A Review of the New Zealand Species of the Genus Chiloscyphus Being the Second of a Series of Papers on New Zealand Hepaticae.

Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Volume 73, 1943-44, Page 27

A Review of the New Zealand Species of the Genus Chiloscyphus Being the Second of a Series of Papers on New Zealand Hepaticae. By E. A. Hodgson. [Read before Hawke's Bay Branch, June 17, 1942; received by the Editor, November 17, 1942; issued separately, June, 1943.] In the Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. XXIX, 1892, Stephani writes: “It is most difficult nowadays to publish a new Lophocolea or Chiloscyphus, the old descriptions being so short as to make it impossible to recognise the plants. It is much to be wished that some English botanist would go to Kew and give us detailed descriptions and good figures of all species contained in that vast collection. These two genera want it more than any genus of Hepaticae.” In the following paper I have attempted to set in order our New Zealand species of Chiloscyphus. The main difficulty with this genus of course, is to distinguish it from the related genus of Lophocolea, which in New Zealand is particularly large and difficult. This difficulty is solved, however, if perianths are present. In Chiloscyphus they are on very short lateral branches, and are campanulate or cupshaped, whereas in Lophocolea they are terminal, longer in proportion, and with three keels, one dorsal and two lateral. There are exceptions to the rule regarding the position of the perianths, and even the shape, but these are not often met with. Sometimes innovations will arise from below the perianth of a Lophocolea, making it appear to be lateral. Leioscyphus Mitten, or Mylia as it is now called, Gray's old name of Mylius being amended and restored, has perianths often with innovations, but in this genus the distinguishing characteristic is the flat compressed mouth of the perianth. Heteroscyphus Schiffner, with ♂ (male) bracts on short, spicate, lateral branches, cannot be separated from Chiloscyphus in New Zealand, as the majority of the species of the latter genus have these spicate bracts, and 5, or possibly more, have them in addition to the intercalary bracts on the main stem. Chiloscyphus species are far more numerous in the Southern Hemisphere than in the Northern, and are very common in New Zealand, one or other of the species appearing in almost every collection. Genus Chiloscyphus. Cheilosoyphus Corda in Opiz, Beitr., I, 1829; emend. Schiffn., Oest. bot. Zeit, 1910. Plants pale to dark green or brown, usually of a creeping habit, on earth, decaying wood or humus. Stems simple or more often irregularly branched, rhizoids present at the bases of the stipules. Leaves succubous, i.e., the ventral margin of each leaf lies underneath

the dorsal of the one above it, not on top of it as in Bazzania; opposite or alternate, contiguous or imbricate, usually horizontally spreading, sometimes connivent, entire or toothed both apically or laterally. Stipules always present, variously shaped, rarely entire, connate with leaves on one or both sides, seldom free. Perianths on very short lateral branches, campanulate or cup-shaped, mouth three-lobed, rarely entire, usually coarsely dentate. Involucral leaves in few pairs, usually smaller than the cauline. Androecia spicate on short lateral branches, or intercalary on the stem or on long branches, bracts usually larger when intercalary, in few or many pairs, saccate, each containing an antheridium. Key to Species. 1. Leaf apices entire 2. Leaf apices dentate 10. 2. Stipules reniform (broadly or narrowly) 3. Stipules shaped otherwise 6. 3. Stipules entire 4. Stipules notentire 5. 4. Stipules convex, cucullate, papillose, leaves deltoid-ovate decipiens Stipules broad with saccate lobes, leaves quadrate with saccate lobes cymbaliferus 5. Leaves ovate, vential margin straight or slightly undulate, at right angles to the stem, stipules lacerate supinus Leaves triangular-ovate, stipules toothed ammophilus 6. Stipules bifid, connate with leaf on one side only, leaf apex variable compactus Stipules connate with leaf on both sides, leaf apices not or scarcely variable 7. 7. Stipules short, more or less quadrate 8. Stipules neither short nor quadrate 9. 8. Leaves ovate-lingulate, stipules 3–4 toothed beckettianus Leaves triangular-ovate, stipules bispinose conistipulus Leaves oblong, stipules with wide and shallow sinus normalis 9. Stipules deeply cut into 5–6 spreading laciniae, leaves pale, ovate-lingulate polycladus Stipules ovate, shortly bifid, leaves dark, half-orbicular, or broadly ovate menziesii 10. Leaf apex bidentate 11. Leaf apex pluridentate 21. 11. Leaf margin toothed 12. Leaf margin entire or almost so 14. 12. Leaves toothed on both margins, broadly triangular, stipules reniform, toothed billardieri Leaves toothed on ventral margin only, stipules not reniform 13. 13. Ventral margin 3–5 spinose, leaves oblong-ovate, cells ca. 30–35 μ multispinus Ventral margin 1–5 spinose, leaves trapezoid-ovate, cells ca. 40–45 μ lyallii 14. Leaves sub-orbicular, often connivent, stipules broadly ovate bidentatus Leaves not orbicular 15. 15. Leaves densely crowded, triangular-ovate 16. Leaves not so dense, not triangular-ovate 17. 16. Stipules 5–6 partite, as tall as, or taller than broad, ventral margin undulate sinuosus Stipules broader than tall, sinus shallow, ventral margin not undulate cuneistipulus

17. Leaf apex truncate or nearly so, leaves large 18. Leaf apex not truncate, leaves smaller 20. 18. Leaves ovate-quadrate, stipules short, four-toothed, broadly connate on both sides to leaf coalitus Leaves oblong, stipules more or less small, bifid, connate with leaf on one side, narrowly so or free, on the other side 19. 19. Stipules very small, bifid to base, segments lanceolate allodontus Apical teeth smaller, occasionally obsolete, stipules not bifid to base, with one or two lateral teeth oblongifolius 20. Leaves oblong-ovate, stipules bifid physanthus Leaves ovate, stipules ovate chlorophyllus 21. Plants small 22. Plants medium to robust 24. 22. Plants glaucous when fresh, leaves contiguous 23. Plants with metallic sheen, leaves distant, apex unequally 3–4 toothed, cells large laxus 23. Leaves muricate, apices 3-spinulose, middle spine the longest, stipules bifid with 2–3 small lateral teeth echinellus Leaves not muricate, apices 3-dentate or variable, stipules bifid but wider, laciniae each with a smaller lateral segment tridentatus 24. Leaves opposite, stipules reniform-lacerate, connate on both sides with leaf 25. Leaves more or less alternate, apex 3-spined, stipules not reniform, many-spined, one side more longly and narrowly connate with the leaf than the other triacanthus 25. Leaves ovate-barrel-shaped, apex 3–4 toothed, ventral margin arched fissistipus Leaves ovate-triangular, apex 3-spinose, dorsal margin decurved renistipulus Group A. Leaves with entire apices. Chiloscyphus decipiens Gottsche. C. decipiens G. L. et N. Syn. Hep., p. 176; Mitt., Fl. Nov. Zel. II, p. 139, 1855; Handb. N.Z. Fl., II, p. 516, 1867; St., Sp. Hep., vol. III, p. 254. Plants pale green to cream, dioicous, thickly interwoven in mats. Stems to 4 cm., simple or branched, with or without rhizoids, very flexuose. Leaves ca. 1 mm. long, deltoid-ovate, obtuse, opposite, imbricate, often papillose, dorsal margin sloping, dentate or denticulate, mostly near the base, but sometimes for the whole length, with a round indentation just before the attachment to the stem; and at the free part of the base, just by this sinus, a tooth may curl round and completely close it; ventral margin arched, entire. Stipules narrowly reniform, very wide, ca. 1.2 mm., reaching past the middle of the leaf, 0.5 mm. broad, papillose, margins involute-cucullate, free or faintly connate. Cells uneven, rounded, ca. 30–40 μ, often with papillae, trigones large. Perianth large, longly ovate, the base inflated, the upper part with folds that appear as ridges; mouth lobed, lobes toothed, teeth small, sparse, irregular. Invol. leaves round, very concave, margins denticulate. Invol. stipule ovate. Intercalary bracts on ♂ stems, spicate amenta also present, bracts entire. A fascinating plant. Abundant in pale green patches on wet ground on Mt. Moehau, according to Miss L. B. Moore, who sends beautiful specimens from there, of both ♂ and ♀ plants. Also collected by Miss Moore in rain forest in Westland. Other localities are Bald Spur, Paparoa Range, Westland, coll. H. M. Hodgson;

