PRISONS (REPORT ON) FOR THE YEAR 1944-45 ALSO OPERATIONS OF THE OFFENDERS PROBATION ACT (REPORT ON) FOR THE YEAR 1944-45

Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1945 Session I, H-20

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1945 NE W ZEAL A N I)

PRISONS (REPORT ON) FOR THE YEAR 1944-45 ALSO OPERATIONS OF THE OFFENDERS PROBATION ACT (REPORT ON) FOR THE YEAR 1944-45

Presented to both Houses of the General Assembly by Command of His Excellency

The Hon. the Minister op Justice to His Excellency the Governor-General. Wellington, 3rd September, 1945. I have the honour to submit to Your Excellency the report of the Controller-General on the prisons and Borstal institutions of the Dominion for the year 1944-45. I have, &c., H. G. B. Mason, Minister of Justice.

The Controller-General of Prisons to the Hon. the Minister on Justice. I have the honour to present the annual report of the Prisons Department for the financial year ended 31st March, 1945, showing also the criminal statistics for the year ending 31st December, 1944. Annexed hereto are the reports of the Controlling Officers for the principal prisons and Borstal institutions. These indicate the wide range of activities carried on, all of which, besides being of social or economic worth, have a reclamative motive and are designed to promote self-esteem and habits of industry. The financial and industrial returns show that a high standard of efficiency and production has been maintained. The Department's policy features an endeavour to arouse a sense of responsibility and interest through a regular routine of useful work, subjecting inmates at the same time, as far as practicable, to socializing influences and training with a view to equipping them to take their place as useful members of society on their release. The results testify to the efficacy of the methods —namely, the fact that less than 25 per cent, of those sentenced to reformative detention or substantial terms of imprisonment offend again after release on the recommendation by the Prisons Board, and approximately 18 per cent, of the total released after serving a term of borstal detention during the past twenty years appeared before the Courts again. Statistics These show a decline in the number of commitments to prison and a fall in the daily average in custody as compared with the previous year. The usual statistical tables of receptions and discharges are published as an annexure hereto. A comparative summary is here set out showing the figures of the total number dealt with during the past five years: —

The foregoing table shows the total receptions each year. This includes in some cases the reception of the same person more than once. The number of distinct persons received during 1944 was 3,284, or 372 less than the number received during the year 1943. The fall in the number of receptions would have been more pronounced but for the fact that 108 military defaulters and courts-martial prisoners were received into prison during the year,

__ 1941. 1942. 1943. j 1944. Number in custody at beginning of year .. .. 895 1,015 1,064 1,077 Number received during year .. .. .. 4,828 5,216 4,622 4,089 Number discharged or transferred .. .. .. 4,708 5,167 4,608 4,173 Number in prison at end of year .. .. •• 1,015 1,064 1,077 993

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The daily average number of persons in custody dropped from 1,099 for 1943, to 1,030 for 1944. This daily average also would have been lower but for the more or less static state of a number of military defaulters who were ordered to be detained in custody " for the duration." The ratio of distinct persons to the general population for 1944 was 12-68 per 10,000, as compared with 15-17 for 1943 and 18-46 for 1942. In making comparisons due allowance must by made for the fact that the general population has fluctuated in consequence of the movement of men overseas, &e,, but it is satisfactory to observe that the general downward trend is maintained (1890, 38-61 ; 1910, 32-5 ; 1914, 31-05 ; 1932, 22-9 ; 1935, 13-76 ; 1939, 15-38 ; 1944, 12-68). Unfortunately, owing to shortage of staff, the Government Statistician has been unable to supply in time for inclusion in this report the statistics for 1944 used in the compilation of the several tables usually incorporated in this report relating to lengths of sentences, nature of offences, nationality of offenders, and their age groups. Miscellaneous Deaths.—There were 3 deaths recorded during the year —1 from congestive heart-failure, 1 from peritonitis, and 1 from cardiac asthma and pneumonia. Escapes.—During the year 14 prisoners and 68 Borstal detainees escaped from custody, and 5 Borstal detainees attempted to escape. Two Borstal escapees (females) and one prisoner have not yet been recaptured. Of the 68 Borstal escapees, 56 absconded and 5 attempted to escape from the Point Halswell and Arohata Borstals early in the year when there was a general condition of unrest due to exceptional circumstances then prevailing. The inmates have now settled down, and for Several months past there have been no escapes. Mental Defectives. —An aggregate of 24 persons were transferred from prisons and Borstal institutions to the various mental hospitals—6 under the provisions of section 34 of the Mental Defectives Act, 1911, 5 under section 37, and 13 after sentence under section 38. Borstal Receptions.—A total of 154 male and 39 female Borstal detainees were received direct from the Courts, while 4 females and 2 males were transferred from child-welfare institutions. Five females and 1 male were transferred from reformatory to Borstal. Military Defaulters.—The following table shows the number of military defaulters transferred from detention camps on Magisterial orders or under direct sentence of imprisonment to prisons during the years 1942 to 1944, inclusive :—

At the end of the year there were 48 military defaulters in prison. With the passing of time one is constrained to conclude that the transfer of military defaulters to criminal prisons has not been an altogether satisfactory or happy arrangement, for the reason that many of these prisoners have constantly laboured under a sense of grievance and injustice—in many cases for so long a period that, it has become obsessional. Their attitude of mind has conduced to difficulties of their own creation. A number have not been amenable to the discipline that is essential to the smooth and harmonious running of a penal establishment. Some have taken up an obstructive attitude, allegedly on principle, and others would appear deliberately to have set out to embarrass the administration. In many instances acts of insubordination and other infractions of discipline have been overlooked by controlling officers because of the obviously warped mental outlook of the offenders, it being simply a form of exhibitionism. In some cases offenders have flagrantly persisted in refractory conduct, apparently in a desire to seek notoriety or to bask in the sunshine of martyrdom, in the result that controlling officers have been obliged to have recourse to Justices and punishment to maintain discipline among the general body of prisoners. The offenders repeatedly assert that their grievance is not against the prison authorities, but against their continued detention. A person labouring under a perpetual grievance complex is a disturbing influence in a prison. The general run of criminal prisoners are more inclined to adopt a philosophical outlook and take their punishment stoically, but many military defaulters strive to rationalize their attitude. Courts-martial Prisoners.—During the past three years the following prisoners sentenced by court-martial were received into prison from the Army and Air Force : ~ 1942, 124; 1943, 105 ; 1944, 52. Health of Prisoners The general health of prisoners has been good. There were 95 males and 11 females admitted for treatment either at the public hospitals or the prison infirmaries during the year. The daily average on the sick-list was 24-28, which is 2-3 per cent, of the daily average number of prisoners in custody. Under the regular conditions of living and the simple wholesome diet, prisoners almost invariably improve in physical condition during their period of detention. The individual ration allowance of butter, sugar, and tea has been reduced to bring it into conformity with the ration allotted to the civil population, but with regard to meat, on account of the general limitation of the range of food available to prisoners and the fact that substitutory foods of equivalent calorific and vitamin content would be more costly than the cow beef and cull mutton used and produced on the prison farms, the standard meat ration has not been reduced. In addition to the care of the general health of prisoners by the prison medical officers, the Department has a close working arrangement with the Mental Hospitals Department whereby its psychiatrists are always at call to examine and advise on the treatment of any inmate of impaired mentality, and during the year an arrangement was concluded with the Health Department for more effective attention to prisoners found to be suffering from T. 8., both while in custody and after their discharge from prison.

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Year. j (a) For Duration. (b) For a Definite Term. Total. 1942 .... 28 11 39 1943 .... 2 11 13 1944 .... 18 38 56

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Persistent Offenders ; Habitual Criminals ; Indeterminate Sentences Prisoners, for practical administrative purposes, may be classified into three broad groups, namely: — (а) The abnormal offender—that is, the person of impaired mentality, frequently not certifiable, but poorly inhibited, and in respect of whom custodial care for the protection of society is the primary object rather than merely punishment; (б) The accidental offender —that is, the person who through some special circumstances has become involved in crime. Such offenders are usually admitted to probation, but in more grave cases where committed to prison they usually react satisfactorily to reformative treatment; and (c) The professional criminal —that is, the person who indulges in crime because he delights in taking people down and prefers to live by questionable means. Persistent offenders may be subdivided into two distinct groups, one comprising that " static army " of petty recidivists whose repetitive offences and appearances before the police Courts come more under the category of a public nuisance than as crimes ; and the other relates to persons who persistently commit graver crimes and show little or 110 regard for the sanctity of the person or property. It is this latter group which, though not large in New Zealand, presents one of the most difficult problems, and it is to cope with this group that the system of indeterminate sentence was inaugurated. Under section 29 of the Crimes Act it is provided that where a person is convicted 011 indictment of an offence of a sexual nature or one relating to abortion, and such person has been previously convicted 011 at least two occasions of any similar class of offence, the Court may, in its discretion, declare as part of the sentence that such person is an " habitual criminal " ; or where a person is convicted 011 indictment and such conviction is in respect of an offence of either wounding, robbery, burglary, housebreaking, theft, false pretences, extortion, forgery, or mischief, and such person has been previously convicted on at least four occasions of any similar class of offence, whether of the same description or not, a Judge may in his discretion declare that such person to bo an " habitual criminal," in either of which cases the prisoner is held on an indeterminate basis until recommended for release by the appropriate authority. Eleven persons were declared to be habitual criminals during the year ended the 31st December, 1944. That the Judges exercise these provisions of the law sparingly is evidenced by the fact that during the forty-four years that there has been statutory provision for so doing, only 605 persons have been declared to be habitual criminals. The reluctance to interfere with a person's liberty on an indeterminate basis would appear to be carried to a still further degree by the Court of Appeal. This is indicated by the fact that whereas during the past five years 28 persons were declared by the Court of first instance to be habitual criminals, in five of these cases the declaration was annulled on appeal by the Court of Appeal. The indeterminate sentence has been adopted in many countries, in some without qualification in respect of past criminal records as in New Zealand, but in any case where the Court considers, having regard to the mental condition and character of the offender and the nature of the offence committed, that the indeterminate sentence will afford the best protection to the community and this would appear to be the wisest plan. Several international Prison Congresses have endorsed the principle of the indeterminate sentence, stating, inter alia, that it is one of the most efficacious means of social defence against crime and that for the habitual criminal and the more dangerous criminal it ought to be designed so that conditional release of the prisoner cannot take place if he is not readapted to society. Section 12 of the Crimes Amendment Act, 1910, provides that it shall be the duty of the Prisons Board to make inquiry from time to time if there is reasonable cause for belief that any habitual criminal is sufficiently reformed to be released 011 probation or to make inquiries from time to time as to whether there is sufficient grounds for granting a discharge of any habitual criminal from the provisions of the Act who has already been released on probation. During the five years period ended the 31st December, 1944, 83 habituals were released 011 license under the supervision of probation officers, leaving 49 in custody at the end of the year. Industrial and Financial A comparative statement covering the past ten years of the gross expenditure from the Department's vote, and the credits that have resulted from the sales of production and through the effective marshalling of prison labour in other ways, is set out hereunder : —■

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Gross Expenditure. Credits. Net Expenditure. Year. — Total. Per Head. Total. Per Head. Total. Per Head. _ ££££££ 1935-36 .. 144,460 123-47 69,933 59-77 74,527 63-70 1936-37 .. 146,314 148-54 68,661 69-70 77,653 78-83 1937-38 .. 164,132 192-64 69,075 81-07 95,057 111-56 1938-39 .. 152,093 177-89 64,910 75-92 87,183 101-97 1939-40 .. 155,333 170-16 74,348 81-97 80,985 88-19 1940-41 .. .162,426 179-47 77,908 86-03 84,518 93-39 1941-42 .. 158,704 163-44 80,514 82-92 78,190 80-52 1942-43 .. 166,982 161-34 99,336 95-98 67,646 65-36 1943-44 .. 173,089 159-97 99,956 92-38 73,133 67-59 1944-45 .. 179,627 174-92 100,451 97-82 79,176 77-10

