H—3B

publican's and the accommodation license. Incidental to the control under this licensing system are important subsidiary elements such as the limitation of the hours of sale ; the inspection of liquors and premises ; the prohibition of the use of licensed premises as a dancing, concert, or theatrical saloon or a place of common resort; the prohibition of the employment of barmaids other than those already registered ; the imposition of penalties on the holders of publicans' and accommodation licenses for permitting drunkenness, gambling, or for keeping a disorderly house ; the prohibition of selling at unauthorized places and the requirement that accommodation shall be kept up to a certain standard. Some of these subsidiary elements have been made more stringent by the war regulations —e.g., the restriction of hours —(see Regulations 1942/186 and 1943/122). This licensing of private individuals has been, and is, the main system in Operation in New Zealand. The number of people living in the districts in which it was in operation at the census of 1945 was 1,428,368. 19. The creation of any district, pursuant to the vote of the electors, in which no licenses are issued for the sale of alcoholic liquors, although individuals may import alcoholic liquor from districts where the sale is licensed. This is the system of district no-license, or local option. The number of people living in these districts at the census of 1945 was 249,912. 20. The creation of any district, by virtue of a Proclamation under statutory authority, in which no licenses are issued for the sale of alcoholic liquors, although individuals may import liquor from districts where the sale is licensed. The district is virtually, a no-license district, but is not subject to a licensing poll. The only district of this kind is the King-country. The number of persons living in that district at the census of 1945 was as follows : European, 30,195 ; Maori, 8,660. 21. The imposition of restrictions upon sections of the community, whether they reside in license or no-license districts. Special restrictions are imposed upon the Maoris and also upon all persons, whether European or Maori, who are under the age of twentyone years. 22. The issue of a prohibition order against an individual who, by excessive drinking of liquor, wastes his estate or greatly injures his health or endangers or interrupts the peace or happiness of his family. There is in New Zealand no general prohibition of the right to drink which is subject to exceptions in favour of those individuals who are licensed to consume alcoholic liquor. That system is in operation in Sweden and in most Canadian States, where it is carried out by the issue of permits or coupons. 23. Control of the sale of alcoholic liquor within a specified district by a local Trust or Corporation appointed on behalf of the public. This method was established by statute in 1944 for the Invercargill Licensing District, which voted for the restoration of licenses in 1943. The Trust is also charged with the duty of providing hotel accommodation. 24. We now proceed to describe in more detail the main elements of these methods of control. CHAPTER 3.—CONTROL BY LICENSING 25. Licenses granted in respect of alcoholic liquors are of various kinds. They may authorize both manufacture and sale. They may apply to all intoxicating liquors or to a particular kind only. We propose to classify them by reference to their purpose, though one license may cover both manufacture and sale. This procedure will make the function which each license may serve more clearly apparent. 26. We refer first to licenses which authorize the manufacture of the several kinds of alcoholic liquors. Licenses for Manufacture 27. Spirits.—Under section 4 of the Distillation Act, 1908, the Minister of Customs has power to issue a license to distil, rectify, or compound spirits. Under the Act the word '■■■ spirits "is defined to include alcohol, brandy, rum, gin, whisky, low wine, feints,

22