EDUCATION: PUBLIC-SCHOOL CADETS (REPORT ON THE ORGANIZATION, ETC., OF CORPS AND DETACHMENTS).

Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1902 Session I, E-01d

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1902. NEW ZEALAND.

EDUCATION: PUBLIC-SCHOOL CADETS (REPORT ON THE ORGANIZATION, ETC., OF CORPS AND DETACHMENTS).

Presented to both Houses of the General Assembly by Command of His Excellency.

The Officer commanding Public-school Cadets to the Hon. the Minister of Education. Sir,— Wellington, 14th July, 1902. I have the honour to submit the following report regarding the public-school cadets of the colony : — Model Bifles. —There are enough of these in store for issue to arm those corps which do not possess them yet. Miniature Martini-Henry Bifles -31 Calibre. —Five hundred of these are also in store, and they are to be issued at the rate of 10 per cent, per corps or detachment. These rifles are sighted to 600 yards, and were procured from Westley Richards, of London. As the model rifles are for the manual exercise, so will the miniatures be for the firing exercise and target practice. The regulations provide against all accidents at ball practice. Snider Carbines. —All the public-school cadet corps which were under the Defence Department were armed with these; but as a shooting-weapon they were utterly useless, on account of their antiquity and kicking-powers. They are good enough, however, for drill purposes, and those corps having them might be allowed to retain them. Ammunition. —There is a sufficient quantity in the magazine for the year's free issue for ballfiring. Provision is made for corps to purchase for matches and private practice at cost price. I had an interview with Mr. Whitney, the manager of the Colonial Ammunition Company, when in Auckland, and he promised to let me know if his company could manufacture the ammunition, and if so we could always rely upon a sufficiency for all purposes at a short notice. Rifle Shooting. —All possible encouragement should be given to rifle shooting. Matches between corps should be permitted, and an annual competition between education-district teams should be held at certain centres in each Island for challenge shields to be given by the Department on such conditions as may be fixed. Manual. —With a view of supplying a means whereby all ranks may learn their drill, duties, &c, I purpose preparing a manual for your approval, in which the following subjects will be dealt with: viz., squad, company, and battalion drill ; ceremonial movements; manual and firing exercises ; bugle-calls; the Morse and semaphore systems of visual signalling; guard-mounting, posting of sentries, &c, and the duties generally of every officer and non-commissioned officer. The manual will also contain a summary on scouting and outpost duty, and a chapter of "Don'ts." The book will be illustrated from direct photographs where it is considered necessary, so as to give a better idea of the subject than could be given by printed descriptions. This manual should be issued by the Government at cost price. At present more than one book has to be consulted for the subjects on which information is required; but this inconvenience would be saved by the publication of the proposed manual. Provision is made for such a publication in the regulations. Physical Drill. —This was compulsory in all the public schools, under " The Education Act, 1877," and is emphasized by "The Physical Drill in Public and Native Schools Act, 1901." The