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Since the outbreak of war the gross expenditure has steadily risen, due to the steadily rising costs but it was found possible by more concentrated effort and the better use of available labour to offset this increase by increased earnings or credits. The point has now been reached where increased costs, over which the Department has only a small measure of control, have overtaken increased industrial value, with the result that the net expenditure per head shows an increase of £10 per annum. Some measure of the extent of the Department's endeavour to increase production over the war period is seen from the fact that whereas in 1938-39 the net cost per head was £102, it was in 1911-15 only £77, despite the incidence of increased costs just referred to. This reduction in cost per head has been brought about, as already stated, by an intensification of the Department's production efforts, which have resulted in credits of £64,910 in 1938-39 being increased during the war years to £100,451 in 1944-45. It has been the aim of the Department during the war years to render to the Armed Services any assistance which was possible and to take to the vote credit for such services as a matter of record. This avenue of work is now diminishing. The most pleasant feature of the earnings of the Department for the year under review is the increase of £10,500 in credits from farm activities over the total (£46,000) for 1943-44. This was not brought about only by increased prices, but was mainly the result of an endeavour to increase the output of much-needed food products. When it is realized that, in addition to this large cash credit, all institutions were supplied largely with home-grown meat, vegetables, milk, and other produce, the scope of the Department's primary production can be visualized. One of the greatest present difficulties in the way of increased production is the continued shortage of staff. This hinders the Department utilizing to the full its labour potentialities. Employment of Prisoners. —It might here be appropriate to outline the general policy of the Department in regard to the employment of prisoners. In early days th.e fundamental ideas underlying penological thought were those of retaliation and retribution. The methods employed to achieve these ends were strict confinement, harsh discipline, and unproductive task labour, often involving the wheeling of spoil from place to place, and similar useless and soul-destroying occupations, in the result that the offender often returned to freedom more hardened and embittered than before, with a grudge and deep resentment against society, and sometimes impaired in mental, moral, or physical health. . In modern times, with the development of humanitarian ideas and a better understanding of the psychological basis of crime, more consideration has been given to the matter of deterrence, the reformation of the offender, and the protection of society. While the fundamental purpose of a penal system must continue to be the protection of society from its lawless members, any process which unnecessarily embitters and hardens the offender is detrimental to the interests both of the State and of the individual. It is now widely recognized that an important factor in the reclamation of an offender is the provision of useful and interesting work. " Make men diligent and they will be honest " was the dictum of John Howard the great prison reformer. The criminal jurist Liszt stated, " The essence of imprisonment is organized compulsory work." The problem of providing suitable labour for all classes of prisoners is complex and difficult. The prison labour force as a whole is inferior in mental and physical make-up to the general run of free labour. It contains much of the flotsam and jetsam of human society —old and senile offenders, sexual perverts, unemployables, and mentally sub-normal individuals, together form a very large proportion of any prison population—indeed, it is the freakish traits that often underlie the criminal conduct, but there are other difficulties. Competition with free enterprise and the industrial labour market must, as far as practicable, be avoided, thus restricting the range of activity and leading to problems in finding a suitable outlet for prison products. The natural trend in consequence has mainly been towards an agrarian policy, and the Department now has four large prison farms where prisoners are engaged on all phases of farming and extensive market gardening. There are also two land-development farms where prisoners are engaged in the clearing of light pumice country with a view to its ultimate settlement. Agricultural activity, with its healthful conditions, open spaces, large element of trust, and strenuous but creative work, makes for virility, breadth of outlook, strengthening of character, and moral sense. The honour system is largely in vogue, and on various farms, roadworks, &c., and individual prisoners or parties of prisoners often work out of sight and hearing of warders. It is, of course, only a selected type of prisoner who is so employed, and it is satisfactory to note that the attempts at escape are rare. The economic aspects of the matter are indicated in the financial results already mentioned, but as an indication of the expansion of credits through the productive use of prison labour it may be mentioned that in 1912, the year after an agrarian policy was first inaugurated, the total credits earned as a result thereof were £5,451. In 1924-25, the year I assumed control of the Department, the credits had risen to £63,118, of which £15,277 was from farm produce. As already stated, the earnings last year had grown to the record figure of £100,451, of which no less than were credits from the disposal of produce from the prison farms. In addition to farming activities, a wide range of prison industries is also carried on, including bootmaking, tailoring, quarrying, laundering, mail-bag repairs, printing and bookbinding, and similar miscellaneous industries for internal use. In addition, all building maintenance and repair work required at the various institutions is performed by prison labour. It is essential that industries and handcrafts of this nature should to some extent be carried on for the purpose of economically supplying the Department's own needs and also because a large proportion of the prison population is unsuited for work on the land, some by reason of old age and impaired physique, some because in the interests of security, &c., they have to be closely supervised and controlled, such as sexual perverts and dangerous criminals, and also because it is impracticable to draft short-sentence men to the prison camps and farms. It is to provide employment for such types that workshop activities and quarrying arc carried on. Staff The staffing situation has gradually deteriorated during the war period, due to many members being overseas and insufficient men being available to replace those who have reached retiring age, with the result that long hours of overtime have had to be worked and officers have not been able to take their leave as it has fallen due. The situation has become so acute that the medical officers at certain institutions have commented on the effect of the continued strain on the health of the staff. It is also unsatisfactory that on several occasions at Mount Eden, when warders have had to be detailed for Court and hospital duties, it has not been practicable to send the usual working parties up to the quarries,

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Apart from the general man-power shortage, I think there is 110 doubt that the relatively unattractive x rate of salary has hindered recruitment in recent years. Considerable improvement in this connection has already been made, and I am pleased to note that the Public Service Commissioner is further considering the matter with a view to making the remuneration more attractive. In this regard it might be mentioned that the duties and conditions of service of prison officers are peculiarly exacting and difficult. To be a really efficient warder a man needs many qualities, including personality, strength of character, and especially tact and patience. The work calls for men with a high sense of public duty, and offers scope for constructive public service of a high order. No matter how high the ideals of a prison administration, and however admirable its rules and regulations may be, it is on their application by the staff in daily contact with the prisoners that the success of the prison system must depend. The control of our principal prisons, with their large number of prisoners and staff, the extensive buildings, grounds, and farms, the workshops and industries, all call for a combination of organizing and supervising qualifications of a high order. In addition, the controlling officers must possess qualities of character and human understanding so that they may achieve the best results with prisoners. In this connection they must not only have a sympathetic, but a realistic, approach. The subordinate officers require not only to be well set up physically, but also must be of sound and reliable character, with a reasonably good standard of education and intelligence, so that they will not be taken advantage of by prisoners in their care, and may exercise a proper judgment and discretion when dealing with prisoners. They must be of the right temperament and personality so as to be able to influence those in their care by their example and advice. Tradesmen instructors require not only to be skilled in a particular trade, but they must be able to instruct others and to supervise and plan the carrying out of work. These officers, besides being tradesmen, have to be capable of handling men—men of an unreliable type-who are ever liable to scamp or to take advantage unless induced by the force of personality to play the game. Prison officers generally require to be constantly on the qui vive, and during the whole period of active duty are under a peculiar strain of responsibility, with an ever-present risk of personal assault, j lam pleased to be able to report that generally the staff have co-operated loyally during the past I year, under most difficult conditions, and I desire to place on record my appreciation. 1 should like at the same time to make an appeal for recruits—for men of character, common-sense, j good physique, and imbued with a missionary spirit to serve their fellow-men, Obituary I desire to make special reference to the passiug of Mr. David Dunlop, late Superintendent of the Waikeria Borstal Institution and Reformatory. Mr. Dunlop, when he died, was just on the eve of retiring after completing thirty-nine years in the Prison Service. He had been in charge of the Waikeria Institution for the past twenty years. During that time he not only brought the Waikeria Borstal farm into a high state of production, making it a place of which the Department can be justly proud, but he transformed the whole atmosphere of the institution so that it is a reformatory establishment in the truest sense of the word. One could not visit the institution without being impressed by the respectful and affectionate regard of the inmates for the Superintendent. He encouraged them in their work and in their play, his aim being to inculcate'in every youth a sense of manliness and a desire to play the game. Not only was Mr. Dunlop revered and respected by both the staff and the inmates of the institution, but also his sterling character was recognized throughout the neighbourhood, and this conduced to a harmonious and helpful attitude towards the institution and the placement of lads on discharge therefrom. I feel constrained here to make reference also to the death of the late Mr. Prank Findlay, M.P., who was a regular visitor to the Waikeria Institution. Mr. Findlay took a keen and kindly interest in the activities of the Waikeria Borstal Institution and in the lads detained therein, his interest extending to the giving of friendly advice and practical assistance on their release. Mr. Findlay's passing is an irreparable loss to the Waikeria Borstal Institution and also to the Prisons Department, of which he was always a knowledgable supporter and friend. Conclusion I wish again to place on record the thanks of the Department to the various organizations, religious and otherwise, whoso representatives have ministered to the spiritual well-being of prisoners and have also helped in their after-care. Friendly supervision and after-care of persons released from institutions is equally as important in preventing relapses into crime as is the development .of reformative programmes in the institutions. In this connection I desire particularly to refer to the constant and unflagging work of the Women's Borstal Association, whose members regularly visit the young women's Borstal institution, and after discharge assist the girls during that perilous period when they are first finding their feet again in society. The various Prisoners' Aid Societies and Prison Gate Missions, &c., continue to perform a valuable service generally in this respect, for which the Department is deeply indebted. B. L. Dallard, Controller-General.

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PRISONS AND BORSTAL INSTITUTIONS: EPITOME OF REPORTS OF CONTROLLING OFFICERS Addington Reformatory Prison (Women) (Superintendent: Miss A. Escott) At the beginning of the year there were 11 inmates in custody. During the year 51 were received, 10 discharged on expiration of their sentences, 8 released on license, 16 handed to the police, 5 transferred to the Borstal institution, 1 transferred to the mental hospital, 1 to mental hospital from Supreme Court, leaving 21 inmates in the institution on 31st December, 1944. On the whole, the general health of the inmates has been good, sickness being only confined to slight ailments. Five inmates were treated regularly at the public hospital for venereal disease, 4 have been discharged, leaving 1 receiving treatment at the end of the year. The conduct and industry of the inmates have been exceptionally good. We have had more young women in custody this year than usual, 11 having been transferred from the Borstal institution. This type of inmate is restless, lacks application, and is more or less a social problem. The need of constant supervision is always necessary, combined with tact and patience. Our laundry work has been most satisfactory. We have been kept fully employed doing washing and repairing for the Defence Department, also the Public Works and Post and Telegraph Departments. The work in the vegetable garden and grounds, always provides an interesting change for the inmates and avoids the monotony of too much in-door duty. Minor repairs to the building have been attended to by the Superintendent of Paparua Prison. The prompt manner in which the work is always carried out is appreciated. The usual concerts and parties have been held regularly and are eagerly looked forward to. Again 1 liave to thank the Women's Christian Temperance Union, Miss Stevens, Miss Nicholls, and the Salvation Army officers for the interest and pleasure they bring to the inmates. I also have to thank Mrs. Major for producing a charming little play. Departmental pictures have been screened, providing interest and amusement. Christmas cheer was provided by friends and social workers. The Salvation Army entertained the inmates with a Christmas tea party and games during the evening. On New Year's Day members of the W.C.T.U. provided tea and later gave a delightful concert. To the many people who have sent us books and magazines, donations to the fund for Christmas cheer, and recreation on holidays we record our grateful thanks. We are indebted to the Ministers who conduct regular Church services—Rev. P. Revell, Rev. Father McCarthy, Salvation Army officers, and Miss Bennett. The Ladies of Charity and Miss Hey ward have been regular visitors on Sunday afternoons. Needy cases have been provided with clothing and other assistance on discharge. To those good friends who are always ready and willing to help us, we record our deepest thanks. Auckland Prison (Superintendent: Mr. W. T. Legoktt) At the commencement of the year there were 232 males and 21 females in custody. During the year 1,257 males and 93 females were received, whilst 1,279 males and 104 females were discharged or otherwise disposed of, leaving in custody at the end of the year 210 males and 10 females. There was a small increase of 17 males received and a decrease of 25 females received during the year. Included in the male receptions were 8 for being intoxicated in charge of motor-vehicles, 39 soldiers, 5 naval offenders, 30 Air Force personnel, 32 American servicemen, 17 offenders under National Service Regulations —viz., failing to report for military service (14), failing to enrol in Reserve (3); 15 from defaulters' camps sentenced for disobedience and escaping. Another reception was that of a defaulter who escaped from Napier Prison in September, 1943, and who was at liberty for some time, and after reception in Wellington escaped from his police escort at Palmerston North, in March, 1944, and was again recaptured by one of the Auckland Prison staff in September, 1944. There were 180 males and 15 females received into prison as second offenders during the year. The conduct generally of the prisoners has been good, but there has been a number of breaches of the regulations by a minority of the militant type of prisoner, and a number of the American servicemen held here gave considerable trouble shortly after reception and required firm handling. There were 2 escapes and 1 attempted escape, and in this connection the 2 escapes were of a serious nature, carried out by inserting explosives in a crevice in the outer stone wall, and blowing a hole therein large enough to allow the escapees to go through. The recapture of both these individuals was effected by police officers some days later. In one instance the prisoner was found to be armed with an automatic pistol, and in the other instance the individual violently resisted the arresting police officer. The health of the prisoners has been generally good, there being no general sickness. The daily average sick was 3-88 males and 0-13 females, is below the usual average. There were 16 males admitted to the public hospital during the year, and one female admitted to a maternity hospital. Of the male admission to hospital 3 died, 1 suffering from bronchitis and feeble myocardium and the other 2 from colostomy of old standing and cardiac asthma, and in each instance were so affected on admission. The condition of the other hospital cases were T.B. glands, foreign body in alimentary tract (swallowing pieces of metal), septic rash, haemorrhoids, appendicitis, papular rash, acute conjunctivitis, and rheumatic fever. There was 28 males and 19 females admitted during the year suffering from venereal diseases, and of these, 16 males and 15 females were gonorrhoea cases and 12 males and 4 females were treated for syphilis. There were 6 males transferred to a mental hospital during the year, and a number of alienist examinations were made by the Auckland Mental Hospital medical staff, and very valuable assistance has been rendered in this direction both for the information of the Courts and institutional treatment.

