Government. 24. Musketry. The standard of military rifle shooting in the Dominion is somewhat behind the times, but with the promised co-operation of the executive of the Dominion Rifle Association and of presidents of Rifle Clubs, and the experience that will have been gained by the Bisley team which has gone Home this year, I have no doubt that we shall soon be able to make it more up-to-date. lam unable to report yet on the adequacy of the rifle ranges in the Dominion, but the matter will have my early attention. 25. Dominion Rifle Association. The Defence Department, in conjunction with the existing staff of the Association, has undertaken its futuie management. The programme for next year will be drawn up on up-to-date lines, and I am glad to be able to report that Colonel Collins, C.M.G., 1.5.0., v.d., A.D.C., who has hitherto been the chief Executive Officer, has kindly consented to continue to assist the Department in that capacity. No expenditure will be incurred by the Department in connection with the meeting, which will not have a definite military value. 26. Rifle Clubs. It is hoped that all men, after they have completed their Territorial service at the age of twentyfive, or their service in the Reserve at the age of thirty, will join a Rifle Club and remain in it till the age of fifty-five. By this means, a second voluntary Reserve will be formed from the Rifle Clubs, who will undertake, in return for certain concessions granted by the Government, to carry out an annual course of musketry prescribed by the military authorities, and to be called up for service in time of emergency.

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27. Rifles and Ammunition. Seven thousand new rifles have been ordered from Home and are expected to arrive shortly. These, with the number already in the Dominion, make a total of 39,432 available for use. Requisitions for ordnance ammunition to maintain the regulation equipment, together with ample provision for two years' practice-supply for all guns, have been put forward. Arrangements are being made to complete the reserves of big-gun and small-arm ammunition, as recommended by the Colonial Defence Committee. I have inspected the works of the Colonial Ammunition Company, and am satisfied that they are well organized and can cope with the immediate requirements of the Dominion. 28. Drill-halls. The existing drill-halls are totally inadequate, both in number and, as a rule, in size, for the increased numbers of men and boys who will be trained under the new scheme. It is indispensable that there should be drill-halls, for use in winter and in bad weather, at all centres which are the headquarters of a troop of Mounted Rifles, a section of Infantry, a company of Senior Cadets, or any larger formation. These buildings should be put in hand at once, and should be the absolute property of the Defence Department. The present system, by which many of the drill-halls are in the hands of trustees and are used for purposes other than drill, is unsatisfactory and is a great hindrance to efficient training. I will shortly submit definite proposals for the erection of a simple and inexpensive type of drill-hall at those places where they are required ; also for the acquisition by the Department of those now in existence which are of sufficient size and which are held on unsatisfactory terms. 29. Training-grounds. There have been set apart 23,800 acres in the Waimarino District in the North Island, and 8,841 acres in the Waimakariri District in the South Island, as training-areas. It is not intended to build permanent hutments or camps on these areas : they will be reserved for manoeuvre purposes in the future. The principle of the Citizen Army that the men shall do their training territorially, and the practical elimination for the present of the General Training Section, makes the establishment of permanent standing camps unnecessary. 30. Clothino and Equipment. Tenders have been accepted locally for the supply of the necessary uniforms and boots, and their manufacture is now proceeding rapidly. Capitation grants will be paid for 1911-12 on the numbers of old Volunteers existing on Ist March, in order to assist units in clearing off their just debts. In future all recruits for the whole of the Forces will be clothed and equipped by the Government. Clothing-stores must be provided at once at Auckland, Christchurch, and Dunedin, and at many outlying regimental and battalion headquarters. Sixteen thousand sets of the latest-pattern marchingorder equipment have been ordered, also sufficient Maxim guns to complete the equipment of all Mounted Rifle regiments and Infantry battalions in this important respect. 31. Wireless. The question of obtaining portable wireless equipment for the Forces is under consideration. 32. Affiliations with Home Army. Proposals have been made for the affiliation of those British regiments who served in New Zealand in the Maori wars to regiments of the New Zealand Army, also for the affiliation of certain Mounted Rifle regiments to King Edward's Horse. 33. Honorary Appointments. The distinction of Honorary Colonel has been accepted by the following :— His Excellency the Governor, of the 9th (Wellington East Coast) Mounted Rifles . Her Excellency Lady Islington, of the New Zealand Medical Corps : The Right Hon. Sir J. G. Ward. Bart,. P. 0.. K.C.M.G.. of the Bth Regiment (Southland Rifles) : Major-General J. M. Babington. C.8.. C.M.6.,"0f the sth Mounted Rifles (Otago Hussars): Major-General A. P. Penton, C.8., C.V.0., R.A., of the 13th (North Canterbury) Regiment . Sir James Mills, K.C.M.G.. of the New Zealand Engineers. 34. Next Year's Training. It is hoped that the posting of all those registered will be completed by the beginning of September, and that it will be possible to commence training these men during that month. Instructions regarding the posting will be found in Appendix E. The interests of employers and employed, the suitability of men for the various arms, and, as far as possible, the wishes of the men as regards the arms in which they wish to serve, will all be considered. The training will at first be most elementary and rudimentary, and no camps will be held till Christmas-time and after. The annual week's camp will be held by regiments and battalions, and, in the case of the Mounted Rifles, who are chiefly drawn from farming and dairying districts, the camps will not as a rule be held till near the end of the training season —namely, 31st May. A memorandum which gives my views on the manner in which the training under the new scheme should he carried out will be found in Appendix G. I have, &c, Alex. J. Godley, Major-General, Wellington, 27th July, 1911. Commanding New Zealand Forces.

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APPENDIX A.

ORGANIZATION OF HEADQUARTERS STAFF, NEW ZEALAND.— MARCH. 1911. Minister of Defence. Commandant (Combining duties of (ieneral Officer Commanding the Forces, Chief of the General Staff, and Inspector-General). Assistant Military Secretary. I ! ' I Director of Staff Duties ' Director of Military Adjutant and (Quartermaster-General. Director of Ordnance and Director of Accounts, and Military Training. Operations. Artillery. Assistant Adjutant-General. Accountant. Four officers attached to One officer attached to the Assistant Director, the General Staff. General Staff. Assistant Quartermaster-General. Superintendent of FortiDominion Section of the Imperial General Staff. Director of Medical Services. fications and Works. Director of Veterinary Services. Director of Supplies and Transport. Director of Equipment and Stores.

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APPENDIX. B.

REPORT ON THE TRAINING-CAMP AT TAUHERENIKAU. 7th JANUARY TO 17th MARCH. 1911. Objects. The training-camp at Tauherenikau was instituted for the following purposes : — 1. To train a sufficient numbei of officers, destined for the New Zealand Staff Corps, to fill appointments on the Staff of the Defence Force, and as Adjutants of Territorial units. 2. To train the required number of N.C.O.s as Sergeants-major in charge of areas and Sergeantsmajor of units. Scheme of Instruction. The scheme of work was of such a nature as to develop the powers of instruction in each individual, fit all ranks to take part in the training of the Territorial Forces, and carry out the necessary duties of registration and organization in the areas and area-groups. Drill. With this ideal in view, it was necessary to start every one from the. beginning, and give all ranks a thorough grounding in drill, progressively, from squad drill as recruits up to battalion drill and company training in the field. This progressive training was also carried out as regards mounted drill. Thus it was hoped that the officers and N.C.O.s under instruction would be taught to be able in turn to instruct the recruits and trained soldiers of the Territorial units in their military duties. This instruction in Infantry drill was handed over to the supervision of Captain Hamilton. Grenadier Guards, Camp Adjutant, who was kindly lent to the Defence Department by His Excellency the Governor. As instructors under him, Captain Hamilton had the assistance of the following N.C.O.s of the Permanent Staff: Staff Sergeants-major Dove v. Cheater Redmond, and Walker. Progressiva Training. The scheme of training of all ranks was progressive that is to say, every one began at the beginning as recruits, no matter what their training or experience was in the past. Squad Drill. The officers and N.C.O.s were divided into four Infantry squads, each under an instructor, and they began as recruits to be instructed in the correct manner of standing at attention, marching turning, saluting, &c. ; in short, how to carry themselves smartly with a proper soldierly bearing. All this preliminary part of the drill was without arms. When they had sufficiently mastered the rudiments, and had in turn taken the part of an instructor, giving all the necessary explanations and words of command, they passed on to the next step, which is squad drill with arms. Tn this they were taught the propel method of handling their arms with precision and smartness both while marching and at the halt. Communicating drill, which consists chiefly in the practice of using the voice properly in giving words of command, and in repeating the explanations and commands in drill, was made a special study, and was attended with good results. A great deal depends, in drill, on the manner in which a word of command is given. Some who have no proper command over their voice or manner of giving an order fail to produce smart movements in drill, while others who have the habit, of command can do anything with their men. To obtain lull value out of communicating drill the squad should be com ■ manded from a considerable distance. Company Drill. After squad drill, the nexi Btep was company drill, and in this, as before, each individual took his turn in commanding squads, sections, half-companies, and the company, so that all should be familiar with every detail of company drill. Battalion Drill. When sufficient progress was made in company drill, battalion drill, under the Adjutant or Commandant, was taken in hand. Owing to the lack of numbers, each company in the battalion was in single rank. The battalion was composed of six companies only. Officers took it in turn to perform the mounted duties of senior Major and Adjutant and of Commander of a Company, and occasionally one or other was called out to drill the battalion. The officers and N.C.O.s had paid so much attention to their drill from the start that their movements in battalion drill, and the manner of handling their arms, left very little to lie desired, and would have done credit to a battalion of Regulars. Their steadiness m the ranks was particularly noticeable. Company Training. Besides drill, company training in the field was undertaken. The officers and N.C.O.s under training formed a company, at war strength, between 120 and 130 of all ranks. The training included attack and defence practices; advanced, flank, and rear guards; and outposts. As many as possible took it in turn to command squads, sections, half-companies, and the company. It must be noted i hai the officers and N.C.O.s took their places together in the ranks, and were trained just as if they were ordirtary privates in the company.

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Field Engineering. Instruction was also given in the construction of field-works under the supervision of Captain Duigan, Headquarters Staff The time devoted to field-works was necessarily limited, but every officer and N.C.O. had a good grounding in the elementary principles of the work, and did his share of the actual digging, &c. The work carried out was mostly of a practical nature, and consisted of—Construction of a firetrench ; loopholes: overhead cover; concealing trenches ; cover lying down ; cutting brushwood and clearing the foreground ; tracing trenches ; types of traverses for protection from enfilade and oblique fire ; stone sangars. The system of detailing working parties was thoroughly explained to all, and the principles of construction, effect of fire, handling tools, and siting trenches explained in a lecture. I have no hesitation in saying that every officer and N.C.O. who was instructed in the above knows bow to instruct his unit in the work carried out. Mounted Duties. All ranks, whether they formerly belonged to the mounted branches or not. were instructed in mounted drill. At first the instruction was given on foot, and the movements were thoroughly learnt in this manner. After this grounding was satisfactorily absorbed, the officers and N.C.O.s were put through the drill on horses. At first the Mounted squads learnt how to ride and handle their horses in the manege, as in riding-schools. After this they carried on with troop and squadron drill, with and without arms. Paucity of horses and unsuitable ground prevented mounted work in the field being carried out, but as much training as possible in this direction was done on foot. Captain Spencer-Smith, Staff Officer to the G.0.C.. undertook for a time the supervision of the mounted drill, assisted by Staff Sergeants-major Dovey, Walker, and Redmond. Thus all ranks, without distinction, were thoroughly instructed in Infantry and Mounted drill, so that each individually could undertake the duties of instructor in either branch, as Adjutants, Area Sergeants-major, or Sergeants-major of units. Musketry. In addition to drill and field training all ranks went through as thorough a course of musketry instruction as the time would admit, under the supervision of Major Hughes, Assistant Commandant, assisted by Staff Sergeants-major Rose and Henderson. In this course it was intended to show how the recruit should be instructed, and for this purpose all those under instruction began at the beginning as recruits and were carried right through the course. They were shown the special points to observe in the instruction of recruits, and the method of conducting the standard tests. Great stress was laid on the care of arms —a very important matter, since in this country an alarming number of rifle-barrels are condemned every year through want of proper care on the part of those in possession of arms as Volunteers. Judging distance, also very important, was frequently practised. Great stress was also laid on the importance of fire discipline and control. The extreme usefulness of work on a miniature range was illustrated, and all the various methods of fire and specimens of targets were shown. Methods of testing the firers' errors in aiming, by grouping practices, and the errors in sighting of rifles also formed part of the instruction. As in the drills so in musketry, all ranks were practised in imparting instruction as to recruits, &c. The whole course was very useful, and was ably carried out under Major Hughes and his assistants. Examination. Periodical examinations in drill, musketry, Commandant's lectures, and Adjutants' and N.C.O.s' duties produced very satisfactory results on the whole, testifying to the efficiency of the instruction given. The seniority of both officers and N.C.O.s in passing out was determined in great measure by the results of these examinations. Semaphore Signalling. Semaphore signalling with flags was taught to all ranks, under the supervision of Captain Duigan. Headquarters Staff, and all had to pass an examination in this branch. The training was very thorough, and the majority of officers and N.C.O.s reached a very satisfactory standard of efficiency. Flag drill was not hurried, and the detail was grounded into all. Many of the officers who were under instruction are proficient in Morse, which will be of great value to them in training the signallers of their units. Physical Training. Captain It. (). Chesney supervised the instruction in physical training, which was undertaken by Corporal Gallagher, R.N.Z.A. Certain exercises were selected from the Imperial Handbook on the subject, and all officers and N.C.O.s have been given copies of those selected. Lectures. Frequent lecture-: were delivered by all the members of tie' Instructional Staff on various military subjects included in the course of instruction, imongst these were lectures by the Commandant on attack-, defence, protection, discipline, scouting, &c. Major Hughes gave a very useful and instructional series of lectures on musketry. Captain Hamilton lectured on drill, duties of Adjutants. &c. ; Captain Duigan on field-works. Captain Browne gave instruction in the fitting of saddlery. Captain Reid, N.Z.V.C., on horses and horse-mastership. The latter is very important, and very much required in this country. Special instruction was also given in the duties oi Area Sergeants-major.