Tararuas, No. 6672, P. R. B. Herb., coll. V. D. Zotov; Stewart Is., coll. Dr. Cockayne. The type was collected at Dusky Sound by Menzies, but was overlooked by Sir William Hooker. However, Gottsche picked out one stem from amongst C. billardieri which Hooker sent him, and described it in the Synopsis Hepaticarum. The Handbook also records it from the Tararuas, coll. Colenso. Chiloscyphus cymbaliferus (Hook. f. et Tayl.) G. L. et N. Jungermannia cymbalifera Hook., Crypt. Ant.; p. 39; Tayl., Fl. Ant., p. 151, 1847. Chiloscyphus cymbaliferus G. L. et N., Syn. Hep., p. 711. Mitt., Handb. N.Z. Fl., II, p. 518, 1867; St. Spec. Hep., vol. III, p. 253; Rod., Tas. Bry., vol. II, p. 54. C. dicyclophorus Col., Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. XXI, p. 63, 1888. Plants pale green to yellowish brown, interwoven in flattish cushions or spread out on creeping wood. Stems 2 ½–4 cm., flexuose when in a tangled clump, straight when creeping on wood. Leaves ca. 0 8 mm., densely imbricate or less so according to habit, shortly oblong or sub-orbicular, opposite, convex, dorsal margin serrate or serrulate, not quite connate at the bases, ventral margin entire, with a saccate lobe midway along the margin, lobe ca. 0.35 mm. long by 0.3 mm. broad, with a faintly toothed mouth. Stipules imbricate, narrowly reniform, each end produced into a saccate lobe, similar to that on the ventral margin, with mouth toothed; top margin with 2–3 faint teeth, 1.3 mm. broad, including lobes. Cells variable in size, distinct rounded, with large trigones, slightly larger at the base of the leaf. “Perianth lateral, ovate-oblong, tumid below, compressed below the plaited-toothed mouth.” From this description of the perianth, taken from the Handbook, it would appear to resemble that of C. decipiens G. When moistened, the saccate lobes become inflated, and give the plant “the appearance of a very complicated structure.” Apart from the lobes, the species most resembles C. decipiens G., and has the typical areolation of this group. In the Flora Antarctica Dr. Taylor remarks: “The broad stipules reaching nearly across the back of the stem are as regular and as close along the whole plant as the scales of a snake.” This unique plant was discovered on roots of old trees in the Auckland Islands by Sir Joseph Hooker, and has more recently been found in both the North and South Islands. It is in Colenso's collection under the name of C. dicyclophorus, from low wet woods, Dannevirke, the only North Island specimen which I have seen. South Island localities are, Maruia Springs Nelson, coll. J. H. McMahon; vicinity of Haast Pass, coll. M. P. Matthews; Lead Hills, near Rainham, Nelson, 3500–4000ft coll. G. Simpson and S. Thomson. Rodway records it as common on mountains in Tasmania. Chiloscyphus supinus Tayl. C. supinus Tayl., Lond. Journ. of Bot., 1846; G. L. et N., Syn. Hep., p. 708 (Supp); Mitt., Fl. Nov. Zel., II, p. 142; Handb. N.Z. Fl., II, p. 515; St., Spec. Hep., III, p. 237. C. kirkii St. in Hedw., p. 323, 1893; Spec. Hep., III, p. 237. Plants much intermingled, often covering large areas on shady banks, sides of drains, etc., yellow green when fresh, much paler when dry. Stems creeping, 2–4 cm., somewhat branched. Leaves

ovate, ca. 1–2 mm., imbricate, opposite, margins usually entire, sometimes recurved towards the apex, dorsal sloping or sub-curved, ventral straight or a little undulate, entire or with one or two isolated teeth, apex usually entire and obtuse, rarely acute, or obscurely bi- or tridentate. Stipules broadly reniform, divided into segments longly spinose and often compound, the middle sinus the deepest, spines mostly curved; shortly connate with the leaves. Cells rounded-hexagonal, ca. 30–40 μ, basal larger, trigones small. Invol. leaves ciliate. Perianth often hidden under the leaves, mouth laciniateciliate. Seldom fruiting. ♂ plants with spicate androecia. This species appears to be confined to the North Island, but a form which seems to be intermediate between C. supinus and C. polycladus, is from Bay of Little Coves, Marlborough, coll. L. L. Cull. The stipules of this plant are smaller than those of C. supinus with simpler segments, and yet the base is too deep to be typical of C. polycladus. The habit is that of C. supinus, and perhaps on the whole it could be referred here. Both the Flora Novae Zelandiae and the Handbook comment on the similarity of these two species in size and appearance, and the usually straight ventral margin, at right angles to the stem, which is common to both. Although the descriptions in the Flora Novae Zelandiae and the Handbook are sufficiently clear to indicate what plant they refer to, Stephani states that two species are involved in the original description of C. supinus, which is therefore “hinfällig,” i.e., does not hold; but he does not give any details, nor is his own description very satisfactory. Moreover, he creates another new species, C. kirkii, from Tauranga, which is really only a common robust form of C. supinus. Common on damp banks or hillsides, at any rate in the Wairoa and Mahia districts; a rather small form covering in places banks of L. Waikare-iti, 3000ft. The only other plants I have seen are from Warkworth, North Auckland, coll. L. B. Moore, comm. K. W. Allison, and from Keri-Keri, Bay of Islands, coll. V. W. Lindauer. The type is from Bay of Islands coll. Dr. Sinclair. The Handbook also records it from the Ruahines, coll. Colenso. Chiloscyphus ammophilus Col. Col. Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. XXI, p. 59, 1888; St. Spec. Hep., vol. III, p. 253; Journ. Linn. Soc., p. 273, 1892. C. insulus Col., Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. XXI, p. 60, 1888. Plants pale to dull green, or dingy brown, in interwoven mats. Stems 2 ½–5 cm., creeping, simple or forked, straight or flexuous, with tufts of rhizoids at intervals along the ventral surface, sometimes very long. Leaves ca. 1–1.33 mm. long, usually ca. 1 mm. wide, broadly ovate to triangular-ovate, with dorsal margins slightly decurrent and connate, entire or with one or two teeth near the apex; apex variable, apiculate, acute, but mostly obtuse, widely connate with the stipules with which they form a loop, which may be closed or open. Stipules contiguous or slightly imbricate, reniform, concave, dentate-ciliate, or more usually dentate, the teeth sometimes quite small, the two median ones usually the biggest. Cells round to oval, sometimes with thick walls, ca. 20–45 μ, larger at the base, Trigones very noticeable. Perianth deeply three-lobed, lobes lacerate-toothed.