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The industrial activities of the institution have been again fully carried on during the year with satisfactory results, and all prison labour has been fully utilized. A number of the most suitable prisoners have been transferred to country institutions, and in the great majority of these transfers the individuals are appreciative of the opportunity afforded them to be trusted and to lead a freer life in the open. The boot factory has been fully manned and has again produced all mental hospital footwear requirements and has also produced a number of military and Air Force boots and has repaired children's footwear for the Child Welfare Department. A considerable number of leather satchels were made for the Post and Telegraph Department, and all necessary repairs on worn satchels carried out. The tailoring factory has worked at full pressure making garments for mental hospitals, prison institutions, and National Service Department. This branch has also laundered and repaired 33,000 mail and parcel bags for the Post and Telegraph Department, 461 office cushions were made for other Departments, also 1,755 pairs of new socks were made and 1,623 pairs refooted. Tinsmithing has been continued, and supplies of tinware have been manufactured for the various Prison Department institutions. The carpenter's workshop has been employed on cabinets for Registrar-General's Department, and repairs and renovations for this institution. The laundering section has continued to deal with all institutional requirements and has laundered a large number of blankets for Defence and Air Force Departments and Police Department. There was also manufactured 8,000 bars of soap, sufficient to meet all laundry and institutional requirements. The manufacture of tobacco has been continued, and the whole of the Prisons Department institutional requirements has been met. The leaf issued is mostly the product of the Waikeria Farm. Quarrying and crushing metal screenings has been actively carried on during the year, and these products have been principally used by Public Works and Railway Departments and local bodies, and used considerably at the naval base on defence works. The prison garden has produced nearly all vegetable requirements, and with some supplies of roots from Waikeria Farm has made ample vegetable supplies. The food has been of first-class quality; meat and milk has been supplied from Waikeria Farm, and bread has been made in the institutional bakery here. The institutional school has been continued during the year under the direction of Dr. W. S. Dale as master, and he has been assisted by two members of the staff and reports as follows : — " During the year the senior section of the school has, in addition to instruction in the ' tool' subjects, been making a study of the principles involved in the Atlantic Charter, and its effect on people in other countries. This has led to a study of the different types of Government, and their implications. Through this medium it has been possible to stimulate interest in both history and geography to an astonishing degree. Discussion and comment have played a part in helping the men to express themselves clearly and logically. Considerable work has been done in the field of literature. Types of books have been studied and some attempt has been made to mould taste in both reading and resultant discussions. Film criticism, and the ' reason why ' of good and bad films, types of films, as well as cycles of film types, have been the basis for interesting studies and discussion by the class. Keen interest has been taken in the war, which has been followed from the newspaper and radio reports. The lower part of the school has made sound progress in the ' tool' subjects, some of the men having covered nearly two years' work during the past twelve months. All appear to be keen on becoming proficient. Additional reading-matter suitable for senior school use would be a valuable asset to the school. As in previous years, the general standard of the Maori entrants to school is very low, but they appear to welcome the opportunity offered by the school and try to do a good job. The use of films has been severely restricted this year owing to short supply of material. The Visual Education Association has co-operated with me most willingly. " On the whole the year has been very successful, and it is hoped that the school has played a part in bringing about the rehabilitation of at least some of the men, who, through the school, have been able to find themselves. " 1 should like to express my sincere thanks to the Superintendent, Mr. Leggett, who has been most sympathetic to the work of the school, and who has done all he coukl to make for any measure of success it has attained. Mr. Warner merits all the confidence reposed, in him, and teaches with the skill of a trained teacher. To the many officers of the prison who have indirectly shown their sympathy with the work I tender my thanks." The physical-drill class has been continued twice weekly under the direction of a member of the disciplinary staff, and this class is principally for the benefit of the younger prisoners employed in workshops and on domestic work. The screening of motion pictures provided by the Department has been continued during the year and has been much appreciated. The wireless installation to cells has fully functioned and is popular entertainment and a prized privilege. Christmas cheer of very ample proportions was again provided by various organizations and social workers, and again much appreciated by the inmates. The spiritual welfare of the prisoners has been amply provided for by the various denominations holding Sunday services and giving individual visits where necessary. The standard of discipline maintained has been creditable to the staff generally, who have been working under short-staffed conditions, with long hours, and this is inevitable under present war conditions. ihe officers in charge of industrial activities have by patience and perseverance produced very satisfactory results, both in quantity and quality of production,

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Hautu Prison (Officer in Charge : Mr. T. Banks) At the beginning of the year there were 34 men in custody. During the year 55 were received, 32 discharged, and 10 transferred to other institutions, leaving 47 men in custody at the end of the year. The health of the men throughout the year was good, and their conduct and industry generally satisfactory. One man escaped, but was recaptured within a few days. The Medical Officer carried out regular inspections, and men requiring dental treatment were escorted to the dentist's surgery at Raetihi. Divine services were held by Rev. Father Van Beck, Waihi; Rev. I. Hall and Rev. J. L. Smith, Presbyterian Ministers, Taupo ; and Mr. Forlong, of Piriaka. On Christmas Day Rev. J. G. Laughton and members of the Taupo Presbyterian Church visited the prison, and distributed gifts to the men. The Christchurch Branch of the Howard League supplied cake as in the past years. During the year the Auckland Mayoress Memorial League and the Church of Christ (Scientist) forwarded regular supplies of reading-matter. Radio programmes were given frequently, and talking pictures screened at intervals. The prison garden yielded an ample supply of green and root vegetables throughout the year, and surplus vegetables were fed to the stock. The prison and Hautu Defaulters' Detention Camp were supplied with bread from the prison bakery, 49,877 lb. being the total weight of bread baked during the year. During the period 290 weaner pigs and 17 young sows were transferred to other institutions. Some of the old sows were sold and replaced with young sows from our own piggery. Efforts have been made to increase the dairy production, and the herd has been increased to 45. The rabbit pest was dealt with as usual. Trapping was carried out and the carcasses sold ; in addition, rabbits were fed to the pigs, and 13,200 skins marketed. Napier Prison (Gaoler: Mr. A. A. Douglas) At the beginning of the year there were 10 male prisoners in custody. During the year admissions totalled 139 males and three females ; discharges and transfers, 133 males, 3 females ; leaving in custody at the end of the year 16 males. The health on the whole has been. good. Two prisoners were admitted to the Napier Hospital during the year, 1 suffering from acute urethritis and the other from pulmonary tuberculosis. One still remains there. Divine services were conducted by the following denominations : Church of England, the Roman Catholic, Gospel Hall, Salvation Army and their band. The Napier Brotherhood conducted an evening service on Wednesday evenings fortnightly. All services were much appreciated and well attended. Wireless entertainment daily to prisoners, all sessions of war news and selected variety entertainment week nights. Church broadcasts on Sunday. The Colenso Fund has been very helpful in assisting prisoners on discharge. There were 3 escapes during the year. Two were quickly apprehended and the other, who was on remand, returned to the prison of his own free will after being away for seven hours. The output from the quarry compares favourably with preceding years. The returns from the prison garden has been fair, a plentiful supply of fresh vegetables has been available for the prisoners, and the surplus has been sold at auction. The buildings are in a very good state of repair. A general clean up of the reserve has been carried out, and flowering shrubs planted. Breadmaking has been continued with satisfactory results. The conduct generally of prisoners has been very good. There were 4 minor offences and 1 aggravated offence during the year. The thanks of the Department has been conveyed to J. Miller, Esq., S.M., the Napier Brotherhood, the St. Vincent de Paul Society, the Gospel Hall, Salvation Army, Mr. and Mrs. Law, and F. Selby for their donations and gifts for additional comforts during the festive season. Their generosity has been appreciated by the prisoners. New Plymouth Prison (Superintendent: Mr. T. Stocker) There were 57 male prisoners in custody at the beginning of the year. During the year 82 male prisoners were received and 96 male prisoners were discharged, leaving 43 male prisoners in custody at the end of the year. As in former years, our two main industries have been gardening and quarrying, which have absorbed most of our labour. The garden is reserved for the most trustworthy class of prisoner, while the quarry takes the class of prisoner which requires more strict control. The growing of vegetable plants for sale which was inaugurated last season was again carried on this year and has proved highly successful financially, in addition to being a source of interest to those engaged in the work. Sufficient vegetables have been grown to provide a fresh supply all the year round for institutional use. All surplus vegetables have been sold at the local auction marts, to the public hospital, and the Air Force, and on occasion to the boys' high school. A plentiful supply of root crops have also been grown for our pigs. The revenue from the garden for the year was £730. Our potato crop did not turn out so well as last year, and it was necessary to obtain supplies from other institutions earlier than usual. This season's crop gives every indication of being more successful." The onion-seed and leek-seed which was harvested was quite satisfactory ; portion of the same was sold and gave a good yield,

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The quarry has shown a considerable financial return this year, and the prospects for future sales are good. The pig industry has continued to prosper and, owing to the ample quantity of offal received (rom the public hospital, in addition to that from our own kitchen, we have been able to bring a number of pigs to the baconer stage and to dispose of them to the bacon factory. In addition, a considerable number of weaners were sent to the Wellington Prison. At the end of the year we had on hand 1 boar, 13 breeding-sows, 6 baconers, 5 porkers, and 9 weaners. The revenue from nies totalled £208. 6 The cooking and hot-water arrangements continue satisfactory. The meals throughout the year have been first class, and the menu varied. Fish was provided when obtainable and always is a welcome change in the dietry scale. Apples were supplied from Waikeria Reformatory in season, and were purchased locally as long as prices were reasonable after the Waikeria supply was exhausted. Store cows for rations were purchased from the same source throughout the year, and were killed as required for use by prison labour. The meat has been uniformly good and the price reasonable. All meat before consumption was inspected by an officer of the Department of Agriculture. Hides were salted and sold to Messrs. L. A. Nolan and Co. The revenue received from hides amounted to £63. We are fortunate in having a prisoner who is a first-class baker, and who is making excellent bread, which is very satisfactory. Wheat-germ bread is still being made and is much enjoyed. Sufficient hay was harvested from Marsland Hill and the prison property to provide winter feed for our cows, in addition to bedding for the pigs. Our prospects for hay this year are good, the haymaking being now in progress. A considerable quantity of soap has been made from our surplus fat and lias provided more than sufficient for our own requirements. Work in the laundry keeps several men occupied throughout the year washing prisoners' clothing. Large numbers of blankets were also washed for the Army Department, but this work has now eased off. 1 he general maintenance of the prison has been attended to, and the buildings and cottages have been kept in a good state of repair. All cottages were painted with two coats of paint during the year. Ample supplies of milk for rations have been obtained from several cows which have been grazed on Marsland Hill and. prison property, an average milk yield of about 1,500 pints per month being obtained. Our social and recreative activities have continued with much benefit to all. A further series of concerts by the men, to which the public were invited, were highly successful, the total amount now obtained from that source for patriotic purposes amounting to nearly £600. The public of New Plymouth generally are very appreciative of the men's efforts and show their appreciation by providing numerous concert parties and other entertainments throughout the year. In addition to the above social activities, we had drill on two evenings each week and badminton once a week. Classes in first aid and home nursing were also held regularly once a week, and in the examinations held at the end of the year all candidates passed very satisfactorily, several with honours. Card evenings were held regularly once a week and have proved very popular. Two visits were paid by the Tui Cribbage Club to the institution, who engaged the inmates at cards. Mr. Morrison continued his interesting lectures on world affairs, and was much enjoyed. The war news is displayed in the yards at the week-ends, and the radio is made full use of and is much appreciated. Papier mache work for the Red Cross Society was carried on regularly on one night each week. Large quantities of utensils for the hospitals and for sale at the Red Cross rooms for patriotic purposes were made. Departmental pictures, which were always very popular, were not shown quite so frequently as in former years, due, no doubt, to the difficulty in obtaining films and also to travel restrictions. The relaxation derived from all these social activities has a very beneficial effect on the men and improves considerably the relationship between them and the staff. In addition, it tends to make their confinement less irksome, and control by the staff much easier. The majority of the men are very appreciative of any extra privilege extended to them, but there is always a very small minority from whom, it is impossible to obtain any gratitude for what is done for them. We were again fortunate in receiving a bequest from the Gordon Bequest Fund, which makes it possible to provide the usual Christmas party with many extra items of good cheer. The general health of the prisoners has been good. There were seven admissions to the public hospital, and one death in the public hospital from heart-failure. There were two men in the public hospital at the end of the year. The general conduct of the prisoners has been good. There were no escapes or attempted escapes. The staff have carried out their duties very satisfactorily throughout the year. The Medical Officer (Dr. Sydney Allen) has visited the prison regularly throughout the year and has attended to all cases of illness. In addition, all men on admission are subjected to a psychological and medical examination . Mr. Woodward, S.M., and Messrs. Bellringer, Weston, and Nicol, Visiting Justices, visited the prison in the course of their official duty during the year, and continue to take a great interest in the welfare of the men and the prison generally. It is with deep regret that I have to record the death of Mr. C. E. Bellringer, who had been a Visiting Justice of this prison for a great many years. Mr. Bellringer always took a keen interest in the work carried out at the prison, and his advice was always readily given, and. will be sadly missed. The sympathy of the Department in their bereavement was conveyed to his relatives, and a floral tribute was made by the prisoners and placed on his grave. The ministers of the various denominations visited the prison and attented to the spiritual welfare of the men. Mass for the Roman Catholics and Communion for the Church of England men was celebrated regularly. Papaeua Prison (Superintendent: Mr. C. E. Spittal) On the Ist January, 1944, there were in custody 98 male prisoners ; during the year the receptions totalled 349, while 370 were discharged or otherwise disposed of, thus leaving a total of 77 prisoners in custody as at 31st December, 1944. The greatest number in custody at any one time was 104, the least 75, and the daily average over the year 91-35. The above statistics are in marked contrast to those for the previous year, when the daily average number in prison was 108-36, and is, in fact, the lowest average since 1939.

