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any similar prohibition with respect to Japan's internal air services. Civil aviation has now come to be as much an essential service as rail or road transport, and should be susceptible of adequate control by the prohibition of aircraft manufacture and the imposition of restrictions such as import controls which would confine internal air transport to short-range low-altitude aircraft of medium capacity and norma] speed. It is not considered that the possession of such civil airlines would constitute a real menace to security since pilots and technical personnel would be trained for air transport duties only, and not for the many and complex operations required, in war. However, as an additional security measuie aviation employees should be required to serve on a long-term basis. 5. REMOVAL OF THE WILL TO AGGRESSION (STRENGTHENING OF DEMOCRATIC TENDENCIES) (a) General From the point of view of long-term security the removal of obstacles to the revival and the strengthening of democratic and peaceful tendencies among the Japanese people, which was an essential part of the Potsdam Proclamation, is of even greater importance than measures of physical disarmament. Unfortunately, this objective is much more difficult to effect by the terms of a peace treaty. The most that can be done is to include within the treaty a series of provisions binding on the Japanese Government which, if faithfully observed, would enable the Japanese people to work out their own democratic future. The chief problem is what should be the range of provisions of this nature. It would be unrealistic to burden the proposed supervisory authority with responsibilities beyond its power to enforce, nor might it be wise to place democratization proposals in too close association with the necessarily humiliating clauses of the peace treaty proper ; but the record of Japan's compliance with certain democratic criteria worked out at the Peace Conference (perhaps in association with Japanese representatives) might well be made the test for determining whether the time was ripe for the relaxation of certain post-treaty controls or for the re-admission of Japan into the international community. (b) Political Freedoms It is considered that the Japanese Government should maintain and uphold the Japanese Constitution which came into force on 3 May, 1947. In distinction to the old constitution which safeguarded the feudal framework of Japanese society, the new constitution guarantees fundamental human rights