The Flora of the Snares Islands, New Zealand
B.A. Fineran
Department of Botany, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
[Received by the Editor, July 20, 1966.]
Abstract
The records of algae, fungi, lichens, bryophytes and vascular plants from the Snares Islands, a small group of New Zealand southern islands, are reviewed. They are based on previously published records and collections and on field work carried out on the Main Island of the Snares in 1961. Some of the previous records are shown to be in error while a few apparently represent species which have since disappeared or have become scarce on the islands. The collections in 1961 included 30 algae, 1 slime mould, 5 fungi, 37 lichens, 20 bryophytes and 20 vascular species, two of which are adventives. The present census of the flora is: 20 vascular plants including two endemics, 22 bryophytes, 40 lichens, 7 fungi, 1 slime mould and 49 algae.
New species described herein from the Snares by C. W. Dodge and W. B. Cooke include Aspicilia composita Dodge, Haematomma sordidum Dodge, Lecidea ( Biatora) fineranii Dodge, Opegraphia fineranii Dodge, Phaeographis fineranii Dodge and Lachnella snaresensis Cooke.
Introduction
Naturalists have visited the Snares Islands since late last century, but the records of plants found there are scattered. In some instances records have been cited unsupported by voucher specimens or observations on the islands, and this has led to confusion. This paper brings together the present records of cryptogams and vascular plants. It is based on previously published records, unpublished collections and on field work carried out by the author in 1961.
The Snares lie some 65 miles south-west of the South Cape of Stewart Island (Text-fig. 1). The position given for a magnetic station at the Boatharbour on the Main Island is: 48° 0.7' south latitude, 166° 35.8' east longitude (Skey and Farr, 1909). The Main Island is the largest of the group and is roughly triangular in shape extending about one and a half miles on each leg (Text-fig. 1). Broughton Island is smaller and lies some 200 yards to the south-east and to date has not been examined botanically. Several islets, stacks and reefs surround the two principal islands. The largest of these is the Western Chain, which comprises five rocky islets about 200-300 ft high (Fleming, 1953), some two and a half miles to the south-west. Allan (1961) states that the size of the Snares is 2.65 q Km. Richdale (1948) estimates the area of the Main Island as between 400-500 acres but D. Macpherson (pers. comm, to Dr C. A. Fleming), who assisted with the survey of the island in 1890, states that it is perhaps 800 acres. The Snares are composed of granite of a
gneissic structure (Fleming, 1953) with an overlying mantle of peat, which has an average depth of about Bft (Marshall, 1909). Deposits up to 20ft are also recorded (Fleming, 1953). The highest point in the group is about 620 ft above sea level on the South-west Promontory of the Main Island.
The Snares Islands were discovered on November 23, 1791, by Vancouver in the Discovery and Broughton in the Chatham, independently the same day (McNab, 1907). The ships, which were part of an exploring expedition, became separated in a storm after leaving Dusky Sound. In 1792 Ronen in the Britannia also independently discovered the group and named it the Sunday Islands. Broughton called them the Knights Islands, but Vancouver’s name “ The Snares ” was retained since he sighted them first. Vancouver considered the islands a possible snare to shipping. The first landing on the Snares appears to have been made in 1803 by Captain Oliphant of the Endeavour while searching for seals. About 1810, four sealers were marooned and were not relieved until 1817. Sealers continued to call sporadically until the early decades of the present century but little is known of these visits. On occasions the Snares have also been exploited for mutton birds (cf. Beattie, 1954) and for guano (Fleming, 1953). From the late 1880’s until about 1929 a castaways’ provision depot was maintained and during this period various naturalists briefly examined the group. After 1930, visits were few until the summer of 1947-48 when two independent expeditions spent several days on the islands studying the natural history. In 1961 four biologists from the University of Canterbury were on the islands from January 22 until February 14; a Biological Station was erected, and a survey was made of the flora and fauna (Fineran, 1964, a and b). Since then a party from the Oceanographic Institute, Wellington, called for a few hours in October, 1962 (I. Escourt, pers. comm.). During January and February, 1967, a party from the University of Canterbury again visited the islands, but no botanist accompanied the expedition. Observations on the bird life made during this visit have been recorded (Warham, 1967).
The following Herbaria are mentioned in the text: Auckland Institute and Museum AK Botany Division, D.5.1.R., Christchurch CHR Canterbury Museum CANTY Canterbury University CANU Dominion Museum, Wellington WELT Victoria University, Wellington VUW
The collectors F. L. Newcombe and B. A. Fineran are abbreviated FLN and BAF, respectively. Catalogue numbers cited for the cryptograms collected in 1961 are those of the author whose material is housed in the herbarium of the University of Canterbury. The citation of records follows the order: habitat, location, date, collector and catalogue number. Numbers enclosed in parentheses refer to herbaria, otherwise these pertain to the collector.
History of Botanical Investigations at the Snares
An early mention of the vegetation was made by Armstrong (1868), extracts of which were published by Hector (1870). Armstrong referred to Stilbocarpa robusta (Kirk) Ckn. as “ McQuarrie Cabbage”; Kirk (1878) assumed this referred to Myosotidium hortensia (Decne.) Baill., and consequently recorded it for the Snares (Cockayne, 1904). The error was corrected when Kirk visited the islands on January 9, 1890. In 1888 Reischek (1889) called at the Snares and also briefly mentioned the plant cover.
Kirk made the first botanical survey of the Snares and outlined his findings in five similar accounts (Kirk, 1891 a, c, d, e and f). He listed 27 species of vascularplants, of which eight were considered adventives. Four of the adventives were of European origin, and others natives from the mainland of New Zealand. A tew lichens were seen, but hepatics and fungi were not observed, and no opportunity
was afforded for collecting marine algae. Mosses were found to be rare: “ Hypnum serpens was the only species identified; another species was observed on the Olearia.” “Hypnum serpens” is an old portmanteau name which has since been split into several genera (K. W. Allison, pers. comm.) none of which are represented in collections from the Snares. F. R. Chapman accompanied Kirk on his visit and also described some of the plants (Chapman, 1891).
During the winter of 1903, Cockayne (1904) visited the subantarotic islands but owing to the weather he was unable to land at the Snares. In his table of plants from the southern islands those from the Snares are listed and two new records and one doubtful one are cited, but the source of this information is not stated. About this time a review of the botany of the New Zealand subantarctic islands was compiled by Schneck (1905) which incorporated Kirk’s and Cockayne’s records. On November 15, 1907, an expedition from the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury spent a day ashore (Chilton, 1909). Some plants were collected by Cockayne and the vegetation briefly described (Cockayne, 1909a). B. C. Aston also gathered plants and again on January 6,1909. During the visit in 1907, R. M. Laing and J, Crosby Smith collected marine algae recording 17 species (Laing, 1909b). Later Laing added other records and made an amendment (Laing, 1927, 1939; Laing and Gourlay, 1929). Two further records from the Laing Collection, University of Canterbury, have since been added by Chapman (1956). The expedition in 1907 found that bryophytes were almost absent. Lichens and fungi were not listed (Chilton, 1909: 528).
On March 26, 1927, Professor G. E. Du Rietz, Dr W. R. B. Oliver and others spent 20 minutes ashore at the Snares (Woodhouse, 1959). Oliver gathered some specimens of vascular plants and Du Rietz (pers. comm.) collected a few lichens.
■ \ The vegetation and flora of the islands have been briefly mentioned by some of the members of the Snares Islands Expedition, 1947 (Falla, 1948; Fleming 1948, 1953; R. C. Murphy, 1948; Grace Murphy, 1948; Stead, 1948). F. L. Newcombe (unpublished report; pers. comm.) was mainly responsible for collecting the plants for the expedition during November and December. Duplicates of the collection were gathered for the Plant Research Bureau, now the Botany Division, D.5.1.R., and the Canterbury Museum. In searching the Canterbury Museum herbarium in 1963 Newcombe’s material could not be found, but later a set was located at the Dominion Museum. A set also was taken away by Dr R. C. Murphy for the American Museum of Natural History, New York. Determinations of lichens collected by Newcombe are not yet available. The only records published from the collections in 1947 are the hepatics (Hodgson, 1953, 1961, 1962). During the expedition in 1947 Dr C. A. Fleming collected samples of peat which were subsequently analysed for their pollen by Harris (1953) Later that summer another expedition noted six species of vascular plants as common on the Snares, but observed only four or five of the other species previously recorded (Richdale, 1948).
In 1961 I re-surveyed the botany of the Main Islands and found 20 species of vascular plants, of which two were adventives. No unrecorded plants were found except that the Asplenium was noted to comprise a complex of forms. Several new records, however, were established among the cryptogams and of these only the records of the hepatics have previously been published (Hodgson, 1962), with the exception of Marchantia herteroana L. and L. During the expedition Professor G. A. Knox collected seaweeds, but most of this collection has not been identified.
According to Allan (1961), the vascular flora of the Snares comprises some 25 species, including the endemic Stilbocarpa robusta (Kirk) Gkn., which he has re-named Kirkophytum robustum (Kirk) Allan. The other endemic to the islands is Anisotome acutifolia (Kirk) Ckn. (see Dawson, 1961).
ALGAE
The most prominent habitat of algae is the seaweed zone along the shore (PL 1, Fig. 1). Terrestrial and freshwater algae also occur on the land. From freshwater pools on Sinkhole Flat, Euglena sp. has been found common and ?Rhizoclonium sp. and PTrihonema sp. have also been isolated in small numbers. The abundance of Euglena sp. here may be associated with a supply of nitrogen from nearby penguin rookeries. Abundant Ulothrix sp. and some Navicula sp. (rare) have been found in a rock pool from a skua gull colony. A sample from a brackish supra-littoral pool contained abundant Chlamydomonas spp., occasional Cymbella sp. and Ankistrodesmus sp. (very rare). A seepage outlet from the vegetation above the shore yielded abundant Chlamydomonas sp., and also Fragiliaria sp. and Navicula sp., both very rare. Algae were not detected in two water samples taken from Penguin Creek. Algae have been isolated from peat collected from under different plant communities.
The following records and nomenclature are based on Laing (1909b, 1927); Laing and Gourlay (1929) ; Chapman (1956) and on determinations from material collected in 1961. Dr Elizabeth Flint identified the land algae from the 1961 material except: Anahaena variahilis, Microcoleus vaginatus, Schizothrix friesii and S. calcicola which were determined by Dr F. Drouet, and Entophysalis deusta and Stigonema hormoides were identified by Dr W. A. Daily. Dr M. A. Pocock has identified some of Knox’s seaweeds (Department of Zoology collection, University of Canterbury) and these determinations are included.
MYXOPHYCEAE
Anabaena variabilis Kiitz. On peat under Poa astonii, 1961, BAF.
Entophysalis deusta (Menegh.) Drouet and Daily From the rock surface above a small littoral pool near Biological Station, 1961, BAF 82.
Microcoleus vaginatus (Vauch.) Com. On peat under Poa astonii, 1961, BAF.
Nostoc sp. On peat under Poa astonii, 1961, BAF, on bark of Ole aria lyallii, 1961, BAF, 161
Schizothrix friesii (Ag.) Com. On peat under Poa astonii, 1961, BAF.
Schizothrix calcicola (Ag.) Com. On peat under Poa astonii, 1961, BAF.
Stigonema hormoides (Kiitz.) B. and F. On dead branch of Senecio stewartiae, South Promontory, 1961, BAF 100,
CHLOROPHYCEAE
Ankistrodesmus sp. Supra-littoral pool, Feb., 1961, BAF 217.
Bracteacoccus minor (Chodat) Petrova On peat under Poa astonii, 1961, BAF. In peat under Olearia lyallii, 1961, BAF
Bracteacoccus sp. Surface of an exposed peat profile in Poa tennantiana grassland, Sinkhole Flat, Feb., 1961, BAF.
Caulerpa brownii Endl. Laing (1909b, 1927).