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The health of the prisoners throughout the year has been generally satisfactory. One prisoner, a returned soldier from the present war, was admitted to hospital for treatment of war injuries, while one prisoner was transferred to the care of the Mental Hospitals Department. Three prisoners received treatment for venereal disease. No deaths occurred in the prison during the year. The Medical Officer, Dr. A. C. Thomson, made frequent and regular visits to the prison, while those prisoners requiring attention received adequate and satisfactory treatment for dental ailments. Much helpful assistance was also received from mental-hospital specialists throughout the year. Close attention was given to the matter of sanitation both in the prison itself and its environments, and a strict routine of cleanliness was insisted on at all times. The food supplies continue to be of excellent quality. At times it was found necessary, owing to a shortage in certain lines of foodstuffs, to modify to some extent the ration scale as laid down, but, despite this, a well-balanced diet was maintained, and this was achieved to some extent by the substitution of foodstuffs not usually provided for. The supplies of beef, milk, potatoes, and vegetables were drawn from the institution farm and garden, and were of good quality. The contract for the' supply of mutton from a local freezing-works, to give a variation in the meat diet, was continued in 1944, and a good grade of meat was supplied. The conduct of prisoners throughout the year has been uniformly good, although, of course, we have had the usual crop of infringements of the disciplinary rules, but more or less of a minor nature. There were no serious disturbances within the prison during the year. Twenty-nine breaches of the disciplinary rides were recorded, a total of 24 individuals being dealt with, 20 by Visiting Justices and 4 by myself. Three cases of escape from legal custody, involving four prisoners, occurred in 1944. Two prisoners made a break together during the night, with the assistance of keys which they had made and secreted in their cells. Another prisoner effected an escape by scaling a wall in the west wing during working hours. These three prisoners were all recaptured within a few days. In the remaining case, a remand prisoner made a sudden and unexpected bolt for liberty from the receiving office, but was smartly apprehended. The representatives of various religious denominations made frequent visits to the prison, and the prisoners were adequately catered for in this respect. In the way of entertainments, the prisoners were catered for to the extent of eight evenings, and the assistance given by various organizations and performers was greatly appreciated. The Salvation Army, the Richmond Mission, Mr. A. Paynter, and Rev. Mr. Fisher, Church of England chaplain, have all contributed again to this cause. During the festive season the prisoners received the customary sympathetic consideration of those organizations and individuals who for many years have given valued and appreciated assistance. The Workers' Educational Association, Christchurch, also arranged a series of twelve lectures during the winter months which were well received. The provision made for the after-care of prisoners on their release from prison continues in the hands of such organizations as the Salvation Army, the Richmond Mission, and the St. Martin's House of Help (Rev. P. Revell, Missioner). During the year a committee formed at the instigation of Mr. Justice Northcroft for the purpose of giving assistance to selected prisoners in their rehabilitation to civil life commenced to function, and should prove of great help. The system now in operation whereby prisoners are directed upon discharge to report to the Mau-power Officer of the district in which they are going to reside appears to be a step in the right direction in directing them into a suitable avenue of employment. The Institution School, was maintained throughout the year. The following is a copy of the Schoolmaster's report: — " Steady application to work and satisfactory progress were made by the men attending the school for 1944. As in previous years, English and arithmetic were the main subjects studied, but much time was devoted to geography and history, and kindred subjects. " In English, grammar, composition, letter-writing, reading, and spelling were included. A comprehensive course in these branches was covered, helping to give a broader educational outlook to the men. Much interest was displayed, and satisfactory progress was made. "In arithmetic, work that might prove beneficial later on was included. The main items were money, multiplication, division, addition with problems, tables of weight (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division), with reduction and problems, length and area tables. Fractions and decimals, with problems, were included. Individual problems were worked, and good progress made. " Geography and History : Besides past history, modern trends were studied, and the progress of the changes wrought by war were carefully studied. Besides the study of countries and people concerned in the war, due consideration was given to physical and political geography. Production in various countries and commerce between nations were carefully studied. Again the men showed continued interest and good results were obtained. " Throughout the year the behaviour of the men was quite satisfactory, and there was sustained interest shown. Individual talks by the men were encouraged where such were of benefit to the men. Altogether a good year's work was accomplished." Work of an essential nature in the maintenance and repair of the institution and farm buildings, as well as the staff cottages, was carried out as found necessary, and some work was also done at the Addington Women's Reformatory. A considerable amount of maintenance and renovation work was also effected to the Court buildings in Christchurch. The prison labour available is directed as far as possible into work of a remunerative and instructive nature, and, after making provision for the necessary domestic activities in the institution, itself, is apportioned in the main between the farming and quarrying industries. There are, of course, always a few men who are practically unfit for any form of endeavour, but, generally speaking, a job is found for all, however light it may be. At times difficulty has been found in providing sufficient labour for the various seasonal activities, but nevertheless the industrial work has been carried out satisfactorily. In the working of the quarry industry the production and sales figures were well up to the returns for previous years. From the quarry pit 15,325 cubic yards in all grades of metal, shingle, and sand products were obtained, while sales for the year amounted to 17,731 cubic yards. The work proceeded smoothly, despite the drop in the prison muster and the fact that the loading-machine was out of

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commission throughout the year. An efficient mechanical loader would be a great boon to the industry, for as the position is at present a considerable portion of the labour available has to be utilized in loading shingle trucks, but which could be more profitably employed in the production side, for there is always an active demand for all of the quarry products, and there are signs that this demand will increase in the fairly near future. Unfortunately, the satisfactory production and sales figures for 1944 will be offset to a considerable extent by a decreased net profit, compared with previous years, on the working of the industry, and brought about through three main factors viz., (1) increased cost of certain machinery parts for the plant, (2) an extraordinary heavy expenditure for repairs, a,nd (3) an appreciable increase in supervision charges consequent on salary increases, without a compensating increase in the charges for the various products of the quarry. Very little activity took place in the blockmaking industry, business being practically confined to the sale of flagstones. In the garden industry production of all lines of vegetables was fairly good, while some excellent crops of peas, beans, and onions were harvested. A good variety of vegetables was available right throughout the year for ration requirements, and the surplus met with a ready and satisfactory sale in the market. The garden area was extended to the extent of approximately 1 acre during the year. All of the early ration needs in potatoes were met from the garden, while nursery trees are also grown for planting out in the various plantations on the prison property. In connection with the working of the poultry industry it will be gratifying to know that the reorganization of this industry to bring it back to a payable proposition has been successful, and the results anticipated have actually been achieved. During the year a total of 8,835 dozen eggs were produced, which is almost 5,000 dozen in excess of the production for 1943. Considerable numbers of young cockerels were raised and disposed of in the local market, fetching good Some difficulty has been met with in procuring sufficient quantities of certain lines of foodstuffs which were short in supply, but, notwithstanding this, the industry has come through very well. In connection with the afforestation project in Paddock No. 1, this work is proceeding steadily. A total of 15,130 Pinus radiata trees were planted out during the year, but owing to an unfortunate dry summer in 1943-44 it was found necessary to utilize 12,000 of these trees for replacements. In addition, 6,000 macrocarpas were planted out in this area. An abundant rainfall at the right time has given last year's plantings an excellent start, and it is hoped to have the whole of the paddock practically completed in the coming year. From established plantations 37 cords of good firewood were obtained for the use of the institution. The laundering of blankets for the Army, Air Force, and the Police Department was carried on during the year, the laundry working to the limit of its capacity to deal with the 49,955 articles handled. The farming section, under the direction of Mr. H. J. S. Wilson as Farm Manager, and confined mainly to cropping and sheep-raising, with the cattle and pig sections as lesser activities, has had a successful year. In the sheep section, 43 bales of wool was obtained from the Paparua flock, while 1,308 lambs were reared from a flock of 1,200 ewes. Owing to adverse weather conditions mainly, the lambs did not fatten as well as usual, but the first consignments of lambs to the freezing-works turned out quite satisfactory. A line of 672 wethers was purchased in June for fattening purposes. Earlier cuts from the mob were sold in the wool, and later 420 wethers were shorn, producing 14 bales of wool. The whole of these wethers, and also the wool, has been disposed of, and the venture turned out very well, resulting in a net profit of £313 after meeting all charges. In the cattle section, dairying was carried out with a small herd sufficient to satisfy the requirements of both this institution and the Addington Reformatory in milk, with an appreciable surplus of cream, which was sold to a local butter-factory. All of the beef required for rations was killed on the property. In the cropping section a comprehensive programme was carried out. Considerable quantities of oats, turnips, mangolds, rape, and wheat were grown for fodder purposes, as well as potatoes for ration purposes at this and other institutions in the North Island, There was a large surplus of grain crops and table potatoes, for disposal in the local markets, and these were satisfactorily disposed of. Prospects for the 1945 harvesting were good at one stage, but production was marred to some extent in certain crops owing to an exceptionally heavy rainfall and storms at a critical period. Waikune Prison (Roadmaking Camp), Erua (Officer in Charge : Mr. J. G. Quill) At the commencement of the year there were in custody 51 prisoners, and 85 were received during the year. The discharges were : 40 on special remissions and 31 on probationary licenses. Altogether 10 prisoners were transferred to other institutions, leaving 55 prisoners in custody at the end of the year. The greatest number of prisoners in detention at any one time was 62, the least 39, the daily average being 52-79. One prisoner escaped during the year, but he was apprehended the following day. This man received an additional sentence, and was transferred to the Auckland Prison. The health of the prisoners throughout the year has been excellent, and no prisoners were admitted to hospital. As in former years, the Medical Officer, Dr. W. J. Feltham, and the Dentist, Mr. R. B. Davies, attended to the medical and dental requirements of the prisoners. Religious services were conducted at the institution periodically by the following : Rev. Father J. J. Garrahy (Catholic), Rev. W. H. D. Hartley (Church of England), and Messrs. H. L. and H. G. Forlong (Plymouth Brethren). Our thanks are again due to the Christchurch Branch of the Howard League for Penal ' Reform for the Christmas cake which they provided for the prisoners of this institution. All vegetables for rations were again provided from the prison garden, On the whole, the garden was rather backward this year owing to the unfavourable weather experienced during the spring. Our supplies of meat for rations were drawn from the Rangipo and Hautu institutions. Despite adverse weather conditions, we should have a very good crop of hay this year, but the crops did not come up to expectations, and it became necessary to sow oats as a means of providing fodder for the cows. The new grass came away very slowly, but it is hoped that the recent warm weather will assist these pastures. The cows came through a severe winter very well. It was only ihe abundance of hay and turnips available that enabled us to keep going with the supply of milk to the Chateau. We have continued to provide butter for rations from the surplus cream.