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Camp. The camp was laid out by Captain Browne. Headquarters Staff. Camp Quartermaster, and the excellent health of all ranks was due to his careful supervision, and the extreme cleanliness of the camp and its surroundings, which was always insisted upon. Sanitation. The latrines were on the pan and dry-earth system, and their contents were buried daily. Soak-pits were dug for the reception of water used in washing utensils for cooking, drawings of which will be found in the appendix on pages 14 and 15. All refuse was burned in the incinerator, and empty tins and indestructible matter buried after passing through the incinerator. At intervals, behind the tents, receptacles were placed, into which scraps of paper and litter were thrown and afterwards burned. Thus the camp was kept clear of all rubbish. Water-supply. The water-supply, duly tested and found pure, was obtained from a reek behind the camp, and pumped up to tanks by a hydraulic ram. A plentiful supply of water was thus obtained for all ranks. and shower-baths in sufficient quantities were erected. Medical Attendance. Lieut.-Colonel Bey, of the N.Z.M.O, attended to the health of the camp. Lieutenants Morrison and Lampen assisted the Medical Officer by attending immediately to any minor ailments on the spot which did not necessitate the cailing-in of the Medical Officer. They performed their duties most efficiently, and by their timely attention to those minor ailments always to be found in camps, prevented their becoming chronic or severe. Lighting. All the mess marquees were lighted with acetylene gas laid on from a generator erected under the water-tank. This method of lighting was considered cleaner, safer, cheaper, and better than by oillamps. As a great deal of work, reading up manuals. &c. was done at night, it was necessary that the light shoidd be good and adequate. Horses. For instruction in mounted duties forty horses were purchased, and were placed under the care of Captain Browne, Camp Quartermaster. These horses were kept in a paddock between the camp and the Tauherenikau River, and were looked after by a certain number of the R.N.Z.A. The Inspecting Veterinary Officer, Captain Reid, in veterinary charge of camp, reported that their condition was very good and showed great improvement since their purchase, which reflects credit on the care that was taken of them. Only one horse was cast, and this was sold after the camp was closed. The remainder were distributed among Area Sergeants-major, as far as they would go. These N.C.O.s will in some districts have to cover long distances in the execution of their duties, and therefore it is considered necessary that they should have a horse for the purpose. Fatigues. The necessary fatigue duties in camp were executed by a detachment of the R.N.Z.A. and a few civilians engaged for the purpose. These duties were carried out entirely satisfactorily, and all worked hard with commendable zeal and energy. Situation of Camp. The camp was situated on the south-east side of a belt of bush which stretched from behind the racecourse to the Tauherenikau River. The site was ideal, as the bush sheltered the camp very efficiently from the north-west wind, which frequently sweeps down from the hills with much violence. As stated above, the water-supply was close behind the camp, and the Tauherenikau River close to the horse-paddock. This river was used tor watering the horses, and a bathing-place was made in it for the use of the camp. The ground on which the camp was pitched is part of the property of Mr. Quinton Donald, who very generously placed it at the disposal of the Defence Department for the purpose. Daily Routixk. The daily routine of work in the camp was as follows : Work commenced at 8.30 a.m., and went on till 1 p.m., with a break of half an hour from 10.30 a.m. till 11 a.m. After lunch, at 1 p.m., work recommenced at 2 p.m. and finished at 1.30 p.m. Saturday was a general holiday, and on Sunday a church parade was held in the morning. Discipline: . Discipline in camp left nothing to be desired, and the smartness and soldierly bearing of all ranks is a matter for congratulation. The zeal and energy displayed by all officers and N.C.O.s under instruction was extremely creditable. From first to last every one showed a very commendable desire to learn all he could, and a meat deal of work, both practical and theoretical, was done during hours supposed to be devoted to relaxation, and even late in the night. This soldierly spirit gives i'ood promise for the future success of the Territorial Forces.

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Visiting Officers. During the last week—from the 10th to the 17th March -the camp was visited by a number of officers, comprising the following : District Commandants and their stall's, Brigadiers, Commanding Officers of Units, and others, under the direction of the G.0.C.. New Zealand Defence Forces and the Headquarters Staff. The visiting officers were shown the results of the two months' instruction in every branch, in order that they might see for themselves how instruction should be carried out. Tactical schemes in the field took place on three mornings, under the direction of the G.0.C., of which a separate narrative will be published. Lectures were delivered by the Headquarters and Instructional Staff of the camp, and conferences on various subjects were daily held. It is hoped that visiting officers benefited by the opportunities thus afforded of meeting together from all parts of the Dominion, making the acquaintance of the Headquarters Staff and each other, and discussing many subjects of interest and importance as concerning the Defence Forces in general and themselves in particular. The camp was visited by His Excellency the Governor, the Prime Minister (Right Hon. Sir Joseph Ward) and by the following Ministers : The Hon. J. Carroll and the Hon. G. Fowlds. Conclusion. .In conclusion, it was noticed that though the native-born of this country pick up field training and manoeuvre very quickly indeed —a fact that is no doubt due to their outdoor life and habits of independence—drill and discipline does not come so easily to them. It is obvious, therefore, that a great deal of attention must be paid to the latter. At this school of instruction, as soon as they had been taught to drill, to skirmish, and to do as they were told, the rest came easily. In England, on the other hand, the soldier picks up drill and discipline quickly, but is slower in learning the principles of modern field training. The camp was struck on the afternoon of the 17th March, and all ranks were despatched to their destinations by the same evening. K. S. Heard, Colonel, Imperial General Staff, Wellington, New Zealand. 20th April, 1911. Camp Commandant. APPENDICES. From the Director, Medical Services, to Colonel Heard, Director of Military Training. Wellington. Re Report from Lieut.-Colonel Bey. New Zealand Defence Forces (Medical Corps), Sir,— Hutt. Wellington, N.Z.. 3rd April, 1911. I have the honour to forward report on the camp of instruction at Featherston received from Lieut.-Colonel Bey at 9 a.m. this day. I agree with the report. The camp was an exceptionally sanitary one in all respects, everything l hat was suggested being carried out willingly and promptly. I would like to put on record that the use of kerosene in the latrine-pans, which was recommended towards the end of January, was a distinct success. ***** I have. &c. James R. Purdy, Colonel. Director Medical Services. N.Z.

Sin, Greytown, 29th March. 1911. I have the honour to furnish you with a short report, on the health of the late camp at Tauherenikau. Details of specific eases and attendances are appended. Previous to the encampment I sent you a report on the site selected, and as to the water-supply, and am glad to note that my recommendations were satisfactorily carried out. The sanitation of the camp was most effective, and I found from frequent inspection of the watersupply, the latrines, and the cooking arrangements that the necessary duties were carefully performed. The milk-supply was from Sadler's, jun., Tauherenikau, the butter from Donald's factory, tinbread and meat from the Featherston baker and butchers, and in each case the quality was good. None of those suppliers, their families or servants, suffered from any sickness or infectious disease. Although there was a considerable amount of sickness, as you will perceive from the numbers of cases attended, none could be traced to imperfect sanitation. The causes, I consider, were attributable to the altered condition of the usual habits, the monotony of diet causing loss of appetite and autoinfaction, and climatic changes. The most important case was one of scarlet-fever, which occurred on the 17th January. On ihe Kith the patient consulted mc for a sore throat. 1 found the left tonsil swollen and inflamed, and a temperature of 102°. On my visit next day there was a slight rash, when I had him immediately removed to the Greytown Hospital. It proved to be a case of scarlet-fever. His fellow-officer was fumigated, and also his tent, with its contents, with sulphur, which was obtained in camp. On my return to Greytown I sent the District Health Officer, who attended at once, and adopted the usual precautions. No other case occurred during the encampment. From the District Health Officer 1 learn that there have been from the beginning of the year to the time the camp broke up only three cases of scarlet-fever in the whole of the South Wairarapa. and none of those had any contact with the camp.

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I regret to hear that since the camp ended Major Hughes has developed scarlet -fever. As 1 under • stand you attended him during his last few days in camp, you may be in a position to account for his present illness. Of the medical cases, diarrhoea was the most prevalent, several cases of a severe type. Amongst the more serious surgical cases treated in camp were a case of concussion of the brain, a scalp wound, and a case of fracture of ribs. Four cases left camp to be treated in their own houses, and eight had to be removed to the Greytown Hospital. J have. See., Colonel Purdy, Director of Medical Services. William Bey, Lieut.-Colonel. Wellington. Camp Staff. Commandant : Colonel E. S. Heard, Imperial General Staff. Assistant Commandant : Major J. G. Hughes, D.5.0., New Zealand Staff Corps. Camp Adjutant : Captain G. C. Hamilton, Grenadier Guards. Camp Quartermaster: Captain H. H. Browne, New Zealand Staff Corps. Captain R. O. Chesney, New Zealand Staff Corps. Captain J. E. Duigan, New Zealand Staff Corps. Captain H. A. Reid, New Zealand Veterinary Corps. Officers trained at the Camp of Instruction, in Order of Seniority. Brown. 0 11. .). Fraser, R. N. J. Richardson, H. McK. W. Finnis, W. C. Hudson, F. Robinson, H. S. N. Meddings, W. H. Burgess, W. L. H. Kelsall, V. A. Melvill, C. W. Morton, A. B. Henderson. J. R. Andrews, C. E. King, G. A. Burn, A. H. Powles, C. G. Turnbull, W. McG. Ranks, G. B. Morrison, W. C. Blair, D. B. Wheeler, H. B. Matthews. R. S. Hume, F. G. Garland, H. L. de F. Knutsford, H. 0. Hay. B. S. Braddell, G. W. Bosworth, J. T. Skelley, P. W. Dyer, G. C. S. Poison, D., D.S.O. I lawkins, C. L. Wood, F. A. Dampen, F. H. Avery, H. E. Cardale, D. E. Thornton, C. F. Nicholls, S. C. P. Rassam, A. H. Glendining. H. C. Thorns, N. W. B. B. Warrant Officers and Staff Sergeants-Major already on the Instructional Staff who attended the Camp for training, in Order of Seniority. Healy, D. W. McDonnell, M. Bell, W. M. Kibblewliite. F. McNair, L. F. Burgess, W. Cheater. A. Williams,.!. Rose, J. M. Hoar. W. Thomson,.!. Cat to, G. Peacock, H. At well, W. McCristell, T. Coleman, J. Dovey, E. C. Meikle, H. F. Burr, W. T. Clements, L. A. Browning, E. J. Colclough, W. C. S. Walker, G. Henderson, P. B. Redmond, H. Bishop, J. Staff Sergeant Instructors trained at the Camp of Instruction, in Order of Seniority. O'Sullivan. (i. W. Roberts. F. C Clanville. W. L. l'ingey, E. H'att. A. R. Lyons, Ff. Mooney. R. O'Hara. W. II". Thatcher, A. M. Stedman, M. A. Davis, R. J. D. Turner, G. Ivimey, F. E. Morrison, J. Ritzema, C. H. Woodward, F. H. Steel. J. W. M,lieu. M. L. Wright, C. McLardy, H. Donaldson, W. H. Jameson, A. C. West. G. W. Davis, C. Muir, H. Edwards. W. Dallinger. J. T. Bond, O. A. Alexander. A. E. Marr. .1. Walker, G. Cuff, N. Collins. T. Salt, J. G. W. Olney, J. H. Corkill. .). ,1. Moncrieff, B. G. Hobbs, J. B. Mah v. C. S. Seel, S. M. Manners, D. Webb, E. W. McGoun, J. T. Brightling, 11. L. Smeal, N. A. Stevenson, G. H. Dunham, H. J. Notley, J. T. Connolly, J. J.