Chlamydomonas spp. On peat under Poa astonii, Feb., 1961, BAF. Supra-littoral pool, 1961, BAF 217. Seepage area above shore near Biological Station, 1961, BAF 221. Chorella sp. On peat of an abandoned penguin rookery, 1961, BAF. From peat under Poa tennantiana, 1961, BAF. On peat under P. astonii, 1961, BAF. In peat under Ole aria lyallii, 1961, BAF. Chlorhormidium flaccidum (A. Br.) Fott In peat under Olearia lyallii, 1961, BAF. From peat under Poa astonii, 1961, BAF. In peat under P. tennantiana, 1961, BAF. Coccomyxa sp. On peat under Poa astonii, 1961, BAF. From peat under P. tennantiana, 1961, BAF. In peat under Olearia lyallii, 1961. BAF. J)actylococcus bicaudatus A. Br. On peat under Olearia lyallii, 1961, BAF. In peat under Poa tennantiana, 1961, BAF. Prasiola snareana Chapm. Chapman (1956). Prasiola sp. On rock near mouth of Penguin Creek, 1961, BAF 148; 149. From rock in forest near Biological Station, 1961, BAF 161. Rama antarctica Chapm. Chapman (1956). Rhizoclonium hookeri Kiitz. Laing (1909b; 1927), Chapman (1956). ?Rhizoclonium sp. Stagnant pools, Sinkhole Flat, 1961, BAF, 218; 219. Stichococcus bacillaris Naeg. On peat under Olearia lyallii, 1961, BAF. Ulothrix sp. Rain-filled rock pool, skua gull colony above shore, 1961, BAF 220. Ulva lactuca var. rigida (Ag.) Le Jol. - Chapman (1956). B AG ILL ARIO PH AE Achnanthes sp. On peats under O. lyallii and P. astonii, 1961, BAF. Cymbella sp. Supra-littoral pool, 1961, BAF 217. Fragilaria sp. Seepage outlet above shore near Biological Station, . 1961, BAF 221 Navicula spp. Rain-filled rock pool, skua gull colony above shore, 1961, BAF, 120. Seepage area above shore near Biological Station, 1961, BAF 221. XANTHOPHYCEAE ?Tribonema sp. Stagnant pools, Sinkhole Flat, 1961, BAF 218; 219.
EUGLENINEAE
Euglena spp. On peat under Poa astonii, 1961, BAF. Stagnant pools, Sinkhole Flat, 1961, BAF 218; 219.
PHAEOPHYGEAE
Adenocystis utricularis (Bory) Skottsb. Rock pool, Durvillea zone, 1961, G. A. Knox. Durvillea antarctica (Cham.) Harlot Laing (1909b). Lessonia variegata J. Ag. Laing (1909b; 1927). Marginaria boryana (A. Richard) Mont. Laing (1909b). Xiphophora chondrophylla (R.Br.) Harvey 1961, G. A. Knox. X. gladiata (Labill.) Mont. Laing (1909b).
RHODOPHYCEAE
Ahnfeltia tomlosa (Hook. f. et Harv.) J. Ag. Laing (1939). Apophlaea sinclairii Harv. Laing (1909b, 1927, 1939). Ballia callitricha (G. Ag.) Kiitz. Laing (1909b). 1961, G. A. Knox. Brogniartella australis (G. Ag.) Schmitz Laing (1927). Ceramium stichidiosum J. Ag. Laing (1909b, 1927). Euptilota formosissima (Mont.) Kiitz. Laing (1909b, 1927). Euzoniella flabellifera (J. Ag.) R. M. Laing Laing (1909b, 1927). Euzoniella cuneifolia (Mont.) Falkbg. Laing (1909b, 1927). Gigartina divaricata Hook. f. et Harv. Laing and Gourlay (1929), Laing (1939). Gigartina ancistroclada Mont. 1961, G. A. Knox. Gigartina clavifera J. Ag. Originally placed by Laing (1909b) under G macrocarpa J. Ag. but later considered a form of G. clavifera (Laing and Gourlay, 1929). Pachymenia lusoria (Hook. f. et Harv.) J. Ag. Laing (1909b, 1927, 1939).
Porphyra perforata J. Ag. Laing (1909b, 1927).
Ptilothamnion pectination (Mont.) R. M. Laing Laing (1909b, 1927).
Streblocladia neglecta (Mont.) Schmitz et Fkbg. 1961, G. A. Knox.
MYXOMYCETES AND FUNGI
One mycomycete, Lamproderma echinulatum, was found on dead logs within the forest in 1961. According to Dr G. W. Martin (pers. comm.), this is the southernmost record of a slime mould in the eastern southern hemisphere. Plasmodia of unidentified myxomycetes were also noted occasionally on the undersurface of logs. The most conspicuous fungus observed was the Jew’s ear fungus, Auricularia polytricha, which occurred on living trees in the forest between Ho Ho Bay and the Boatharbour. Only two agaric fructifications were seen during January and February. The remaining fungi collected were inconspicuous forms found on the trees. Recently two soil yeasts have been isolated in peat under Olearia lyallii from samples gathered in 1962 by R. J. Singleton, Oceanographic Institute. The yeasts varied in numbers from very 10w—3,000 per gram of peat —to very high—9oo,ooo per gram—and contained principally species of Debaryomyces (Dr M. di Menna, pers. comm.). In the following list G. W. Martin identified the slime mould and Miss J, M. Dingley named the fungi, except Lachnella snaresensis which is a new species described by W. B. Cooke.
MYXOMYCETES
Lamproderma echinulatum (Berk.) Rost.
On dead prostrate trunks of Olearia lyallii, 1961, BAF 101; 180; 181 (181 held by G. W. Martin, Dept. Botany, State University of lowa, U.S.A.).
FUNGI
Ascomycetes
Debaryomyces kloekeri Guill. et Peju In peat under Olearia lyallii, Oct., 1962, R. J. Singleton.
Debaryomyces subglobosus (Zach.) Lodder et Kregervan Rij. In peat under Olearia lyallii, Oct., 1962, R. J. Singleton,
Lachnella pyriformis (G. H. Gunn.) W. B. Cooke On young shoots of Senecio stewartiae, 1961, BAF 187.
Lachnella snaresensis W. B. Cooke sp. nov.
Type; Snares Islands, on dead inflorescence stalks attached to tree of Olearia lyallii. Feb. 1961, B. A. Fineran 183, University of Canterbury Herbarium. Portions of the type are also held by: W. B. Cooke, 1135 Wilshire Gt., Cincinnati, U.S.A.; University of lowa Herbarium, U.S.A.; and Royal Botanical Gardens Herbarium, Kew, England.
“ Cupulae albae vel grisiae, sparsae vel gregariae, 0.5-I.omm diam.; extus pilis hyalinis, dense granulosa; hyphis 3.0-6.0/4 diam.; basidiis 50-70 X 23-26/*, clavatis, 4-sterigmaticis; sporis hyalinis, ovatis, laevibus, apiculatis, 20-23.5 X 14-15/*.
“Receptacles 0.5-1.0 X 0.4-o.Bmm, scattered to gregarious, subsessile to sessile, white to grey, margin enrolled when dry, structure monomitic, all the hyphae being generative, hymenium white to pale cream coloured, smooth; surface hairs densely and finely granule incrusted, originating at any point on the outer surface of the receptacle, thick-walled, with a very
narrow lumen, 100-1 60m long, 5.5-8.5 m in diameter below, tapering to a narrow, rounded tip in the outer fourth of their length; basidia clavate, 50-70 X 23—26 m, 4-sterigmate, sterigmata incurved, 5.8 m in diameter at the base, 4-5 m long; spores hyaline, smooth, apiculate, ovate, flattened on one side, pointed at the distal end, 20-23.5 X 14—15 m; hyphae of context 3-6 m in diameter, subhymenial hyphae with clamp connections, 2.5 m in diameter; clamp connections present at the bases of collapsed, mature and immature basidia.
“ The specimen from the Snares Islands is considered to represent a previously undescribed species because of ithe extremely large size of the spores. L. alboviolascens (Alb. and Schw. ex Fr.) Fr. is represented in Australia and New Zealand but has spores usually 13.5-15 X 9-1 Ip,; L. pyriformis (G. H. Gunn.) W. B. Cooke, from 4,000 ft on Mt. Egmont, New Zealand, has spores 15-20 X 9-1 1/r; and L. turbinata (G. H. Gunn.) W. B. Cooke, collected on Olearia paniculata at Invercargill, New Zealand, has spores 14 —18 X 10-12.5//,. The Snares Islands collection, from Olearia lyallii, has larger spores than either of these species, 20—23.5 X 14-15/a, the largest spores of any species of Lachnella yet described. The Snares Islands lie about 150 miles southwest of Invercargill and most of the separation is the water of the Pacific Ocean. A favourable habitat and geographic separation may have been involved in the differences noted between L. turbinata and L. snaresensis” W. B. Cooke.
Basidiomycetes
Auricularia polytrichia (Mont.) Sacc, On branches Senecio stewartiae, forest near Ho Ho Bay, 1961, BAF 191. Odonta oblongospora G. H. Gunn. On trunk of Olearia lyallii, 1961, BAF 188. Undetermined agaric. Peat-filled hollow in prostrate trunk of Olearia lyallii, 1961, BAF 184. According to Dr G. Cone (pers. comm.) the specimen belongs to the brown spored group of agarics.
LICHENS
Lichens occur from the spray zone along the shore to the topmost trees on the island but it is on the cliffs that they are dominant (PI. 2, Fig. 1). On cliffs lichens show a distribution related to the height reached by spray; at headlands the lichen band begins higher up on the cliff than along the sides of inlets where wave action is less. The growth form of the lichens is mainly crustose, but a few fruticose and small foliose types also occur. Lichens grow chiefly on rock (PI. 4, Fig. 2) and branches of trees and shrubs. On the ground they are rare.
The following taxa are based on material collected by Professor G. E. Du Rietz, Uppsala, Sweden, and by the author. Du Rietz’s collection totals nine determined species, which he identified and are housed in his herbarium. The author’s material was identified by Professor C. W. Dodge, University of Vermont, U.S.A., who holds duplicates of several specimens.
Aspicilia composita C. W. Dodge sp. nov.
Type; Snares Islands, on branch of Hebe elliptica, Feb. 7, 1961, B. A, Fineran 120, University of Canterbury Herbarium.
“ Thallus crustosus determlnatus, margine tenuissime subcrenato, albo, rimoso-areolatus, minute verruculosus, dilute olivaceo-alutaceus; cortex ad 30m crassitudine, fastigiatus, hyphis ramosis laxe intertextis; coloniae Trebouxiae ad 100 m diametro; cellulis densis 6-9 m diametro; medulla hyphis densis subverticalibus, pachydermeis, 3-4 m diametro.
“ Apothecia immersa, composita in catervis 2 X o.3mm, rare solitaria, 150 m diametro, disco pallide roseo-cinnamoneo; sine amphithecio parathecioque; hypothecium centro 40m crassitudine ad marginem tenuescens; thecium 50m altitudine; paraphyses 2—2.5 m diametro, pachydermeae, apicibus non incrassatis; asci clavati, 48 X 6m; ascosporae octonae, monoitichae, ellipsoideae, 9 X 4.5 m, episporio tenui.
“ Thallus crustose, determinate, margin very thin, slightly crenate, white, rimose areolate, surface minutely verrucose, very pale olive bluff; cortex up to 30 p- thick, fastigiate of loose branched hyphae, not conglutinate; algal colonies up to in diameter, mostly smaller, cells of Trebouxia closely packed, in diameter, not extending below the thecia; medulla of densely woven subvertical thick-walled hyphae in diameter, fastigiate, highly gelified in the lower 30 P-, but not forming a true lower cortex.
“ Apothecia compound, immersed in groups variable in shape, up to 2mm long, o.3mm wide, rarely solitary, 0.15 mm in diameter, containing many thecia, separated by layers of slender medullary hyphae about 3 Op- thick, not sharply distinct from the paraphyses but scarcely staining; disc light pinkish cinnamon; no amphithecium nor parathecium differentiated; hypothecium about 40 p- thick in the centre, thinning to the margin of the thecium, hyphae vertical in the centre, increasingly periclinal toward the margin, more deeply staining but not otherwise sharply differentiated from the paraphyses above; thecium 50 p tall; paraphyses 2-2.5 p in diameter, rather thick-walled, tips not thickened, septate; asci clavate, 48 X 6 p, 8-spored, tip slightly thickened when young; ascospores imbricately monostichous, hyaline, unilocular, ellipsoid, 9 X 4.5/i with thin epispore,” C. W. Dodge.