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advantages gained by this drill are well known, and I need not dilate on them. To further advance proficiency in physical training it is proposed that a new manual should be issued, and the Education Boards express themselves anxious to have this done. Annual competitions should be encouraged at the large centres. Uniforms. —The regulations do not make uniforms compulsory or specify any particular uniform; the approval of uniforms is left with you. I found the general opinion was in favour of a cheap and serviceable uniform which could also be used for school purposes, so that parents might not be put to any great expense. The general idea was that blue jerseys, blue knickerbockers, and stockings would meet all requirements; the head-dress to be the glengarry cap laid down in the regulations. For officers it was suggested that the uniform should consist of the service frock of blue cloth and trousers of the same material with a scarlet welt ; head-dress same as for the rank and file. Such a uniform would not cost much, and would be of the serviceregulation pattern. Of course, corps which already possess a uniform would not be required to change it. Gamps of Instruction. —For obvious reasons I would recommend these being encouraged. As they would be held at a time when the Volunteers would not be in camp, no difficulty should be experienced with regard to the necessary equipment, which might be lent by the Government; or, if possible, quarter the corps in a large school or some other suitable building or buildings, provided that a suitable training-ground and rifle range were within a reasonable marching distance from their quarters. I need not point out to you the advantages which would be gained through practical work by all ranks. These camps should be of at least a week's duration to be of any practical benefit. Instructors. —It is of paramount importance that these should be men of the best kind procurable, as on them would depend the success of the movement. Their most important duty would be to instruct the teachers by means of classes of instruction and mutual drill. By this means we should be building up a class of instructors within the Department who could hereafter be relied upon as competent men in this branch of the boys' training. I am of opinion, however, that there should be some system instituted to recognise the position of those teachers who qualify themselves by examination for the position of instructors. 1 would suggest that all who qualify themselves as such should receive acting-commissions, and that they should also be allowed to attend the classes formed from time to time by the Commandant of the School of Military Instruction. Further, their services might be recognised by the payment of a small annual grant while they acted as instructors. I have no desire to recommend a course whereby a great expense would be incurred, but I maintain that unless we have a sufficiency of instructors to encourage the movement it will be retarded considerably both as regards cadets and teachers. However great the desire may be to see teachers qualified to instruct, they must in the first instance be thoroughly instructed themselves by competent men. Classes of instruction should be formed at certain suitable centres in each education district, where the teachers could meet the instructors at stated periods, as mutually arranged. From many years' personal experience I have found that more is learned through the medium of these classes than in any other way, as more confidence and experience is thus gained. The instruction given there cannot possibly be given on parade, on account of the limited time devoted to drill. It must not be forgotten that when a person goes to a parade-ground to take charge of a squad he goes there to impart what he knows, and not to learn what he ought to know. Standing Orders. —With a view to uniformity in the details of duties, discipline, &c, throughout the cadet corps, I purpose submitting a copy of the standing orders for your approval at an early date. In accordance with your instructions I visited Christchurch, Timaru, Oamaru, Dunedin, Invercargill, Greymouth, Hokitika, Nelson, and Blenheim, in the South Island ; and Auckland, New Plymouth, Wanganui, and Napier, in the North Island. I personally interviewed the Mayors (Chairmen of the Coronation Demonstration Committees), the Chairmen of the various Education Boards, and Officers commanding Districts and Subdistricts at the above places. I fully explained your wishes with regard to the public-school cadets taking part in the proposed celebrations on the Coronation Day, and in each case I was informed that your wishes would be carried out, and that the cadets would be formed up on the left of the adult corps. I further, in accordance with your suggestion, brought up the question of your intention of instituting cadet corps or " detachments " at all the public schools where the conditions of enrolment, as laid down in the regulations, regarding these could be fulfilled, and you will be pleased to learn that in every case the Chairman of the Education Board entirely approved of your scheme and promised the Board's support in carrying it out. In many districts either the Chairman or the members of Education Boards hoped that no time would be lost in systematically organizing corps and battalions, issuing rifles, &c. Knowing the interest you take in the matter, 1 felt justified in informing these gentlemen that on my return to headquarters directions would be given by you to accede to their wishes without delay. The forms for enrolment which I took with me were handed over to the Secretaries of the various Education Boards as directed by you, and these are being daily returned duly filled, and I hope to supply you with a return showing the details of each corps in existence on the 13th May, 19u2, also a return showing applications for new corps or detachments. I wish to bear testimony to the kind manner in w T hich I was treated by all those with whom I had to consult on the subject of my mission.

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The following are the returns referred to above, and from them you will be able to learn how many corps existed on the 13th May, 1902 (the date on which the Cadet Regulations came into force), and also what schools have applied to have their corps or detachments recognised as such ;—

List of Corps which were in Existence on the 13th May, 1902 (Date when Regulations came into force).

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Eaueation District. Name of Corps. CD '5 a. 33 O 03 a 333 a 03 3 3 ECj a a a 03 3 -a 3 CO 03 s 33 03 60 OJ CO tH a _o c 'J a 33 03 o 00 "3 o 0 o ai 9 cd *JH 03 -3*3 3 K "3 "o "3 o EH 03 so .uckland Bayfield Beresford Street ... Cambridge Coromandel Devonport Epsom ... Grafton... Kauaeranga Mount Eden Mount Albert Napier Street Nelson Street Newmarket Newton East Newton West Onehunga Parawai Parnell... Ponsonby Remuera Richmond Road ... Tararua Waihi ... Waiokaraka Wellesley Street ... Whangarei 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 4 2 2 3 4 4 3 3 2 3 3 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 3 4 3 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 4 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 "i l l l l l l l l l l l 34 36 41 27 38 30 38 30 43 30 46 49 40 50 48 48 27 47 45 38 30 42 72 48 51 34 41 47 49 36 49 37 50 38 53 36 56 61 49 62 56 61 35 57 52 48 37 50 83 54 60 42 4 2 i 2 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 i 1 2 i l Total 26 26 21 23 SO 10 21 1,062 1,299 'aranaki Central School No. 1 Com1 1 1 1 4 4 1 37 50 pany Central School No. 2 Com1 1 1 1 3 3 1 3!) 50 pany Central School No. 3 Com1 1 1 1 3 3 30 40 pany Total 3 3 3 3 10 10 106 140 * Wanganui Campbell Street ... College Street Peilding Havvera District High School Patea Terrace End 1 11 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 3 3 2 8 1 2 2 4 4 6 1 1 1 3 60 40 65 S3 40 62 70 51 76 104 42 64 Total 5 5 3 3 19 l(i 350 407 Hawke's Bay ... Hastings No. 1 Company ... Hastings No. 2 Company ... Makotuku Matawhero Napier Main No. 1 Company Napier Main No. 2 Company Ormondville Port Ahuriri Taradale Waipawa Waipukurau 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i : i l 1 i l l 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 2 3 3 4 4 2 3 3 1 2 4 2 4 4 4 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 42 40 28 21 49 49 29 37 34 24 32 55 48 36 31 63 63 33 50 11 30 39 1 1 1 1 i l i 1 1 4 1 1 2 1 Total 9 li 6 9 31 26 12 385 489 ;her " States " receivea, though thei other corps tea a * No fur •e are besiai ss thi ise nai love.