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Other Officers and Non-commissioned Officers who attended the Camp. Captain P. J. Overton. Sergeant W. G. Smith. Sergeant J. R. Holden. Captain D. J. Howarth. Sergeant J. Chapelhow. Sergeant G. G. Johnston. Captain .1. W. H. Edwards. Sergeant J. E. Knudson. Sergeant T. Lambert. Captain B. J. Harris. Sergeant T. Lynch. Sergeant H. B. Peers. Lieutenant W. Kerr. Sergeant F. H. Morgan. Bombardier E. J. Ryan. Lieutenant R. E. Barker. Sergeant A. M. Don. Officers who visited the Camp during the Last Week, 10th to 17th March. Major-General A. .). Godley, CB. .. Commanding New Zealand Defence Forces. Colonel A. W T . Robin, C.B. .. .. Adjutant and Quartermaster-General. Lieut.-Colonel J. T. Burnett-Stuart, D.5.0., Imperial General Staff .. Director of Military Operations. Headquarters Captain D. C. Spencer-Smith .. Assistant Military Secretary. Staff. Captain G. S. Richardson .. New Zealand Staff Corps. Captain W. L. Robinson .. .. New Zealand Staff Corps. F. 15. Mabin, Esq... .. .. Director of Accounts. ' Colonel E. W. C. Chaytor .. Commanding Wellington District. Colonel G. C. R. Wolfe .. .. Commanding Auckland District. Colonel J. E. Hawkins, v.d. .. Commanding Canterbury District. Colonel V. S. Smyth . . .. Commanding Otago District. Colonel J. R. Purdy .. .. Director of Medical Services. Colonel W. A. Day, v.d., A.D.C. .. Commanding Canterbury Infantry Brigade. Colonel J. C. Nicholls, v.d. .. .. Commanding Otago Mounted Rifles Brigade. Colonel R. A. Chaffey, v.d.. . .. Commanding Canterbury Mounted Rifles Brigade. Colonel R. N. AY. Tate .. .. Commanding Wellington Infantry Brigade. Colonel A. H. Russell, A.D.C. . . Commanding Wellington Mounted Rifles Brigade. Colonel C. T. Major, D.S.O. .. Commanding Auckland Infantry Brigade. Lieut.-Colonel Hon. G. J. Smith .. Commanding Ist (Canterbury) Regiment. Lieut.-Colonel J. Boyne, v.d. .. Commanding Bth Regiment (Southland Rifles). Lieut.-Colonel E. R. Bowler . . Commanding 7th (Southland) Mounted Rifles. Lieut.-Colonel T. H. Steadman .. Commanding 15th (North Auckland) Regiment. Lieut.-Colonel R. Logan, A.D.C. .. Commanding sth Mounted Rifles (Otago Hussars). Lieut.-Colonel R. Malum, v.d. .. Commanding 10th Regiment (North Otago Rifles). Lieut.-Colonel A. Bell .. .. Commanding 4th (Waikato) Mounted Rifles. Lieut.-Colonel R. Hughes, v.d. .. Commanding 7th Regiment (Wellington West Coast Rifles). Lieut.-Colonel D. Pringle .. .. Commanding 6th (Manawatu) Mounted Rifles. Lieut.-Colonel A. R. Hislop, v.d. . . Commanding 9th Regiment (Wellington East Coast Rifles). Lieut.-Colonel W. G. Malone .. Commanding 1 lth Regiment (Taranaki) Rifles. Lieut.-Colonel G. A. Ward . . .. 4th (Waikato) Mounted Rifles. Major J. E. Hume .. . . Royal N.Z. Artillery. Major W. H. Bryani .. .. 12th (Nelson) Regiment. Major J. Deans .. .. Ist Mounted Rifles (Canterbury Yeomanry Cavalry). Major E. R. Milton .. .. Ist Mounted Rifles (Canterbury Yeomanry Cavalry). Major W. R. Bloomfield .. .. 3rd (Auckland) Mounted Rifles. Major T. W. Mac Donald .. .. Commanding Junior Cadets. Major E. Sherson .. .. A Battery, N.Z.F.A. Major A. B. Charters .. .. 9th Regiment (Wellington East Coast Rifles). Major J. Sandtniann .. .. 9th (Wellington East Coast) Mounted Rifles. Major W. Meldrum .. .. 6th (Manawatu) Mounted Rifles. Major W. T. Davis .. .. 2nd (Wellington West Coast) Mounted Rifles. Major A. Pluggc .. .. .. 3rd (Auckland) Regiment (" Countess of Ranfurly's Own "). Major G. Mitchell .. .. 14th Regiment (South Otago Rifles). Major C. E. R. Mackesy .. .. 11th (North Auckland) Mounted Rifles. Major J. McAra .. .. 4th Regiment (Otago Rifles). Major C. H. Turner .. .. sth Regiment (Wellington Rifles). Captain H. R. Potter .. A.A., and Q.M.G., Canterbury District. Captain H. E. Pilkington .. .. Royal New Zealand Artillery. Captain R. Carpenter .. .. A.A., and Q.M.G., Auckland District. Captain D. A. Hickey, D.S.O. .. A.A., and Q.M.G., Otago District. Captain R. B. Smythe .. .. Royal New Zealand Artillery. Captain S. A. Grant .. .. Brigade Major, Otago Mounted Rifles Brigade. Captain J. H. Whyte .. Brigade Major, Wellington Mounted Rifles Brigade. Captain J. E. Barton .. .. Brigade Major, Auckland Mounted Rifles Brigade. Captain F. C. R. Home .. .. 6th (Hauraki) Regiment. Captain P. J. Wain .. Bth (South Canterbury) Mounted Rifles. Captain R. C. Allen .. Reserve of Officers. Captain J. A. Stewart .. .. 14th Regiment (South Otago Ritles). Captain R. W. dimming . . 3rd (Auckland) Regiment (" Countess of Ranfurly's Own ")

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Programme for Visit of Commanding and Staff Officers to School of Instruction, Featherston.

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March, 1911. 8.H0 a.m. to 9.30 a.m. 9.45 a.m. to 10.45 a.m. 11 a.m. to 12 Noon. 12 Noon te 1 p.m. 2 p.m. to 3 p.m. 3.15 p.m. to 4.15 p.m 1.15 p.m. to 5.1)0 p.m. 5.S0 p.m. to 6.30 p.m. 8 p.m. to 10 p.m. Friday, 10th .. Squad drilt (to include saluting). Lecture on drill by Captain Hamilton. Squad drill (to include communicating drill). j Riding instruc- Lecture on mustion: Elemen- ketry by Major tary on the Hughes. Musketry (elementary instruction). Troop and squad- Visit sample fieldron drill (dis- works under mounted). guidance of Captain Duigan. Conference of O.sC. Districts, Brigadiers, and C.O.s on uniforms, &c. Saturday, 11th Company drill (any Officers or N.C.O.s to be called out to drill the company). The company in tl ie attack. Musketry. Conference of O.sC. Districts, Brigadiers, and C.O.s on the Army List. Lecture on the attack, with special reference to the company, by Colonel Heard. Troop drill (mounted). Lecture on the Regulations by Lieut.Colonel Burnett-Stuart. Sunday, 12th.. Lecture on the Regulations and duties of Area Officers and N.C.O.s by Lieut.-Colonel Burnett-Stuart. Church parade. Conference of the triots, and Brigac G.O.C., O.sC. Disiiers. Lecture on tactical schemes, with explanation of scheme for next day, and how it is to be carried out, by Colonel Heard. Con ference of "G. O. C, O.sC. Distriots, and Brigadiers on the Regulations. Monday, 13th Tactical scheme. Lecture on defence by Colonel Heard. The company in defence. Squadron drill i Musketry, (mounted). Conference of O.sC. Districts, Brigadiers, and C.O.s on the Regulations, vi a A3 . Tuesday, 14th Tactical scheme. . Lecture on pro- The company at The squadron at advance, flank, and tection by advance, flank, rear guards, and outposts. Colonel Heard. and rear guards, and outposts. Lecture on artil- Company and bat- Squftdron training. lery by Captain talion drill (any Spencer-Smith. Officers or N.C.O.s to be called out to ' drill). Conference of O.sC. Districts, Ac. Wednesday, Taotical scheme. 15th Conference of O.sC. Districts, &c. Thursday, 16th! Physical training. Lecture on Adjutants' duties by Captain Hamilton. Company training. Veterinary lecture Final squadron Resume of musketry, squad, and cornby Lieutenant drill. pany drill (saluting, arms-inspection, Reid. handling of arms, communication drill). General conference. Friday, 17th .. ' Battalion drill. Lecture on disci pline by Colonel Heard. Company training Sanitary lecture (field-works). by Colonel Purdy.

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PLAN OF CAMP.

Incinerator. The incinerator is used for burning all garbage, &c, in camps. It may be constructed out of any material. Four draught-holes are provided, one on each side so as to suit wind from any direction. The walls may be made I ft. thick at the bottom, tapering to 6 in. at the top. The top of the incinerator should be splayed inwards, so as to cause a better draught. Tins, when burnt, should be removed and buried.

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Grease-trap and Soak-pit. The. diagram below shows the grease-trap and soak-pit used in the camp for the disposal of greasy water from the cookhouse Greasy water is difficult to get rid of, bul if the grease is taken away the water will rapidly soak into the ground. Brushwood is placed in both the grease-trap and soak-pit. The brushwood in the grease-trap strains the grease from the water, and the latter passes through the brushwood in the soak-pit, and soaks away. The brushwood in the soak-pit keeps it dark, and prevents Hies congregating there. The brushwood from time to time is taken away and burnt.

APPENDIX C. REORGANIZATION OF THE DEFENCE FORCES. CIRCULAR MEMORANDUM No. la/II TO O.sC. DISTRICTS. Subdivision of the Dominion into Districts, Groups of Areas, and Areas. I. The Dominion will be divided into four military districts- Auckland. Wellington. Canterbury and Nelson, and Otago. The district boundaries ate shown on the accompanying map; Each district is subdivided into area-groups (each furnishing one Infantry battalion and a proportion of Mounted men), and each group is again subdivided into areas. The boundaries of the area-groups and of areas are only approximately shown on the maps, and are liable to modification by Officers Commanding Districts to suit local requirements. Training of Group Officers and Are* N.C.O.s. i. Twenty-eight officers and twenty-eight N.C.O. Instructors have been selected on probation, and arc now being trained in their duties at the camp at Featherston. This training will be completed about the loth March next. The thirty-three Sergeant-major Instructors of the Permanent Staff are also attending the cam]). Appointment ok these Officers vn'd N.C.O.s to Areas. 3. When then- training is completed, fifty-six of these warrant and N.C. officers will be placed in charge of areas, one to each of the fifty-six areas into which the Dominion is divided. This arrangement will continue until eveni nally the areas can be officered by graduates from the Military <lollege. The twenty-eight officers will lie employed as Adjutants of the sixteen Infant iy battalions and twelve Mounted Rifle regiments, which are to be formed in the proportion of four battalions and three Mounted regiments to each district. Each Infantry Adjutant will be in charge of the area-group from which his battalion is drawn, and will be assisted, in those of his areas from which a Mounted regiment is recruited, by the Adjutant of that regiment. All area-group officers and area warrant and N.C. officers will be under the general control of the O.C. District. Duties ok Area-group Officers and Area Warrant and N.C. Officers. 4. The first duty of these officers and warrant and N.C. officers on being posted to their groups and areas will be to commence the registration and recruiting necessary to bring the Territorial Force on to its new establishment, and to organize the training of the General Training Section and Senior Cadets as required by the Defence Act. Their training in the Featherston camp will include instruction in the carrying-out of these duties.

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Registration. 5. Registration is to be completed by the 30th .rune. 1911. when the necessary quotas required to complete the Territorial Force will be declared, and the training of those not called upon to serve in the Territorial Force will be put into operation. A copy of the Proclamation giving effect to the Act is to lie issued forthwith. In the meantime, Officers Commanding Districts will take steps to insure that the following points are understood by all concerned throughout their districts: — (a.) That young men who were over eighteen and under twenty-one years of age on the 2nd November, 1910, may. if passed as physically fit, at once and without waiting for selection volunteer to join the Territorial unit of the branch in which they wish to serve, nearest to their place of residence : it being understood that those who do not serve in the Territorial Force will be trained in the General Training Section when the registration is completed. (b.) That all officers, warrant officers, N.C.O.s. and men who were over the age of twentyone on the 2nd November, 1910, now serving in the Volunteers may, if they so desire, continue to serve in the Territorial Force until the establishments are completed and maintained by the automatic action of the quota system, described in Memorandum of Defence No. H/19 A/1910, a copy r of which is in your possession. Transition Period. 6. The process of transferring the Volunteer into the Territorial Force must be gradual, and the continuation in the service for the nexi three or four years of those now serving is most desirable, especially because, (".) Many units are still burdened with liabilities which must be paid off. (h.) The exemption of all men who attained their twenty-first birthday on the 2nd November last will fill the Force with very young men. (c.) It will be some time before full effect can be given to the system of registration and the new regulations. ((/.) Those now serving who would become entitled to long-service decorations within the next three or four years will be able to earn them. Capitation Grants. 7. Referring to paragraph 6 (a) above, it has been decided to continue the present system of capita tion grants for the financial year 1911-12, to enable liabilities to be paid off as far as possible. O.sC. Districts are to warn the ollicers commanding all corps and units now receiving capitation grants that they must prepare by the 31st March next a clear report of the financial position of their unit, together with a correct statement of the revenue and expenditure of their unit for the year 1910 11. and be prepared to produce the same, with all books and receipts, for inspection and report by the Audit officers* This audit will be held during April and .May next, and annually thereafter, as laid down in sections II and 12 of the Defence Act of 1910. The object of this audit is to facilitate the liquidation of liabilities by the end of the financial year 1911-12. after which date clothing and equipment will be issued by the Defence Department to units in kind. It must be distinctly understood that the capitation grants for the years 1910-11, 1911 12. are only to be devoted to the liquidation of debts incurred in strict accordance with the conditions under which the capitation grants were made. No part of such grants is to be used for paving off debts incurred by unauthorized expenditure or expenditure not approved by Audit. Organization i n Districts. 8. Given the approximate boundaries of area-groups and areas, and the number and nature of the units to be furnished and maintained in each district, it remains with O.sC. Districts to arrange what existing units in their district shall be amalgamated or disbanded, and how and where the new units shall be raised, so as to produce the required establishment. For instance, — In the Otago District the four bat I a lions of Infantry now existing will form the Otago Infant rv Brigade. One regiment of .Mounted Rifles must be raised to form the Otago Mounted Rifle Brigade. In Canterbury and Nelson District the amalgamation of the two Christchurch City battalions completes one battalion, the present South Canterbury becoming another, the Nelson Group providing a third, a fourth to be raised in the group north of Christchurch to complete the Canterbury Infantry Brigade. The present three regiments of Mounted Rifles to be amalgamated to form Ist and 2nd Regiments, and the Nelson Regiment to form the 3rd, completing the Canterbury Mounted Rifle Brigade. In the Wellington District the necessary amalgamations have been effected to complete the Wellington Infantry Brigade and the Wellington Mounted Rifle Brigade. In Auckland District one battalion in Auckland City and one battalion in the Thames at present exist, one battalion remaining to be formed north of Auckland, and one battalion in the south and west group to complete the Auckland Infantry Brigade. The four regiments of Mounted Rifles to be reformed into three regiments to complete the Auckland Mounted Rifle Brigade.