Bacidia mesospora Knight On branch of Hebe elliptic 1961, BAF 121. Bacidia permutata (Stirton) Hellb. On rock, coastal cliff, 1961, BAF 64, Bacidia pseudophana (Nyl.) Hellb. On branch of Hebe elliptica, 1961, BAF 122. Bacidia subcerina Zahlbr. From dead stem of Hebe elliptica, South Promontory, 1961, BAF 103. Buellia sp. On timber of signpost at end of South Promontory, 1961, BAF 106 “ cf. B. mawsoni Dodge, but ascospores larger ” Dodge. Buellia sp. “ On bird dunged rocks together with two species of Caloplaca and Lecanora 1927, G. E. Du Reitz, No. 2225 a: 7,2226 a: 2. Buellia varisporae Murray “ On a dry trunk of Olearia lyallii at shore,” 1927, G. E. Du Rietz, No. 2227a:3. Caloplaca acheila Zahlbr. Coastal rock above a small supra-littoral pool, 1961, BAF 84. Caloplaca litoralis Zahlbr. On dead stems of Hebe elliptica, 1961, BAF 103; 123. Caloplaca sublobulata (Nyl.) Zahlbr. R. Santesson “ On rock in ornithocoprophilous Caloplaca society, co-dominant and alternately dominant with Caloplaca etesiae/ 3 1927, G. E. Du Rietz, No. 2225 a. “Dominant in moderately ornithocoprophilous Caloplaca society on horizontal upper side of a big boulder in Hebe elliptic a. scrub,” 1927, G. E. Du Rietz, No. 2226 a. Caloplaca etesiae (Nyl.) A. Zahlbr. “ Found in one locality in ornithocoprophilous Caloplaca society on rock near penguin colony, co-dominant and alternatively dominant with Caloplaca sublobulata 1927. G. E. Du Rietz, No. 2225 a. Chiodecton macquariense Dodge On rock, ridge to South-west Promontory, 1961, BAF 37. Chiodecton moniliatum Stirton On rock near end of South-west Promontory, alt. 600 ft, 1961, BAF 41, “ immature, only spermagonium and ascogonium seen ” Dodge.
Clathroporina saxatilis Zahlbr. On rock near forest margin, east coast, 1961, BAF 79. Cyphelium ? polycarpum Zahlbr. On rock within forest near Biological Station, 1961, BAF 114, “too immature to be sure ” Dodge. Xanthoria aurea (Richard) Mull. Arg, Supra-littoral rocks near Boatharbour, 1961, BAF 62; 63; 67. Haematomma sordidum G. W. Dodge sp. nov.
Type: Snares Islands, on rock near shore, Jan. 30, 1961, B. A. Fineran 86, University of Canterbury Herbarium.
“ Thallus minute squamulosus, albidus, squamulae ad Imm diametro, marginibus digitatim lobulatis; cortex 60/* crassitudine, hyphis fastigiatis, 3/* diametro; stratum algarum ad 1 25/* crassitudine, coloniis et cellulis sparsis Trebouxiae 9/* diametro; medulla hyphis tenuibus dense contextis. Apothecia sessilia, basi constricta, ad I.smm diametro, margine, integro, albido, disco sordide luteo fuiscescens; cortex amphithecialis 15/* crassitudine, hyphis fastigiatis; stratum algarum 125/* crassitudine ad lateribus parathecii, ad 190/* sub hypothecio, centro cellulis emorientibus; parathecium dimidiatum 30/* crassitudine, hyphis fastigiatis conglutinatis; hypothecium obconicum, centro ad 125/* ad margines 15/* tenuescens, hyphis tenuibuis dense contextum; thecium 90/* altitudine; paraphyses tenues, super ascos dichotomae, ramis moniliformibus, apicibus clavatis; asci clavati ad fusiformes, 70 X 9/*; ascosporae octonae acidularos, 8-loculares, 20 X 2.5/*.
“Thallus of small white squamules up to Imm in diameter, margins digitate lobulate; cortex 60/* thick, of fastigiate hyphae 3/* in diameter; algal layer up to 125/* thick, of colonies and solitary cells of Trebouxia, 9/* in diameter; medulla of slender, densely woven hyphae.
“Apothecia sessile, constricted at the base, up to I.smm in diameter, margin entire white, disc dirty yellowish fuscous; amphithecial cortex 15/* thick, of fastigiate hyphae; algal layer 125/* thick on the sides of the parathecium, up to 190/* thick below the hypothecium, cells dying out in the centre; parathecium dimidiate, 60/* thick, of fastigiate, conglutinate hyphae; hypothecium obconic, 125/* thick in the centre, thinning to 15/* at the margin, of slender densely woven hyphae; thecium 90/* tall; paraphyses slender, dichotomous above the asci, branches moniliform, terminal cell clavate; asci clavate to fusiform, 8-spored, 70 X 9/*; ascospores hyaline acidular, 8-locular, 20 X 2.5/*,” C. W. Dodge.
Haematomma babingtonii Mass. Supra-littoral and coastal rocks from various localities on east coast of Main Island, 1961, BAF 60; 62; 63; 83; 88. Kuttlingeria macquariensis Dodge Coastal rocks, 1961, BAF 72; 73; 76. On timber of Provision Depot, 1961, BAF 125, “76? thallus paler than usual” Dodge. Lecania johnstonii Dodge On rock at forest margin close to shore near Biological Station, 1961, BAF 87. On rock of ridge leading to South-west Promontory, 1961, BAF 38, “38? rather immature ” Dodge. Lecanora cyamidia Stirton On trunk of Olearia lyallii. South-west Promontory, 1961, BAF 44. Lecanora dasycarpa Zahlbr. On trunk of Olearia lyallii, South-west Promontory, 1961, BAF 47. Lecanora (Eulecanora) sp. “ Fragments collected in omithocoprophilous Caloplaca society near penguin colony,” 1927. G. E. Du Rietz, No. 2225a:8. “In moderately ornithocoprophilous Caloplaca society on the horizontal upper side of a big boulder in Hebe elliptica scrub,” 1927. G. E. Du Rietz, No. 2226 a.
Lecanora (Aspicilia) lirellina Darbishire
“ In ornithocoprophilous Calplaca society near penguin colony,” 1927. G. E. Du Rietz, No. 2225a:6. “In moderately ornithocoprophilous Caloplaca society on the horiontal upper side of a big boulder in Hebe elliptica scrub,” 1927.
G. E. Du Rietz, No. 2226a:3.
Lecanora prolifera Dodge
On trunks of dead Olearia lyallii, South Promontory, 1961, BAF 97; 98. On
timber of Provision Depot, 1961, BAF 124; 126. On signpost, South Promontory, 1961, BAF 106; 107.
Lecidea (Biatora) fineranii C. W. Dodge sp. nov.
Type: Snares Island, on trunk of Olearia lyallii, Feb. 7, 1961. B. A. Fineran 117, University of Canterbury Herbarium.
“ Thallus scm diametro, margine tenui, rimoso-areolatus, nitidus, minute verruculosus, olivaceo-alutaceus; aerolae ad 2mm diametro, ca. 135/* crassitudine, fastigiate pseudoparenchymaticus, cellulis 4/* diametro, granulis minutis nubilatus; stratum algarum 90/* crassitudine, coloniis densis Trebouxiae, cellulis 6/* diametro, nubilatis; medulla ca. 15/* crassitudine, hyphis tenuibus dense intertextis.
“ Apothecia sparsa, 1-I.2mm diametro, margine prominente, dilute alutaceo, disco piano juventute pruinoso, dein castaneo; parathecium integrum, hyalinum, 60/* crassitudine, hyphis tenuibus periclinalibus; hypothecium 60/* crassitudine, hyphis subverticalibuis; thecium 100/* altitudine; paraphyses tenuissimae, semel bisve super ascos dichotomae, cellulis apicalibus sphaericis; aisci clavati, 60 X 12/*, apicibus juventute incrassatis; ascosporae octonae, distichae, late ellipsoideae, hyalinae, 15 X 9/*, episporio crasso.
“ Thallus scm or more in diameter, margin thin, narrowly black in contact with other lichens, rimose areolate, surface minutely verruculose, nitid, olive buff, areoles l-2mm in diameter, partly smaller from secondary cracks in the primary areoles, about 120/* thick; cortex 30/* thick, of fastigiate pseudoparenchyma, cells 4/* in diameter, very heavily nubilated with minute granules, especially next to the algal layer; algal layer 90/* thick, of closely packed colonies of Trebouxia, cells about 6/* in diameter, nubilated with minute granules; medulla about 15/* thick, of slender, densely woven hyphae, heavily nubilated, penetrating the bark cells below at least 120/* and partly disintegrating them, with a few algal colonies penetrating the disintegrated bark layer.
“ Apothecia scattered or in groups of 2-4, not confluent, separated by their parathecia, 1-I.2mm in diameter; margin prominent, light buff; disc plane, coarsely pruinose when young, finally burnt sienna to chestnut; parathecium entire, hyaline, 60/* thick, of slender periclinal thick-walled hyphae, heavily nubilated in the outer portion, resting on the algal layer below; hypothecium 60/* thick, of slender subvertical hyphae, not sharply differentiated from the thecium above; thecium 100/* tall, the upper 30/* brown; paraphyses very slender, once or twice dichotomous above the asci, tips not thickened, cells spherical forming the pruina; asci clavate, 60 X 12/*, tip thickened, protoplast long slender mamillate when young, 8spored; ascospores distichous, unilocular (falsely bilocular when young), hyaline, broadly ellipsoid, 15 X 9/*, with a thick epispore,” G. W. Dodge.
Lecidea (Biatora) miscescens Nyl. Supra-littoral rock near Boatharbour, 1961, BAF 61
Opegrapha agelaeoides Nyl. On trunk of Olearia lyallii in forest near Boatharbour, 1961, BAF 118.
Opegrapha fineranii C. W. Dodge sp. nov.
Type: Snares Islands, on rock in forest behind Biological Station, Feb. 3, 1961. B. A. Fineran 116, University of Canterbury Herbarium.
“ Thallus continuus, minute rimulosus sed non areolatus, 300/* crassitudine, dilute isabellinus, margine albido, crasiso; cortex deest; filamenta Trentepohliae verticalia, 4/* diametro, superne dichotoma; hyphae medullares pachydermeae, 3/* diametro inter filamenta algarum verticales.
“ Lirellae rectae vel flexuosae, rare furcatae, o.smm longitudine; parathecium integrum, 20/* crassitudine, nigrum; thecium 120/* altitudine; paraphyses septatae, 1.5/* diametro, supeme repetito-dichotome ramosae sed non anastomosantes, apicibus non incrasatis; asci clavati, pachydermei, 75—90 X 10/*; ascosporae octonae, fasciculatim dispositae, aciculares, hyaline, ca. 20-loculares, cellulis cylindricis.
“ Thallus continuous, minutely rimulose but not areolate, 300/* thick, pale isabelline shading to pure white at the thick even margin; upper cortex not differentiated, the outermost algal cells covered by a single layer of hyphae 2/* in diameter; algal layer filling the thallus, obscured by a layer in the middle about 30/* thick, so heavily nubilated by hyaline crystals that structure is indistinct (perhaps seasonal growth zones) filaments vertical, several times dichotomous above, about 5/* in diameter, cells short of varying length, with some swollen subspherical cells (abortive zoosporangia?) becoming irregularly arranged in the upper 30/*; medullary hyphae 3/* in diameter, very thick-walled, vertical between the algal filaments.
“ Lirellae immersed, straight or flexuous, unbranched or rarely furcate, about o.smm long, surrounded by a pure white zone about o.lmm wide; parathecium 20/* thick, entire, black below, somewhat paler brown above; thecium 120/*- tall; paraphyses septate, 1.5/* in diameter, repeatedly dichotomouisly branched in the thecial gel, not anastomosing, tips not thickened; asci 8-spored, long clavate, 70(-90) X 10/*, wall about 2/* thick; ascospores fasciculate in the ascus, acicular, hyaline, about 20-locular, cells cylindric, 65 X 3/*.
“ I have not been able to decide whether the algae are Trentepohlia, perhaps related to T. diffusa De Willd. or a species of Leptosira” C. W. Dodge.
Opegrapha macquariensis Dodge On rocks of ridge leading to South-west Promontory, 1961, BAF 36; 39.
Opegrapha sp. “On dry trunk of Olearia lyallii at the shore,” 1927. G. E. Du Rietz, No 2227a:3.
Parmelia (Hypotrachyna) brownii Dodge From trunks of Olearia lyallii, South-west Promontory, 1961, BAF 48; 53.
Parmelia (Hypotrachyna) signifera Nyl. On trunks of Ole aria lyallii and Sene do stewartiae, South Promontory, 1961, BAF 42; 54; 102. On rocks within forest near Boatharbour, 1961, BAF 110; 112.
Pertusaria graphica Knight On coastal rock above high tide mark, 1961, BAF 56
Pertusaria ? perrimosa Nyl. On rock within forest near Boatharbour, 1961, BAF 115, “immature, only
spermagonia found ” Dodge. Pertusaria sp.
On rock within forest margin, east coast, 1961, BAF 108. “ Very young, only spermagonia seen ” Dodge.
Phaeographis (Solenothecium) fineranii C. W. Dodge sp. nov
Type: Snares Islands, on branch of Hebe elliptic a, Feb. 7, 1961. B. A. Fineran 120 a, University of Canterbury Herbarium.
“Thallus epiphloeodes, pallidus; cortex male evolutus; algae Trentepohlia filamentis tenues inter hyphas tenues medullares.