Invol. leaves shortly and unevenly bifid, margins irregularly toothed. Invol. stipules larger than the cauline, shortly bifid, somewhat toothed. The plant varies according to its habitat. A Ruapehu specimen, on rock, is small and pale yellow green, and could be easily mistaken for C. supinus, till one examines the stipules. Colenso's type. No. a1308, is dark green, and of a softer texture, leaves from a very broad base; while more or less aquatic specimens from the Tararuas, are dingy with crumpled leaves, which are flabby and fragile when moistened. In the Marlborough specimen, there are stems with five or six pairs of small bidentate leaves at the apex. These may be immature ♂ bracts, but they do not seem to be saccate, nor can I detect any antheridia. The species certainly has affinities with C. billardieri, and it may possibly be Rodway's forma integrifolia of that plant. In New Zealand, however, it seems better to keep it a separate species. I have it from Keri-Keri and Bay of Islands, coll. V. W. Lindauer; fruiting plants from Marborough, coll. J. H. McMahon; Bay of Many Coves, Marlborough, coll. L. L. Cull; near Ohakune Mountain Hut on earth, and on rock, Maungaturuturn Valley, Mt. Ruapehu, coll. G. O. K. Sainsbury; Otupae, Taihape, coil. E. A. Hodgson; water course, west of Kime Hut, ca. 4200 ft. No. 7684 P. R. B. Herb., coll. V. D. Zotov; water course on Nth face of Mt. Hector, ca. 3000 ft., Nos. 7414 and 7403, P. R. B. Herb., coll. V. D. Zotov; also in Colenso's collection, from sandy spots on Mt. Tongariro, coll. H. Hill. Chiloscyphus compactus Col. Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. XXI, p. 63. Leioscyphus irregularis St., Spec. Hep., vol. VI, 1922. Plants dioicous, often sterile, pale green, inclined to go brown when dry, in thick mats, fruiting plants densely compacted. Stems to about 4 cm., thickly interwoven, with tufts of rhizoids at intervals, sometimes branched. Leaves alternate, shortly and broadly ovate, or subrotund; ventral margin arched; apices most irregular, obtuse or truncate, retuse, emarginate, or bi-lobed. Stipules bifid with a broad sinus, segments setaceous from a broad base, each with a smaller lateral segment; connate on one side only with the leaf. Cells rounded, ca. 20–30 μ, with trigones. Perianth terminal or lateral, inflated, mouth more or less compressed, sinuous, sub-entire, toothed or laciniate-toothed, lobes and teeth incurved. Invol. leaves larger than the cauline, sinuous, sub-entire, stipules bifid. Androecia either spicate or intercalary. In the Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. XXIX, 1892, Stephani reduces Colenso's C. compactus to C. coalitus Nees. It is quite a different plant, however, and as there must have been some mistake in the duplicate, I have not included C. coalitus in the synonymy. C. compactus is a remarkable plant, having perianths both terminal and lateral, and androecia both spicate and intercalary. On local plants lamellae are sometimes present on the perianth, which may be winged. Stephani's Leioscyphus irregularis is this plant, and his drawing of the irregular leaf apices, is very characteristic. He described a

sterile plant, collected by J. Meiklejohn, and it is significant that he placed it in Leioscyphus (Mylia), as it certainly has affinities with this genus. However, I have retained it in Chiloscyphus, where Colenso placed it. Colenso's type is also a sterile plant, collected near Taupo, No. a1301. I have also placed here a lax plant with crumpled leaves, from a tarn on Mt. Hikurangi, ca. 4500 ft., No. 25001, P. R. B. Herb., coll. V. D. Zotov. With this exception, my plants are all from scrub and grassland, on the ground, Central and East North Island. Stephani does not state where Meiklejohn's plant was collected. Chiloscyphus beckettianus Steph. St., Spec. Hep., vol. III, p. 235. Plants dioicous, often sterile, yellow-green to brown tufted or matted. Stems to 3 cm., flexuous, sub-erect or procumbent, simple to much branched. Leaves 1–1.5 mm., imbricate, opposite or nearly so, ovate-lingulate, asymmetrical, often conniving at right angles to the stem, entire, dorsal oblique, ventral often with an undulation at the base, forming a rounded sinus with the connate stipule. Stipules sub-quadrate, short, 2–3 times as broad as the stem, 4–6 toothed, the middle teeth sometimes longer than the rest, and from a broader base; broadly connate with the leaves. Cells ca. 30 μ, trigones minute. Androecia intercalary. Perianth obovate, lateral or terminal, inflated at the base, mouth sub-compressed, with numerous long, incurved laciniae; a toothed dorsal wing is sometimes present, but this does not appear to be constant, though one or two basal lamellae parallel to the wing are usually present. Invol. leaves large, more or less oval, margins recurved in places, and somewhat undulate. Invol. stipules connate with leaves, bifid to about one-third the length. Chiloscyphus compactus Col. is the only plant with which this species is likely to be confused. It is similar in appearance, and both plants have terminal as well as lateral perianths, and intercalary androecia, though no short spicate ♂ branches have been observed on C. beckettianus. C. compactus, however, has more variable apices, and the stipules taller and connate on one side only; cells smaller, rounder and with large trigones, while the perianth mouth is much more incised. These two plants with their terminal and lateral perianths, sub-compressed, their large involucral leaves, and entire cauline leaves, may be a connecting link between Chiloscyphus and Mylia (Leioscyphus). Indeed, it is very probable that C. beckettianus, with its connate stipules, actually belongs to the latter genus. C. normalis has longer and larger leaves which are not connivent. I think that Stephani's Lophocolea piliflora almost certainly belongs here, the terminal perianth probably confusing him as to genus. Appears to be more of an upland bush than a grasslands plant. A creeping plant from Bank's Peninsula, coll. H. M. Hodgson, is very similar to C. supinus, from the dorsal aspect. Other localities are, Mt. Arthur, Nelson, two gatherings, coll. G. O. K. Sainsbury; Marlborough, coll. J. H. McMahon; near Huka Falls, Taupo, coll. A. L. Hodgson; Tauherenikau, Wairarapa, coll. V. D. Zotov; Waikaremoana, coll. E. A. Hodgson; also from an unnamed locality comm. Dr. Allan; and two specimens in Herb. Colenso.