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The Field Battery at each centre, the divisions of Garrison Artillery at Auckland and Wellington, and one company Garrison Artillery at Canterbury and Otago respectively, i o be brought on to establishment. The Cycle and Signalling companies at each of the four centres will form the nuclei of the Infantry Brigade Signal companies, the Signal companies for the .Mounted brigades to be formed at suitable centres in each district. The Field Ambulance companies at the four centres to become the Field Ambulance to the Infantry brigades. A Mounted Brigade Field Ambulance to be formed at suitable centres •in each district. Mounted brigade and mixed brigade Supply columns to be formed at suitable centres in each district. It is not expected that any decision as to the most suitable centres in which to raise the 2nd Field Battery. Transport and Supply columns, mounted Signal and Ambulance companies, can be arrived at until registration is completed. The attention of O.sC. Districts is specially directed to the necessil v for coinplet nig t he formation of the battalions and regiments which will form the Mounted and Infantry brigades iii their respective districts, before the officers and N.C.O.s now undergoing training are posted to their area-groups and areas. 7th January, 1911. A. W. Robin, Colonel. Adjutant-General.

SUBDIVISION OF DOMINION INTO MILITARY DISTRICTS. For the purpose of military organization and administration the Dominion is subdivided into the following military districts : — Auckland Military District. Comprising the Land District of Auckland ; with Headquarters at the City of Auckland. Wellington Mii.itakv District. Comprising the Land Districts of Wellington. Hawke's Bay, and Taranaki : with I leadqunrters a 1 the City of Wellington. Canterbury and Nelson District. Comprising the Land Districts of Canterbury, Nelson, and Westland. and that portion of the Land District of Marlborough lying to the north and south of the Clarence River; with Headquarters at Christchurch. Otago Military District. Comprising the Land Districts of Otago and Southland ; with Headquarters at the City of Dunedin. The term "land district '" or "land districts." in reference to the said military districts, means a " land district " or " land districts " constituted under the Land Act. 1892. AII KI.AN'I) DISTRICT. DISTRICT FURTHER SUBDIVIDED INTO GROUPS OB BATTALION SUBDISTRIC'TS. AH. / Group. -Commencing from mouth of Waitakerei River on the west coast ; thence by northern boundaries of Eden and Parnell Electorates to the easl coast ; thence via sea to Panmure; thence by line from I'aiiniiire to .Mangere. along the north shore of Manukau Harbour to west coast. No. 2 Croup. Bounded on the north by Group I. on the west by the sea to mouth of Whangaroa Harbour, on south by southern boundaries Franklin and Ohinemuri Electorates to east coast. No. -'J (iron/). The Electoral Districts of Bay of Islands. Marsden. Kaipara. Waitemata. So. I Group. Bounded on the north by Croup 11. on the west by the sea to Mokail River, on the south by northern boundary of Wellington Military District, on east coast by the sea. GROUPS OB SUBDISTRIC'TS FURTHER SUBDIVIDED INTO AREAS. No. I Group. Area No. 1.) Area No. 2. Electoral Districts of Auckland West. Auckland East, and Auckland Central. Area No. 3. ) Area A'". I. Electoral District of Manukau. No. 'J Group. Area No. ■")■ That portion of Franklin Electorate north of boundary-line from mouth of Waikato River through Tuakau-Mercer to Miranda. Area So. 6.- That portion of Franklin Electorate not mentioned in Area No. •">. Area So. 7. All along the Thames Count)' north of Kopu and Tairua River. Area So. S. Electoral District of Ohinemuri. and that pari of southern Thames along the line Kopu Puriri, along Tairua River to Tairua Harbour. No. -1 Group. Area So. '.). Electoral District of Bay of Islands. Area So. 111. Electoral District of Kaipara. Area So. il. Electoral District of Marsden. Area So. 12. Electoral District of Waitemata,

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No. 1 thou/). Area So. 13. Electoral District of Waikato. Area No. 14. Thai part of Taumarunui Electorate which forms portion of the Auckland Military District. Area So. 15. Electoral District of Tauranga. Area So. 16. Eleotoral District of Ray of Plenty. Wellington District, district further subdivided into groups ob battalion subdistricts. No. ■> Crimp. City Electoral Districts of Wellington North. Wellington Central. Wellington Fasl. Wellington South. Wellington Suburbs. Hutt. Otaki south of Paraparaumu. and Wairarapa south of a line running south-east from Cross Creek to mouth of Pahaoa River. No. Ii Group. Electoral Districts of Wanganui. Palmerston North, Oroua. Manawatu. Otaki north of I'araparauniii. Rangitikei SOUth of line joining Makirikiri. Mangamahu, Ohingaiti. So. 7 (Iron/).- Electoral Districts of (iisborne. Napier City. Hawke's Bay. Waipawa. I'ahiatua. Masterton. Wairarapa north of a line running south-east from Cross Creek to mouth of Pahaoa River. No. 8 Group. Electoral Districts of Taranaki. Egmont, Stratford. Patea. Taiiniariinui south of a line running due east from mouth of Mokarj River to Lake Taupo. Rangitikei north of line joining Makirikiri. Mangamahu, Ohingaiti. GROUPS oil SUBDISTRICTS FURTHER SUBDIVIDED INTO AREAS. .Yo. 5 Croup. Area No. 17. - Electoral District of Wellington Central, and thai portion of Wellington Fast north of Ellice Street. Area No. IS. Electoral District of Wellington North, and following portions of Suburbs Electoral District : Karori. Makara. Kaiwarra. Wadestown. Ngaio. Khandallah. .lolinsonville. Tnwa Flat. Ngahauranga. Area So. I!/. Electoral District of Wellington South, and following portions of Electoral District of Suburbs : Island Bay, Kilbirnie. Minimal. Seatoun. Maranui. Melrose. Area So. 20. Electoral District of Hutt, Otaki south of Paraparaumu, Wairarapa south of a line south east from Cross Creek to mouth of Pahaoa River. No. 6 Crou/j. Area So. :'l. Electoral Districts of Wanganui and Rangitikei west of Wangaehii River and south of line joining Makirikiri and Mangamahu. Area So. 22. Electoral Districts of Palmerston North. Oroua south of line joining Haloombe, I helienhani. I'ohangiiia. Area So. 23. —Electoral Districts of Manawatu north of Rangitikei River, and Oroua north of line joining Halcombe. Cheltenham. Pohangina. Area No. 21.— Electoral Districts of Manawatu south ol Rangitikei River, and Otaki north of line joining Paraparaumil and Cross Creel;. No. i Group. Area So. 2-J. Electoral Districts of Napier and Hawke's Bay. Area So. 26. Electoral Districts of Waipawa and Pahiatua. Area So. 27. Electoral Districts of Masterton. Wairarapa north of a line running south-east from Cross Creek to mouth of Pahaoa River. Area So. 28. -Electoral District of Gisborne. No. S (houp. Area So. 2V. Electoral District of Taranaki. and that portion of Taumarunui within ten miles of west coast. Area So. -if). -Electoral District of Stratford, and that portion of Egmont north of a line joining Eltham and Opunake (including these places). Area So. 31.— Electoral District of Patea. and that portion of Egmont south of a line joining Kb ham and (Ipunake. Area So. :',2. Electoral District of Rangitikei north of a line Makirikiri. Mangamahu. Ohingaiti. and Taumarunui. south of a line running due east from mouth of Mokau River to Lake Taupo. but excluding that portion within ten miles of west coast. Canterbury. district further subdivided into groups or battalion subdistrictB. No. U Croup. Commencing at a point at the mouth of the Waimakariii River: thence following the south fiank of the river to the west boundary of the Waimairi County : thence southwards along the west boundary of the said county to its intersection with Yaldhurst Road : thence by Yaldhurst Road to the Hornby Road, to Hornby Railway-station : thence by railway-line to Green Park Railwaystation ; thence by a line due south to the sea-coast.

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No. lo Croup. —Commencing at the mouth of the Waitaki River, and following the boundary of the Canterbury Land District generally westerly and northerly to Arthur's Pass: thence by the Midland Railway-line to Darfleld Railway-station : thence southerly by a road line of R.S. 19216 to the Hawkins and Clinton Road : thence south-easterly by the Hawkins and Clinton Road to its intersection with the Greendale Road: thence by the Greendale Road to its intersection with the (beat South Road: thence by the Great South Road to the bank of the Rakaia River: thence by Cm' Rakaia River lo the coast. No. II Group. The balance of the Canterbury Land District and the whole of the Marlborough Land District. So. 12 Group. —Comprising the Nelson and Westland Land Districts. GROUPS nil SUBDISTRICTS FURTHER SUBDIVIDED INTO AREAS. No. 0 Group. Areas So. 33 and No. 34. city and Suburbs. Area So. 35. Balance of No. 9 Croup. No. 10 Croup. Area So. ->6. —Commencing at the mouth of the Waitaki River, and following the boundary of the Canterbury Land District generally westerly and northerly to Mount Coeds: thence ;n a straight line to the Thumbs Peak : thence in a straight line to the source of the Opihi River; thence by the Opihi River to the sea-coast. Area So. 37. Commencing at the mouth of the Opihi River, and following the north-east boundary cd' No. 1 Area to Mount Cook; thence by the western boundary of the Canterbury Land District to Baker Beak : thence by the Clyde and Raugitata Rivers to the sea-coast. Area So. 38. - The balance of No. 10 Croup. No. II Cron /i. Area So. 39. -Commencing at the mouth of the Rakaia River, and following the north boundary of No. 11l Group to Arthur's Pass : thence along the west boundary of the Canterbury Land District to Harper's Pass : thence easterly In a direct line to Esk Head Peak ; thence to the source of the Ohuku River: thence by the Ohukii and Ashley Rivers to the sea : thence by the sea-coast to the mouth of the Waimakariri River and west boundary id' No. !i Group. Area So. 40. —The balance of the Canterbury Laud District north of Area No. I. Area So. 41. —The whole of the Marlborough Land District. No. 12 Croup. (Comprises the Nelson and Westland Land Districts.) Area No. 12. Commencing at the mouth of the Mokihinui River; thence northerly and easterly by the sea-coast to the west boundary of Marlborough Land District : thence along the boundary of the. said land district to Beeby's Knob; (hence in a straight line to the point of commencement. Area So. lii.- -Commencing at Point Elizabeth; thence by the sea-coast to Mokihinui River; thence in a straight line to Beeby's Knob; thence by the western boundaries of the Marlborough and Canterbury Land Districts to Harper's Bass : thence in a straight line to the point id' commencement. Area So. 11. -The balance of the Westland Land District north of Area No. 2. Otago District, district furtheb subdivided into groups or battalion subdistricts. So. 1-1 Group. -Commencing at a point being the mouth of the Waitati River, in Blueskin Bay; thence easterly and southerly by the sea lo a point, being al the intersection of the Taieri Electoral District with the sea-shore ; thence northerly by part of cistern boundary of said electoral district, and north-easterly by Waitati River, to conunencing-point. No. II Croup. -Commencing at Awarua Point in Big Bay ; thence by southern boundary of Westland Electoral District to Mount Aspiring; thence in a south-easterly direction to north-west point of Tuapeka Electoral District: thence following western boundary of Tuapeka and Clutha Elec (oral Districts in a southerly direction to the mouth of the llaldanes River: thence by sea-coast in westerly and north-easterly direction to point of commencement. Stewart Island also forms part of this subdivision. No. It Croup. -Commencing at the mouth of Waitaki River; thence in a north-westerly direction and following course of said river to Sugarloaf ; thence by south-western boundary of Geraldine Electoral District to Mount Strauchon : thence by south-eastern boundary of Westland Electoral District to Mount Aspiring ; thence following north-eastern boundary of No. 14 Group to RockyMount ; thence in a south-easterly direction to Soutra T1 ill : thence by the northern boundary of the Taieri Electoral District to the Rock and Pillar ; thence by a line drawn due east to northern boundary of Taieri Electoral District : thence by northern and eastern boundaries of said electorate to the sea. No. Hi Group. —Commencing at the mouth of the Haldanes River, on south coast, and following eastern boundary of No. 14 Group to southern boundary of No. 15 Group : thence via southern boundary of No. 15 Group and western boundary of No. 13 Croup to the sea : thence by sea-coast to point of commencement.