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Our main work centred around road maintenance. In addition to maintaining the National Parklaupo State Highway, the Waimarino-Ohakunc State Highway, and the Bruce Road, the Public Works Department called on us to provide metal for the Eaurimu-Oio State Highway. The two local County Councils and several mills in this district also received metal from this institution. Our motor fleet undertook the usual transport for the Hautu and Rangipo Prisons. The advent of the two new Ford trucks resulted in our being able to carry out our transport programme in a much better manner. Wanganui Prison (Acting Gaoler: Mr. A. B. Condliffe) At the commencement of the year there were 15 males in custody. During the course of the year 78 males and 6 females were received into prison, whilst 79 males and 6 females were discharged on expiry of sentence or otherwise disposed of, leaving in custody at the end of the year 14 males. The daily average number in custody being 14-808. There has been a fair amount of sickness among the prisoners during the past year, but nothing unusual considering the age and physical disabilities of the class of prisoner who is received on transfer from other institutions because of his infirmities. Three prisoners were transferred to the public hospital for treatment, and 2 cases of venereal disease were treated at the hospital clinic There were no deaths. The conduct generally of the prisoners has been good, only 3 cases had to be dealt with for breaches 0 the prison regulations, 2of which were dealt with by the' Visiting Justice. There were no escapes or attempted escapes. For the employment of prisoners the prison garden and work on the maintenance of the prison grounds provided useful occupation for those physically fit to work outside. The garden provided the institution throughout the year with a good variety of vegetables, and surplus produce was disposed of at auction and realized good prices. Food supplies to the institution by the various firms under departmental contracts, &c have been satisfactory and always of good quality. Representatives of the various religious denominations have visited the prison throughout the year to hold services for the benefit of the inmates. ~ ® n . the entertainment side, the Department has occasionally provided a cinema programme, At the Christmas season members of the Church of Christ visited the prison to entertain, and also provided a much-appreciated Christmas tea. Gifts of tobacco and cigarettes were received from the Saint Vincent de Paul Society. Wellington Pbison (Superintendent: Mr. P. McGratii) At the commencement of the year there were 104 males in custody. During the year 783 males were received, whilst 818 were discharged or otherwise disposed of, leaving in prison on the night of 31st December, 1944, 69 males. ( .or Th r dischai ' ge ® were as follows : on expiration of sentence, hard labour, or simple imprisonment ' ioo ; reformative detention, ml; on special remission hard labour, 102. Released on the recommendation of the Prisons or Parole Board : hard labour, 8 ; reformative detention, 14; habitual criminals, 1. Debtors, 16; lunatics transferred to mental hospital, 5; acquitted and after remand 4 • transferred to another prison or to the police, 428 ; released on bail, 5. The greatest number in confinement over night at any one time during the year 108, and the least 69. The daily average number m prison during the year was 91-51. ' During the year the Prison Medical Officer, Dr. Douglas Brown, visited the prison regularly each week and examined all inmates requiring medical attention. The greatest number of cases of sickness at any one time during the year was 5, and the number of admissions to hospital was 10. Of the 24 cases of venereal disease received during the year, 18 were suffering from syphilis and 6 with gonorrhoea lhere were no serious cases, and the admission to hospital was nil. All cases were treated at the prison climc and also taken to the Y.D ; clmic at the Wellington Hospital for examination and treatment as directed by the medical officer in charge of that Department. There were 52 breaches of the regulations during the year, and of these, 39 were dealt with by the Visiting .Justices and the balance by myself. The total number of individuals dealt with was 38 and oi these, 2o were placed in solitary confinement. The general maintenance of the institutional buildings was carried out during the year and repairs of a minor nature were effected at the prison cottages, &c. For the Borstal Institution at Arohata 200 chairs were received from the Borstal Institution, Invercargill, fitted and finished in colour to J.ubiic Works Department specifications. A large number of wire screens were made and fitted to the institutional windows also to some of the doors. Repairs, too, were made to a large number of beds, &c On the Borstal farm an officer and twelve men have been regularly employed on general farm work. The institutional industries have been carried on in a satisfactory manner. Sandsoapmaking, soapmaking, boot-repairing for the prison, Arohata Borstal Institution, also small parcels of repairs for Napier and Wanganui Prisons. Laundry work for the Army Department, Trentham 1 itary Hospital, I olice Department, Department of Industries and Commerce, as well as institutional washing have been carried on. The Mines Department received a large quantity of kindling wood during the year, also a large number of sacks were repaired for this Department. The printing industry has maintained a good output of institutional stationery. The pig-raising industry has shown a good return for the period, and the sales were 303 baconers Ine stock is in good condition. The prison nursery and buildings have again been fully maintained, and during the year a large number of trees, &c., were supplied to the Wellington Beautifying Society The dietary scale has been well maintained and of a high standard. Supplies of fresh vegetables have been received from the prison garden, and milk and butter from the dairy industry Wholemeal and wheat-germ bread has been manufactured in the prison bakehouse and supplied as rations to the prison and the Arohata Borstal Institution.

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The dairy herd is in good condition, and the production has been well maintained. Milk for rations and sales to local staff have been received during the year. Butter has been made for rations, also for Wi Tako Prison, and surplus sold to the Combined Distributors, Ltd. Prison labour has been employed during the year manufacturing and renovating furniture, &c., for the Registrar-General's Office, Registrar of Births, Deaths, and Marriages, Supreme Court, Patents Office, and the Magistrates' Court. One pair of gates were made and erected at the rear entrance to the Magistrates' Court. A series of concerts arranged by Mr. Andrew Morrison, J.P., were given during the year, also a number of sound-films were exhibited. Radio programmes were regularly held, and all greatly appreciated by the inmates. I again desire to thank the Presbyterian Social Service Guild for their annual concert and Christmas cheer. The gift of a large Christmas cake from Mr. Tobin on behalf of the Hutt Youth Fellowship, also a cake from the Tory Street Mission, was received and divided between the men. Tobacco from the Wellington City Mission and the Controller-General of Prisons was also received. The gifts were greatly appreciated by the inmates. Throughout the year church services have been held regularly each week, and our thanks are due to the ministers of the Anglican, Presbyterian, and other branches of the Protestant Churches, Father Uhlenberg and the members of the St. Vincent de Paul Society, also officers of the Salvation Army, to whom we are greatly indebted for their ministrations. In conclusion, I have again to thank the staff for their co-operation. Their conduct has been excellent, and the routine work of the prison has been carried out as smoothly as possible. Wi Tako Prison, Heretaunga (Superintendent: Mr. A. St. P. Jordan) During the year 165 prisoners were received and 159 discharged or transferred, leaving the muster at 55 at the end of the year, as against 49 at the commencement. The daily average number ,in custody was 45-83. Very few cases of sickness were reported, and these were all minor complaints, and no prisoners were transferred to hospital. Four individuals were dealt with by Visiting Justices. Apart from these cases, the conduct and industry of the prisoners have been satisfactory. Army activities have continued to restrict farming operations, and the sheep section is now confined to store sheep for rations. During the year the wool-shed and yards were shifted to make room for a new sewage system for the Trentham Camp. In spite of difficulties, the gross revenue returned from the farm was £6,309, due mainly to the sale of 830 pigs for the sum of £3,931. In addition, vegetables to the value of £307 were supplied to the Army and £65 worth transferred to other institutions. The prison requirements of potatoes, vegetables, meat, milk, and firewood were also secured from the farm. Ministers and laymen of various denominations visited the prison throughout the year and conducted services for the inmates. Entertainment was provided by the screening of departmental pictures, and the Rev. Mr. McCaw, of Upper Hutt, organized and presented a very successful concert. On Boxing Day the prisoners organized and carried on a sports meeting, which provided a pleasant break in the daily routine. The St. Vincent de Paul Society; Mr. Morral, of Upper Hutt; Mr. Ellis, of Lower Hutt; and Mr. Chappell, of Trentham, provided gifts of Christmas cheer for the inmates. In conclusion, I wish to thank members of the staff for their loyal co-operation throughout the year. Arohata Borstal Institution (Superintendent: Miss B. L. Trevor) During the past year 45 girls were received into the institution, and 52 discharged. (In the reformatory section 35 were received and 43 discharged.) The most important event of the year was, naturally, the transferring of inmates and stock to the present Institution from the old Borstal at Point Halswell. With the exception of the actual transporting, all this was carried out by the female staff' and inmates, a very commendable feat, indeed. We were much indebted to the Army Department, who drove the girls out on the big day. The removal of inmates and stores was carried out without accident or hitch. The girls appear very favourably impressed by all the advantages of the new buildings. The earphones over the beds in each cubicle are preferred to the loud-speaker by the inmates. The attractive light colouring makes cleaning easy and interesting. Some of the girls are employed in the milking-sheds and on the farm. The timely purchase of two new sewing-machines has paved the way for a sewing-room ; various small contracts have been fulfilled for Government Departments, as well as the manufacture of clothing for the Mental Hospitals Department and our own institution. This should prove a valuable asset in any girl's training, as they are given a good grounding in dressmaking, and should be able to at least make for themselves on release. Laundry contracts have been renewed and provide occupation for quite a number of girls. Many hundreds of garments and puttees have, as in the past, been laundered and repaired for the Army Department during the year. When weather permits, as many girls as possible are working in the grounds, which are, unfortunately, slow to show much improvement. The behaviour of some of the inmates in the early part of the year was unsatisfactory, both before and after the transfer to Arohata. Escapes were very frequent and windows were smashed at an alarming rate, and it became necessary to provide barriers over certain of the windows. Possibly this was the result of a very wet spell, preventing any outside employment for months on end. The total number of escapees during the year, including 2 still at large, was 35.

13

H.—2o

We find the physical condition of new admissions is better than during the previous two years, although many require dental attention. The number of girls receiving treatment for V.D. is less also. They are now treated here at the Institution, a Sister from Wellington Hospital and the prison doctor attending weekly. Our clinic is modern and fully equipped, and we find it a great improvement after having to transport girls to Wellington Hospital for treatment several times a week. It is much less unsettling for them also. Six girls were in public hospital for periods varying from nine to seventy-three days ; one of these was the result of an attempted escape at night, the girl inflicting severe glass cuts to her foot. Four others were constitutional complaints and one a V.D. who required surgical treatment. Fourteen Borstal inmates were treated for venereal disease. In the reformatory section 1 inmate was sick for three days. Four inmates in this section were treated for V.D. Since Arohata was opened members of the Borstal Association have visited twice monthly, thus maintaining personal contact with the girls. We are indebted to the Maori Welfare Department for assistance in placing and also in the after-care of Native girls. The Borstal Association has performed a similar service for the Europeans, as well as supplying clothing where necessary to supplement girls' wardrobes. Throughout the year all religious denominations have been catered for by their respective clergy. A memorable event was the consecrating of our Chapel by the Very Reverend Bishop of Wellington, attended by other Protestant Ministers. Tt was a most impressive ceremony, and a choir was specially trained to sing selected hymns. Christmas-time was enlivened by the age-old custom of hanging up stockings —but with a difference, for the girls did not really expect to have them well filled. However, with the usual welcome contributions from the Borstal Association and Miss A. Sloane, plus a few extras in the way of bright and amusing cards, &c., collected from the staff, the surprise was complete, and amply repaid the amateur and unseen Father Christmas. A concert by the girls was appreciated by all who attended, and, as is usual on these occasions, small parties searched the surrounding country for native shrubs for decorative purposes, the girls taking much interest in the decorations. Welcome concerts have been provided under the auspices of the J.P. and Borstal Association. Department films have been shown on occasions, and the Shell Company Film Unit visited us, with a promise of a return trip. Miss A. Sloane has visited regularly twice monthly to talk with the girls. Mrs. Sharp has given regular first-aid lessons, for which we are much indebted. Invercargill Borstal Institution (Superintendent: Mr. R. W. Arnold) Statistics. —On Ist January, 1944, there were 154 inmates in custody in the Borstal institution. During the year 136 were received, while 138 were discharged or otherwise disposed of, leaving thus 152 in custody on 31st December, 1944. The greatest number in custody at any one time was 155, and the least number 130. The daily average over the year was 143. In the reformatory section there were 6 males (no females) in custody on Ist January, 1944. During the year 37 males were received, while 38 were discharged, leaving thus 5 males in custody on 31st December, 1944. The greatest number in custody at any one time was 5, and the least number was 1. The daily average over the year was 3. For 1943 Borstal inmates received totalled 155, as compared with 136 (above) for 1944. As regards the reformatory, the figures are 36 for 1943 and 37 for 1944. Health of Inmates. The number of Borstal inmates admitted to the Southland Public Hospital during the year was 39 (last year, 38). There were twelve operations. Of those admitted, 5 were on two , occasions each. The operations were for hernia and appendicitis chiefly. Two inmates were in hospital over the end of the year, 1 being a T.B. case awaiting transfer arrangements to north, a Maori lad. There were 2 V.D. cases, no deaths, and no transfer to Seacliff Mental Hospital during the year. All inmates are examined on first admission by the Institution Medical Officer (Dr. J. Garfield Crawford), who then recommends any attention he may consider necessary. This covers eyesight, and glasses may be prescribed. A special diet may also be ordered. At the same time, teeth are examined, and if in the interests of the general health of the inmate work should be done, this is referred to the dentist (now Mr. M. Parr), who performs the dental work for the institution under agreement. History of Inmates. —In most cases admission to this institution is not the first time the boys have been subject to correction and restraint. Many have been under the care of the Child Welfare Department or on probation. Home conditions have been lax, so that the boys get out of control, forget or are careless of their social duties, &c. An examination of the records discloses the following information : The 136 inmates received during the year may be grouped as follows— First offenders (as far as is known) . . . . . . . . 12 Dealt with by Courts: Fined, &c. .. .. .. .. 7 Previously on probation .. .. .. .. . . ..25 On probation and under Child Welfare Department .. .. 23 Under Child Welfare Department .. .. .. .. .. 46 On probation, under Child Welfare Officer, and in Weraroa .. .. 10 Under Child Welfare Officer and in Weraroa Farm .. .. .. 11 In Weraroa Training Centre, Levin ' .. .. .. .. 2 136 It will thus be seen that the Borstal institution has no easy task to remould the social outlook of these boys, and if some are returned to the institution after discharge the trouble is because of the poor foundation material. Of the 136, there were 23 returned to Borstal, having committed other offences after having been released.