Chiloscyphus conistipulus Steph. St., Spec. Hep., vol. VI, p. 304. Planta dioica, magna, gracillima flaccida, rufescens, aetate brunnea vel viridis, dense depresso-caespitans, corticola. Caulis ad 6 c.m. longus, simplex, interdum breviter remote que pinnatus. Folia caulina conferta, recte patula, parum concava, in plano ovato-trigona, summetrica (1 4 mm. longa, basi 1.3 mm. lata), apice obtusa intergerrima. Cellulae superae 18 × 18 μ, basales 18 × 27 μ, parietibus validis, trigonis nullis. Amphigastria caulina parva, caule paule parum latiora, late obcuneata, vel subquadrata, foliis utrinque breviter coalita, apice leviter emarginata, bispinosa, spinis longis hamatim conniventibus, sub apice utrinque unidentata. Folia floralia (in flore sterili) ovata (1.35 mm. longa, 0.76 mm. lata) irregularita denseque dentata et spinosa; solutus, marginibus grosse laceratis. Amphigastrium florale ovato-ellipticum, foliis floralibus parum minus, profunde bifidum, laciniis linearibus, superne paucidentatis, inferne longissime setaceis. Androecia desunt. Hab. Nova Zealandia (Meiklejohn legit.). I have not seen anything answering to this interesting description, but what must have been a duplicate of the type was a specimen of C. conistipulus det. Stephani, leg. Meiklejohn ex. Herb. Lillie, in a list of bryophytes offered for exchange by the British Bryological Society, about 12 years ago, which I tried to recover, but was unsuccessful. Stephani's drawing in his Icones, is of a plant from Herb. Lillie, No. 217, leg. Meiklejohn. I understand that Meiklejohn collected near Lake Wakatipu. Chiloscyphus normalis (Steph.) Hodgson comb. nov. Lophocolca normalis St., Spec. Hep., vol. VI, p. 285. Plants dioicous, medium to robust, pale brown when dry, vivid green when fresh. Stems to ca. 6 cm., widely creeping in thick or loose mats, branched. Leaves from 1–2.5 mm., sub-opposite, contiguous or slightly imbricate, apex rounded-truncate, entire or rarely with one to two small teeth; dorsal margins somewhat decurrent, bases free, often recurved or slightly revolute (when dry), especially towards the apex. Stipules narrowly connate with the leaves, twice as wide as the stem, short, with a wide and shallow sinus, segments diverging, slender, with one to two lateral teeth. Cells oval, rounded, or quadrate, apical ca. 30 μ, basal ca. 45 μ. When dry they appear smaller, with thick, brown walls. Perianths lateral, often in pairs, each on a very short, stout branch, beset with rhizoids at the base, mouth coarsely toothed. I do not find the involucral leaves to be entire, as Stephani says, but small and lacerate, membranous, in two pairs, the lower pair the smaller. ♂ stems, with short spicate androecia. Can be distinguished from C. oblongifolius Tayl., by the more rigid texture of the leaves and their rounded, usually entire apices, also by the shorter stipules of different shape. It is strange that Stephani should have called this plant a Lophocolea, as it has a definite chiloscyphoid look about it, apart from the fact that the perianths are lateral and described by him as “cupulate.” I feel sure we have the right plant, especially as Dr. Herzog

confirmed our identification. It is generally accepted that the subject matter of the sixth volume of Species Hepaticarum is not always entirely reliable. Stephani's type was from Herb. Lillie, No. 226, coll. Meiklejohn, the locality not stated. Known localities are, near Fox Glacier, coll. Mrs. Knight; Stewart Island, coll. Mrs. J. D. Smith; Lake Rotoiti, South Island, coll. Mrs. I. Haskell; watershed of Kaituna Creek, Nelson, coll. Messrs. Simpson and Thomson; Wilton's Bush, Wellington, coll. R. Mason; Taupo district, coll. K. W. Allison; Waikaremoana, coll. E. A. Hodgson. Till recently, the only fruiting specimens I had seen were from a damp, shady creek bank, near Atiamuri, coll. K. W. Allison, but freshly gathered plants abundantly fruiting, have been sent by Miss Thomson of Half Moon Bay, Stewart Island, dated September, 1942. Chiloscyphus polycladus (Tayl.) Mitt. Lophocolea polyclada Tayl., Lond. Journ of Bot., 1846; Raoul, Choix, 1846; G. L. et N., Syn. Hep., p. 697 (Suppl.). Chiloscyphus polycladus Mitt., Fl. Nov. Zel. II, p. 142, 1855; Handb. N.Z. Fl. II, p. 516, 1867; St. Spec. Hep., vol. III, p. 237. Plants dioicous, thickly interwoven, procumbent, pale green when fresh, pale straw to dull brown and glistening in the dry state, usually sterile, of a soft appearance. Stem creeping, from 2–7 cm., simple or branched, with tufts of long rhizoids, mainly at the base of the stipules, sometimes blackish. Leaves ca. 1.5 mm., on well grown plants, ovate-lingulate, spaced, contiguous or slightly imbricate, variable in size, may be smaller and bifid on branches, very obtuse from a wide base, dorsal margin sub-curved, ventral straight. Stipules 2–6 fid, usually with five or six laciniae, when they are narrowly connate with the leaves on both sides, one side somewhat lower than the other; bifid stipules with or without a long lateral tooth, may be longly connate, or even free, on one side; laciniae setaceous, often ending in as many as eight single cells. Cells hexagonal, ca. 30–40 μ, larger at base; trigones very minute. Androecia on short spicate branches. Perianth cylindrical, 2.5 mm. long, by 1–2 mm. broad, deeply three-lobed, mouth coarsely and irregularly toothed, ridges present on the basal portion; on one perianth a toothed scale-like leaf was attached to a ventral ridge. Invol. leaves broken and hard to discern, stipule narrow, oblong, shortly bifid. Perianths described, were from short, branched plants, with small stipules, on soil on rock in small stream near Mohaka River, Run 38. Both the Flora Novae Zelandiae, and the Handbook speak of the ventral margin being toothed towards the base, but I have not yet found any trace of these, nor are there any on the fragment which I have seen from Mitten's Herbarium. The ends of very long segments of the stipule might have been mistaken for teeth on the ventral margin. Luxuriant plants with long stems and well developed stipules, growing in wettish places, are usually sterile. This species differs from C. supinus in the softer leaves, not co closely imbricate, and a little wider. The stipules, too, are a different shape.