“ Lirellae paullo emergentes, 1-1.5 X o.4mm thallo tectae, labiis conniventibus, laevibus dein subapertis, disco nigro; amphithecium 30/4 crassitudine, filamentis Trentepohliae 7-9 m diametro, cellulis brevibus, inter hyphas medullares; parathecium 60m crassitudine in lateribus thecii, ad 90m sub hypothecio, carbonaceum; hypothecium 15m crassitudine, hyphis tenuibus periclinalibuis dense contextual; thecium 125 m altitudine; paraphyses tenues, semel, bisve super ascos dichotome; asci cylindrici, 80 X 10-1 1m ascosporae octonae distichae, hyalina dein brunneae, 8-loculares, 30 X sm.
“ Thallus epiphloeodal, very thin, pale olive buff; cortex scarcely differentiated; algae Trentepohlia filaments 7—9/i in diameter, cells short, between slender medullary hyphae, penetrating deeply into the bark cells.
“ Lirellae only slightly emergent, 1-I,smm long, up to o.4mm wide, lips smooth connivent then slightly open, disc black; amphithecium 30 fi thick, cortex not differentiated, of periclinal filaments of Trentepohlia 7-9/4 in diameter, between slender medullary hyphae; parathecium entire, 60/4 thick on the sides of the thecium, expanding to 90/t below the hypothecium, carbonaceous; hypothecium 15/* thick, of slender periclinal densely woven hyphae; thecium 125/t tall; paraphyses slender, once or twice dichotomous above the asci; asci cylindric-clavate, 8spored, 80 X 10-1 1/4; ascospores long fusiform, finally brown, 8-locular, protoplasts only slightly rounded, 30 X 5/4.
“ Beneath the parathecium the bark cells are blackened and subcarbonaceous to a depth of 125/* giving the appearance of a very thick parathecium below the hypothecium. The algal filaments penetrate the bark cells for some distance below the blackened bark cells,” C. W. Dodge.
Phyllopyrenia sp. In a rock crevice, 1961, BAF 68. On coastal rock, 1961 BAF 74. “74, too immature to describe properly, Spermagonia and ascogenous hyphae in perithecium, no mature asci found ” Dodge. On rock in open forest, South Promontory. 1961, BAF 68a “sterile thallus, suggestive of Phyllopyrenia” Dodge.
Physcia crispa (Pers.) Nyl. South Promontory near penguin rookery, 1961, BAF 91. “Sterile” Dodge. Rinodina peloleuca (Nyl.) Mull. Arg. On rock near sea, east coast Main Island, 1961, BAF 90. Thelotrema periphysatum Zahlbr. On trunks of Olearia lyallii, 1961. BAF 104; 105; 119. Usnea glomerata Motyka On trunk of Senecio stewartiae, South Promontory, 1961, BAF 99. Verrucaria durietzii M. Lamb
“ In omithocoprophilous Caloplaca society near penguin colony,” 1927, G. E. Du Rietz, No. 2225 a: 9. On rock above water level of a supra-littoral pool near Biological Station, 1961, BAF 80. On rock at forest margin above shore near Biological Station, 1961, BAF 89.
Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th. Fr. “ In ornithocoprophilous Caloplaca society on rock near penguin colony,” 1927. G. E. Du Rietz, No. 2225a:5.
BRYOPHYTES
Bryophytes are dominant on the trees and shrubs, but seldom are branches completely covered by them except at the base of the trunk in moist situations. On the herbaceous plants they are rare. Bryophytes on the ground are sparse (Fineran, 1964 a) except on mounds of peat, prostrate logs, banks of streams and moist areas within the vegetation not greatly disturbed by birds. Rocks along the shore and in the open grassland support the occasional small cushion of moss. According to Chilton (1909: 528) the paucity of bryophytes, and also that of fungi, is probably attributable to “ the close covering of the ground by tussocks, the constant destruction of the vegetation by penguins, and the absence of rata forest with its hygrophytic interior ”. Penguins prevent bryophytes from growing on the ground of rookery sites and along routes to the sea, but throughout most of the vegetation it is the trampling and burrowing of the various petrels which keeps the ground bare. The apparently dryish climate (Falla, -1948) rather than the absence of rata forest is probably the main factor, however, in limiting the growth of bryophytes at the Snares, Another factor which may be of significance is the effect of sea spray.
The records given below are based on material collected by Newcombe and the author. Newcombe’s mosses were identified by G. O. K. Sainsbury, the hepatics by Mrs E. A. Hodgson, and are housed in the Botany Division, D.S.I.R. The mosses of the 1961 collection were determined by K. W. Allison and the hepatics by E. A. Hodgson. Synonyms apply only to records previously published for the Snares.
HEPATIGS
Frullania patula Mitt. Hodgson (1962). On trunks of Olearia lyallii, 1961, BAF 140; 144; 173. On branch of Hebe elliptica, 1961, BAF 156. On branch of Senecio stewartiae, 1961, BAF 128. Lophocolea minor Nees Hodgson (1962). L. calcarea Steph. Hodgson (1953). 1947, FLN (CHR 57241; 57245). On ground between forest margin and cliffs, South Promontory, 1961, BAF 131; 132; 133. On trunk of Olearia lyallii, 1961, BAF 157. Lophocolea multipenna (Hook and Tyl.) G. L. and N. see Hodgson (1965: 78) L. pallida Mitt. Hodgson (1953, 1962). 1947, FLN (CHR 57242). On moist peat of forest floor, South Promontory, 1961, BAF 136; 137. From forest near centre of Main Island, 1961, BAF 151. Lophocolea lenta (H. f. and T.) G. L. and N. Hodgson (1962). 1947, FLN (CHR 57245; 57241). On ground between forest margin and cliffs, South Promontory, 1961, BAF 132. Mutton Bird Creek near Boatharbour, 1961, BAF 138. From forest near centre of Main Island, 1961, BAF 152; 160. On trunk of Olearia lyallii, 1961, BAF 176. On stem of Senecio stewartiae, 1961, BAF 28. Lophocolea subporosa Mitt, Hodgson (1953, 1962). 1947, FLN (CHR 57247). Marchantia berteroana L. and L. 1947, FLN (CHR 57244). On damp ground within forest near Biological Station, 1961, BAF 162. Metzgeria furcata var. disciformis (Evans) Hodgson Hodgson (1961, 1962). 1947, FLN (CHR 57243). On trunks of Senecio stewartiae near Biological Station, 1961, BAF 127; 128; 130. On trunk of Olearia lyallii, 1961, BAF 158; 173. Siphonolejeunea nudipes (H. f. and T.) Herzog var. magnicarinata Hodgson. Hodgson (1962). 1947, FLN. From branches of Senecio stewartiae near Biological Station, 1961, BAF 127; 128; 129 (Type specimens S. nudipes var. magnicarinata). On twigs of Hebe elliptica, 1961, BAF 153; 154. Telaranea remotifolia (Hodgson) Hodgson Hodgson (1962). On trunk of Olearia lyallii, 1961, BAF 172. On a mound of peat in forest, 1961, BAF 155. Telaranea roseana (Steph.) Hodgson Hodgson (1962). Mutton Bird Greek, 1961, BAF 139.
Telaranea patentissima (H. f. and T.) Hodgson Hodgson (1962). Mutton Bird Greek, 1961, BAF 139. Penguin Creek, 1961, BAF 150. On ground under forest, South Promontory, 1961, BAF 134; 135. On branch of Olearia lyallii, 1961, BAF 159. On ground in forest, 1961, BAF 141. Telaranea sp. On ground in forest, 1961, BAF 145. On rock near sea, 1961, BAF 147.
MOSSES
Acanthocladium extenuatum (Brid.) Mitt. 1947, FLN (CHR 57239). Campylopus torquatus Mitt. 1947, FLN (CHR 57240). On stems of Senecio stewartiae, South Promontory, 1961, BAF 13; 27; 28. Dicranoloma menziesii (H. f. and W.) Par. var. rigidum (H. f. and W.) Par. From cliffs near end of South-west Promontory, 1961, BAF 30. Eriopus apiculatus (H. f. and W.) Mitt. On moist ground in forest South Promontory, 1961, BAF 21. On bank, Penguin Creek, 1961, BAF 12. Macromitrium longirostre (Hook.) Schwaegr. On rock in forest near Boatharbour, 1961, BAF 10; 11. On trunk of Olearia lyallii, South-west Promontory, 1961, BAF 9. Muelleriella augustifolia (H. f. and W.) Dus. Saingbury and Allison (1962: 137). Muelleriella crassifolia (H. f. and W.) Dus. 1947, FLN (CHR 57238). On a shaded rock near end of South-west Promontory, 1961, BAF 29. Pterygophyllum distichophylloides Broth, and Dix. On wet ground of an abandoned penguin rookery, South Promontory, 1961, BAF 20. Rhynchostegium laxatum (Mitt.) Par. From branches of Olearia lyallii near Boatharbour, 1961, BAF 1; 3. On fallen trunks near Penguin Creek, 1961, BAF 5; 6. From branch of Senecio stewartiae South Promontory, 1961, BAF 25. Rhizogonium bifarium (Hook.) Schimp. On peat bank Mutton Bird Creek, 1961, BAF 14; 15; 16; 17. Ho Ho Creek, 1961, BAF 22; 23. From dead twigs of Olearia lyallii. South-west Promontory, 1961, BAF 33; 34. On a tree trunk over Mutton Bird Creek, 1961, BAF 35. Sematophyllum contiguum (H. f. and W.) Mitt. On a dead tree of Olearia lyallii. South-west Promontory, 1961, BAF 32.
Vascular Plants Recorded in 1961
In the catalogue given below, previous records and observations are summarised, followed by information obtained in 1961. Synonyms apply only to records from the Snares. Names apparently mis-applied are included with the synonyms in inverted commas. Specimens found in New Zealand herbaria are cited for each species. The order of treatment follows Allan (1961) for ferns and dicotyledons and Gheeseman (1925) for the monocotyledons.
FERNS
Asplenium obtusatum Forst. f. sensu lato.
A. lucidum var. obliquum. Stead (1948).
Catalogued by Kirk (1891 a, c, d and f) and later mentioned by Cockayne (1904, 1909a, 1928: 346), Schneck (1905), Cheeseman (1909), Poppelwell (1917), Stead (1948), Fineran (1964 a) and Allan (1961), who cites it as var. obliquum (Forst. f.) Hook. f. Stead found it grew “ under the bush” and out in the open where it formed mats of smaller plants with leaves six to twelve inches long. Under the forest Stead found leaves two feet long.
A. obtusatum was found abundantly in 1961 in forest, grassland and in open places. On the Main Island the Asplenium comprised a varied assemblage of forms (PI. 3, Fig. 1 a-f). Plants from the grassland and along the shore often showed pinnae less pointed and dissected than specimens from the forest. Certain clumps under the trees showed a wide variation of pinnae characters from those hardly dissected to those where the pinnae were incised almost to the midrib (PI. 3, Fig. If).
Mr G. Brownlie (pers. comm.) has studied the present material and considers that the collection appears to represent a population which does not fit any described species. One extreme form approaches closely Asplenium obtusatum Forst. f. but the characteristic rounding of the apices of the pinnae is rare. Two individual fronds (GANU 5924 a; 5927 a) (PI. 3, Fig. la) may be doubtfully ascribed to this species. The remainder of the fronds of this type (GANU 6527, 5926, 5921, 5927) (PI. 3, Fig. lb) have more acute apices and answer better to the description of A. obtusatum var. obliquum (Forst. f.) Hook. f. The other end of the series, represented by GANU 5920, 5922, 5925, 5928, 6027, approaches nearest to Asplenium lucidum (Forst. f.) var. scleroprium Moore—which Brownlie considers to be of probable hybrid origin. The pinnae are typical of this variety in form but are more widely spaced than claimed by Crookes (in Dobbie New Zealand Ferns) . The appearance suggests a relationship with Asplenium flaccidum Forst. f. Some of the above probable hybrid specimens resemble that more recently illustrated and described by Crookes (1963) as Asplenium aucklandicum (Hook, f.) Crookes and which Allan (1961) previously called A. lucidum var. aucklandicum (Hook, f.) Allan. The remaining fronds of the collection appear to bridge the gap between the two extremes in general characters. Brownlie suggests the title of Asplenium obtusatum complex for the whole collection.
The Asplenia collected in 1947 have also been examined by Brownlie, who comments that the two recognised forms of A. obtusatum are represented, i.e., A. obtusatum var. obtusatum (CHR 98490) and A. obtusatum var. obliquum (GHR 98496; 98497). He believes, however, that these two may not be distinct enough to warrant varietal separation. In his opinion, this group can only be clarified by an extensive examination of all the subamtarctic and South Pacific islands for forms ascribed to this or to closely related species.
Specimens: Mar. 26, 1927 W. R. B. Oliver (WELT 2115); Dec., 1947 R. G. Murphy Expedition (WELT P 3471; P 3472); Dec., 1947, FLN (WELT P 3641) (CHR 98490; 98496; 98497); Feb., 1961, BAF (CANU 5920-5928; 6027; 6311).