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List of Corps which were in Existence, &c. —continued.

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Education Diatriot. • Name of Corps. CO 3 s 3 3 CD ft 00 c cd C CD *J 3 CD ft ji 3 CO co" 3 cfl CD 5b E CD CO 3 _o o CJ a e CD ao C CD 05 09 c3 co 1- i sO i CD S* I m ° I 5 o | ft CO J* S ft "3 o 3 j * o E00 a •5 to p* I O ; if. 9 > C Wellington Brooklyn Carterton Clyde Quay Featherston Fernridge Grey town Johnsonville Karori ... Kilbirnie Mitchelltown Mount Cook No. 1 Company Mount Cook No. 2 Company Petone ... South Wellington TeAro... Terrace... Thorndon 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 "l 4 4 4 2 4 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 2 2 2 3 1 1 1 38 51 57 28 21 23 28 20 34 26 36 48 50 56 40 45 44 40 65 72 36 24 34 34 27 41 31 48 57 52 04 53 58 58 1 1 4 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 3 3 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 Tota 15 15 7 9 45 36 16 651 794 Marlborough ... Blenheim Borough Picton ... 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 2 4 1 1 40 33 4,s 14 Nelson Total 2 2 2 73 92 Nelson Central ... Reefton... Westport District High School 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 4 3 4 4 2 4 i 07 39 45 78 49 56 Westland Total Hokitika Kumara 3 1 1 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 11 3 10 151 47 45 . 54 48 183 North Canterbury Total 2 2 2 1 92 102 Hampstead Kaiapoi... St. Albans Sydenham 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 2 3 "5 2 1 29 50 40 58 32 63 10 65 South Canterbury Total 3 4 3 11 177 209 Otago Waimate District High School Albany Street Balclutha District High School Caversham Industrial School High Street George Street Kaikorai Kaitangata Lawrence District High School Normal... North-east Valley Oamaru District High School Oamaru North ... Oamaru South ... Palmerston South Tokomairiro Union Street 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 4 2 4 3 4 8 4 2 4 4 2 3 1 1 1 48 47 60 56 56 48 42 41 47 55 48 79 68 63 54 53 50 60 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l l l i i 1 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 1 43 80 40 36 68 44 30 46 44 84 49 42 80 48 41 49 l i 4 1 i Total 16 10 6 4 42 84 10 785 907 Invercargill Middle School — Southland 1 i 1 2 2 1 40 48

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The following are summaries of the above:—

Summary.

Schools at which Corps did not exist on the 13th May, 1902, and which have applied for Formation of either a "Company" (Forty-eight of all Ranks and upwards) or a "Detachment" (less than Forty-eight of all Ranks).

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Name of Education District. DO a '5 4C3 C4 c3 O 00* a c3 a CD 9 CD ft 4* a A * 3 C M § 3 CD ft . co" •* s O 00 CO -f. a CD b£ u X 1 ■■f a *-» o Oh Id o O to u CD bo pq ■j. m > 'C "3 . -i a cS cS EH mckland taranaki 26 3 26 3 5 9 15 2 3 2 3 1 16 1 26 3 5 11 15 2 3 2 4 1 10 1 21 3 3 6 7 23 3 3 9 9 2 1 1 3 1 4 80 10 19 31 45 5 11 8 11 4 42 2 40 10 16 26 36 6 10 21 2 6 12 16 2 1 1,062 106 350 385 651 73 151 92 177 47 785 40 1,299 140 407 489 794 92 183 102 209 60 907 48 Vanganui lawke's Bay Vellington larlborough Jelson Vestland Torth Canterbury iouth Canterbury )tago ... Southland 5 9 15 2 3 2 3 1 16 1 3 2 3 1 6 1 7 4 34 2 1 1 10 1 Total Total for new corps 81 81 78 53 56 244 175 67 3,569 4,323 1,389 Grand total 81 81 78 53 56 244 175 67 13,569 5,712