A common plant in moist, shady places in the Wairoa district. Also from Waikare Gorge, Napier-Wairoa Road; Waikaremoana, both coll. E. A. Hodgson; on rock, Mangaturuturu Valley, Mt. Ruapehu, coll. G. O. K. Sainsbury. The type was collected at Akaroa by Raoul. Stephani also gives as a synonym C. banksianus G. Ann. Sc. Nat., 1857, vol. VIII, p. 339. Chiloscyphus menziesii Mitt. Fl. Nov. Zel., II, p. 139, 1855; St., Spec. Hep., III, p. 236. Stem 1 inch long, creeping flexuous, branched. Leaves brownish-green, opposite, dorsal bases connate, broadly ovate or half-orbioular, obtuse, quite entire, thick succulent; involucral leaves concave, denticulate. Stipules ovate, two-dentate, margins obtusely three-denticulate, broadly connate with the leaves. Perianth campanulate, teeth of mouth short, incurved. Middle Island: Dusky Bay, Menzies, on Lichens; Port Preservation, on bark of trees, Lyall. Lord Auckland's group, J. D. H. The above is the description from the Handbook, as the scrap from Mitten's Herbarium is too fragmentary to warrant another one. Though the leaves are stated to be entire, two or three isolated marginal teeth are present. Also the stipules appear to be at most, only narrowly connate with the leaves. Meagre as the specimen is, however, I cannot help being struck with the strong resemblance which the leaves bear to certain ones of C. bidentatus St., and in the Flora Novae Zelandiae, even Mitten remarks on the similarity of the cells to those of C. chlorophyllus (bidentatus?). The stipules, too, are closely similar. However, the mouth of the perianth of C. bidentatus is fimbriate, and not with short teeth as stated above, so we must leave it at that. Further specimens from the above-mentioned stations would be very welcome. Group B. Leaves with bidentate apices. Chiloscyphus billardieri (Schwaegr.) Nees. Jungermannia billardieri Schwaegr., Musc. Hep. Prodr., p. 19; Hook. Musc. exot., t. 61, 1818; Tayl. Lond. Journ. of Bot., 1844. Chiloscyphus billardieri G. L. et N., Syn. Hep., p. 175 et 704 (Supp.); Raoul, Choix, p. 36, 1846; Tayl. Fl. Ant., 1847; Mitt., Handb. N.Z. Fl., p. 515, 1867; C. ciliatus St., Spec. Hep. III, p. 252; C. billardieri forma ciliata Rod., Tas. Bry., p. 53, 1916. Plants robust, variable, pale to dull brown. Stems 5–10 cm., erect or sub-erect, flexuous, simple or more or less dichotomously branched. Leaves imbricate, very crowded, 2 mm. long, opposite, dorsally decurrent, thereby making a very broad base, ca. 2 mm., to the leaf; triangular-ovate, dentate-ciliate, to spinose-dentate along both margins, the two or three apical teeth being more conspicuous; narrowly and shortly connate with the stipules. Stipules reniform, 2 mm. broad, convex, margin toothed as in the leaves, ciliate at base. Cells rounded, variable in size, ca. 30 μ, basal somewhat larger, trigones present. Perianth short, campanulate, broad, three-lobed, lobes again lobed, mouth fimbriate. Calyptra as tall as lobes.

Involueral leaves large, enveloping the perianth, laciniate-toothed. Invol. stipules reniform, larger than the cauline, ciliate-dentate. ♂ stems with numerous small amenta. This species was first discovered in Tasmania by La Billardière, and described and published by Schwaegrichen. The first New Zealand specimens were collected at Dusky Sound by Menzies in 1791. Regarding these Sir W. Hooker says in his Musci Exotici: “I think I am correct in considering it to be the J. Billardieri of Schwaegrichen; his words being, ‘J. caule erecto subramoso, foliis imbricatis ovatis acutis omni margine serratis, stipulis arcuatis dimidio minoribus’; and I am the more inclined to think them one and the same plant, because M. La Billardière has given me very fine specimens, which he gathered in Van Diemen's Land, of the same species, but without a name.” Though the Handbook states: “A very variable plant, in size, colour and toothing of the leaves,” the name “billardieri” was generally recognised as covering these variations, till Stephani separated the New Zealand plant, also from the West Coast of Tasmania, and called it C. ciliatus. Later Rodway reduced this supposed new species to forma ciliata, still retaining it under C. billardieri. The most robust of all the New Zealand species, and easily recognised by the toothed imbricate leaves, and the toothed reniform stipules. Widespread throughout New Zealand, also Stewart, Auckland and Campbell Islands, Tasmania and Australia. Chiloscyphus multispinus Hodgson et Allison, sp. nov. Planta majuscula, pallida, in cortice putrido laxe repens. Caulis simplex vel ramosa, ad 3 cm. longus, procumbens. Folia ca. 1.6 mm., ovato-oblonga, opposita, imbricata, margine antice decurvo apicem versus, margine postico multo spinoso, spinis longis acuminatis, erectis, vel curvatis, e basi lata triangulaque, apice truncato, angulis in spinas mutatis. Amphigastria majuscula, parum imbricata, palmato-spinosa, spinis mediis longis sinu rotundato, foliis utrinque late coalita. Cellulae ca. 30–35 μ, sub-hexagonae, trigonis parvis. Perianthium in ramulo brevissimo laterale, profunde trifidum, ore spinoso-dentato. Folia floralia spinosa utrinque. Amphigastrium bifidum, irregulariter inciso-spinosum. Plants intermingled, creeping, pale green to pale brown (when dry). Stems simple or branched, flexuous. Leaves imbricate, opposite, oblong-ovate, dorsal margin decurved towards the apex, ventral 3–5 spinose, spines from a base five cells broad, tapering to five or six single cells, curved or straight, with rounded sinuses in between the spines. The margin of the sinuses has a thick appearance, and is often incurved. Stipules of medium size, shortly bifid, the two middle laciniae ending in long spines, sinus rounded, lateral spines smaller, often with secondaries; broadly connate with the leaves. Cells ca. 30–35 μ, with thick walls, rounded-hexagonal, not unlike those of C. fissistipus; trigones small. Perianth lateral at the base of the stem, with numerous rhizoids proceeding from the same place, deeply three-lobed with spinous mouth, spines straight or curved.