Blechnum durum (Moore) Christen
Lomaria dura Moore. Kirk (1891 a, c, d and f); Cheeseman (1906, 1909).
Recorded as above and by Cheeseman (1925), Cockayne (1909a, 1928), Falla (1948), Allan (1961) and Fineran (1964 a). Kirk found it plentiful everywhere close to the sea. Cockayne observed it sparingly in the grassland but common on rocks and peat near the shore.
In 1961 it was noted at the shore around the Boatharbour and common elsewhere in gullies within the forest. Occasionally it was seen in the grassland near the sea. In the forest B. durum often formed a trunk up to a foot high.
Specimens: Jan. 6,1909, B. C. Aston (WELT P 3640); Dec., 1947, FLN (WELT, P 3640; P 1872); Dec., 1947, R. C. Murphy Expedition (WELT P 3469) (GHR 83766); Feb., 1961, BAF (GANU 5967-5969).
Polystichum vestitum (Forst. f.) Presl.
Aspidium aculeatum var. vestitum Forst. f. Kirk (1891 a, c, d and f) Aspidium vestitum (Forst. f.) Sw. Cheeseman (1909).
Mentioned by the above but without reference to habitat. Also recorded by Cockayne (1909a, 1928), Stead (1948), Fineran (1964 a) and Allan (1961). Cockayne and Stead found it in gullies. Stead also observed that it grew in manyheaded clump®, which may have a compound trunk over three feet high. Allan considers P. vestitum “ an ill-resolved aggregate of forms; Campbell and Auckland Island specimens often have the pinnules crenate to subentire. Specimens from the [Snares], with similar pinnules, have linear attenuate paleae up to 4cm long”.
The plant was found in abundance in 1961 but confined to the forest, chiefly to moist areas under open stands and gullies.
Specimens: Dec., 1947, R. C. Murphy Expedition (WELT P 3468); Dec., 1947, FLN (WELT P 1627) (CHR 148630-148632); Feb., 1961, BAF (GANU 6003-6009).
DICOTYLEDONS
Lepidium oleraceum Forst. f.
Recorded by Kirk (1891 a, c, d and f, 1899), Cockayne (1904, 1909a), Schneck (1905), Cheeseman (1909, 1925) and Allan (1961), who describes it as var. acutidentatum. Kirk mentioned one or two plants on the cliffs associated with Myosotis rakiura. Similar descriptions are given by Cockayne and Schneck. According to Cheeseman (1909) leaves of Aston’s specimens were narrower than normal. Pollen has been found in the peat (Harris, 1953).
In 1961 we noted L. oleraceum in several places along the cliffs. Usually it grew in association with Poa astonii and often on feeding sites of the skua gull {Stercorarius skua) (nomenclature of birds follows Warham, 1967) or around the nests of Buller’s mollymawk ( Diomedea bulled ). In these habitats the plant often displayed a trampled, appearance (PI. 1, Fig. 2). Beyond the cliffs L. oleraceum , though uncommon, was found sometimes on sites of old abandoned penguin rookeries, where it usually grew with greater vigour. Most plants had flowered earlier in the summer and were now in fruit.
Specimens: Nov., 1907, B. G. Aston (WELT 27631, 27628) (AK 4464); Jan., 1909, B. G. Aston (WELT 27623-27625; 27627); Dec., 1947, R. G. Murphy Expedition (WELT P 35423); Dec., 1947, FLN (WELT 9710) (CHR 76354); Feb., 1961, BAF (GANU 5949; 5950; 5994; 5995; 6000 a and b).
Tillaea moschata (Forst. f.) D.C.
Crassula moschata Forst. f. Cockayne (1909a, 1919); Poppelwell (1917)
Recorded by the above and by Kirk (1891 a and c, 1899), Cockayne (1904), Schneck (1905), Cheeseman (1909), Allan (1961), Fineran (1964 a) and Warham (1967). Cockayne found that it filled rock crevices and formed mats on the peat, especially during the colonisation of penguin rookeries. Harris (1953) has recorded pollen in small numbers from the peat.
In 1961 it was found in abundance on rocks at the shore and upon the ground of old abandoned penguin rookeries in the forest and grassland. Often it is associated with Callitriche antarctica (Fineran, 1964 a),
Specimens: 1947, FLN (CHR 90245; 90244); Dec. 4, R. A. Falla “Western Reef, Snares” (CHR 90240); Feb., 1961, BAF (GANU 5939; 5975; 5976).
Stellaria decipiens Hook. f.
Recorded by Allan (1961). Early known from the Auckland and Campbell Islands (Cheeseman, 1909) but not collected at the Snares until 1947.
In 1961 specimens were collected at the head of the Boatharbour on the site of an old camp above the tunnel at the mouth of Penguin Greek. It was noted occasionally elsewhere in the forest, but usually where moist conditions prevailed.
The distribution of S. decipiens is regarded as subantarctic while related plants from the mainland are usually placed under S. plaviflora (Allan, 1961). In studying herbarium material and specimens in the field on the Auckland Islands, the Snares, and islands off Stewart Island I have found, however, that the characters used to separate the two species are not always clearly distinct. Rather plants in these localities intergrade and probably represent the same species. The habitat occupied by the plants is also similar, being mainly coastal forest and scrub.
Specimens: 1947, FLN (WELT 13589; 35435) (CHR 147280-147283); Feb., 1961, BAF (GANU 5977; 5978; 5940; 5941).
Stellaria media (L.) Vill. (introduced)
Gheeseman (1925) states that it occurs as an abundant weed from the Kermadecs southwards to Macquarie Island. The first specimens from the Snares were collected in 1947. In 1961, the plant was found to be locally abundant in the environs of the Boatharbour. Around the Biological Station S. media forms a sward with Poa annua amongst the tussocks and shrubs. The plant now appears well established on the island. Also reported from the 1967 visit (Warham, 1967).
Specimens: 1947, FLN (CHR 147274; 147275; 147277-147279); Dec, 1947, R. G. Murphy Expedition (WELT 35433; 35434); Feb, 1961, BAF (GANU 5972-5974).
Colobanthus muscoides Hook. f.
Recorded by Kirk (1891 a, c, d and f, 1899), Cockayne (1904, 1909a, 1919, 1928), Schneck (1905), Gheeseman (1906, 1909, 1925), Poppelwell (1917) and Allan (1961). According to Kirk it formed large dense cushions comprising partly decomposed leaves, stems and roots of young plants. Kirk considered that the seeds germinated within the capsules for it was not uncommon to find capsules containing seeds buried three to four inches beneath the surface of the cushion. Schneck gives a similar description of this feature. Kirk found C. muscoides growing in a swamp (?Sinkhole Flat) while Cockayne noted it on the rocks and on the ground of an abandoned penguin rookery. Cockayne measured the size of some plants as 41cm in diameter and up to 6cm high, but the greater number much smaller. Harris (1953) has found a small amount of pollen in the peat.
In 1961 several cushions of C. muscoides were seen growing on coastal rocks on the east side of the island (PI. 4, Fig. 2). A few plants were also observed on Sinkhole Flat, on rocks at the cliff edge near the end of the South Promontory, and as a small diffuse clump amongst Poa astonii in the grassland near Signpost Hill.
Specimens: Jan. 9, 1890, T. Kirk (WELT 36059-36061); Mar. 26, 1927, W. R. B. Oliver (WELT 36067); 1947, FLN (CHR 147284; 147285).
Callitriche antarctica Engel, ex Hegel, incertae sedis
Callitriche verna L. Kirk (1891 a and c); Schneck (1905).
Recorded as above and by Kirk (1899), Gheeseman (1906, 1909, 1925), Cockayne (1909a), Mason (1959), Allan (1961), Fineran (1964 a) and Warham (1967). Cockayne found it plentiful on wet ground. Gheeseman considered Kirk’s specimens were of the larger form of the species. Allan (p. 1019) and Mason (p. 313) include specimens from the Snares under C. antarctica but with some hesitation. A few pollen grains have been recognised in the peat by Harris (1953).
Beuzenberg and Hair (1963) have determined the chromosome number of a plant brought back in 1961 as 2n =4O.
C. antarctic a incertae sedis, was found in abundance in 1961 particularly in moist areas. It is an important coloniser of abandoned penguin rookeries together with Tillaea moschata (Fineran, 1964 a),
Specimens: Jan. 9, 1890, T. Kirk (WELT 3386) (AK 5068); Jan., 1909, B. C. Aston (AK 5067); Dec., 1947, FLN (WELT 5995) (CHR 147276; 147290147292); Dec., 1947, R. C. Murphy Expedition (WELT 35430); 1961, BAF (CHR 102281, cytology herb—this specimen, cited by Beuzenberg and Hair, is no longer available); Feb., 1961, BAF (CANU 5942; 5943; 5970; 5971).
Stilbocarpa robusta (Kirk) Gkn. PI. 4, Fig. 1.
Aralia lyallii var. rohusta Kirk. Kirk (1891 a, c, d and f, 1899); Chapman (1891); Cockayne (1904); Schneck (1905); Cheeseman (1906). Stilbocarpa lyallii var. robusta Kirk. Cheeseman (1909). Stilbocarpa bollonsii Ckn. ex Watson (1909). “ Stilbocarpa polaris 3> . Wilson (1959). Kirkophytum robustum (Kirk) Allan. Fineran (1964 a); Garlquist (1965).
Recorded as above and by Cockayne (1909a and b, 1919, 1928), Poppelwell (1917), Cheeseman (1925), Richdale (1948) and Falla (1960). Others also mention the plant by its generic name or in the vernacular. Armstrong (1868) noted that it grew in abundance, some leaves measuring two feet in diameter. Kirk described the plant as endemic to the Snares. Cockayne found that S. robusta grew abundantly in sheltered situations and occasionally also in open grassland. In 1929 Guthrie-Smith collected some seeds and sent them to Wright- at Edinburgh (Woodhouse, 1959: 181). Richdale briefly outlined the growth form of the plant and compared it with that of S. lyallii from Stewart Island. Harris (1953) has found pollen common in the peat with the greatest abundance towards the middle of the profile studied. The placing of S. robusta, along with S. lyallii, into a new genus, Kirkophytum (Allan, 1961), has been criticised by some botanists (Philipson, 1962, 1965).
According to Falla (I 960), “a form of Stilbocarpa indistinguishable from rohusta of the Snares occurs on Little Solander Island. He relates this distribution to nesting habits of Buller’s albatross [Diomedia bulleri). Garlquist (1965: 42-43 ) repeats this information and has a map showing the distribution of S. rohusta on the Snares and Little Solander islands. The Solander record is not supported by the botanical literature while specimens, including those collected by Falla on the islands, are identified as S. lyallii.
In 1961 S. robusta was found in abundance. In the forest it grows mainly under open stands and in clearings; in Hebe elliptic a scrub and in the grasslands it is also common, but usually in shaded or moist areas. Extensive stands 1 occur on the southern slopes of the island near the South-west Promontory. The stems measure up to 3.5 in in diameter and may lie along the ground for 2ft. Some petioles measure 3ft in length.
Specimens: Jan. 9, 1890, T. Kirk (WELT 24714-24717),; Jan., 1890, F. R. Chapman (WELT 24718) ; 1894, F. R. Chapman (WELT 24719, from a cultivated plant, ex-Snares, F. R. Chapman’s garden, Dunedin) ; Jan. 6,1909, B. C. Aston (AK some preserved material); 1947, FLN (WELT 8557) (CHR 147293-147297); Dec., 1947, R. C. Murphy Expedition (WELT 35437); 1961, BAF (GANU 5980; 5981; 5983-5985). Some duplicates of the 1961 collection have been sent to the Komarov Botanical Institute, Leningrad, U.S.S.R.
Anisotome acutifolia (Kirk) Gkn. PI. 5, Fig. 1.
Ligusticum acutifolia Kirk. Kirk (1891 a, c, d and f, 1899); Chapman (1891); Cockayne (1904); Schneck (1905); Gheeseman (1906, 1909); Wilson (1959). Aciphylla acutifolia Ckn. Cockayne (1909b); Poppelwell (1917).
