Page image

Camerina, with complex strong reticulate sculpture; but it is the sole New Zealand representative of its Family as yet. In the Miocene the index Australian and Dutch East Indies genus Trillina is not known here. Nevertheless, there are present in our faunas a sufficient number of genera and species of restricted occurrence elsewhere to indicate a number of correlations, and these may be classified by the main epochs. Cretaceous. The top of the Raukumara Formation is at present the oldest bed yielding a micro-fauna, and here also is the only horizon with abundant Globigerina cretacea d'Orb.; the accompanying Globigerinella aspera (Ehrenberg) ranges somewhat higher in the section, into Piripauan. The former has been erroneously recorded from numerous higher horizons; in America it is still common in the Texan Navarro (Campanian), but is in New Zealand extremely rare or absent in beds of approximately that age, being replaced by a form close to the Navarro rugosa Plummer. This and the absence of typical Globotruncana, etc., could easily suggest that the New Zealand Upper Cretaceous stages are even younger than considered here. In Mexico Globotruncana is similarly absent in the Velasco, though very characteristic of the Mendez, considered by Thalmann (1935B, p. 371) to be Paleocene and Santonian respectively. There is little in the rest of the Raukumara fauna to throw light on its age at present, though it has some general resemblance to the Albian faunas figured by Eichenberg (1935, p. 389) from the North German oil-fields, and on the whole is remarkably similar to a fauna just lately figured by Tappan (1940, Journ. Pal., vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 93–126), from the Grayson formation of Northern Texas, and placed as Upper Albian. Ornate Epistominas are lacking, but the Frondicularians and allied forms, though not particularly like the illustrated species of the Texan Taylor (Santonian), have much less in common with the Navarro than have the Piripauan species. The evidence of these latter seems fairly strong, for the Piripauan Rakauroa formation contains species of Palmula very close to reticulata (Reuss), semireticulata (Cushman and Jarvis), and primitiva Cush., a Frondicularia like dimidia Bagg, and a Planularia close to simondsi (Carsey)—all prominent Navarro species. The restricted Cretaceous genus Bolivinoides (as dorreeni Finlay, of the delicatula Cush. group) also occurs at this horizon, while above it in the section occurs Nuttallides alatus (Marsson), also known from high in the Cretaceous of Rügen, Germany, Arkansas, and Trinidad. The allied and older N. micheliniana d'Orb. so common in the Craie Blanche of Europe, Middle Taylor of America, and White Chalk of Antigua (see discussion in Cushman, Contrib. Cush. Lab. Foram. Research, vol. 7, pt. 2, pp. 34 and 45, 1931; and Journ. Pal. vol. 6, No. 4, p. 342, 1932) has not been found here in typical form, but has a representative (tholus Finlay) in the Lower Piripauan showing the same evolutionary differences as the form in the Trinidad Upper Navarro called by Cushman (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 80, p. 48, 1932) “Pulvinulinella alata Marsson.” In the latter fauna and the