YOUTH MOVEMENTS

Manawatu Standard, Volume LIX, Issue 48, 25 January 1939, Page 6

YOUTH MOVEMENTS

WISDOMS OF THE ANCIENTS. SAFETY OF THE STATE. From the very beginnings of recorded history, we find that youth, movements had in them the aim ol' improving tho character and physique ol : the youth in the State. In Persia it is recorded “the boys who attended the schools spent their time learning selfcontrol from the sight of their elders living a daily life, which contributed greatly by example to their learning this virtue themselves. Moreover, they learnt how to shoot with the bow and to hurl the dart.” In this education we sec the intermediate stage between primitive people and highly organised systems which prevailed throughout Greece, and found fullest perfection in tho Athenian State. RELIGIOUS GAMES. OF GREECE.

There was a full recognition that the training of youth was a matter of public concern, and consequently one of public regulation. 13ut in Greece physical education was closely in touch with the national religion, of which games and athletic contests formed the very large part. In fact, the whole of tho outlook of the Greek was based on an appreciation of beauty, strength, agility and skill of the numan body. Displays of this kind were specially pleasing, as they honoured the Great Olympian Zeus, their supreme god. Every game had assigned to it a mythical origin connected with the presiding god, and always their religious character was predominant. This was best brought out when the Olympiad began, B.C. 776. Its significance to the people can he realised when tho dates of importance in the calendars wore marked by the success of Olympiads. When these games became more systematised they evolved into tho Pentathlon, which was a five-fold contest in leaping, hurling the javelin, racing on foot, throwing the quoit and wrestling. The exercises were taken in that order and the weaker competitors were eliminated step by step, so that the victor became regarded as the present embodiment of the god Apollo, who stood for perfect physical form. COMPLETE CITIZENSHIP. The friendly gatherings at the original Greek contests of men from every part of Hellas, dominated by the same interest and acknowledging the same religious observances, did much to break down the walls of isolation between tho different branches of the Greek race, which the physical configuration of Hellas and the political organisation in different small and independent city States did so much to build up.

The Greeks realised the double function of education, and they combined literary, musical, and artistic culture with physical training so as to produce a balanced citizen. Just as an English father to-day would think of the physical effect of games upon his son and would grant at once to an enquirer that he wished and expected him to grow in pluck, sportsmanship and other manly virtues through liis games, so an Athenian quite expected that tho training would be one for the soul, as they put it, as well as one for the body. The mere athlete became too much of a savage, and the mere musician melted and softened beyond what was good for him.

When the Athenians no longer needed active soldiers of the best type, the games were limited to professional athletes who had heaped upon them excessive rewards, and so the whole system gradually degenerated from the highest expression of national liie to mere popular spectacles. This degeneration was not finally accomplished until after the conquest of the Greeks by the Romans, though it had begun several centuries earlier. Finally, none but professional athletes competed, and they were drawn from any and every barbarian nation. The Roman Republic bad a very practical aim on the physical side, for it was essential that the soldier should be prepared to run, wrestle, swim, throw the spear and ride a horse. Only by this method could he defeud his country and fake part in the great armed camp that Rome really represented. There was no philosophy behind the Roman physical education, for the Roman was a practical man with a practical mind, and so long as the youths could fulfil their military function well, he felt no need for idealistic and aesthetic studies. GERMAN YOUTH. The first knowledge we .have of German youth movements dates back to the fourth century, when an old Roman soldier wrote: “There is no person in tho whole nation who cannot remain on his horse day and night. On horseback they buy and sell, they take their meat and drink, and they recline on the narrow neck of their steed and yield to sleep there. They wander about, roaming over the hills and the woods, and accustom themselves to bear frosts and hunger and thirst from their very cradles.” Among such people in such times it is obvious that the training of boys would be essentially in physical hardihood and endurance, because they were destined for a life of war and plunder. In the course of centuries these barbarians settled down more or less thickly in the various parts of Europe, and adopted, as far as they could, the culture and religion they found indigenous. But the idea] of hardy manhood which had been necessary to early generations was inherent in them.

So, throughout the Middle Ages, life was largely out of doors, and all kinds of manly sports were the delight of men and children. Hunting, fishing, hawking, archery, slinging and the practice of such, exercises as running, leaping, wrestling, and swimming developed strength, ability and power of endurance. In passing, it is interesting to quote King Edward JIT (1364) in his prescription of requirements of his magistrates: “We, wishing that a fitting remedy be found in this matter, do hereby command you that in all places in your county, liberties or no liberties, whatsoever you shall see fit you have proclamation made to this effect: That every man in the same county, so be it he be able-bodied, shall upon holidays make use in his games of bows and arrows and learn and practise archery. Moreover, that you prohibit all and sundry in our name from such stone, wood and iron throwing, handball, football or hockey, coursing and cock fighting, or other idle games under penalty of imprisonment.”