Described by Kirk (1891 a, c, d, e and f, 1899) Recorded also by the above and by Cockayne (1928), Gheeseman (1925), Allan (1961) and Dawson (1961). Kirk found it only in one place, at an altitude of 350 ft. Here entire plants were “ four .feet high ” with stems below the leaves as thick as a man’s wrist. Cheeseman considered that A. acutifolia was one of the rarest plants in the Dominion, quoting Kirk and Cockayne, who saw only one plant in 1907 (see WELT 1158). The species is considered by Allan (1961) to occur also on the Solanders and Stewart Island, but according to Dawson (1961), in his monograph of the genus, A. acutifolia is confined to the Snares. In 1947, F. L. Newcombe observed several patches at the end of the Main Island farthest from the Boatharbour (Dawson, 1961). Dawson quotes from Newcombe’s .field notes thus: “Three bands of Anisotome. One on edge of Olearia forest on south-west plateau in semi-shade and shelter growing up to about 2ft 6in in height. Area 20ft by sft. Other two beds in dense Poa foliosa [tennantiana] tussock on west coast (fairly close to plateau). Shorter, 18in to 2ft in height, much smaller in area.” According to Harris (1953), pollen of Umbelliferae, “ presumably Anistome ”, increases to 43 percent of the non-grass pollen in a sample from near the middle of the profile studied. The results suggest that Anisotome was at one time more plentiful on the site.
In 1961 A. acutifolia was observed in the grassland near the forest margin about midway between Signpost Hill and the ridge leading up to the South-west Promontory- This site comprised about four clumps, the largest measuring perhaps four yards across. A community was also found towards the end of the South Promontry on the western slopes near the last stand of Olearia. This community extended about ten yards across and was situated at an altitude of 350 ft —possibly the site mentioned by Kirk. Several plants were observed in fruit towards the end of January. In some, the peduncles had been chewed by insects causing them to bend over.
Specimens. Type: Jan. 9, 1890, T. Kirk (WELT 1156; 1157; 1337); Jan., 1890, T. Kirk (WELT sn, Petrie Herb.) (AK 6562). There is a Kirk specimen at Kew, possibly an isotype, Allan (1961); 1892, D. Petrie (VUW sn); Nov. 1907, L. Cockayne (AK 6563) (WELT 1158) (CANTY sn) ; Dec., 1947, R. G. Murphy Expedition (WELT 7570; 35429 two sheets); 1947, FLN (WELT 7472) (CHR 147286; 147289-147300); Feb., 1961, BAF (CANU 5992; 6001; 6020-6024).
Olearia lyaJlii Hook. f. PI. 5, Fig. 2.
Observed by Armstrong (1868) and Reischek (1889) as the common tree of the islands. Mentioned early by Kirk (1878) and later described in detail (Kirk, 1891 a, c, d, e and f). Recorded also by Chapman (1891), Cockayne (1904, 1909a, 1919, 1928), Schneck (1905), Gheeseman (1906, 1909, 1925), Grace Murphy (1948), R. G. Murphy (1948), Falla (1948), Stead (1948), Fleming (1948), Fleming (1953), Wilson (1959), Richdale (1948), Fineran (1964 a) and Warham (1967). Kirk mentioned that on level situations O. lyallii is an erect tree with open spreading branches, whereas on slopes sheltered from the wind it may be inclined with a prostrate trunk; the trees become uprooted and the fallen branches take root —the whole process often being repeated several times. Chapman and Stead gave similar accounts. In contrast to Cockayne’s idea that the prostrate habit might be inherent in the plant, recent observations (Fineran, 1964 a) showed that environmental factors play an important part. Kirk, Chapman and Gheeseman state that the plant rarely exceeds 28ft in height with a short trunk averaging l-2ft in
diameter. Cockayne briefly mentioned the morphology of the trunk and its branching. According to Stead the wood is durable and when it decays it does so from the inside, thus leaving hollow shells in the ground. Richdale found the timber made good firewood. Pollen has been found in abundance in the peat, but with a decreasing proportion towards the surface in the profile examined (Harris, 1953). Newcombe in his report considered that perhaps four-fifths of the island was covered by O. lyallii forest 20-25 ft high.
Current observations largely confirm those made by other visitors. The following, however, can be added: ring counts of two branches from trees at the Boatharbour gave ages of about 60 and 50 years for branches four and eight feet above the ground, respectively. Two further trunks have recently been aged from trees sawn down by members of the 1967 expedition and give values of approximately 75 and 48 years for trunks 26 and 23 inches in circumference, respectively. Trees occasionally attain a height of 30ft in gullies, but the average height of the canopy is only about 18ft and not 28ft as earlier stated in error (Fineran, 1964 a). Leaves are produced each year and are of variable size on the same shoot, and on different parts of the plant. Saplings in shaded situations may have leaves up to 5 inches in diameter. It appears that the leaves fall at the beginning of the third season.
When young the upper surface of the leaf is covered with a loose tomentum but towards the end of the season, or after severe storms, this diminishes and the forest assumes a greener appearance. Few plants flowered during the 1960/61 summer. In other years, however, visitors have recorded prolific flowering (see illustrations by Grace Murphy, 1948). The Olearia forest formation at the Snares closely resembles that of the south-west Mutton Bird Islands, Stewart Island (Fineran, in press) and that of the Auckland Islands (Cockayne, 1904, 1909a; Moar, 1958; personal observations 1966).
Specimens: Jan. 9, 1890, T. Kirk (WELT 31992; 31993; 31994; 31995; 31996) (VUW sn) ; Nov., 1907, J. G. Tennant (AK 9449); Nov., 1907, B. G. Aston (WELT 32003); Mar. 26, 1927, W. R. B. Oliver (WELT 9249; 31997; 31998); ? date Pcoll. (WELT 31999) ; Dec., 1947, R. G. Murphy Expedition (WELT 9248; 35431); Dec., 1947, G. A. Fleming (CHR 141144; 141145); Feb., 1961, BAF (CANU 5986-5991; 5993).
Senecio stewartiae J. B. Armst.
Sene do muelleri Kirk. Kirk (1885, 1891 a, c, d, e, and f, 1899).
Recorded as above and by Cockayne (1904, 1909a, 1919, 1928), Chapman (1891), Schneck (1905), Cheeseman (1906, 1909, 1925), Poppelwell (1917), Falla (1948), Stead (1948), Fleming (1948), Richdale (1948), Allan (1961) and Fineran (1964 a). According to Kirk, plants from the Snares are larger than those from Herekopere Island, Stewart Island, reaching a height of 26ft with short trunks 2ft in diameter. In 1907 Cockayne found S. stewartiae occurred in a few small colonies and as scattered individuals on the eastern margin of the forest. According to Stead the area of the stands was little more than an acre. Harris (1953) has found pollen common in the peat. In his report, Newcombe mentions the occurrence of a narrow fringe of S. stewartiae along the east coast and other isolated trees up one or two of the gullies towards the south coast and one patch at the top of the cliffs there. The trees were also noted to be lower growing than the Olearia.
S. stewartiae was plentiful in 1961 on the east side of the Main Island at the forest margin, around Ho Ho Bay and the Boatharbour. The stands here cover probably a few acres. A few plants were also noted at the western forest margin of the South Promontory, probably the site referred to by Newcombe. On Broughton Island S. stewartiae was seen to be common, as also shown by aerial photographs taken in 1967. Flowering was plentiful during the season though most had finished by late January, as noted also by Richdale.
Specimens: Nov., 1907, B. C. Aston (CANTY 38.21.181); Jan., 1909, B. C. Aston (AK 10706); Nov., 1907, B. C. Aston (WELT 31760); Nov., 1907, J. G. Tennant (AK 10707); Nov., 1907, B. G. Aston, late Dec., 1908, H. J. Mathews (WELT 31759); 1947, R. G. Murphy (WELT 5499); Feb., 1961, BAF (CANU 5997-5999; 6010; 5995; 5996 a and b).
Hebe elliptica (Forst. f.) Pennell
Veronica elliptica Forst. f. Kirk (1891 a, c, d and f); Chapman (1891); Cockayne (1904, 1909a and b, 1919); Schneck (1905); Gheeseman (1906, 1909, 1925); Poppelwell (1917); Stead (1948); Grace Murphy (1948).
Recorded by the above and by Richdale (1948), Falla (1948), Allan (1961), Fineran (1964 a), Warham (1967) and Godley (1967). Kirk found that//, elliptica occurred in a few places as a dense scrubby growth 5-Bft high; where the forest had been felled by sealers some dense stands were also noted intermixed with tussocx. The plants which Kirk observed were more robust than those from Stewart Island and possessed pure white flowers; these differences were also noted by Cockayne (1909b: 60) and Richdale. Cockayne (1909a) found H. elliptica at the cliff edge, on flat ground near rocks, and occasionally in the grassland; plants measured 75cm in height by I.lm in width. According to Richdale, Hebe was not plentiful and grew only here and there; Stead, however, stated that it was abundant, especially near the coast. Harris (1953) has found pollen common in the peat.
In 1961 Hebe was found to be common, usually forming a scrub community in several places between the forest and the grassland. Extensive stands were present in the vicinity of Sinkhole Flat and on sites often occupied by former penguin rookeries. Some of the stands here had recently been invaded by penguins and were being destroyed (Fineran, 1964 a, PI. 2, fig. 1). In the forest Hebe also grows but here it is mainly found in clearings or under open stands. During the summer flowering had been common but was mostly over by mid-February. The difference between Snares and Stewart Island plants was noted also and it is suggested that the high nitrogen content of some Snares peats may be a contributing factor towards the more robust growth of the plant.
Two plants brought back from the Snares in 1961 and grown in a Christchurch garden now (1968) have leaves similar in size to those of specimens from the South Island. The plants have not yet flowered.
Specimens: Jan. 9, 1890, T. Kirk (WELT 13456); Jan., 1909, B. C. Aston (WELT 13455); 1907, L. Cockayne (WELT 13459); Mar. 26, 1927, W. R. B. Oliver (WELT 13457; 14957); 1947, FLN (WELT 14950); Dec., 1947, R. C. Murphy Expedition (WELT 35436); 1947, C. A. Fleming (CHR 142613-142616); Feb., 1961, BAF (CANU 5937; 5938; 6002; 6025; 6026); April 20, 1967, BAF (CANU 9764 from a plant cultivated at Christchurch ex-Snares 1961).
MONOCOTYLEDONS
Poa tennantiana Petrie
Poa foliosa Hook. f. var. a. Kirk (1891 a, c, d and f). P. foliosa Hook. f. Cockayne (1904); Schneck (1905); Gheeseman (1906). P. foliosa Hook. f. var. tennantiana Gheesm. Gheeseman (1925).
Described by Petrie (1909). Recognised as a species by Gheeseman (1909) but later he considered it as only a variety of P. foliosa. Plants from the Snares have usually been placed under P. foliosa (Cockayne, 1919, 1928; Aston, 1909; Petrie, 1909; Poppelwell, 1917; Stead, 1948; Fleming, 1948; Richdale, 1948; Wilson, 1959; Wace, 1960; Fineran, 1964 a and Warham, 1967), According to a recent revision of grasses from the subantarctic islands (Zotov, 1965), P. tennantiana is a valid species quite distinct from P. foliosa (see also footnote p. 229, Fineran, 1964 a). With the exception of two specimen sheets of P. foliosa all other material from the
Snares is now identified as P. tennantiana and P. poppelwellii. According to Stead the plant grew in the “ bush ” and in the open; on banks of rich “ soil ” it grew like a nigger-head with “ stems ” up to 1-Jft high and Ift in diameter. Stead also mentioned that the base of the tussock was used by petrels for burrows. Richdale considered that next to the Olearia, P. tennantiana was the most dominant species on the islands.
In 1961 P. tennantiana was found in abundance as one of the dominant tussocks of the grassland. Over large areas it formed pure stands while in open forest and clearings scattered plants also occurred. Few specimens were seen flowering.
Specimens: Jan. 9, 1890, T. Kirk (WELT 36063) ; Jan. 6,1909, B. C. Aston (WELT 31856; 31854 three sheets; 31855; 31857 two sheets) (AK 1760) (CHR 29281); 1947, FLN (WELT 15943) (CHR 80626; 132468-72); Dec., 1947, R. G. Murphy Expedition (WELT 15945; 35426; 35427); Feb., 1961, BAF (CANU 5951 a and b; 5952; 5956; 5960; 5961; 5966).
Poa astonii Petrie
Festuca scoparia Hook. f. Kirk (1891 a and c); Goekayne (1904); Cheeseman (1906); Schneck (1905). “Poa litorosa”. Cockayne (1909a, 1928); Aston (1909); Poppelwell (1917).
Recorded as above and by Cheeseman (1909, 1925), Stead (1948), Richdale (1948), Fineran (1964 a) and Warham (1967). Plants fitting the description of P. astonii are also mentioned by Chapman (1891), Grace Murphy (1948) and Falla (1948). Cockayne outlined the growth habit of the plant mentioning “ trunks ” occurring up to 57cm or more tall. Stead found “ trunks ” up to 2ft tall and as wide. He also mentioned that the tussock grew on rocky outcrops and ledges and that the base of the plant was drilled by petrels for burrows.