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GROUPS OB SUBDISTRICTS FURTHEB SUBDIVIDED INTO AREAS. No, Ii Crou/i. Ann No. I'). Dunedin North and Port Chalmers. Area No. Hi. Dunedin Central. Area So. 17. Dunedin South and Green Island. No. II Croup. Ann No. 48. Mataura-Clutha Electorate: bounded on the north by a line Whitcombe to line S. Liinisden. and on the east by subd:visional boundary to the ocean, from Wiikawa lo the junction of Maiaura and Awarua Electorates; on die west by the Awarua, with the exception of Mabel Bush anil Woodlands, to Mount Beel ; thence by watershed of the Kokonui to Stall Point south id' Lumsden. Area So. 10. Invercargill and Awarua. including Woodlands and Mabel Bush. \ Area So. 50. Main portion of Wallace Electorate, and part of Wakatipu Electorate starting at Big Bay, bounded on the north by Westland. on the easl by the revised subdivisional boundary, being a line drawn from Mount Aspiring through Crown Ranee and Kuniaraii Gorge to Double Cone : thence again on the north-east by the subdivisional boundary-line from Double Cone eastwards; thence on the east by the subdivisional boundary-line to Whitcombe : thence on the south by a line drawn from Whitcombe to south of Lumsden : I hence on the east by llokonui to Mount Bee 1 : I hence by northern and western boundaries of Awarua Electorate to the ocean : thence on the south and west by the ocean back to Big Bay. So. 15 Group, Area So. 51. —That portion of t he subdivision of Waitaki Electorate included in the subdivision. Area So. 52. That portion of the Tuapeka. Taieri. and Wakatipu Electorates included in the subdivision. Area So. 53. The Oamaru Electorate and thai portion of Chalmers Electorate included in the subdivision. No. Hi Group. Area So. 54. Bounded on north and east by boiinda ry-liiies of No. 15 and No. 13 Groups; on south-east by the sea to the mouth of the Taieri River : thence by a line drawn from mouth of Taieri River to Waitahuna : thence by western boundary of Taieri Electoral District to Soutra Hill. Area So. 55. Bounded on the smith and west by (he Clutha River: north to Tuapeka Mouth. lo the Spylaw Heights, via Ettrick to Whitcombe; on west by the boundary of No. II Group; and on the north by the boundary of No. 15 Group to Soutra Bill: and thence by the Taieri electoral boundary to Waitahuna Heights: thence to Taieri River. Area So. 56. Bounded on the north by No. 2 area, and west. 1a- No. II Group boundary ; thence by the ocean to Clutha River.

APPENDIX I). SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR CARRYING OCT THE REGISTRATION, ENROLMENT. AND POSTING OF THOSE NOW LIABLE TO MILITARY TRAINING UNDER THE DEFENCE ACTS. First Stage. From Present Date to 3rd April. Action In/ Headquarters, N.Z. Military Force*, during First Stage. 1. Arrange with police authorities to furnish Area Sergeants-Major with lists of those under the age of thirty one on Ist .March. 1911. resident in each"area who have lii convicted id' any disgraceful crime, or found by any Court of justice to I f notoriously bad character, such persons not being eligible to be l rained or lo serve. 2. Issue to Officers Commanding Districts for distribution to areas i he following forms : M.T. I. M.T. 2. M.T. :5. M.T. I. M.T. 5, and M.T. 6. Action In/ Officers Commanding Districts during First Stage. 1. Publish in Orders and in every newspaper the exact boundaries of area croups and areas, giving the •official addresses of the Officers in Charge A rea "roups and of Area Sergeants-Major, so that all persons registering may know where to send their registration forms when Idled in. 2. Inform the public, by whatever means may be considered most effective, that all persons claiming exemption IV service owing to permanent mental or physical defect must attach a certificate to that effect, signed by a clergyman or Justice of the Peace, to their registration form. On 3rd April — 1. The Proclamation will be posted throughout the Dominion. 2. All recruiting for (he Territorial Force under the present conditions will cease. .">. Area-group officers and Area Sergeants-Major will be at their posts. I. Registration will commence.

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Second Stage. From lih April to 3rd May. Registration goes on. Action In/ Headquarters, N.Z. Military Forces, during Second Stage. 1. Issue supplies of record-books direct to Area Sergeants-Major. 2. Issue supplies of Form ALT. 7 direct to Area Serneauls-Major. Action In/ Officers Commanding Districts during Second Stage. I. Have rolls prepared showing both by units and by areas all Volunteers other than officers who are willing to continue to serve in the Territorial Force. In these rolls Volunteers will be shown under I he follow ing categories : (a.) Those who were over eighteen and under twenty-one years of age on 2nd November, 1910, and were enrolled under paragraph 5 (a) of Circular Memo. 2 All issued with General Orders of 6th February, 1911. These must, before reposting to the Territorial Force. be medically examined in the respective areas in the same manner as men who have not served at all. but will, if accepted, be reposted to their present unit, if such unit is Still in existence and is furnished from the area in which they reside; il being under stooil i hat those in this category, if over twenty-one years of age on the Ist March, UHI. may still, if they so desire, claim then discharge, since they are not liable to serve under the Proclamation. But if they elect to serve, they must complete their service in the Territorial Force and the Reserve up to the age of thirty inclusive, as prescribed by (he Defence Acts. A space will be provided ill this category to record the result of the medical examination. (h.) Those who were over the age of twenty cine on the 2nd November, 1910, and were serving ill the Volunteers before that date. These need not be medically examined, and will he reposted lo their present units if such units are still in existence and are furnished from the area in which they reside. They will be held to serve under the conditions of (he Defence Acts as set forth in the Regulations, but may remain with the colours up to fifty years of age so long as there is room for them on the establishment id' their unit. But they wi!! (unless ihey are N.C.O.s id' any rank whose services their CO. wishes lo retain) he liable for discharge or transfer to (he Reserve according to their age ai any time if. on the completion of the registration, there are any young men awaiting absorption in their unit. (c.) Those who are not willing to continue to serve :u the Territorial Force. 11l the case id' men who come under categories (a) and (b). the [act of their names being sent in on their company, &c, rolls for the purposes of tins return will be accepted instead of registration; but these rolls must contain all (he information required by the registration form. Serving Volunteers will, if accepted for service in the Territoria Force, be supplied with record-books m due course. All (hose Volunteers now serving who are not willing to continue to serve in the Territorial Force, category (c), will be considered, if not within the age of liability as described in the Proclamation, to be discharged on the 3rd May, 1911, and will hand in then arms, accoutrements, and clothing as directed by O.st I. Districts. 2. O.sC. Districts will semi out the officers attached lo their staffs as Inspectors of Senior Cadets to study the present and future organization of the Senior Cadets throughout their dis tricts in (he light of the instructions they received ai the Tauherenikau Camp. These officers will submit a report to their District Headquarters by the 2nd June, showing the result of their inquiries and the proposals for organizing (be Senior Cadets into companies. They will also explain lo headmasters of schools which contain boys liable to service in the Senior Cadets that such boys can l>" registered by sending a nominal roll to 'lie Area Sergeant Major of the area in which their school i s situated; but such nominal roll must contain all the information required by the registration form. •'i. O.sC. Districts will submit a progress report, which should reach Headquarters, New Zealand Military Forces, Wellington, by ; >nl May. Action hi/ Officers in Charge of A rea-gron/is during Second Stage. Send progress reports every Monday to District Headquarters. Act ion In/ Area Sen/eanls-Ma/or during Second Stage. 1. Enter particulars of registration forms received in Registration Roll-book. 2. Issue exemption certificates to those certified as obviously unfit for service owing to permanent menial or physical defect. ■'!. Send progress reports ever} Saturday to the Officer in Charge Area-group. Third Stage. From Ith May to 2nd June. Registration si ill goes on. Action by Headquarters, Sac Zealand Military Forces. Wellington, during Third Stage. Arrange with District Headquarters for a Medical Officer to proceed to the Headquarters of each area-group on 2nd June to make preliminary arrangements for the medical examination of all those who register and of serving Volunteers who were under iwoniv one on 2nd November, 1910.

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V Action by Officers Commanding Districts during Third Stage. 1. Sort out the rolls of serving Volunteers and distribute them to Officers in Charge Areagroups, so that the necessary data may be ai the latters' disposal for medical examination and postine when ordered. 2. Inform Officers in Charge A.rea-groups as to the total numbers of men for the different arms of the Territorial Force (including serving Volunteers) which their groups will probably have to supply i.e., for Mounted Rifles, Field Artillery, Garrison Artillery, Engineers, Infantry, Signal Companies, and Medical Corps. Men will not be enrolled for the A.S.C. or other Departmental Corps at present. Action by Officers in Charge of Area-groups and Ana Sergeants-Major. During third stage will be the sank' as during the sec I stage. Fourth Stage.— From 3rd June onwards. A* 7 p.m. on 2nd June registration ceases. 1. Area Sergeants-Major will now complete (heir registration roll-books. from these rolls they will make out (in triplicate) Form M.T. 7, which will show, — (i.) The number of (hose who have registered but have been exempted as obviously until : (ii.) The number of those who are reported by the police as not being eligible to serve: (iii.) The number registered for enrol ut in the Senior Cadets, it being understood that boys who, though over fourteen wars of age, are still at a primary school i.e.. a Stale school at which prin ai \ instruction is given and are s(ill receiving primary education are not liable to he enrolled in the Senior Cadets until the\ leave thai school or cease to receive primary education : (iv.) The number (exclusive of serving Volunteers) registered for enrobnent in the Territorial Force, subdivided into, —- (a.) Those who have a horse, and are willing to serve in the Mounted Bides: (b.) Those who have no horse, and so must be posted to some other arm: (c.) Those specially qualified or desirous to serve in the Artillery, Engineers, Signal Companies or Medical Corps: (d.) Railway (excluding Railway Workshops) ami Post Office employees (the enrol ment of these men will be governed by special instructions). These forms (M.T. 7) must be in the hands of Officers in Charge Area-groups b\ loth June. 2. The Officers in Charge Area-groups will then go through these forms (.M.T. 7) and the rolls of serving Volunteers with (he Medical Officer referred to above, who will make bis final arrange ments for the medical examinations to be carried out. The forms (M.T. 7) will be returned to the Area Sergeants-Major, together with the rolls of those serving Volunteers who are willing to continue to serve in the Territorial Force. The arrangements for the medical examinations in each area, with the names of Ihe officers who will conduct them, will (hen be communicated lo each Area Sergeant-Major, who will, in his (urn. send out the post-card form (M.T. .'i), together with a personal record-1 k, to each person who has registered (including serving Volunteers), and a duplicate record-book in respect of each such person to the Medical Officer or practitioner who is to examine him. In the case of serving Volunteers who were over twenty-one yens of age on 2nd November, 1910, the duplicate record-books will he sent direct to (he Officer in Charge Area group. In the case of schools or other organizations where boys are collected together from time to time under a recognized head, a single notice may be sent to (he headmaster or such other recognized head, stating when and when' the boys under his charge may lie medically examined: hut a i cord-book must be sent in respect of every boy. •'!. 'I he medical examination will then be carried out and the necessary entries made in (he record-books in accordance with the Regulations. 'I he examination should be completed and the duplicate record-books again in the hands of the Area Sergeants-Major by 30th June. I. The Area Sergeants-Major will then complete their registration roll-books (in which the names of all serving Volunteers will appear) by entering the result of (he medical examinations against each name, ami by allotting to each individual a registration number. Form M.T. 7 will then be completed by entering against each total the number of those included in that total who have been passed (m as lii. (b) as unlu . (c) a- until for ihe current year. Forms M.T. 7 thus completed will then be returned to the Officer in Charge Area-group, together with the duplicate record-books of all those who have registered and id' serving Volunteers who have been medically examined. The Volunteer rolls will also be returned, with the result of the medical examination. and the allotted registration number, entered againsl each name. 5. The Officer in Charge of the Area group now has in his possession (a.) The rolls of Volunteers willing to serve in the Territorial Force and passed lit for service : (6.) The forms (M.T. 7) showing the number of those registered who have been passed tit for service in the Senior Cadets and Territorial Force: (c.) The duplicate record-books of all those who have registered in bis group. From these data he will prepare two statements, (1.) A statement showing the numbers accepted for service in the Senior Cadets in his group, arranged by localities.