14

1T.—20

Of those admitted (136), 38 were Maoris or of part Maori blood. Maoris are, as a rule, fairly well behaved while here. Some are distinctly bad, having experienced previously little discipline and authority. The well-behaved Maoris are usually good, workers, and like the regular routine here. In fact, there are some who are quite distressed when the time comes for their discharge. A. table showing the ago last birthday prior to admission may be interesting : — Fifteen years of age .. .. 7 Nineteen years of age .. 28 Sixteen years of age .. .. 13 Twenty years of age .. .. 7 Seventeen years of age .. ..40 Twenty-one years, of age .. .. 1 Eighteen years of age .. .. 40 The offences committed that occasioned committal to Borstal are varied and not easy to classify briefly. However, the undermentioned summary will give an indication Theft charges .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 61 Car conversion and incidentals .. .. .. .. .. 20 Breaking, entering, and theft, and allied offences .. .. .. .. 21 Converting cycles .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 Bape, attempted rape, carnal knowledge .. .. .. .. .. 4Assault (various) .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 Obscene language .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 Forgery and uttering .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 Itogue and vagabond, idle and disorderly .. .. .. .. 8 Illegally on premises, &c. .. .. . . .. .. 3 Transfer from Weraroa .. . . . . . . . . . . 1 Transfer from probation home .. .. .. .. .. 1 Breach of probation .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 Attempted murder .. .. .. .. .. .. ... 1 False pretences, &e. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 136 A statement showing the number of previous convictions recorded against the inmates received into custody during the year is given hereunder :—

When it is found that a boy lias more than a few previous convictions recorded against him it will be realized that the fear of the law or of correction does not weigh much with him. Behaviour of Inmates.—Judging by the offences and punishments return for the year, the general behaviour of inmates was better in 1944 than in 1943. In 1943 there was a total of 129 offences dealt with, but in 1944 only 88. There were 9 escapees in 1944 and 7in 1943, about the average for the past four years. All were retaken within a short time, and* dealt with at the local Court. The usual institution offence appears to be disturbing the quiet of the institution. Another frequent offence is damaging the cubicle or other Government property, while the use of bad language and disobedience of orders are frequent. There was only one case where the punishment was " bread and water," imposed by the Chairman of the Visiting Committee. Rehabilitation of Inmates. —In view of the fact that of those received in Borstal during 1944 a substantial number (23) had already served a Borstal term, and as the lads were apparently all employed when they got into trouble again, there appears to be room for more after-care. Not a great deal can be done at this end to secure employment for boys going north, but each inmate is supplied on release with a direction on Form N.S.-194 requiring him to report to a Man-power Officer in the district to which he is going, and the officer is also notified. Many boys are, of course, eligible for service in the Armed Forces. Many are ready and trained to take up farm work, so that such boys should soon find employment. A very considerable number are Maoris. Educational. —The improvement of the general educational standard of the inmates is considered of first importance. To this end school classes are conducted by outside professional school-teachers on three nights a week —Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays—during the ordinary school year. The standard of education reachcd by inmates before admission is varied, and the following summary is compiled from information supplied : — Primer 4 .. .. 1 Standard 5 .. .. 31 Standard 1. .. .. 5 Standard 0 .. .. 34 Standard 2 .. 3 Secondary .. .. .. 25 Standard 3 ... .. .. 9 Standard 4 .. .. .. 28 Total .. .. 136

15

T , Previous T . Previous t ™ j Previous Inmates. ,, . ,. Inmates. I Inmates. n ■ Convictions. Convictions. i Convictions. 12 .. .. Nil 5 .. .. 8 3 .. 16 19 .. .. 1 2 .. .. 10 1 .. 23 29 .. .. 2 2 .. .. 11 2 .. 24 18 .. .. 3 1 .. .. 12 1 .. 26 15 .. .. 4 1 .. .. 13 1 .. 27 10 .. .. 5 1 .. .. 14 — 5 .. .. 6 1 .. .. 19 136 7 7

H—2o

There is thus a fairly wide scope for the teachers, of whom there are three. The annual report of the senior teacher is quoted hereunder:—- " School.— I The school was divided into three groups— " Elementary: For those who had not passed requirements for Standard 4. " Junior : For those of Standards 5-6. " Senior: For those who had obtained a pass in Standard 6 or who had attended a secondary school. " In English we have endeavoured, in all divisions, to make the inmates assimilate new facts in relation to environment, knowledge, and culture ; to interpret for themselves the printed material; to cultivate a pleasant delivery ; and to develop a love for reading. " We have also endeavoured to widen their vocabulary, to train their imaginative powers and observations. Ihe Students Digest has been used advantageously in these groups for the summarizing of current affairs and to give a general perception of the trend of world affairs. " Letter-writing ; spelling ; writing ; oral reading, mostly in the form of studies from good literary works ; and grammatical exercises formed part of the general English course taken throughout the year. In arithmetic the work has, on the whole, been oral, but written work has formed a minor part of the inmates' studies. Our aim has been to enable the boys to apply correctly numbers to everyday problems, to familiarize them with numbers, and to ensure facility in computation. We have aimed at securing facility in speed and accuracy, and at the same time attempted to make the boys think clearly, and set out intelligently the proper steps in sequence of problems that had to be solved. " The work has been made as concrete as possible, and the utilization of everyday experiences as applied to arithmetic has been stressed. Short methods, diagnostic tests, and remedial exercises in the phases of the work were given to eliminate weaknesses. A correlation with the other subjects of the curriculum has been our aim at all times. " In history we have endeavoured to give the students a rational idea of man's relations to his fellow-beings past, present, and future—our chief aim. being to inculcate feelings of pride in the British race, and a clear conception of what true patriotism means. In geography we have attempted to broaden and deepen the inmates' knowledge of and interest in those forces that determine not only man's industries, but also his social characteristics \ in short, the earth as man's habitation. The general method was to consider the configuration, surface, and relative position of a country in order to explain its most important features in regard to its value as the abode of man and the source of his supplies ; the general conditions of climate and hence the production, this leading to the distribution of population and industrial life, involving exports and imports. " General.—The supply of new maps has been of. great value in world study. A considerable portion of the geography taken was naturally correlated with the history of the present war, and its effects upon man's distribution of products, &c. "The film-strip projector has aided the inmates in their visual outlook, in phases of man's activities throughout the world. " Science, drawing, &c., have been correlated with the other subjects in a minor degree." Note. The use of mechanical aids to education (film-strip projector) was introduced in 1943, with apparently satisfactory results. Wool-classing and Agriculture.—As many of the boys here work on the farm and have the handling of sheep it is considered that this class will give' them the theory of farm work, and benefit those (and there are a good many) who will take up farming work on release. Classes have been conducted for many years by an instructor of the Southland Education Board. The class is held on Saturday mornings, in the wool-shed attached to the institution. Prizes to the value of £10 are donated by the Reginald Mitta MacKinnon Trust (administered by the Public Trustee). Two distributions can bo made a year. The Instructor reports :—- I have pleasure in reporting another most successful year's work completed. The students in both classes have been regular in attendance, attentive, and the majority appear to be genuinely interested in the courses of instruction, and anxious to make the most of the opportunities offered. " No doubt, however, with a greater degree of classification, together with more time devoted to instructional work, a much higher standard would be obtained." Economics and Civics.—This offers another opportunity for the boys to improve their mental outlook, and to take their minds off their own troubles. The class is conducted under the guidance of the W.E.A. The class is run as a club or association, the boys appointing a chairman, secretary, and committee. Minutes are taken and passed in the usual way. This in itself should be quite good experience for the boys. A report from the two tutors is as follows :— " A class was again held at the institution, under the auspices of the W.E.A., which organization provided two tutors, each taking a course of twelve nights. The classes were well attended, great interest being shown by the members. The average attendance was 75. " The programme consisted of talks on world affairs, lectures on subjects of general interest, play-readings, talks by class members, and debates. " Thanks are due to the Marist Bros. Debating Club for sending a team to debate with an institution team ; and to Mr. Hayward (of the Borstal staff) for his help and co-operation." The Marist Debating Club invited the Borstal boys to attend their club rooms to listen-in to a debate (but not to take part) during the year, and this having been agreed to, the chairman, the secretary, and some of the leading boys attended. It is understood that they had an enjoyable and instructive time.

16

H.—2o

When the W.E.A. tutors closed their class for the season, as the boys appeared to take a keen interest in the matter dealt with, it was decided to continue the class, and to call it the " Social Club," and to carry on with activities similar to those in the Economics (W.E.A.) Class. It is well attended, and will continue until the W.E.A. tutors resume next year, 1945. Singing and Voice Production.—This class is conducted by Mr. H. Kennedy Black, F.T.C.L., and this is the third year of its operation. From the members Mr. Black has selected a number of boys called the " Borstal Choir," which gives programmes on the air sometimes (by courtesy and invitation of the local broadcasting station, 4YZ), and also to the Orphans' Club, as well as sometimes in the institution. Mr. Black reports on the 1944 year as under :— " The membership of the choir has maintained its usual number, from 40 to 60. When one considers that this is entirely voluntary on the part of the boys, it is most gratifying. I have experienced no difficulty whatever in holding the interest of the boys in part-singing, and have found them most responsive. " The outstanding event of the year was a broadcast by the choir from station 4YZ on 22nd May, 1944. This was an outstanding success. The station manager wrote: ' The boys' behaviour was most exemplary, and it will be a pleasure to have them again.' Incidentally, I have received quite a number of letters from various parts of New Zp.ala.nrl, even as far north as Hastings. The reception was good. " The choir was again invited by the Orphans' Club to give the first part of their programme. It was all that could be desired, and the behaviour of the boys was most gentlemanly. After this concert there were twenty-five boys waiting to have their voices tried for admission to the choir. " The boys have given quite a number of concerts at the institution during the year, and have been visited by many musicians of repute, including Mr. George Wilkinson, Director of Music at Dunedin Training College, together with two school Inspectors, Mr. Alfred Walmsley, well-known tenor and conductor, the High School Sextet, and various soloists. Quite a number of the boys have displayed an interest in the theory of music, and a desire to write music, by copying from my musical posters. They were supplied with manuscript paper, and in some cases the music was very well written. I have had quite a number of letters from old boys of the choir. Two had joined church choirs in Christchurch; one had been singing from 4YA, Dunedin; many are in the Armed Forces, and keeping up their part-singing. " The boys frequently ask me to purchase songs for them, which are paid for out of their earnings. The choice of their songs is most interesting. Songs chosen are such as Schubert's ' Ave Maria,' ' Holy City,' ' Bless This House,' ' Because,' ' Vale,' ' 0 Promise Me,' ' When Song is Sweet,' and songs of this type. " At the big event of the year, the Christmas Concert at the institution, which was given in the presence of the Mayor, Magistrate, Justices of the Peace, ministers of religion, and their wives, the choir gave a splendid performance. In the audience was Mr. John Poulter, programme manager of 4YZ, who was so pleased with their performance that he has arranged another broadcast programme from the studio early in February. " Their programme on this occasion is worth mentioning—' Rolling Down to Rio,' by Ivipling ; music by Sir Edward German ; ' Hundred Pipers,' with soloist in second verse; Rocked in the Cradle of the Deep, melody by basses ; ' Funiculi Funicula,' music by Denza ; ' Anvil Chorus,' from II Trovatore, Verdi; ' Silent Night,' traditional carol; ' Holy City,' arranged with solos and harmony. Mr. R. C. Abernethy, S.M., and his wife have always taken a very keen interest in my work, and after several eulogistic references had been made about the choir, Mr. Abernethy created quite a bit of fun and surprise to the choir by actually leading in the singing of ' For He's a Jolly Good Fellow.' They boys of the institution had no idea that such a dignified person as a Magistrate could also be a vocalist. A gesture such as this shows how music, particularly part-singing, has an affect on every individual, and demonstrates the democracy and power of music. " At the conclusion of the Christmas concert a party of Maori boys gave a wonderful exhibition of their national songs and dances. Their performances would have been received with enthusiasm in any large centre in the world ; it was most finished and professional. They were trained by Mr. Pay (of the Borstal staff), and practically all are members of the choir. " I have received the greatest possible help from the staff of the institution, from the Superintendent, Mr. Arnold, particularly. Wherever Igo in different musical circles people are interested to hear about the choir." It seems certain that an education in higher things, the inculcation of an incentive to strive towards a high goal, an aim to bring out the best in him, should improve the inmates generally. Occupational cind Voccttional. Committal to Borstal detention, while being for corrective and reformative purposes morally and the improvement of the social outlook, carries with it the intention that a boy shall be educated and trained, as far as possible, along lines that will assist him to take his place, on release, in the community as a useful member of society. Many boys have possibilities, but these boys would probably work the anti-social tendency out of their systems with increase of age, in any case. However, control appears to be necessary during that period. There have been many disappointments among those who raised the greatest hopes. Not every one here can be given a training along a definite line such as a trade, but as far as is possible and expedient all are given a chance. The Maoris, differing as they do in racial characteristics, are a separate problem. Many of them make good farm workers.