Numerous well developed archegonia present in addition to the fully matured capsule. Calyptra not much shorter than the perianth. Invol. leaves with both margins spinose. Invol. stipule unequally bifid, laterally spinous-toothed. Several stems with smaller leaves are present, but none of them appear to bear antheridia. Dorsally this species is very similar in appearance to C. renistipulus St., doubtless owing to the decurved dorsal margins, which are common to both. But the very pronounced spines on the ventral margin of C. multispinus, distinguish it from all others, except perhaps C. lyalli, but the texture of that species is soft and membranous, with large cells. Some leaves appear to be trispinose, but in most cases the apex is truncate, with the third spine well round on the ventral margin. The localities are, Pukerimu Bush, Taupo on logs, coll. K. W. Allison, October, 1934; and Roto-a kui, not far distant, November. 1934. A duplicate of the type, which is from Pukerimu Bush, is in the Plant Research Bureau Herb., No. 24629, ex. herb. K. W. Allison and E. A. Hodgson. Chiloscyphus lyallii Mitt. Mitt. in Fl. Nov. Zel., II, p. 140, 1855; Handb. N.Z. Fl., II, p. 516; St. Spec. Hep., vol. III, p. 249; C. trispinosus Mitt., Fl. Nov. Zel., II, p. 140, 1855; Handb. N.Z. Fl., II, p. 516, 1867; St. Spec. Hep., vol. III, p. 249. Plants dioicous, sterile, in lax clumps, in soft shades of green, brown when dry. Stems to 6 cm., more or less flexuous, simple or branched, creeping. Leaves opposite, imbricate, ovate-trapezoid, soft and membranous, glistening, truncate, with a spine at each apical angle, dorsal margin entire, sloping, decurrent, ventral straight, one to four spinous-toothed. Stipules of medium size, bifid, sinus usually fairly wide, segments toothed laterally, connate on both sides with leaves. Cells large, ca. 40–50 μ. ♂ plants of two kinds—(a) with intercalary bracts, (b) with bracts on short lateral spikes, or these may even appear on the same stem. Mitten's C. trispinosus, described as having only one ventral spine, is this species. I have seen pieces of both these plants from Mitten's Herbarium, and apart from the spines they are identical. (Note the similarity of the descriptions in the Handbook.) Moreover, after carefully looking I found leaves on C. trispinosus with two ventral spines, whereas on typical plants of C. lyallii from Akatarawa Saddle, coll. V. D. Zotov. No. 9198 P. R. B. Herb., there are leaves with ventral spines reduced to two or even one. This discovery has cleared up difficulties; for instance, a plant from Pukemako, King Country, coll. L. B. Moore, has been labelled both C. lyallii, and C. trispinosus at different times. Another characteristic of this fine plant is that the androecia are both intercalary and spicate in the same clumps of plants, and even on the same stems, which is also the case in C. compactus Col., and C. physanthus Mitt, a fact which militates against the recognition of Heteroscyphus as a seperate genus, at least as far as New

Zealand plants are concerned. This generic name was applied by Schiffner to plants with spicate androecia, and has been re-established by Buch, Evans and Verdoorn, in a preliminary check-list, in Annales Bryologici, vol. X, 1937. As Mitten points out in the Flora Novae Zelandiae, this species bears resemblance to L. biciliata Mitt, but the spinous ventral margin and the larger stipules will distinguish it. Mitten also remarks that owing to the absence of perianths, there is doubt about the genus. I think it is almost certainly a Chiloscyphus. Other localities are, near Fox Glacier, coll. Mrs. Knight. Ohaeawai (?), North Island, with C. coalitus, coll. Berggren, comm. Dr. Fr. Verdoorn, and No. a1702 ex. Herb. Colenso. Mitten's type of C. lyallii, is from Port Preservation, and his C. trispinosus is from Bligh Sound, both collected by Dr. Lyall. Chiloscyphus bidentatus St. St. in Hedw. 1895, p. 320; Spec. Hep., vol. III, p. 241. Plants dioicous, pale green to cream, or pale brown, in small patches. Stems from 2 to 8 cm., simple or more usually branched, flexuose with tufts of rhizoids at intervals. Leaves opposite, imbricate or densely so, flat or ascending, dorsal bases connate, ovate-orbicular, slightly more than 1 mm. long, dorsal margin entire, or with a few small, isolated teeth, ventral margin usually entire, apex usually with two spinose teeth, enclosing a very small sinus, or less often with a single tooth, or sub-acute, or even obtuse. Stipules contiguous, ovate or ovate-orbicular, not, or scarcely connate with the leaves, shortly bifid at apex, with about five short, blunt teeth on each lateral margin, or equally toothed all round. Cells rounded, variable in size, mostly ca. 30 μ, trigones large. Invol. leaves oblong, margins shortly and sparsely toothed, lobes sub-lacerate. Perianth on very short lateral branches, ovate-campanulate, mouth fimbriate. The round imbricate leaves, with two parallel apical teeth, close together, and the fimbriate perianth mouth are the chief distinguishing marks of this easily recognised species. The more I study this species, the more I am persuaded that it is the normal well developed form of Mitten's somewhat smaller, darker, C. menziesii. Such a plant from Prospecting Flat, Stewart Island, coll. L. Cockayne, which is unquestionably C. bidentatus, has the majority of its leaves identical in shape with those of Mitten's fragment, with cells, stipules and colour all similar. Though Mitten describes his perianth mouth as having short, incurved teeth, whereas C. bidentatus has the mouth fimbriate, it may be, that, as with the leaves, the dentitions incline to become less pronounced, or, as in the case of the leaves, even obsolete. If, as I strongly suspect, C. chlorophyllus (Tayl.) is a depauperated form of C. bidentatus St., then Taylor's name of chlorophyllus, may have to take precedence over both Stephani's bidentatus and Mitten's menziesii. Other localities are, summit Te Moehau Mt., Coromandel Pen., amongst mosses, coll. L. B. Moore; National Park, coll. G. O. K. Sainsbury; Ngongotaha Mt., Rotorua, on tree trunk in bush, coll. K. W.

Allison; Lead Hills, Rainham, Nelson, coll. G. Simpson and S. Thomson; Waikaremoana, coll. A. L. Hodgson; Tararuas, coll. V. D. Zotov, No. 6664, P. R. B. Herb.; also in Colenso's collection. Chiloscyphus sinuosus (Hook.) Nees. Jungermannia sinuosa Hook., Musc. Exot., t. 113, 1818; Tayl., Lond. Journ. of Bot., p. 384, 1844; Fl. Ant., 1847. Chiloscyphus sinnosus G. L. et N., Syn. Hep., p. 175 et 705 (Supp.) Mitt., Fl. Nov. Zel., II, p. 141; Handb. N.Z. Fl., II, p. 515, 1867; St., Spec. Hep., vol. III. p. 244; Rod. Tas. Bry., p. 54, 1916. Plants dioicous, medium to robust, yellow-green, loosely interwoven in depressed mats. Stems 3–8 cm., often much branched; with a grooved appearance due to the set of the closely imbricate, dorsally connate leaves; rhizoids few or absent. Leaves triangular-ovate from a broad base, opposite, closely imbricate, apex bidentate, teeth close together, sinus round, small; dorsal margins long and sloping, the connate bases forming a “flat triangular lamina”; ventral margins strongly undulate. Stipules closely imbricate, 5–6 partite, segments setaceous, margins undulate, recurved; connate with the leaves. Cells ca. 30–40 μ, rounded, with large trigones. ♂ stems closely packed with short spicate branches, with 2–3 pairs of bracts. Perianth ovate, with a stout stalk, mouth laciniate, laciniae inflexed. Invol. leaves variously 2–4 lobed, segments ciliate-toothed. Easily recognised by the closely imbricate leaves with strongly undulate ventral margins. Though Mitten reduces C. oblongifolius to this species, I have not included it in the synonomy, as Stephani reinstates it in his Species Hepaticarum, and, moreover, the descriptions of these two species in the Synopsis Hepaticarum are different. The Flora Antarctica states that the specimens from the Auckland Islands are quite white. The Handbook states that this species is abundant from the Bay of Islands to Dusky Sound, but the only specimens I have seen are from: Ruahines, coll. Colenso; Rainbow Mountain, Rotorua, coll. K. W. Allison; Arthur's Pass, coll. A. L. Hodgson; Maruia Springs, Nelson, coll. J. H. McMahon; Mt. Arthur Tableland, coll. J. M. Dingley; Fox Glacier, coll. Mrs. Knight; Franklyn Mts., Lake Te Anau, coll. W. A. Thomson. Also from Tasmania. The original plant was found at Dusky Sound by D. Menzies, in 1791. Chiloscyphus cuneistipulus Steph. St., Hedwig, 1893, p. 322; Spec. Hep. vol. III. p. 243. Plants dioicous, greenish brown to brown when dry, soft-looking, in sprawly mats. Stems much branched, pinnately or fasciculately, to 5 cm., rhizoids numerous. Leaves 1.5 mm., imbricate or densely so, often smaller at the middle or top of the stem, ovate-triangular, ventral margin arched, dorsal sloping decurrent; apex ca. one-third as broad as the base, teeth sometimes setaceous, diverging or parallel, sinus shallow or obliquely lunate. Stipules broader than tall, almost straight across the top, or with a shallow sinus; laciniae widely diverging, each with a lateral spine. Cells ca. 30–40 μ, hexagonal, trigones