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(2.) A statement showing (a) the uumbers required to be furnished from his group for service in Territorial Force, according to the establishments laid down and the distribution of units as received from the O.C. District: (6) the numbers available for enrolment in the Territorial Force as shown by the registration results ami the Volunteer Force rolls, also arranged by localities. 'Ihe duplicate record-books he will keep. (i. These statements, (1) and (2). which should he accompanied by a copy of Form M.T. 7 for each area, should icaeh District Headquarters not later than the loth July, when they will be summarized ami forwarded in the form of a single report, with any remarks or suggestions by the O.C. District, to Headquarters, New Zealand Military Forces, Wellington. These reports should reach Headquarters not later than the .'list July. These final returns should he accompanied by a separate report, compiled from the reports of the Staff Officers for Senior Cadets and from Forms M.T. 7 showing the proposed organization of the Senior Cadets in the district. 7. As soon as possible after the .'i Ist July. Headquarters will issue their instinct ions to districts as lo enrolment and posting, which will then tie proceeded wiih as laid down for a normal year in Section VI of the Regulations. At the same time a Proclamation in accordance with section 38 of the Defence Act will be posted, disbanding existing Defence Cadet, Reserve, and Officers' Training Corps, and giving instructions as to the handing-in of their arms ami accoutrements prior to their reorganization. Throughout stages 2, .'I, ami I i.e., from the 3rd April till the enrolment and posting are done -it will be the duty of O.sC. Districts to see that the services of Brigade-Majors, officers of the Permanent Force (R.N.Z.A.) in districts. Mounted Rifle Adjutants, and Permanent Staff Instructors are used to the best advantage t• > assist those responsible for carrying out the registration. It may be necessary at limes to double the area-group and area staffs, and for this purpose (he above officers and W. officers are available. It must be clearly understood that the responsibility for carrying out the registration lies with the Officers in Charge Area-groups and Area Sergeants-Major alone. Officers ami others detailed to assist will act tinder the orders of ihe Officers in Charge Area-groups. Throughout (be period of registration all members of the Staff Corps and Permanent Staff will hold themselves at the disposal of Territorial Officers and of (he public to assist in rendering the necessary returns and forms, and (o give all information in their power. They will also take every opportunity of instructing Territorial Officers and N.C.O.s in (heir duties, especially with regard lo the training of recruits. Il will also be the duty of O.sC. Districts, assisted by I'nit ami Brigade Commanders, to endeavour throughout this period lo select the officers required to complete the establishments of the Territorial Dnits and Senior Cadet Companies in their districts, so thai thej may he able to submit a sufficient number of recommendations for appointment to commissions as soon as the Regulations are issued. .1. T. Burnett-Stuart, Lieut.-Colonel. Imperial General Stall. Headquarters, New Zealand Military Forces. Wellington, 22ml March, 1911. Notk.—The period of registration was extended to 17th June. All the dates mentioned in this memorandum under the heading " fourth Stage" were postponed for one fortnight.

appendix;e. PRELIMINARY INSTRUCTIONS FOR POSTING. General Considerations. I. Tin: responsibilities of tin' posting officers will not end with the posting of individuals to units. The necessity for tapping the whole Dominion in such a way as to provide each soldier and cadet with an accessible centre at which to do his ordinary drills calls for a more detailed arrangement. The internal organization of units (and consequently the allotment or posting cd' individuals within units) must Ihe re fore be subservient lo this condition. In the case of a Force recruited under a system of universal home training this implies a territorial organization extending down to such bodies of men. however small, as can conveniently he assembled together for the periodical performance of their drills. 2. The training in the Territorial Force lakes four distinct and progressive forms during the year drills, half-day parades, whole-day parades, and the annual training in cam]). The drills should be pel formed by such small bodies as will enable attention to be given lo I he individual- ill the Mounted Ritles by the troop, in the Infantry by the section or squad, in the Field Artillery by the .section, in the Garrison Artillery by the detachment, and so on. The half-day and whole-day parades should he

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perfor dby the larger bodies- by the half-squadr r squadron in the Mounted Rifles, by the half company or company in the Infantry, by the battery in the Field .Artillery, by the company in the Garrison Artillery. The annual training in camp should he carried out by regiments, battalions, and similar units. The drills, half- and whole-day parades have a relative value and are convertible, but the principle laid down above is Hint which the organization must he designed to serve. 3. The eases id' Ihe Infantry battalions, or poll ions of battalions, drawn from the I owns, and of 1 hose units id' other arms whoso nature necessitates their location at populous centres, present no difficulty ; In such cases I here is room for considerable latitude in the posting of individuals, since all will be within easy reach of the headquarters of the unit. It is in the internal organization of the country battalions and of the Mounted Rifle regiments that greater decentralization and more careful allotment of individuals is required. I. In connection with these scattered units (here are two points lo be considered : (I.) What is to be the radius of compulsory attendance at drills and parades: i.e., at what distance from his place of residence can a man reasonably be compelled to attend a drill I (2.) Who is to conduct the drills and parades '. As regards (I), the conditions and means id' locomotion al the disposal of individuals are so varied that a statement of distance is not sufficient. It has therefore been decided that, as a general guide. Ihe radius of compulsory attendance for drills and half-day parades shall he one hour's journey, ami for whole-day parades two hours' journey. As regards (2), the instructors of the Territorial Force are (a) the Company Officers, (h) the Territorial N.C.O.s. and (c) the members of the New Zealand Staff Corps. Permanent Force, and Permanent Staff. In theory (a) and (h) should he the instructors of (he men. and (c) the instructors of (a) and (/<) ; and this will eventually be so in practice. But it is not universally so now. Recruits (and nearly the whole Force this year will come under that heading) have to he taken in hand at once ; therefore the Permanent officers, W.O.s, and N.C.O.s, must do most of the drilling. Those Territorial Officers and N.C.O.s. who are not themselves instructing, should take the opportunity of being drilled with their men. •">. The Permanent officers, warrant officers, and N.C.O.s in districts who are available for instructing and drilling are as follows : I Mounted Rifles Brigade-majors. 4 Infantry Brigade-majors. I Staff < diners for Senior Cadets. 12 .Mounted Rifles Adjutants. Xi Infantry Adjutants. 28 Regimental Sergeant-major Instructors. 56 Area Sergeants-major. Taking the Strength of the Territorial Force (exclusive of I he Garrison and Field Artillery anil I he Engineers, who have their own insl ructors from i he R.N.Z.A.. &c.) as being this year approximately 22.i>(io men. the proportion of instructors to Territorials will be about I to 180. Allowance has to be made on the one hand for the fact that all these officers and instructors nave also certain clerical and administrative duties to perform: and that in the country distiiets many of Ihe drill-cent res will be difficult of access, and may ill extreme cases coin prise no more than a small squad of men collected either between milkin". hours, or al a bam or schoolhouse in the evening. On the other hand, some of the existing Territorial officers and N.C.O.s are lit and able to carry out the necessary instruction with only occasional help; a large portion of the Force can he conveniently trained at company or corresponding centres : and tin' really inaccessible parts of the country will be eliminated under the exempted-a rea clause. All things considered, the General Officer Commanding, after a careful and personal study of the c litions ill every pari of the Dominion, has come to the conclusion that the available machinery. given judicious local arrangement and constant application on the part of regimental and area permanent officials, is sufficient for i he carrying-out of the training on tin' lines above described. Seniob Cadets. 6. The organization of the Senior Cadets will be governed by the same principles and considerations as those which have been discussed above as applying to the Territorial Force. The training of the Senior Cadets is equally important with that of the Territorial Force, and mi's: he proceeded with simultaneously. It will probably be found, however, t hat the Senior ('adel drill-centres. 1 eing subject to like considerations, will naturally coincide with (hose of the Territorial Force: in any ease they should he made to do so as far as possible. Instructors wiil t hen be able in ihe majority of outlying cent res to fit in a Senior Cadet drill with the holding of a drill for Territorial soldiers. The judicious selection of the Territorial colour-sergeant instructors for Cadet companies (under paragraph 713 cd' the Regulations) will do much to facilitate the Senior Cadet training. Establish ments. 7. h is not intended thai Ihe establishments laid down for Territorial units should be rigidly adhered to. These establishments have been compiled to combine as far as possible the requirements of each unit for war with its requirements for training in norma! limes of peace. As regards war they are final ; but as regards the composition of units in peace some latitude is permissible as to

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the numbers of individuals posted. It must, however, be understood that no extra squadrons, companies, &c, are to be added to units without sanction from Headquarters, and that the proportion of the various ranks is constant. Provision has already been made for the addition of an extra detached squadron to each of the following regiments of Mounted Rifles : — Ist (Canterbury Yeomanry), at Kaikoura. 4th (Waikato), at Whakatane or Opotiki. 9th (Wellington East Coast), at Gisborne. 11th (N. Auckland), at Kaitaia or Mongonui. Senior Cadet companies may vary considerably in strength ; but no company may consist of less than one officer and thirty cadets, and the full establishment as laid down should be aimed at as far as possible. Maoris. 8. Those Maoris who have registered are to be enrolled. In districts where the Native population is scattered, Maoris will be posted to squadrons and companies as individuals. In places where there are large Native settlements or pahs Maori troops or sections will be formed as part of the establishment of squadrons or companies. Should the number of Europeans registered be sufficient to complete the required establishment without the inclusion of Maoris, a fifth Maori troop or section should be formed extra to the establishment of the squadron or company. The appointment of Maoris as N.C.O.s and the recommendation of Maoris for commissions to serve with these extra troops or sections is left to the discretion of Commanding Officers. All Maoris of the Senior Cadet age will be enrolled, posted, and trained as Senior Cadets. Religious Objectors. 9. In the case of certain well-known denominations, such as Friends (Quakers), the posting officers will post to non-combatant branches without further question. In other cases, when there, is any doubt as to the authenticity of the claim, the posting officers will demand such further proof as they require. The Act provides that the burden of proving exemption— i.e., from combatant training—lies with the person claiming exemption; such proof would take the form of a ruling from a Magistrate's Court or from a Stipendiary Magistrate. Sailors. 10. Men within the age of liability who are continuously employed on coasting-vessels or on ships plying to and from New Zealand must register, but will not be enrolled at present. Recapitulation. 11. The above are the general principles on which the General Officer Commanding wishes the posting to be carried out. They may be summed up as follows : Each regiment of Mounted Rifles, Battery, Engineer company, company of the Medical Corps, Cadet company or other unit (the boundaries for Infantry battalions are already allotted) must be allotted its own definite boundaries within which its men are enrolled and drilled ; the area so enclosed must, in the case of each unit, be divided up again, and each squadron, company, &c, must be allotted its own definite boundaries within which its men are enrolled and drilled ; again, the area so enclosed must in the case of each squadron and company be divided up once more, so that every troop and section is allotted its own definite boundaries within which its men are enrolled and drilled ; in the backblocks and thinly populated districts the area so enclosed may in the case of each troop and section have to be divided up yet again, so that each squad or group of a dozen men have their own definite area and drill-centre ; and so on, until every soldier and cadet is allotted to a drill-centre within one hour's journey of where he lives. Whether it be a company, half-company, section, or squad centre will depend on the local conditions. 12. Further definite instructions will be issued in due course when the reports, &c, asked for by Headquarters from Districts have been received and studied. Until then, the General Officer Commanding wishes the principles laid down in this memorandum to be studied by all concerned, with a view to their application when the time for posting arrives. Meanwhile all officers, Warrant officers, and N.C.O.s of the Permanent Stall' should devote their time to the instruction of Territorial officers and N.C.O.s, and to the drilling of such men as are available. Circulation of Instructions. 13. It has come to the notice of the General Officer Commanding during his late tours of inspection that in many cases instructions, such as these, issued from Headquarters have not reached the subordinate members of the Permanent Staff and the company, &c, commanders of the Territorial Force. He wishes particular attention to be paid to the thorough circulation and distribution of all orders and information, and desires that Officers Commanding Districts shall take the necessary steps to insure that all concerned are made acquainted with the contents of this memorandum. J. T. Burnett-Stuart, Lieut.-Colonel, Imperial General Staff, Headquarters, N.Z. Military Forces, Wellington, 30th June, 1911.

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APPENDIX F.