Name of Eaueation District. Name of School. -a HH M a 03 tH -W CO Name of Eaueation District. Name of School. s a to tH co .uckland Dargaville Driving Creek Horahora... Rotorua ... Tauranga... 25 25 35 32 46 Nelson... Richmond 22 Grey ... Dobson Taylorville 24 36 'aranaki 163 North CanterburyAddington • Gloucester Street ... 60 Ngaire Norfolk Road Okato Stratford ... Waitara* ... 30 40 32 72 31 48 70 118 South Canterbury Geraldine District High School Temuka ... Timaru Waimataita 205 52 50 36 57 Hawke's Bay Gisborne ... Kaikora North Training-school Takapau ... 88 30 40 27 Caversham Forbury ... Green Island Mornington Mosgiel District High School Port Chalmers Ravensbourne 195 48 48 52 55 40 Otago ... Wellington Eketahuna Mangatainoka Kaiwarra Otaki 185 24 25 20 30 75 33 351 90 Grand total ... 1,389 * Twenf with horses.

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We thus have a total of 5,712 of all ranks towards inaugurating the system in connection with our public schools, and there is not the least doubt that as soon as the winter holidays are over a further number of schools will apply for recognition of their corps or detachments. The offer of the Government to supply model and miniature rifles, belts, bugles, and chevrons for non-commissioned officers, and badges, swords, sword-knots, and slings for officers, is greatly appreciated, inasmuch as the ranks concerned will not, as heretofore, have to purchase these articles of equipment, and uniformity in them will be established. In conclusion, I can only say that the scheme for the organization and equipment of the cadet corps meets with the entire approval of the various Education Boards of the colony, and there is no reason why the general wish to see the boys taught the drill and duties of a soldier, and to learn to become good shots, should not be carried out. I have, &c, L. W. Loveday, Major, Commanding Public-school Cadets. The Hon. Mr. W. C. Walker, C.M.G., Minister of Education.

APPENDIX.

The following extracts are from a paper on "Military Training in Public Schools," read before the members of the Royal United Service Institution at a meeting on the 28th November, 1900, by the Rev. C. G. Gull, M.A., Captain-Commandant 4th London Volunteer Rifle Corps, Headmaster of the Grocers' Company School, Major-General Viscount R. H. Frankfort de Montmorency, X.C.8., in the chair. The paper is published in the Journal of the Institution for February, 1901. " It has always seemed to me remarkable that the army is the only department of athletics in which early training is neglected. If you wish to make a boy a cricketer you take him in hand before he goes to his public school; if he is to be a good rider you give him a mount in early youth ; swimming is regularly taught to children ; but drill, which is essentially a matter of rigid obedience, of collective practice, and of mechanical precision, is generally deferred to an age when the practice necessary for the attainment of these habits either disgusts or tends to cramp the intelligence and destroy the faculty of individual initiative. In the navy they have adopted a wiser method : they catch their recruits when young, and train them during boyhood to the required pitch of discipline. " Boys do not, in my experience, find drill-training irksome, partly because they pick up the routine work far more quickly than men, partly because they more enjoy the precision and the rhythmic movements of drill, and also their imagination is caught in the military ideal. Our boys take their places in the battalion at the age of eleven " It is unnecessary perhaps to labour the point that military drill and the use of arms can be, and ought to be, taught to boys. Many schemes are on foot to promote this object. Cadet corps are being formed in many public schools " In order that the scheme proposed may be carried out with success it is essential that great care should be taken in the selection of sergeant instructors But if military work in schools is to be successful it must not be left entirely under the control of the sergeant-instuctor class. Every inducement should be held out to assistant-masters to take an active efficient part in the training. There will, I think, be little difficulty here ;in all large schools one or more of the members of the staff have been members of a Volunteer or of a cadet corps ; to secure the cooperation of such men they should be recognised in the Army List as subordinate officers, and should have every facility given them in the schools for officers to make themselves thoroughly efficient To complete the organization, an Inspector-general of Military Training in Schools would be necessary so that a uniform standard of work may be maintained, and a grip may be kept by the War Office on the whole system Certainly the ease and steadiness with which well-trained boys take their places in the ranks in after-years would surprise those who have not witnessed it. The recruit-age does not exist for such men. If such training became general the nation would receive a great accession of strength " Lieut.-Colonel T. H. Baylis, V.C. (late 18th Middlesex, V.R.C.), remarked, " Military training has its special advantages physically. Drill is of essential value; it opens the heart, it expands the chest and lungs, it improves the figure and carriage, and increases the muscular power. Mentally it encourages manliness. It teaches the duty of obedience, both in obeying and being obeyed. It is more easy to obey than to insist on obedience, which requires patience, firmness, intelligence, and self-reliance The lecturer is moving in the right direction in urging the advantages of military training in schools " Approximate Cost of Paper.— Preparation, not given ; printing (1,475 copies), £& la.

By Authority : John Mackay, Government Printer, Wellington.—l9o2,

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