none, or very small. Perianth lateral, deeply lobed, lobes laciniate-toothed. Androecia on spicate branches, pinnate along the stem, bracts in six pairs, bidentate. The base of the leaf is so wide that it stretches in part, over the bases of three or four other leaves. At first sight, this plant is easily confused with Lophocolea trialata G., both having the same appearance, and the leaves and stipules being the same shape. But the perianths of the Lophocolea, though terminal on lateral branches, are very characteristic, being long with winged angles. It is also monoicous, the androecia being intercalary; whereas, so far I have seen only spicate androecia on the Chiloscyphus. Apart from the fruiting characteristics, the leaves of the Lophocolea are quite opposite, with the leaves connate on both sides; while the Chiloscyphus leaves are somewhat alternate, with the stipule free on one side. The Lophocolea has larger cells and bifid stipules. A plant from Karamea, Nelson coll. Miss Foot, has very crowded leaves. Stephani describes the leaves as “conferta.” His perianths, too, are more strongly laciniate than those I have seen. Helms, Petrie, and Kirk are mentioned as having collected his plants. Localities of my specimens are: Ohau-iti River, No. 7269 P. R. B. Herb., Mt. Hector, No. 7483 P. R. B. Herb., both coll. V. D. Zotov. Rimutaka, No. 6046 P. R. B. Herb., coll. T. -Kirk. Waikaremoana coll. A. L. Hodgson. In bush Taupo District, coll. K. W. Allison.* Also from the West Coast of Otago, coll. Miss Ella Campbell. Chiloscyphus coalitus (Hook.) Nees Jungermannia coalita Hook., Musci Exotici, t. 123, 1818; Nees, Hep. Jav., 1830; Tayl. Lond. Journ. of Bot., 1844; Chiloscyphus coalitus G., L., et N., Syn. Hep., p. 180 et 706 (Supp.). Mitt., Fl. Nov. Zel., II, 141, 1855; Handb. N.Z. Fl., II, p. 516, 1867; St., Spec. Hep., vol. III, p. 242; Rod., Tas. Bry., II, p. 55. C. epibryus Col., Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. XXI, 1888. C. spruceanus Col. Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. XXI, 1888. Plants dioicous, usually sterile, medium to robust, variable, yellow-brown to dark green, in flat patches. Stems to 6 cm., but shorter when in compact masses, often black, creeping, usually on rotten logs, branched. Leaves ovate-quadrate, imbricate, subsymmetrical, opposite, truncate, bidentate, teeth consisting of from 4–7 single cells, from a base 2–3 cells broad; margins entire, may be decurved towards the apex, giving the leaves a twisted, triangular appearance, or may be slightly outwardly curved. Stipules short, 4–6 toothed, broadly connate, with the leaves. Cells ca. 35 μ, hexagonal, no trigones. ♀ bracts on numerous spicate amenta along the stem. Perianths obscured by the leaves, about twice as tall as broad, mouth sub-entire or three-lobed, lobes variously toothed, teeth usually small. Invol. leaves very small, bi- or trifid, segments toothed, teeth short or long, also one or two lateral ones. Cells larger than in the ordinary leaves, basal may be ca. 70 × 30 μ. The plants vary in appearance. Longer stems with larger leaves, apparently from damper localities, may be dark green or brown,

with larger cells and of a softer texture, but the widely and shortly connate stipules are fairly constant. A lax, dark green plant from rain forest, Westland, coll. M. Berry and H. M. Hodgson, which must be this plant, has spherical perianths. Regarding this, Mr Allison comments: “The ‘spherical perianths’ appear to me to be pathological abnormalities. I dissected two and could see no archegonia, and certainly no capsule at any stage of its growth. The growths might, for instance, be galls caused by mites.” Some of the larger plants come very near to C. oblongifolius Tayl., and can be distinguished only by the stipules, which in that plant are bifid, and more longly and narrowly connate with the leaves. A common and widespread plant, usually on humus or rotting logs. Found also in Tasmania, Eastern Australia, Java and the Caroline Islands. Chiloscyphus allodontus (Tayl.) Hodgson, comb. nov. Jungermannia allodonta Tayl., Lond. Journ. of Bot., p. 382, 1844; Fl, Ant., p. 155, 1847; Lophocolea allodonta G. L. et N., Syn. Hep., 163; Mitt., Fl. Nov. Zel., II, p. 137; Handb. N.Z. Fl., II, p. 511, 1867; Rod., Tas. Bry., II, p. 47, 1916; St. Spec. Hep., vol. III, p. 94. Chiloscyphus piperitus Mitt. Fl. Nov. Zel. II, p. 141, 1855; Handb. N.Z. Fl., II. p. 517, 1867; St. Spec. Hep., vol. III, p. 239. Plants dioicous, usually sterile, robust, pale to dull green, creeping, matted, variable in size. Stems 2 ½–5 cm., creeping, with tufts of rhizoids, sometimes curiously shaped. Leaves to 2 mm. on some stems, smaller on others, at base almost as broad, ovate-oblong to subquadrate, rounded to a sub-truncate, two-dentate apex, teeth small or ciliiform; flat, horizontal, sub-alternate, somewhat imbricate, dorsal margin slightly decurrent at base; somewhat membraneous with a vitreous appearance. Stipules small, two-partite, segments lanceolate-acuminate, diverging, sometimes with a lateral tooth; free or narrowly connate on one side with leaf. Cells ca. 30–40 μ, trigones minute. Perianth large, cup-shaped, mouth sinuous, lacerate. ciliate. Invol. leaves small, bifid, toothed. Till now this plant has been classified as a Lophocolea; but a fruiting specimen from near the Russell-Whangarei Road coll. V. W. Lindauer, with large lateral chiloscyphoid perianths, unquestionably places it in Chiloscyphus. Moreover, Mitten placed his Chiloscyphus piperitus in this genus, and the drawing and description of this plant in the Flora Novae Zelandiae show clearly that it is a small form of C. allodontus. The plants vary in size, and robust plants will often have branches with much smaller leaves. Mr Lindauer's plant is particularly pale in colour, almost white in fact, and creeping on rotting wood, which is the usual habitat of this species. Can be recognised by the broad, horizontal, sub-quadrate leaves, and the small bifid stipules with lanceolate segments. Creeping on humus or dead wood in bush throughout the North Island; also Auckland Islands and Tasmania. There do not seem to be any recorded stations from the South Island.