CONDITIONS OF SERVICE AND TRAINING OF THE NEW ZEALAND TERRITORIAL FORCE. The following short account of the nature of the service required under the new scheme of universal training, which is now coming into operation, is contributed by the General Staff. It is a brief sketch only; the full details will l)e available in due course, when the Regulations are issued. The Act provides for the gradual military training of every male New-Zealander from the age of 12 to the age of 25, after which he will serve in the Reserve up to the age of .",(1. There are no distinctions and no exceptions. Every one, unless physically unfit, will have to take his share in the defence of the Dominion. Those who, in consequence of the doctrines of their religion, have a conscientious objection to bearing arms in the service of their country will be trained as far as possible in the non-combatant branches, of which ambulance-work will be made a special feature; but it must be realized that the proportion of the non-combatant branches of the Force to the combatant is very small. Natuhe of Service. From the age of 12 to the age of 14 the boy will be a Junior Cadet, and will perform a certain amount of elementary military training, chiefly physical, under the direction of the Education Department. On reaching the age of 14, or on leaving a primary school, the boy will be transferred to the Senior Cadets, and will then become a member of the Military Forces, though not liable to be called out to fight. lie will remain a Senior Cadet till he is 18. On reaching the age of 18 he will, if found, on again being medically examined, to be physically fit, be drafted into the Territorial Force. As a Territorial soldier he will lie liable to be called out at any time for service within the Dominion. On reaching the age of 25 he will be transferred to the Reserve, in which he will remain till he reaches the age of 30, when he will lie discharged. As a Reservist he will be liable to be called back to his regiment in case of war or other national emergency. If he belongs to a Rifle Club he will, so long as he remains a member, be liable up to the age of 55 to be called up as part of a secondary reserve to fill the ranks of the Territorial Force after its own reserve has been used up. Every youth who had attained the age of 14 on Ist March last, but had not attained the age of 21 on that date, is now being called upon by law to register. Registration forms can be obtained at any post-office, Defence Office, or police-station, and must be filled in and sent to the Area Sergeant-major at his advertised Headquarters before 7 p.m. on 2nd June, when registration ceases. The work of the Defence authorities will be made easier if all will register as soon as possible. Any of those registering who have a preference to serve in any particular arm or branch of the service, combatant or non-combatant, are invited to say so. Those wishing to join the Mounted Rifles must provide their own horses and saddlery. When the time comes for posting to units, the wishes expressed by individuals will receive attention ; but it must be remembered that the posting of men to units and corps must be governed by many considerations—the distribution and location of units, the training facilities, the interests of employers, the fitness of the individual for any special work, and so on, so that it will often be impossible to allot men as they wish. The Training. The training of the cadet and soldier throughout his service will be strictly territorial—that is to say, it will, except for the one week a year spent by the Territorial soldier in camp, be carried out within reach of his home and at convenient times. Ihc whole of the training will lie arranged with every possible consideration for the interests both of the employer and of those who are being trained. It will be one of the chief duties of the officers and warrant officers of the Staff Corps and Permanent Staff throughout the country to study the conditions of life in their areas; they will be responsible for assisting Territorial officers in arranging the drills and parades of their companies so as to interfere as little as possible with the ordinary working-life of the men and the local conditions of employment. Special arrangements will be made so that employers will not lose the services of all of their employees at the same time. For this purpose the employees of any one firm will, as far as possible, be posted to units which will be called up for training at different times. Special arrangements will also be made for individuals, such as dairymen and others, who work single-handed and would find it impossible to get any one to do their work for them when away in camp. In dairying districts camps will usually be held in the winter. The minimum amount of training which must be performed each year by every member of the Territorial Force, Reserve, Senior Cadets, and Rifle Clubs is as follows: — Territorial Force. (a.) Thirty drills, twenty of which will be out-of-door parades. (b.) Twelve half-day or six whole-cay parades, all of which will be exercises in the field, except in the case of Garrison Artillery units, which will be exercised at the works of defence to which they are allotted on mobilization.

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(c.) Seven days' annual training in camp (exclusive of the 'lays of arrival and departure). (d.) Prescribed course of musketry. Reserve. Two half-day parades or their equivalent with a Territorial unit or company. Senior Cadets, (a.) Fifty drills. (b.) Six half-day parades, (c.) Prescribed course of musketry. Rifle Clubs. Prescribed course of musketry. A drill in the Territorial Force is U hours' continuous instruction. A drill in the Senior Cadets is I hour's continuous instruction. A half-day parade is 3 hours' continuous instruction. A whole-day parade is G hours' continuous instruction. An out-of-door parade may be carried out in the evening and will not be devoted entirely to drill, but will include route marching, outposts by day and by night, entrenching, signalling, driving, &c, and such work as cannot conveniently be carried out in-doors. In the case of Artillery and Technical Corps ths proportion of out-door parades may be reduced at the discretion of the C.O. The principle is that the drill-shed should be avoided as far as possible. The above scale is not really as formidable as it looks, and the drills, parades. Sec, are interchangeable and convertible — i.e., in the case of mounted units in farming districts, who wish to make their training progressive and find difficulty in doing so owing to the members being widely scattered, there will be no objection to their being assembled at convenient times for a week or so in place of some of the drills or parades; and it is to be noted that the six whole-day parades can be accomplished in two week-end camps of three days each, or in six Saturday afternoons between the hours of 1 p.m. and 7 p.m. At the same time it must Ijc remembered that to Ire of the best value, training should as far as possible be continuous throughout the year. It has been decided that this is the irreducible minimum that must be performed if the Force is lo be efficient. It is little enough, but with their boyhood's training, their favourable surroundings, and their natural aptitude for the work, there is every reason to believe that the men of this country will make really good and efficient soldiers. The Territorial Force. It must be remembered that the New Zealand Territorial Force is the first line of defence of the Dominion after the Imperial Navy. Its position cannot lx j fairly compared with that of the Territorial Force in the United Kingdom, which has the Regular Army and Special Reserve in front of it. The New Zealand Territorial Force must be able to take the field at once on the outbreak of war. It is the New Zealand Army; and the permanent officers of the Staff Corps, the permanent regiment of the Royal New Zealand Artillery, and the warrant and N.C. officers of the Permanent Staff are its auxiliaries to control, guide, and instruct it. The Territorial Force will be about 30,000 strong, and will be organized in field and coast defence units with practically the same establishment for peace as for war. In each of the four military districts into which the Dominion is divided there will be a brigade of Infantry, a brigade of Mounted Rifles, and a brigade of Field Artillery, as well as the necessary number of Garrison Artillery for coast defence (three companies each in Wellington and Auckland, and one company each at Dunedin, Lyttelton, and Westport), a field company of Engineers, and Medical units and other Departmental troops. An Infantry Brigade will include four Battalions and a Signal company; a Mounted Brigade, three regiments of Mounted Rifles ami a Signal company: and a Brigade of Artillery, two four-gun batteries. The Force will be fully armed and equipped according to the most modern standard; the men will be uniformed by the State, and will be paid and rationed during the Annual Camp. The units of the Force will be commanded and trained by their own officers, assisted by the Staff Corps, the Permanent Force, and the Permanent Staff. The Regimental Commander will have plenty of professional soldiers to help him and to relieve him of administrative duties, but no one to interfere between him and his regiment. The officers will be drawn from the ranks on the recommendation of Commanding Officers, and will be appointed, promoted, and retired in accordance with definite regulations calculated to insure their efficiency and their status. The Senior Cadets. The unit of organization and training in the Senior Cadets will k' the company of Infantry. Companies composed of cadets belonging to any school or other recognized organization (such as the Boy Scout.-1 will form part of thai school or organization, and be subject to its discipline supplemented by the Regulations. In dealing with such companies and in the appointment of their officers, the military authorities will co-operate with headmasters and with the heads of such other recognized organizations. Tbe Senior Cadets will be officered by officers holding Territorial commissions on the Unattached List, with the same qualifications and liabilities as other Territorial officers. In order to simplify the control of cadets, it has been decided by the Ministers ( ,f Education and Defence that for training purposes (not registration—all over II must register) all pupils attending primary schools will be considered Junior Cadets, and all pupils attending secondary schools will be considered Senior Cadets, irrespective of their ages.

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It is hoped that in many cases Scout-masters and others connected with the Boy Scout movement will be not only officers of the Boy Scout Cadets, but also will command units of Senior Cadets, in which the Boy Scout Cadets are incorporated. The military- authorities arc anxious to foster the Boy Scout movement in every way, and, in return, hope for the assistance of all Boy Seoul officials in the Senior Cadet training which by law has to be undergone by Boy Scouts as well as all olhcr youths in the Dominion. Tin: Reserve. Men of the Territorial Force Reserve will lie borne on the reserve lists of their late unit, or corps, and perform their annual parades with some part of that unit or corps. The Rifi k Clubs. The Rifle Clubs, being part of the New Zealand .Military Forces in virtue of the liability of th.ir members to serve as a Secondary Reserve, will be governed by the Military Regulations, and will carry out each year a prescribed course of musketry. Such, briefly stated, is the scheme. It will not come to fruition in a day nor in a year; but, if it is carried out in the spirit in which, it has been conceived, there is no reason why New Zealand should not have a thoroughly efficient citizen army in the near future. The object of the scheme is not only to provide an adequate and economical Force for the defence of the country, in which every one who is physically fit must serve, but also to train the youth of the Dominion in those habits of alertness of mind and body, of discipline, and of patriotism which are the qualities of the good citizen as much as of the good soldier. It is clear that such a scheme must depend for its success on the help and co-operation of the people themselves: not to have served in the national Force should come to be regarded as a misfortune. The State will provide the means: the permanent officers, N.C.O.s, and men the machinery; and the Staff the skilled control; bill the people must 'provide the spirit that will give life to the scheme and make the Territorial Force a national institution. The peace organization of the Forces, shown in greater detail, will form the subject of a separate article. (Contributed by the General staff. Headquarters, Wellington, 2fith April, 1911.)

APPENDIX G.

MEMORANDUM ON TRAINING. 1011. Now that the organization of the New Zealand Military Forces under the Defence Act is an accomplished fact, it remains to consider how the training of the Forces can be carried out. It is not intended in this memorandum to lay down any detailed syllabus of training —these can be seen in the Imperial training-manuals—but it is intended here to put forward general principles as a guide in assisting District .Commanders to evolve a syllabus, and commanders of units in carrying it through. Our regulations lay down the broad principle that all training should be progressive, leading up to and culminating in the annual camp of seven days' continuous training. If efficiency is to be hoped for, this broad principle must be steadfastly kept in view by all concerned in the training of the Forces. The efficiency of an army has its foundations on the bed-rock of elementary training, otherwise the instruction is not progressive, the ultimate results are disappointing, and may in time of stress bring about a disaster more far-reaching in its effects than may be anticipated in times of peace. We have to keep this all-important fact in view : that the underlying intention of the peace training of an armyis the ultimate object/if the necessity arises, of bringing it into the field in such a slate of efficiency, in organization, training, &c, as may lead to the certain hope that its operation will be successfully carried out and its victory over an enemy assured. This is perhaps a well-worn platitude, but, unfortunately, it is too often lost sight of, and therefore can bear repetition. Of this fact there can he no doubt —that where a country contemplates hostile operations against another, the former will think twice before embarking on them if the latter is in a high state of efficiency as regards the personnel and materiel composing its forces. In considering the question of the training and organization of the New. Zealand Forces, we must remember that any probable enemy with whom the Empire may be at grips will be one that has at his command troops of the highest efficiency in every respect, and to meet such troops we must be fully prepared. Leaving the question of the navy on one side, we may say that a part of national insurance is an efficient army. A part of the premium to be paid for national insurance is a measure of self-sacrifice, and it is this measure of self-sacrifice that the citizens of this Dominion are called on to pay in carrying the training of their Forces to a successful issue. To mention another platitude, also much lost sight of, it may be recalled that the essence of patriotism is self-sacrifice, an enduring example of which was evident among the Japanese in their late war with the Russians. Granting

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the truth of these premises—and to all those who have given serious consideration to this subject the truth is beyond question it is obvious that, with the limited amount of training to be carried out every year, ha\ing regard to the very easy minimum laid down in the Regulations, all ranks will have to work hard to attain the end in view.* Officers, N.C.O.s. and men must now understand that the task they are about to undertake is serious, and one worthy of their best endeavours. If it is the ambition of all to reach a state of high efficiency, their work of necessity must be strenuous. The chain of responsibility for the training of the Forces runs link by link from the highest to the lowest. Thus, the commanding officer of a battalion is responsible for the efficient training of his unit, and to the company commanders is delegated the immediate duty of training their company under the supervision of their commanding officer. The company commanders in their turn are assisted by their subaltern officers and the N.C.O.s of the company. It has been too often the case in the past that the training of the rank and file of the company lias been left to the sergeant-instructor, and the officer has been satisfied to relegate himself to the position of a mere looker-on. This reprehensible custom is to be very strongly deprecated. Where this system has obtained, it will always be found that the officer has lost the habit of command, if he ever had any. and, with that, the confidence and respect of the men he is supposed and intended to command. It must he very clearly understood that in the future the company commander is responsible for the training of his company, and that he and his subaltern officers and N.C.O.s must take a personal and active part in bringing his company to a state of efficiency and readiness to take the field when called upon. It will be by the efficiency of his company in all respects, and the ability of his subaltern officers and N.C.O.s as instructors, that he and they will be judged. The company commander is only here taken as an example, but these remarks will apply equally to any other commander in a .similar position, such as a battery, squadron commander, &c. The duty of the sergeant-major or sergeant-instructor is merely one of an assistant. and he may he used to assist in t he instruction of recruits, of first-year men, and such officers or N.C.O.s as may require improvement and instruction in training. Since it will be to his subalterns that a company commander will look for immediate assistance in training his N.C.O.s and men. his duty in instructing the young officer will lie a responsible and serious undertaking. From the day the young officer joins his company his instruction in all his military duties will commence, and it is to the company or other commander's own interest that such instruction should lie thorough, lie will he responsible that the young officer learns all the professional knowledge that one of his rank should acquire. He is responsible that he inculcates that spirit of discipline, self-respect, and soldierly bearing which is so necessary to uphold the dignify of his rank, and command the respect and ready obedience of the men under him. lie must instruct him in those lessons of tact and courtesy in manners, combined with confidence in himself, without which he will never obtain the habit of command, and which will engender that esteem and confidence in him on the part of his subordinates that will go far towards the maintenance of proper discipline. The use of strong language towards subordinates is to be deprecated: it only induces irritation, and does not conduce to the cheerful reception of instruction or the respect that is due to an officer, and generally results in a loss of dignity. It will thus be seen that the responsibility of a company commander towards his subalterns is no light matter, and is to be undertaken seriously. As regards the training of his N.C.O.s, the company commander has an equally serious duty before him. He is responsible for their efficiency as instructors, and he should never recommend the appointment or promotion of an N.C.O. whom he does not consider will do justice to one or the other, lb should keep a record of their services and abilities, and carefully watch their work on the drill-ground and in the lield. He is responsible for their theoretical and practical training, and he should insure that they are the " backbone "of his company. All that has been said above as to the qualifications of an officer applies equally to the N.C.O. It is only by the attainment of these qualifications that discipline, command, and efficiency can be maintained in the ranks. Where the subject of training is concerned, the question of the trainer is always a matter of importance. Efficient training is due to the efforts of an efficient trainer : that is a postulate that needs no argument. The trainer is judged by his results, which are obtained by, and are in proportion fo, his knowledge and methods of procedure. It must be obvious, and it cannot lie denied, that the trainer must have, a thorough grasp of his business, or his efforts will be so-much time wasted. It is also obvious that his methods and manner of training must be sound. Without these two qualifications he is only a trainer in name. Since the officers and N-C.O.s of the New Zealand Military Forces, in this connection, are trainers, it stands to reason that they must, among other things, have these two necessary and important qualifications of a trainer in fact as well as in name. The attainment of these qualifications is not an easy matter, nor one to be acquired wifhout much hard study and practical application. Those officers and N.C.O.s who attended the training-camp lately held near Featherston will appreciate these difficulties, and a very great deal of strenuous and continuous work was accomplished before they succeeded in becoming the body of efficient trainers they arc. All of which goes to show that if officers and N.C.O.s of the Territorial Force intend to take their position seriously, they have a period of hard work before them to render themselves fit to be trainers in every sense of the word. The training-manuals will have to be studied and applied intelligently, and their knowledge of drill must be perfect and thorough.

