(h) Pliocene. The Lower Pliocene is marked in New Zealand chiefly by the disappearance of Miocene lines, presumably due to a cooling climate, and no particular introductions are known until the Castlecliffian. Even at Castlecliff the only strikingly new additions occur well up in the series. The large Pectinid Notovola (Finlay, 1930, p. 51), the Indo-Pacific Eunaticina (Powell, 1934, pp. 268, 269), and Leucotina A.Ad. (s.str.) are all marked new-comers, conspicuous in the Pliocene of Japan, and all of very short life here, except Notovola, which is still common. The Glycimerid group Glycimerula Finlay and Marwick (1937, p. 23), which is also characteristic of the Japanese Pliocene and Recent, reached New Zealand somewhat earlier, probably at the beginning of the Pliocene. Even later immigrations have occurred, perhaps in the Pleistocene, in the form of Anadara trapezia L. (Powell, 1932, p. 70) and some Cymatiidae (Finlay, 1926B, p. 398, etc.; Powell, 1933, pp. 156–159), and are still occurring at the present time; e.g., Gadinia conica Angas, Hydatina physis (Linné), Recluzia lutea (Bennett) (Powell, 1924, p. 282), Polinices simiae (Desh.) (Powell, 1934, p. 156). Outside Correlations By Foraminifera. In the absence of comparative specimens and much literature, it is difficult to give an adequate survey of extra-limital microfaunal affinities. Most of those noticed are shown by the older faunas, but even here one is greatly hampered by what are perhaps depositional or regional peculiarities—there are extremely few New Zealand faunas that bear an obvious resemblance to any outside fauna considered as a unit. Perhaps the vagaries of range and distribution of the smaller Foraminifera explain this, but even in the Cretaceous we have nothing so easily comparable with the illustrated American faunas as is that of the West Australian Gingin Chalk. This is not satisfactorily explained by our lack of sufficiently calcareous facies—there are whole groups of otherwise world-wide index lineages apparently missing from the New Zealand faunas. In the Cretaceous there is as yet no trace of Pseudotextularia, Ventilabrella, Eouvigerina, Pseudouvigerina, Bolivinita (eleyi Cush.) and, most surprising of all, Globotruncana* Since this was written, rare specimens of two species have been found by J. M. Dorreen in the Clarentian Puketoro beds and the Piripauan Rakauroa formation.. Only odd specimens of Gümbelina have been found; a large species (panikauia Finlay) is abundant at one Piripauan locality, but otherwise that genus is common here (as a tiny form) only in the Oligocene. The two latter genera are extremely abundant in the West Australian Cretaceous, and Thalmann (1935A, pp. 598–601) has commented on the finding of Globotruncana in so many countries that its extreme rarity in New Zealand is surprising. In our Eocene an equally conspicuous absentee is Camerina (Assilina has been recorded in sections—see Chapman, 1932, p. 484). In one Lower Oligocene (Kaiatan) fauna there is a form, evidently near