P. astonii was found in abundance in 1961 as a dominant species of the grassland, particularly towards the cliff edge. It was also common on the cliffs and coastal rocks. In the forest it was occasionally found in clearings and under open stands- Flowering specimens were noted on several occasions.
Specimens: Jan. 6,1909, B. C. Aston (WELT 36062; 36064-36066) (CHR 29260, isotype); Dec, 1947, FLN (CHR 132458-132467); Dec, 1947, R. C. Murphy Expedition (WELT 15935; 15931); Feb, 1961, BAF (CANU 5944-5948).
Poa poppelwellii Petrie
Described by Petrie (1914) from cultivated specimens originally from Herekopere Island, Stewart Island. Earlier Petrie (1913) suspected that it (then erroneously referred to as Poa litorosa ) might also occur at the Snares. Cheeseman (1925) did not recognise P. poppelwellii as a species but placed it under P. foliosa. According to Zotov (1965) P. poppelwellii is a valid species.
The plant was seen in various localities in 1961 but is not as abundant as Zotov (1965) suggests. The specimens cited below were collected from a few clumps near the forest margin on the coast opposite Mollymawk Islet (Fig. 1). Elsewhere the plant grew as scattered tussocks usually in Stilbocarpa/ grassland communities often where the influence of the sea birds was evident. The occurrence of. the plant in the vegetation is similar to that observed on the south-west Mutton Bird Islands, Stewart Island (Fineran, in press).
Specimens: 1947, FLN (CHR “D. R. McQueen” 80626; 132454-57; 149551; 149552); 1961, BAF (CANU 5957-59; 5962).
Poa annua Linn, (introduced)
“ Poa annula” Warham (1967).
Recorded by Kirk (1891 a and c) who considered that it was probably introduced by sealers. According to Cheeseman (1925) the plant occurs abundantly on all the sou hern islands.
Found as a common weed on the Main Island in 1961, particularly about the Boatharbour and environs. In nearby forest clearings abandoned by penguins P. annua sometimes formed a sward with Callitriche and Tillaea. The plant now seems well established on the island.
Specimens: Dec., 1947, FLN (CHR 132453); Dec., 1947, R. G. Murphy Expedition (WELT 35428); Feb., 1961, BAF (GANU 5933-5936).
Scirpus cernuus Vahl.
Recorded by Kirk (1891 a and c), Cockayne (1904), Schneek (1905) and Cheeseman (1909) but without reference to frequency or station.
i S. cernuus was found widely on the Main Island in 1961 in seepage areas above the shore and on abandoned penguin rookeries in the forest and grassland. Root nodules were noted on several specimens which have subsequently been found to contain fungal hyohae and spores (Miss I. M. Greenall, pers. comm.).
Specimens: Jan. 9, 1890, T. Kirk (WELT 20189; 20294); Dec., 1947, R. G. Murphy Expedition (WELT 10753) ; 1947, FLN (CHR 149545-149549); Feb., 1961, BAF (GANU 7138-7141).
Carex trifida Gav.
Recorded by Kirk (1891 a, c, d and f), Cockayne (1904), Schneck (1905), Cheeseman (1906, 1909, 1925), Stead (1948) and Wilson (1959). Kirk observed large tussocks of it amongst the Poa of the grassland. Stead found C. trifida in swampy areas, especially near the old Provision. Depot (site of Biological Station, Text-fig. 1). Harris (1953) recognised sedge pollen in the peat but was unable to determine the taxa.
In 1961 C. trifida was seen on the Main Island growing as a stout tussock usually as scattered individuals or small stands. Around the Biological Station it was common. Elsewhere it grew occasionally on old sites of penguin rookeries, especially about Sinkhole Flat.
Specimens: Jan., 1890, F. R. Chapman (WELT 12123) ; 1947, FLN (WELT 14613); 1953, P. Hynes (CHR 84636, from a plant cultivated at Auckland ex Snares); Dec., 1947, R. C. Murphy Expedition (WELT 35438); 1961, BAF (GANU 5929-5932; 5963; 5964); April 20, 1967, BAF (GANU 9763 from a plant cultivated at Christchurch ex Snares, 1961).
Other Records
The following species were not observed in 1961 but have previously been reported for the Snares. Voucher specimens, allegedly from, the islands, of only four species have been located.
Cardamine depressa Hook. f.
Cardamine stellata Hook. f. Cockayne (1928).
Listed by Kirk (1891 a and c) though later omitted (Kirk, 1899). Also cited by Cheeseman (1909, 1925), Cockayne (1928) and Allan (1961) who all appear to base their records on Kirk’s observation. Cardamine pollen has not been reported from the peat (Harris, 1953).
Assuming the record to be valid, despite the absence of a voucher specimen and other original observations besides Kirk’s, C. depressa has either since died out at the Snares, or is now rare and has been overlooked by later visitors. Until such time as the record can be substantiated by new information, it is considered best omitted from the flora of the islands.
Metrosideros umbellata Cav.
Metrosideros lucida A. Rich. Cheeseman (1925).
Recorded by Cheeseman (1,925) and Allan (1961) but the source of the record is not stated. No trace of M. umbellata was found in 1947 (F. L. Newcombe, pers. comm.). Rata pollen has not been detected in the peat (Harris, 1953).
The record is unusual, since no information in the form of specimens or statements in literature can be found to substantiate the original claim by Cheeseman. Furthermore Cheeseman did not mention the record in earlier works where other plants from the Snares were recorded (Cheeseman, 1906, 1909). It may be noted that Cheeseman and Allan also record M. umbellate, for Campbell Island despite Laing’s (1909a) early correction of this error. In the case of both localities Allan appears to have accepted Cheeseman’s citation without substantiation. In the absence of definite observations at the Snares, the record of M. umbellata on the islands is considered to be erroneous.
Apium australe Thouars.
Apium prostratum Labill. Cockayne (1904); Schneck (1905); Poppelwell (1917).
Cockayne cited the record without giving the source of his information and at a time before he landed at the Snares. Schneck’s and Poppelwell’s records appear to be based on that of Cockayne.
The record is doubtful, since it was not substantiated by Cockayne when he later landed at the Snares in 1907, nor observed by the expedition in 1947 (R. C. Murphy in memorandum to P. Dansereau, Dansereau, pers. comm.).
Cotula plumosa Hook. f.
Du Rietz (1960) cites the distribution of C. plumosa as “(Antipodes, Campbell, Snares, Auckland, Macquarie, Kergeulen, and Crozet Islands) ” in quoting from an earlier paper (Du Rietz, 1940: 242).
This record is an error by Du Rietz in misquoting from the above earlier paper, where in fact the Snares are not mentioned.
Sonchus oleraceus Linn.
Kirk (1891 a) listed this among the plants considered to have been introduced by sealers from the Mainland; later the record is not mentioned (Kirk, 1894, 1899).
In recording Sonchus at the Snares Kirk shows some inconsistency. In the above account S. oleraceus is listed but in his other almost identical paper (Kirk, 1891 c) S. littoralis is recorded instead (see below). Sonchus now appears to have died out at the Snares.
Sonchus littoralis (Kirk) Allan
Sonchus asper Hill. Kirk (1891 c); Cockayne (1904); Schneck (1905); Cheeseman (1906, 1909).
Recorded by the above, where the citations appear to be based on that of Kirk. Cockayne (1904: 321) states also that if this is “ the plant which grows at the Snares, then it is the form, or perhaps species, which is confined to New Zealand ”. Harris (1963) records “thistle type ( Carduus cirsium )” pollen sparingly in the peat.
Myosotis rakiura L. B. Moore “ Myosotis capitata”. Chapman (1891).
Myosotis capitate var. albida T. Kirk. Kirk (1891 a, c, d and f).
Myosotis capitata var. albiflora J. B. Armist. Cockayne (1904, 1909a); Schneck (1905); Gheesman (1906).
Myosotis albida (T. Kirk) Cheesem. Cheeseman (1909, 1925); Cockayne (1909a and b, 1928); Poppelwell (1917).
Recorded as above and by Allan (1961). Kirk mentioned that it grew in one or two places on the cliffs associated with Lepidium oleraceum. Poppelwell stated that M. rakiura is common to the Snares and Big South Cape Island (Long Island), south-west Stewart Island. Grace Murphy (1948) mentioned that a “forget-me-not ” occurred at the Snares but does not state clearly seeing it herself. Pollen has not been recorded in the peat (Harris, 1953).
The above records appear to have been based on Kirk’s citation rather than upon original observation; indeed Cockayne (1909a) mentions its occurrence in a phrase similar to that used by Kirk. The present status of M. rakiura at the Snares is probably similar to that concluded for Cardamine depressa.
Poa foliosa Hook. f.
As discussed on page 259, most of the previous references to P. foliosa have arisen through mis-identification of P. tennantiana, which is the dominant and superficially similar broadleaved grass on the islands. The only evidence now to support P. foliosa on the Snares are two sheets of specimens.
Specimens: 1890, F. R. Chapman (WELT 31858; 31859 Petrie Herbarium); Jan. 6,1909, B. C. Aston (WELT 31859 Petrie Herbarium).
It is perhaps surprising, if this material is from the Snares, that specimens were not collected by Kirk during the same visit as Chapman, or by Aston on his first visit in 1907 with Cockayne. If P. foliosa grew on the islands at the time then presumably the plant was rare for it to have been overlooked by other collectors. An alternative explanation is that Chapman’s and Aston’s specimens were collected elsewhere and subsequently wrongly labelled “ The Snares ”. This is possible, for when early visits were made the Snares were one of several southern islands visited in quick succession by the Government steamer during the rounds of the Provision Depots. Under such circumstance specimens from different islands could easily have become muddled. The fact that specimens of P. foliosa are not represented amongst extensive collections made in 1947 and 1961 suggests that the plant is absent on the Snares. Recent geographical observations on P. foliosa and P. tennantiana reveal also that the two species apparently fail to grow together but rather occupy similar ecological niches in different localities. On the south-weSt Mutton Bird Islands, Stewart Island (Fineran, in press), for instance, only P. tennantiana is found whereas on Bird Island, Foveaux Strait (Fineran, 1966), and about Port Ross, Auckland Islands (observations, 1966), P. foliosa occurs and P. tennantiana is absent. It is concluded that P. foliosa should be omitted from the flora of the Snares.
Hierochloe reddens R. Br.
Listed by Kirk (1891 a and c) as a naturalised plant introduced by sealers. Also recorded after Kirk by Cockayne (1904), Schneck (1905) and Poppelwell (1917) but omitted by Petrie (1909).
Unfortunately Kirk did not indicate the location or abundance of the plant at the time of his visit. It has apparently since died out at the Snares.
Deyeuxia forsteri Kunth.
Except for Poppelwell recorded as above for Hierochloe redolens. The plant has apparently since died out at the Snares.
Dactylis glomerata Linn.
Listed as above for Deyeuxia forsteri and by Cheeseman (1909). The plant has apparently since died out on the islands.
Lolium perenne Linn.
Recorded as above for Dactylis glomerata. The species has apparently since died out at the Snares.
Holcus lanatus Linn.
Recorded as above for Dactylis glomerata. The plant has apparently since died at the Snares.
Scirpus aucklandicus Boeck
In 1890 Kirk collected a specimen at the Snares which he labelled S. aucklandicus (WELT 20294). Listed questionably later by Cockayne (1905) and Schneck (1905), but unquestionably so by Cheeseman (1909).
The records of S. aucklandicus on the Snares, and those of S. antarcticus described below, are confused. Kirk did not publish the record of his specimen, S. aucklandicus, in any of his publications but listed S. antarcticus of which he has no voucher specimen. Possibly he included S. antarcticus by mistake for S. aucklandicus; in which case both records are invalid since Kirk’s specimen (WELT 20294) is now identified as S. cernuus. The uncertainty of Cockayne’s citation is also in doubt, since when he landed in 1907 he did not mention seeing the plant. The source of Oheeseman’s record is not stated, but as he did not visit the Snares it was probably based on either Kirk’s specimen, or Cockayne’s list. In either case it would no longer be valid. It may be noted that later Cheeseman (1925) omitted the record for the Snares. From early and recent collections it now appears that the only indigenous Scirpus at the Snares is S. cernuus.
Scirpus antarcticus Linn.
Recorded by Kirk (1891 a and c), Cockayne (1904), Schneck (1905) and Cheeseman (1909), who stated that it was the only record from the southern islands.
Since all the citations appear to be based on Kirk’s original list, and as the circumstances surrounding his citation are in doubt (see S. aucklandicus above), the record should be omitted from the flora of the Snares.
Scirpus antipodus V. J. Cooke
The basis for this record is a single specimen collected by F. L. Newcombe.
Specimen: 1947, FLN (CHR 149550).