*In this connect ion it may be of interest to compare the conditions of service in the defensive forces of Switzerland, the citizens of which State arc a democratic and practical people. In Switzerland the service is universal, and the eiii/.cii trains from the age of twenty to that of thirty-two in the first line, which is the only one we need consider here. In his first year the recruit comes up for continuous training during a period of from sixty-seven to ninety-two days, according to the arm of the service to which lie belongs, ami works for eight hours and a half a day. In the yearn following he docs from thirteen to seventeen clays' training. Yet one does not hear I hat it interferes with his calling 01 trade and it is admitted thai the S\vis> an- a prosperous people.

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As regards the methods of training, this will have to be carefully considered. As has been said, the training must be progressive. A thorough grounding in the elements of drill is an absolute necessity. The recruit must be taken carefully step by step from the commencement. He should leave nothing behind him that he does not thoroughly know, and everything that he has to do should be carefully explained where necessary. Human nature is prone to reason as to the necessity of things. and a few words of explanation as to reasons will often clear up a difficulty that might otherwise prove a stumbling-block-. A man is always amenable to reason, and, where this is legitimate. In- ought to be considered. A recruit is a recruit in drill until he has passed a test under the eyes of his commanding officer or Adjutant preferably, where possible, the former. The commanding officer must be satisfied that the recruit is efficient in squad and company drill before he allows him to join the trained men of his company, otherwise he is only a weak spot in that organization. Not only must he be efficient at drill, but he must pass a test in semaphore work and his standard test in the recruit's course of musketry. He must also have a thorough knowledge of the, parts of his rifle and the method of taking proper care of it. Until he has mastered all this he cannot be considered a trained recruit. These remarks apply equally to recruits in the other branches of the service. The next responsibility of the company commander is the training of his company in drill, work in the field, and musketry. The Imperial training-manuals will guide him in the two first and the Musketry Regulations in the last. A special course of musketry on the range for recruits and trained soldiers in the New Zealand Military Forces is being considered, and will be published later. But in all his company training the commander must keep in view the fact that il is to be progressive. His object is to fit his company to take its place in the battalion under his commanding officer, ready to act as an integral part of the unit on the drill-ground or in the field. The ideal that a commanding officer should have before him is a battalion that is uniformly steady in the ranks, that drills smoothly with a minimum of orders, and can be trusted to work by itself in the field, under the company commanders, after the necessary instructions have been given to them and in turn intelligently imparted to all ranks in their companies. But this ideal can never be attained without much training and a high state of discipline, and, above all. the latter. There may be officers and N.C.O.s who require further instruction before they are thoroughly fitted to take up the duties of training. To meet their requirements, it will he necessary for all Adjutants to institute continuous classes of instruction during the evening, and. with the assistance of their Sergeant-major Instructors, to make every effort to afford help to such officers and N.C.O.s as may call for it. It is only by such practical means, combined with a study of the manuals, that officers and N.C.O.s can fit themselves to become efficient trainers. The first duty of officers com manding units is to see that their officers and N.C.O.s are efficient and up to the mark, otherwise they cannot expect to train their units to the required pitch of efficiency. It is very strongly recommended to all officers and N.C.O.s not to wait to be ordered to attend classes of instruction to render themselves efficient, but to take their own training seriously in hand without delay, and be ready to take up the duties of training their men. The question of discipline is supposed to be a serious and a difficult one —why, it cannot be conceived. It is an obvious fact that no organization, whether civil or military, and especially the latter, can exist iii an efficient state without discipline. To descend to men's recreations: no team at any game can hope for success in a match unless it is willing to submit itself to that necessary discipline enforced by those responsible for the management of that team in its efforts for success. So as regards a body of men organized as a force intended to take part, if necessary, in the defence of their country, they must be willing to submit themselves to the discipline enforced by those under whose command they find themselves. But since the defence of one's country is of the highest importance, and the attainment of success in this is paramount, so the necessity for discipline in the Forces of one's country by far transcends that in a business concern or a mere matter of games. It is believed that submission to discipline will be an easy matter when its necessity is recognized, as it must be : but success in its enforcement will depend on the manner in which it is done. That an army without discipline is no better than an an I rabble is a truth that is as old as history. No undisciplined people or troops have ever yet carried a war to a successful issue, though they may have prolonged it. In the American War of Secession, the Northern army lost more men through desertion than the whole of their losses in fighting or through disease during that war. This was due to want of discipline. In the end they did acquire discipline, which, coupled with theii superiority and resources, brought their operations to" a successful termination. But had they from the commencement had that spirit of discipline so necessary to an army if it is to be efficient, the, war would not have been prolonged through the years it was waged, and the ultimate expenditure of blood and treasure would have been small in proportion. On the other hand, history has innumerable instances of the triumph of discipline. No doubt it was this quality in his troops that enabled Alexander the (beat to traverse untold difficulties and penetrate into India. The discipline of Caesar's legions helped him to conquer half Europe and establish himself in Britain. The rigid discipline of Frederick the Great insured victory for his arms. Napoleon could not have overrun Europe except for the superior discipline of his soliders, who in their turn had to give way to the British troops, inferior in numbers but steadfast in their discipline. In all the history of our wars iii India it will lie found that British soldiers were a handful compared to their enemy, but their discipline always carried I hem through. No soldiers in the world could have with stood (he punishment the 57th Regiment received at Albiiera : but they held their ground, and gained the nickname of the " Die-hards." They were disciplined, and knew that their duty was to stand liim or the day might he lost for the British. During Sir John Moore's retreat to Corunna, his best-disciplined troops was a brigade of the Guards. This body, because of their superior discipline, suffered a smaller proportion of losses to the remainder of the force.

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To descend to the vernacular, discipline consists in " playing the game." We submit to discipline because we know- it is for the good of the army ; we recognize the fact that the army cannot carry on without it. A soldier may not know, and does not question, why he does a certain thing that he is ordered to do. What he does know is that it is a part of the scheme of things—that it is necessary for the good of the whole —and obeys his orders because he must " play the game." A man may be as laa \e as a lion and as reckless as a fool, but unless in action he " plays the game " and does as he is told he is useless as a soldier. He may risk his life in some act which appears on the face of it to be one of extreme gallantry, and he may even lose his life over it; but unless he has done all this in the course of playing the game, acting under orders with his comrades, he is a man without discipline, and not fit to be in the ranks ;heis a weak spot in his unit, and of no use to his commander. As has been said before, and it cannot be too strongly impressed on all, discipline means self-sacrifice, and self-sacrifice is the essence of patriotism. Surely under these circumstances discipline is worth submitting to. But it must he remembered by all whose duty it is to enforce discipline that the manner of exacting it from those under them demands consideration. Tact and courtesy go hand-in-hand to strengthen command. Firmness of character, self-respect, and confidence in one's powers always obtain respect and obedience from one's subordinates. If officers take an interest, as it is their duty to do, in the welfare and comfort of their men, they will gain their esteem, and will be looked up to as they should be. The lessons of discipline are the first that should be inculcated in the recruit: he must bo shown the necessity of it, and that he must submit to it. When this is accomplished, the rest will be easy. One of the first things that discipline will teach him is steadiness in the ranks. It is only thus thai he can concentrate his mind on his drill, and the more disciplined he is the steadier and smarter he will be. It is the man with the wandering mind that looks about him when supposed to be standing to attention, who shifts his feet and moves his hands —this man has never learnt his first lesson, and will never be any good till he has. In drilling his men, the instructor must give much thought, and, if necessary, practice, to the method in which he gives his words of command. An instructor with a bad word of command will never induce smartness in his squad. It is therefore recommended that communicating drill should he frequently practised by all those who instruct, imtil a method of giving words of command is obtained that will insure smartness of movement in those being drilled. Men will never move or drill smartly, and no other way 7 of drilling is of any value, unless they feel that their instructor knows his drill and has confidence in himself. A half-hearted word of command is useless, and conduces to a loss of respect for and confidence in the instructor. Great stress is therefore laid on this subject, and the company commander will be responsible that his instructors are efficient in this respect as much as in others. Since the training during the year is to be progressive, culminating in the seven days' continuous training in camp, it stands to reason that this camp should take place as late in the year as possible. Each quota of first-year men are posted at the same time—in May—to the several units and corps, and these are to be brought on gradually to a state of efficiency, so that they may obtain the greatest advantage possible out of their training in camp with their unit or corps. There may be cases where local circumstances and the vocation of individuals may demand the training of units in camp at other limes than at the end of the year. It is possible that, as a special case, this may be conceded. But it must be borne in mind that a camp held near the beginning of the training-year cannot be so advantageous for training as at the end, and for this reason : At the commencement of the training-year there is a quota of first-year men to be considered, and these go into camp with their unit. Their training must be progressive, and they are only at the commencement of it, therefore they cannot take part in the higher training of their unit in the field. But because, during their time in camp, they cannot be allowed to remain idle while their unit is carrying out this higher training, a proportion of officers and N.C.O.s must be detached from the unit to train the first-year men. This means that the services of these officers and N.C.O.s are lost to the unit; and not only that, but these same officers and N.C.O.s lose the benefit of the training in the field with their unit which they would have had otherwise. Thus it is obvious that every effort should be made to postpone the training in camp to as late a date in the training-year as possible, having regard to the convenience of the employer and the vocation of the individual. Those who are concerned in the training of the citizen soldier will henceforth have their task lightened, compared with the difficulties they had to deal with in the past. They will find that the. quota of first-year men—in other words, the recruits —will all be posted to their unit at one time, instead of dribbling in at all times of the year. In the years to come these recruits will be so far already trained, as Senior Cadets, as to be conversant with the elements of discipline, drill, physical training, and musketry. Thus it will be found that the work of the instructors of the Territorial Forces will be considerably lightened. To this end it behoves those who have the training of the Senior Cadets as their duty to realize the very serious responsibility which rests on their shoulders. The Senior Cadets are the future manhood of the nation, and it is to the lessons inculcated during those receptive ages between fourteen and eighteen that we look for the formation of a character that will make them worthy citizens and good soldiers. It cannot be too forcibly impressed on those concerned with the 1 raining of the Senior Cadets that they will not only instruct them in the elements of their military duty, but will .also bring them up endowed with such a spirit of patriotism, discipline, sobriety, selfrespect, and self-control as will affect them in their after-lives, and benefit their character and ability in whatever vocation they may embark. The training of the Senior Cadets is looked on as the most important part of the defence scheme. It is maintained that the mental, moral, and physical education of the Senior Cadets under a military organization will improve the manhood of the nation, and it rests with their instructors to prove it. The training of the Senior Cadets in their military duties and physical exercises is to be of the most elementary nature, but what is required is that the grounding must be thorough in all respects. It

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must be remembered that the better the Senior Cadets arc trained the easier will be their task when they join the Territorial Forces, and the chief lesson they must learn is that of discipline ; it is the most important, and perhaps, with some, the most difficult, but the habit must be acquired. As regards the musketry training of both Territorials and Senior Cadets,the Musketry Regulations will be taken as a guide, anil a memorandum on the subject will bis issued later. To sum up, the military training of the citizen soldier, from the time he commences as a Senior Cadet till he is passed to the Reserve, is to be progressive, and it is to be based on a thorough grounding in elementary principles. He must never be allowed to pass to a higher training until he has mastered I hat which has gone before : only thus can efficiency be attained. Finally, company, &c. commanders must realize the serious responsibility that rests on them. of bringing all those under their command to the state of efficiency required, and that by results their efforts will be judged. Also the fact that the immediate training of the personnel is delegated, in a measure, to the company, &c, commanders docs not reduce in any way the responsibility- of commanding officers lor the efficiency of their units or corps. E. S. Heard, Colonel, Imperial General Staff, Wellington. May. Dill. Director of Staff Duties and Military Training. Approsrimate VoH of Paper. —Preparation, not given; printing (2,000 uopiee,, £21.

By Authority : John Mackay, Government Printer, Wellington, rail. Price i)d.