3—H. 20

17

11.—20

The farm is the largest field for training purposes, and boys can there learn all sides of farm work. The up-to-date blacksmithy gives scope for a certain number of boys to learn such work as is carried on there —shoeing horses, repairing and overhauling tools and implements, &c. In the carpentry shop there is a power-driven multiple wood-working machine, and a few boys learfi carpentry work. Others are attached to the painting shop, and some to the plumbing shop. The bakehouse provides tuition, and several boys are turned out each year able to take part in that trade. The same applies to the boot shop. As well as the practical work, inmates are also offered instruction in the theoretical side by tradesmen officers. Social Life, Entertainments, &c.—As the inmates are still only boys it is necessary to give them amusements for spare time, and not expect them to be learning school lessons all the time. To this end various outside parties interested in the social work attend to give concerts and addresses. There is also a periodical visit of the Department's movie-talkie picture representative. Talks and addresses were given on such subjects as follows : " Sawmilling " ; " Trip to Rotorua " ; " Essentials of a Healthy Personality " ; " Illustrated Lecture on Life in Fiji " ; "A Trip Through the North Island"; "Under Japanese Rule in China"; " Importance of Character"; "Why We Behave like Human Beings " ; " The Story of a Japanese Prisoner of War " ; " Life in America " ; "American Games and Pastimes"; "Trip to Queensland"; "From Japanese Internment to Liberty"; "To England by Troopship " ; " Experiences in India " ; " Experiences in Two World Wars "; " Experiences in the Middle East "; " Deer Stalking "; " Moving Picture—Life in China " ; " Swords and Their Use " ; "A Visit to Bombay " ; " Life in the Solomon Islands under the Japanese " ; " The Art of Learning " ; "A Trip to Russia " ; " Experiences in the Italian Campaign " ; " The American Attack on Saipan " ; " London in War Time." It will be noticed that practically all these talks are of personal experiences, told by travellers themselves, and chiefly by soldiers returned from the present war. There were numerous concerts, by local artists and parties, musical evenings with gramophone records, &c., illustrated lantern lectures, and moving pictures. On one evening there was a demonstration by members of the Southland Wrestling Association. Borstal took full part in the cricket and football competitions arranged by the local unions. Tennis and basketball are also played, but basketball does not seen to be taking on to any great extent. Two new asphalt tennis-courts were laid down and are very much used. Special sports meetings were held during the year, on special holiday occasions, such as New Year's Day. Special services were held on Anzac Day and Christmas Day. As usual, the city well-wishers were generous in providing cakes, &c., while numerous cash donations enabled us to buy sweets, cigarettes, extra cake, &c. In many cases parents sent parcels, so it was arranged that every inmate had something for Christmas Day. A special pudding and an appropriate dinner are always features on. that occasion. For reading-matter the inmates rely greatly upon the institution library. There arc not, of course, the donations from outside sources that there were before the war. The Country Library Service van makes periodical visits, from which fresh books are drawn. Physical drill instruction is part of the routine instruction, and classes are held regularly in the gymnasium, by a instructor from the staff of the Southland Boys' High School. Religious and other Services. —Regular attention is paid to the spiritual needs of the inmates. Ihe conduct of Divine services weekly is arranged for by the Ministers Association for the several denominations which they represent, by a representative from the Roman Catholic Church, and by an officer from the Salvation Army. The visiting hours on Saturday afternoons are fully availed of. Many parents or relations or friends come from north, and facilities are always offered them to enable them to see the boys if outside the usual visiting day. The members of the Hon. Ladies' Borstal Committee (Mrs. Henderson and Mrs. Campbell) paid, as a rule, a visit weekly. They distributed sweets and gave opportunity for a quiet talk with boys individually if desired. The Borstal Visiting Committee attended the institution to hold meetings as required for the purpose of considering cases with a view to making recommendations to the Parole Board as to release of particular cases. Various Works, Sc.—At the farm new concrete sheep-yards were constructed, and add considerably to the value of the property. The work of concreting the lower part of the rifle range wall is being pushed on, and should be completed in 1945. The levelling of paddock 16 is also being carried on as weather permits. The work of the farm was carried on as usual, as reported month by month. Staff. I have to record my appreciation of the assistance and co-operation of the members of the staff during the year. The Farm Manager, Mr. P. McMillan, was transferred to Waikeria in October, 1944. His place is being taken by Mr. J. A. Christie, of the local staff. Waikeria Borstal Institution (Te Awamutu) (Superintendent: Mr. D. Dunlop) In the Borstal section there were 36 inmates in custody on Ist January, 1944, and 35 at the end of the year, while in the reformatory section there were 101 on Ist January and 99 at the end of the year. Little significance is discernible in the figures beyond a reflection of our fluctuating demand for labour and a slight tendency towards shorter sentences.

18

H.—2o

There were two escapes during the year, involving three inmates. All were recaptured with in a day or two without having gone many miles. No other serious offences were recorded, though there were minor breaches of the regulations and damage to prison property or clothing, &c., through carelessness, which was punished by decision of the Superintendent, the Visiting Justices, or the Visiting Committee as the occasion demanded. Fewer cases than usual were recorded, and it was necessary to call on the Visiting Justices only three times during the year and the Committee five times. The Visiting Justices are Messrs. C. A. Reilly, J.P., and S. Clark, J.P., to whom I wish to record my appreciation for the work and assistance which they gave willingly whenever called upon. The Visiting Committee, under the chairmanship of Mr. F. Quin, consist of Messrs. N. R. Delaney, H. P. Ensor, G. P. Rook, and S. H. Wanklyn, and these gentlemen carry out the same functions in connection with the Borstal as the Justices do for the reformatory section. To them also I wish to accord my appreciation of the manner in which they carry out their duties. The health of inmates has been good on the whole. Minor accidents and sicknesses were attended to at the institution by the Chief Warder, while more serious matters were placed in the hands of the Medical Officer. During 1944 he ordered the removal of nine inmates to the Waikato Hospital; one of them, a Maori with pulmonary tuberculosis, was the only one remaining there at the end of the year, and the only seriously ill case that occurred. There were no deaths. Towards the end of the year Dr. J. B. W. Roberton, the Medical Officer, resumed duty after having been overseas on military service, so I would like to express my appreciation of the good work performed by Dr. Blundell while acting as Medical Officer to the institution. Dental attention is available for inmates at reasonable rates, the charges being deductible from their earnings, if any, and the work being carried out by Mr. W. McKenzie. Should such treatment be required on an inmate for health reasons it is done without charge to him if he has not sufficient money to pay for it. The Medical Superintendent of the Tokanui Mental Hospital has continued to oblige us by coming over to examine any inmates who may require mental treatment or when there is a suspicion that psychological disorders might have contributed to offences ; his reports are always constructive, helping us to understand the cases in our charge and to treat them appropriately. Every Sunday sees at least one religious service for the inmates, and these are made possible by the ministers of various denominations coming out from Kihikihi or Te Awamutu in their turn, each taking a service once a month. Entertainments for inmates have been provided by concert parties and by the departmental sound movie programmes, which were recommenced shortly before Christmas after a spell owing to restrictions on travelling. The Te Awamutu Municipal Orchestra has taken an interest in the institution and given two concerts ; one officer on the staff is a member of the orchestra. Mr. F. Findlay, M.P., of Hamilton, an old friend of the institution, also brought a party over, after having been unable to visit us for a long time, and gave us a Christmas treat with one of the best programmes ever heard here. The average strength of the staff before the war was about 36, but it has fallen to as low as 27—with one member in a sanatorium —dangerously low even as far as safety is concerned. Though officers now work a forty-eight-hour week, there is no opportunity for any recreational or educational activities except for the tri-weekly school classes catering primarily for near-illiterates. The majority of inmates have not had a secondary education, and, if fact, some of them can scarcely read and write, so the school classes are held to assist those most in need of the elements of education. Classes were held on 108 evenings during the year, the average attendance being higher than the previous two years, at about twenty. The routine of English, arithmetic, geography, &c., was varied with films and film strips sent down by the Visual Education Association at Auckland, and discussions, debates, and lectures on special subjects. Two or three inmates were taught to read and write, and some progress generally was made in spite of the difficulties of handling a shifting population. An occasional special course, such as book-keeping or navigation, is taken by one or two inmates under the supervision of the schoolmaster. The dietary scale prescribed by the regulations is followed, though the provision of fresh fruit and vegetables is on a generous scale, since the farm produces so much. Labour is probably more efficient than in other prisons, due not only to the healthy life, regular hours, and good food, but also to some selection of better types to come here. They almost invariably put on some weight when they have been here for a few months. There has been ample work to keep all inmates usefully employed on the farm and on institution activities. In fact, there has sometimes been a shortage of available labour when special work has had to be done. Any prisoners with trades or other qualifications have as far as possible been employed at work that has given them an outlet for their abilities. With the large variety of work performed here there is scope for all kinds of skill, and there is also unskilled work for less reliable types in gangs under direct supervision. There have been many electrical and engineering maintenance and repair jobs to be done during the year, as must be expected with the increasing age of much of our equipment and difficulties of replacement. However, lam pleased to say that all our plant, machinery, motors, and equipment, which now makes an impressive list, is in very good order considering the scarcity of spare parts. The range of farming operations continued very much the same as the previous year, except that the production of vegetables for the Armed Services was not continued this season, but nearly as many were grown because of the general shortage and because we had the ground ploughed up and in better order for intensive cultivation. We substituted potatoes for other root crops, but blight seems to have done some damage to them. The farm is situated on light undulating land which needs regular administrations of artificial fertilizers to keep it highly productive. The shortage of these during the war years has brought about a progressive decline in productivity, which, though it may be disguised when rainfall is constant, always discloses itself immediately in a dry season. The summer of 1943-44 was hot and dry, and the pastures ceased to grow and became brown, dairy production fell away