According to Dr E. Edgar (pers. comm.), the species is an adventive and is known elsewhere in New Zealand only from the North Island. The Snares record is therefore puzzling. It is possible that the specimen was collected in another locality and later wrongly labelled the Snares, for during this period the New Zealand Expedition of the American Museum of Natural History, whose personnel included several members of the 1947 Snares expedition, also visited other parts of the country (R. G. Murphy, 1948). Until S. antipodus is substantiated by other material from the Snares, the record is best omitted from the flora.
Carex appressa R. Br.
This record is based on a single specimen collected by F. R. Chapman in 1890 and which has not previously been published.
Specimen: Jan., 1890, F. R. Chapman (WELT 21532, Petrie Herbarium).
The wrap-around label attached to the specimen reads: “ Snares- Jan. 1890. F. R. Chapman” but this is not in Chapman’s handwriting (B. G. Hamlin, pers. comm.). The label on the sheet reads “Carex Snare Island F. R. Chapman Jan 1890. Original label see 21531
If the specimen is from the Snares as stated, it is surprising that Chapman should again collect a plant (as with Poa foliosa, see p. 263) which was not noted by Kirk, who was on the island at the same time. Possibly the specimen was collected elsewhere on the southern islands during the same excursion and later wrongly labelled “ The Snares This may have happened when Petrie re-labelled his collection for the Dominion Museum; as Hamlin (1958) has traced,, several errors in dates and localities occurred during the transcriptions. Until C. appressa is collected with certainty at the Snares it should be omitted from the flora.
Carex secta Boott var. sectoides Cheesem.
The record is based on a single specimen in the Dominion Museum.
Specimen: Jan,, 1890, F. R. Chapman, “The Snares or Auckland Islands” (WELT 21531 Petrie Herbarium).
This record is confusing, for not only is Petrie in doubt from his label as to the locality, but also the species is not otherwise known from either of these stations. C. secta var. sectoides is only recorded from the Chatham Islands (Cheeseman, 1925). Furthermore, Chapman did not visit the Ghathams at this time nor apparently later. The record is possibly another instance where Petrie has made an error in re-labelling his collection (see above).
Juncus bufonius Linn.
Recorded as above for Dactylis glomerata. The plant has apparently since died out at the Snares.
Juncus pianifolius R. Br.
Listed by Cockayne (1904) but the source of information is not stated. Also recorded by Schneck (1905), apparently after Cockayne. Cockayne failed to record the plant when he visited the Snares in 1907 (Cockayne, 1909a).
Since the record has not been substantiated by observations on the Snares it should be omitted from the flora.
Discussion
Vascular plants other than those recorded in the catalogue may occur at the Snares Islands but considering the size of the group, its limited topography, climate, edaphic conditions and the presence of a large population of indigenous animals, it seems unlikely that many species will be added by further collections —a conclusion reached earlier by Kirk (1891 a). The presence of adventives at the Boatharbour, which is the landing place, can easily be understood. A similar distribution of introduced plants is mentioned by Cockayne (1909a) and Laing (1909a) for the Auckland and Campbell islands, respectively, and has been noted also on the south-west Mutton Bird Islands, Stewart Island (Fineran, in press).
The relationships of the Snares flora have been discussed in passing by Kirk (1891 a), Cockayne (1904), Schneck (1905) and Cheeseman (1909) who all regarded the affinities as being generally subantarctic. Since then further information has become available on plant distribution and systematic revisions have been made. It can now be shown that only a small proportion of the flora is predominantly subantarctic in distribution (Table I). Species with subantarctic affinity comprise Colobanthus muscoides, Callitriche antarctica and Stellaria decipiens. But even here the Colobanthus is known from the Chatham Islands (Allan, 1961) and there is some doubt as to whether the plants of Callitriche antarctica at the Snares are this species (Mason, 1959). Furthermore, S. parviflora from the Stewart Island region now appears to be the same as S. decipiens on the Snares and Auckland Islands. The subantarctic relationship in the Snares flora is still further weakened by the uncertainty of the records of Poa tennantiana and P. astonii on the Auckland Islands (Zotov, 1965) ; it is therefore best not to regard these grasses as subantarctic species as stated previously (Fineran, 1964 a).
The flora of the Snares, rather than being subantarctic in affinity, is closer to that of the New Zealand mainland, in particular to the flora of Stewart Island and neighbouring offshore islands including the Solanders (Cockayne, 1909c). Plants common to these regions include: Senecio stewartiae, Poa astonii, P. tennantiana, P. poppelwellii and the Olearia lyallii/O. colensoi var. grandis (Allan, 1961)
group of plants 1 ; Some of these and/or closely related forms also occur on the South Island while a few others reach the North Island and overseas, but these are mainly coastal species. Besides floristic ties with the Stewart Island region, there is also a strong similarity in the structure of the vegetation; thus the Olearia shrub/forest and the stands of Poa astonii and P. tennantiana at the Snares closely resemble those found on the 1 south-west Mutton Bird Islands (Fineran, in press).
The link with Stewart Island is not surprising since this island is the nearest landmass and is furthermore connected to the Snares by the continental shelf—the average depth of the sea being about 80 fathoms. Judging by the close similarity between the Snares endemics Stilbocarpa robusta and Anisotome acutifolia and the
respective Stewart Island species, S. lyalli and A. lyalli (see J. W. Dawson, 1961), isolation from Stewart Island probably took place comparatively late in geological time. Not only are the plants of the Snares closest to those of the New Zealand mainland islands, but also several marine invertebrates (see brief discussion by E. W. Dawson, 1965) and sea birds (Dr R. A. Falla, pers. comm.) show affinities in this direction.
Among the records of plants previously cited for the Snares, but not observed in 1961, it may be noted that 11 were listed first by Kirk. Of these his collection contains no voucher specimens, whereas of the common plants on the islands there are several. Many of these species mentioned by Kirk are recorded by later writers, but usually the citation appears to be based on the original record rather than upon personal observations at the Snares. Among these plants, Kirk (1891 a and c) considered that several were originally introduced by sealers. He listed four European plants and four native plants which were apparently recent immigrants to the islands. Besides sealers, Reischek (1889) tells of sailors who in 1888 introduced some plants while searching the islands for cataways. It was the duty of Mr Hibs to sow seeds of trees and grass. Several of the plants later listed by Kirk may have originated from these sowings. Hibs’ grass seed possibly accounts also for the presence of Juncus hufonius since, according to Cheeseman (1925), it was a common impurity of imported grass seed. The tree seed sown by Hibs must have failed to grow for introduced trees have not been reported on the Snares.
Most of the introduced plants listed by Kirk have apparently died out, presumably through competition with the native vegetation and through the influence of animals. Myosotis rakiura and Cardamine depressa seem to have disappeared also, or if still present mulst now be rare. The fact that they are not represented in the pollen analysis suggests, though not conclusively, that Myosotis and Cardamine have never been common on the islands. Another instance of the disappearance of a plant from the Snares is that of the potato. According to Garrick (p. 152) the potato was grown by the sealers who were marooned in the early 1800’s: “When they took their departure from the island they left nearly an acre and a half in crop . . . The cultivation can be traced to the present day, and, as for the tuber, it has run riot all over the neighbourhood.” The potato presumably disappeared by the late 1860’s since it is not mentioned by Armstrong (1868) nor is it included in Kirk’s list of species.
It is concluded from the present review that those species listed under OTHER RECORDS should be omitted from the flora of the Snares until such time as the plants are collected unquestionably on the islands. The current census of the flora is: 20 vascular species including two adventives, 22 bryophytes, 40 lichens, seven fungi, one slime mould and 49 algae. As future collections will undoubtedly show, the records of cryptogams are incomplete, especially of algae, fungi and lichens.
Acknowledgments
I am grateful to the following for identifications: Drs E. A. Flint, F. Drouet, W. A. Daily, M. A. Pocock, M. di Menna, G. W. Martin, G. Gone, E. Edgar, Misses J. M. Dingley, R. Mason, Mrs E. A. Hodgson, Messrs K. W. Allison, G. Brownlie and V. D. Zotov. Professor C. W. Dodge, whose work on the lichens was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation, U.S.A., and Dr W. B. Cooke kindly provided the descriptions of new taxa. I am indebted to Professor G. E. Du Rietz for determinations and notes on lichens collected in 1927. The co-operation of the Botany Division, D.5.1.R., the Canterbury Museum, Auckland Institute and Museum, Dominion Museum and Victoria University of Wellington with herbarium material and records is acknowledged with thanks.
The Snares Islands Expedition, 1961, was financed by grants from the Nuffield Foundation and the Research Committee of the University Grants Committee (Grant No. C 29). Transport was arranged by Messrs Graham and Michael Squires of Oban in the fishing boat Ho Ho. I am grateful to Dr M. Mayer for constructive criticism during preparation of the manuscript. Professor G. A. Knox for the use of his photographs, Dr G. A. Fleming for making available his file on the Snares, and members of the 1967 expedition for current information on the islands.
References
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Falla, R. A., 1948. The outlying islands of New Zealand. N.Z. Geographer 4: 127-154. Fineran, B. A., 1964 a. An outline of the vegetation of the Snares Islands. Trans. R. Soc. N.Z. {Bot.), 2(17): 229-235. 2(17): 236. 133-149. (in press). A botanical survey of Big Stage, Kaimohu, Solomon, Big South Cape, Pohowaitai, Tamaitemioka and Little Moggy Islands, south-west Stewart Island. Trans. R. Soc. N.Z. {Bot.). Fleming, C. A., 1948, The Snares expedition, 1947. Notornis, 2: 181-184. Expedition Series Bull., No. 13: 9-27. D.S.I.R. Publ. Wellington: Government Printer. Godley, E. J., 1967. Widely distributed species, land bridges and continental drift. Nature, 214: 74-75. Hamlin, B. G., 1958. Itinerary of Donald Petrie’s botanical expeditions, with a bibliography of Petrie’s botanical papers. Rec. Dom. Mus., Wellington, 3: 89-99. Harris, W. F., 1953. Part III: Peat samples. In The Geology of the Snares Islands. Cape Expedition Series Bull., No. 13; 33—38. D.S.I.R. Publ. Wellington: Government Printer. Hector, J., 1870. Notes on the geology of the outlying islands of New Zealand, with extracts from official reports. Trans. N.Z. Inst., 2: 176-186. Hodgson, E. A., 1953. New Zealand Hepaticae (Liverworts) —VII. A review of the New Zealand species of the genus Lophocolea, with notes on Chiloscyphus. Trans. R. Soc. N.Z., 80: 329-358. ) —XI. A review of the New Zealand species of the genus Metzgeria. Trans. R. Soc. N.Z., 88: 713-725. 4(11): 101-132. ) —XVI. A miscellany of new genera, new species and notes, Part 1. Trans. R. Soc. N.Z. {Bot.), 3: 67-97. Kirk, T., 1878. Contributions to the botany of Otago. Trans. N.Z. Inst., 10: 406-417. new species. Trans. N.Z. Inst., 23: 443-448. 3: 213-231. other Subantarctic Island®. J. Linn. Soc. {Bot.), 28: 327-330. Trans. N.Z. Inst., 26: 263-266. Printer, Wellington. 408 pp. Laing, R. M., 1909a. The chief plant formations and associations of Campbell Island. In Chilton, The Subantarctic Islands of New Zealand, Vol. 2: 482-492. The Subantarctic Islands of New Zealand, Vol. 2: 493-527. Trans. R. Soc. N.Z., 69: 134-164.
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B. A. Fineran, M.Sc., Department of Botany, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
1 Recent studies have shown that Olearia colensoi var. grandis on the south-west Mutton Bird Islands, Stewart Island, is the same as the Olearia on the Snares and Auckland Islands. The Mutton Bird Islands material is, therefore, now placed under O. lyallii (Fineran, in press).
Snares Is.Macquarie Campbell Is. Auckland Is. Antipodes including Is., islands Is. Chatham Island South Island Overseas Asplenium obtusatum sensu lato * * * * * * * * * Blechnum durum * * * * * * * * Polystichum vestitum * * * * * * * * * Lepidium oleraceum * * * * * Tillaea moschata * * * * * * * * * * Stellaria decipiens * * * Colob anthus muse aides * * * * Callitriche antarctica * * * * Stilbocarpa robusta Anisotome acutifolia Olearia lyallii including * O. colensoi var. grandis * * * Senecio stewartiae * * Hebe elliptica * * * * * * ft Poa tennantiana * « P. astonii * * * i P. poppelwellii * Scirpus cernuus * * * * * * * Carex trifida * * * * * * * *
Table I.—Geographic Distribution of Vascular Plants from the Snares Islands.
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Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand : Botany, Volume 3, Issue 17, 8 September 1969, Page 237
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16,535The Flora of the Snares Islands, New Zealand Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand : Botany, Volume 3, Issue 17, 8 September 1969, Page 237
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