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sharply, and even the wool showed faults attributable to unfavourable growing conditions. A small additional allocation of superphosphate was granted to dairy farmers during the year, so when that was applied to the dairy pastures, together with the whole of our wartime ration an immediate reaction was noticeable. A wet spring and summer in 1944 have resulted in uninterrupted growth of such a luxuriant nature that our dairy figures promise to make new records, but it has been rather too damp for best results in wool, mutton, and lamb. A study of the general progress that has been made on the farm over the last seven or eight years shows that we have widened our activities and at the same time increased the efficiency of most of them. This is quite creditable, as, generally speaking, a given amount of labour and equipment can only expand one activity at the expense of others. I think much of our expansion has been made possible by placing increased responsibilities upon inmates, a tendency that is reinforced by the limitations of the staff. Some improved efficiency is also due to the mechanization process which has replaced much manual labour over the years. There is now a tendency to supply whole milk to schools, military camps, and the public in place of the supply of separated cream to the dairy company and skim-milk to pigs as hitherto. Our dairy herds are tuberculin tested, so the Health and Agriculture Departments are in favour of our milk being available whole to the public. When contractors' supplies of pasteurized milk to the schools in the Waikato and King-country proved unsatisfactory, these Departments were very keen on our undertaking a contract in their place. Such a scheme would involve the provision of 4,000 half-pint bottles of milk per day and delivery to some twenty or thirty schools. We are already sending out 1,000 bottles per day to those in the Te Awamutu district, in addition to pasteurized milk going to an Air Force Camp and to Auckland Prison. We have agreed to take on another 1,500 bottles per day for Te Kuiti and Otorohanga schools as soon as some new bottling and capping machinery, which is expected at any time, is received. To bring the total up to 4,000 daily is not practicable until we can recast our winter milking programme, and that cannot be done before 1946. Financial results will appear to be improved as a result of selling more whole milk since we receive more per gallon, whether raw or pasteurized, than for the butterfat content alone. But the less we separate the less is our ability to feed calves and pigs on the resultant skim-milk and our capacity to raise such live-stock is diminished ; this will offset some of the gain. I am pleased to state that the condition of all live-stock, with the exception of pigs, has been excellent, and deaths have been lower than the general average in the district. Pigs have been raised for fattening at Wi Tako Prison, but wo have been rather overstocked with breeding-sows and suckers in proportion to the available skim-milk supplies, particularly in winter months, and our percentage of deaths began to rise, but steps have been taken to restore the balance and reduce losses. Dairying, in spite of unfavourable conditions in the early part of the season and consequently a poor yield in comparison with other seasons, remained our best source of revenue, and will, if anything, become more important if we sell more whole milk. Owing to the need for more dairy-produce we have increased the number of milking-cows in all the dairies. Having culled rather severely during the last few years, the quality of the herds should be at least as good or better than ever ; if the results shown by our heifers are any indication, then we will have some high producers in the future. The wool crop last summer was excellent, both in quantity and quality, and realized good prices, so the financial result was a record. The crop does not appear to be quite as heavy this season, and the quality seems to be slightly lower if anything. However, prices continue to be pegged at a high level, so there will still be. a very satisfactory return to the Department. Greater progress has been made in the orchard than in any other section during the past year. The ground around the trees has been regularly cultivated and weeded, shelter trees that have grown too high have been topped or cut down, drains have been cleared, more systematic pruning and spraying have been carried out, young trees have been planted and others grafted, and, in addition, new land has been broken in with a view to extending the orchard area. There are over 1,000 fruit trees in an area of ten acres, mostly bearing apples. The 1943-44 season resulted in the sale of more than 4,000 cases of fruit, with good prices for most of it. It is anticipated that better results will be seen as time goes on. The fruit this year is very clean and moderately heavy, and as the demand is keen we hope to see a successful season, in spite of adverse weather in the spring. The apiary is in the care of an inmate under the general supervision of the orchard officer, and it has been kept in good order, and all equipment is well attended to and maintained. Some hives have been amalgamated in order to strengthen the colonies and increase production. The number of hives at 31st December was 65, and it is estimated that over 60 lb. of honey will be taken from each one, which would be a record. The institution garden and tobacco-growing industries are now situated on a north-easterly slope where land was broken in last year for the Services Vegetable Production Scheme. This allows the old ground to be left fallow after having been cropped for some years. A good crop of vegetables is being raised, sufficient for rations for the institution and sales to staff, and then there is a surplus for disposal on the market. The tobacco crop seems to be somewhat lighter than it was last season. In conclusion, I should like to express my appreciation of the manner in which the staff have carried out the duties allotted to them. Not only have they continued to work long hours, but have willingly performed extra duties such as night relief work or any other tasks required of them through the shortage of their numbers. Fortunately, there has been very little loss of time through sickness and absenteeism has been practically unknown, though we now have six temporary warders on the staff and some changes have been made in personnel. The loyalty of my senior officers deserves special mention, for they have ungrudgingly shouldered heavier responsibilities and made it easier for me to carry out my duties.

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OFFENDERS PROBATION : SUPPLEMENTARY REPORT (UNDER OFFENDERS PROBATION ACT, 1920, AND CRIMES AMENDMENT ACT, 1910) FOR THE YEAR 1944 The Chief Probation Officer to the Hon. the Minister of Justice. The following is the annual report under the Offenders Probation Act and the Crimes Amendment Act for the year ended 31st December, 1944. The year commenced with 1,370 probationers on the books, and during the year 920 persons were admitted to probation by the Courts, ■ while in 104- other cases sentence was deferred on conditions which placed the offenders under the supervision of Probation Officers. The total number dealt with during the year, therefore, was 2,394. Of this number, 967 were struck off as having satisfactorily completed the term or for other reasons, leaving 1,427 reporting at the end of the year. The number who committed breaches of the conditions of their licenses or other offences, or who absconded, was 230, or 9-6 per cent, of the number dealt with.' This is less than the average, and may be considered a very satisfactory result. The statistics show that 68 per cent, of the number admitted during the year were under twentyfive years of age, while 39 per cent, had not attained their twentieth birthday. The total number of new cases does not vary to any appreciable extent from year to year, but as those dealt with under the Probation Act are largely first offenders, the steady inflow of between six hundred and seven hundred youthful offenders is a matter of serious concern. Perhaps the cause is partly attributable to war conditions —the absence of restraints and economic independence at too early an age. Be that as it may, the figures suggest that there is something lacking in the ethical standards of too large a section of our youth to-day. The statistics regarding offences show that 595 persons, or 58 per cent, of the number admitted, were charged with theft. The next largest group comprises 66 persons charged with unlawful conversion of motor-vehicles. It is interesting to note that 60 per cent, of these offenders were under twenty-one years of age. These figures also tend to show the degree of irresponsibility and the lack of respect for other people's property which is manifest in present-day conduct. One pleasing feature is that the figures for sexual offences have dropped to 26, or 2-5 per cent, of the new cases. The amount received by way of costs of prosecution and restitution was £6,230, which is the largest sum collected in any one year. The total now paid under these headings since the inception of the scheme is £109,260. This money generally is collected in small weekly or monthly instalments spread over the earlier period of probation and is a very salutory factor in the probation scheme. It is by no means an uncommon experience to learn that a probationer had his first lesson in thrift when he was compelled to cut his expenditure on amusements or luxuries to make restitution. The outcome frequently is that when the probationer passes out of the hands of the probation officer he has a substantial banking account. Until recent years one of the Probation Officer's greatest problems was to find suitable work for his wards ; the public generally were averse to giving employment to convicted persons. Happily the present conditions in industry have made it possible to suitably place those who are able and willing to work. The only problems now in this respect are the lazy and the mentally dull. Whenever called upon, District Man-power Officers have rendered helpful assistance. The relapse of a probationer or the prevalence of a particular nature of offence occasionally reopens the controversy of probation versus imprisonment. Apparently there still are people who consider that the granting of probation means " letting the offender off " and that the appropriate punishment for any offence is imprisonment, irrespective altogether of its effect upon the offender or his dependants or of the interests of the State. They entirely overlook the salutory benefits of probation or its punitive qualities. Obviously offenders who are definitely anti-social or who when at liberty are a menace to the community should be imprisoned. But in the case of the offender whose lapse is due to a sudden impulse, experience has shown that his reformation can be effected by constructive supervision under conditions which obviate the severance of family ties and which permit of reparation to the victims of his offence. Parole This group comprises persons released on license after serving a term of imprisonment or Borstal detention, as distinct from those admitted to probation by the Courts. The statistics show that 529 persons were released on probation during the year on the recommendation of the Prisons Board. Of these, 6 were recommitted to detention for breaches of their licenses, and 23, including 6 habitual criminals, had their licenses cancelled for further offences. Considering the obvious handicaps which beset a person under the stigma of having been imprisoned in re-establishing himself in the community, the small percentage of failures must be regarded as very satisfactory. The effectiveness of the method of supervision and after-care (and also of the in-care reformative influences) may be judged from the fact that during the five years ended 31st December last 1,751 persons (excluding habitual criminals) were released on probation, and during that period 168, or 9-6 per cent., were returned to prison for failing to comply with the conditions of their license or for other offences whilst on license, and only 24 per cent, have again been convicted subsequent to discharge. Conclusion I desire to place on record my appreciation of the helpful assistance granted to probation officers throughout the year by a body of social workers. Special thanks are due to the Women's Borstal Association for their work with the girls released on license from the Women's Borstal Institution. To probation officers and other members of the staff I should like to express gratitude for loyalty and helpful co-operation. B. L. Dallard, Chief Probation Officer.

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STATISTICS Table showing Number of Prisoners, etc., at each Prison or Institution in the Dominion during the Year 1944

By Authority: E. V. Paul, Government Printer, Wellington.— 1945.

Approximate Cost of Paper.—Preparation, not given; printing( 720 copies), £43

Price 9(1.1

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Received during Year. I Sickness. „ () . In Custody at Beginning Discharged during Year. In Custody at End Daily Average dumber of Daily Same ot Prison. of Year. of Year. Prisoners. Tr„ m i+ 0 i Average Direct from Courts. On Transfer. Adnussions to Hospital during Year. Siok _ list. I M. F. T. M. F. T. M. F. T. M. F. T. M. F. I T. M. F. T. M. F. T. Addington (Women's Reformatory) .... 11 11 46 46 5 5 41 41 21 21 19-44 19-44 .. 2 2 0-32 Arohata (Women's Reformatory) .. .. 9 9 .. 35 35 .. .. .. .. 43 43 .. 1 1 .. 6-73 6-73 .. .. .. 1-13 Arohata (Borstal institution) .. .. 46 46 38 38 7 7 54 54 37 37 ..39-38 39-38 9 9 0-01 Auckland .. •• ..232 21 253 1,165 86 1,251 92 7 99 1,279 104 1,383 210 10 220 227-68 17-99 245-67 18 18 3-77 Hautu (Tokaanu) .. -- 34 34 4 4 51 51 42 42 47 47 37-09 .. 37-09 1 1 0-19 Invercargill .. -- •• 6 .. 6 35 35 2 2 38 38 5 5 3-00 .. 3-00 0-05 Invercargill (Borstal institution) .. 154 .. 154 94 94 42 42 138 .. .138 152 .. 152 143-00 .. 143-00 39 .. 39 8-21 Napier .. .. .. -- 10 10 109 3 112 30 30 133 3 136 16 .. 16 13-82 .. 13-82 2 2 0-20 New Plymouth .. .. - - 57 57 65 65 17 .. 17 96 96 43 43 51-00 .. 51-00 7 7 1-16 Paparua (Templeton) .. .. 98 98 303 303 46 46 370 .. 370 77 .. 77 91-35 .. 91-35 1 1 0-69 Rangipo .. .. -- -- 29 .. 29 2 2 23 23 24 24 30 30 27-59 .. 27-59 0-00 Waikeria (Reformatory) .. .. 101 .. 101 14 14 124 .. 124 140 .. 140 99 .. 99 97-09 .. 97-09 7 .. 7 1-09 Waikeria (Borstal institution) . . 36 .. 36 15 .. 15 25 .. 25 41 .. 41 35 .. 35 36-99 .. 36-99 2 2 0-39 Waikune (Erua) .. .. -- 51 51 7 7 78 78 81 81 55 55 52-79 .. 52-79 0-22 Wanganui . .. .. 15 15 69 6 75 9 9 79 6 85 14 14 14-81 .. 14-81 3 .. 3 0-43 Wellington .. •• 104 104 707 .. 707 76 .. 76 818 .. 818 69 .. 69 91-51 .. 91-51 10 .. 10 2-96 Wi Tako (Trentham) .. .. 49 .. 49 2 2 163 .. 163 159 .. 159 55 .. 55 45-83 .. 45-83 0-14 Minor prisons and police-gaols .. 14 .. 14 442 24 466 7 1 8 446 25 471 17 .. 17 13-00 0-06 13-06 3 .. 3 0-13 Police lock-ups* .. .. .. . ■ .. . ■ 13 .. 13 .. .. •. 13 13 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Totals .. .. ..990 87 1,077 3,046 238 3,284 785 20 805 3,897 276 4,173 924 69 993 946-55 83-60 1,030-15 93 11 104 * Deemed to be prisons under the provisions of section 17 of the Statute Law Amendment- Act, 1917.