Chiloscyphus oblongifolius (Tayl.) G. L. et N. Jungermannia oblongifolia Tayl., Lond. Journ. of Bot., p. 563, 1845; Chiloscyphus oblongfolius, G. L. et N., Syn. Hep., p. 706; St., Spec. Hep., vol. III, p. 243. Lophocolea colensoi Mitt., Fl. Nov. Zel., II, p. 138, 1855; Handb. N.Z. Fl., II, p. 509, 1867. Chiloscyphus colensoi Mitt., Handb. N.Z. Fl. Add. & Corr., p. 753, 1867; St., Spec. Hep., vol. III, p. 243. Plants robust, usually sterile, pale to dark or brownish green. Stems 5–7 cm., widely creeping, simple or branched, often black, dorsal surface flat, almost grooved, with leaves inserted near to the outside edge, as it were; ventral surface convex, with numerous rhizoids which often obscure the stipules. Leaves 3 mm. long, opposite or sub-opposite, oblong-ovate, imbricate, about half of each leaf covered by the one above it; marginal ends rounded to a truncate bidentate apex, teeth sometimes obsolete; dorsal margin decurrent. Stipules small in comparison with, the leaves, emarginate-bifid, segments tapering, narrowly triangular, each with one or two lateral teeth; scarcely, or narrowly and longly, or rarely, even widely connate with the leaves below them, one side often somewhat lower than the other. Cells apical ca. 40 μ, basal to about 70 μ. Trigones O. Androecia on amenta, lateral on ♂ stems. In the Appendix to the Handbook, under Chiloscyphus colensoi, Mitten describes the perianth as “short, campanulate; lips toothed, not exserted beyond the leaves.” C. oblongifolius was reduced by Mitten to C. sinuous Nees, but these species are quite distinct; and one can only assume that there was a mixture in the specimen which Mitten saw. Stephani, who has drawn and described Hooker's original plant in his Species Hepaticarum, restored Taylor's name. Mitten, meeting the same species later, described it first as Lophocolea and then as Chiloscyphus colensoi. Stephani's drawing and description make it quite clear which plant is this species, and the plant in Mitten's Herbarium called C. colensoi is identical with this. The only species with which C. oblongifolius can be confused is the large form of C. coalitus, but in that species the leaves are less imbricate, and not so regular, and the stipules are not bifid, but are more evenly toothed. The habitat of C. oblongifolius seems to be on rooty humus and rotting logs. My specimens are from North Auckland coll. H. B. Matthews, Pool's Gully, near Russell, coll. V. W. Lindauer; Ohau-iti R., coll. V. D. Zotov, No. 7259 P. R. B. Herb.; Stewart Island, coll. Mrs J. D. Smith. Also from Titirangi, Auckland, coll. E. D. Swanberg. Other plants placed here have now been removed to C. coalitus. The type was collected at Bay of Islands by Sir Joseph Hooker. Chiloscyphus physanthus (Tayl.) Mitt. Jungermannia physantha Tayl., Lond. Journ. of Bot., 1844; Raoul, Choix, 1846; G. L. et N., Syn. Hep., p. 700. Chiloscyphus physanthus Mitt., Fl. Nov. Zel., II, p. 141, 1855; Handb. N.Z. Fl., II, p. 517, 1867; St., Spec. Hep., vol. III, p. 242. Chiloscyphus epiphytus Col. Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. XXIX, p. 61, 1888. Lophocolea filicicola St. Journ. Linn. Soc., 1892. Chiloscyphus filicicolus St., Spec. Hep., vol. III, p. 239. Rod., Tas. Bry., 1916. Plants dioicous, in flattish tufts, medium, yellow to brownish green. Stems to 5 cm., usually less, procumbent, straight to flexuous,

simple or more usually branched, tufts of rhizoids numerous. Leaves sub-rigid, glistening, small or large according to the size of the plant, variable, broadly ovate to rectangular-ovate, often connivent, sub-alternate, slightly imbricate, dorsal margin somewhat decurrent, ventral arched, sometimes armed with a tooth; bidentate, sinus obtuse, lunate or shallow; laciniae broadly triangular at base, short or filiform, parallel or diverging. Stipules deeply bifid, with a lateral tooth near the base; on robust specimens segments long and tapering; narrowly connate on both sides to leaves, one side lower than the other. Cells variable, 30–50 μ, rounded, with trigones. ♂ inflorescence of two kinds, usually intercalary on stems, but one plant noted has a long branch with these, and in addition, numerous short, spicate branches with androecia. The intercalary bracts may be in few or many pairs, at the base or apex of a stem, or median, and are toothed similarly to the leaves. Perianth lateral, short, almost as broad as long, campanulate, inflated, mouth dentate-lacerate. Invol. leaves small, four-lobed. Invol. stipule deeply bifid. A specimen gathered locally has perianths both lateral and terminal, but this does not seem to be usual. Chiloscyphus floribundus St., Spec. Hep., vol. III, p. 240, Although I have not actually included this name in the synonomy, I fully believe that it belongs here, judging from the drawing and description. However, there is no doubt whatever about Stephani's C. filicicolus being this plant. Mitten's Leioscyphus repens has long been a stumbling block. The piece from his Herbarium forwarded under this name is certainly C. physanthus, but there is a note to say that Mitten's packet is labelled Leptoscyphus lophocoleoides Mitt. (Mitten later changed his name of Leptoscyphus to Leioscyphus). There is however, no New Zealand plant that I am aware of called by this name. If the specimen is the real Leioscyphus repens Mitt., and there is no reason to suppose that it is not, that that name must also be included in the synonomy. C. epiphytus Col., No. a 1302 is also C. physanthus. In the Linnean Journal of 1892, Stephani has wrongly-reduced it to Lophocolea biciliata (Tayl.) Mitt. Though non-fruiting specimens of this species may be confused with species of Lophocolea, the brownish, glistening leaves, often connivent, i.e., with dorsal faces appressed or nearly so, at right angles to the stem, will generally serve to distinguish it. A common North Island plant, in grass and scrub lands and open bush. The type was gathered at Bay of Islands by Sir J. D. Hooker, as was also the plant described by Mitten as Leioscyphus repens. Chiloscyphus chlorophyllus (Tayl.) Mitt. Jungermannia chlorophylla Tayl., Lond. Journ. of Bot., p. 562, 1844. Lophocolea chlorophylla G. L. et N., Syn. Hep., p. 698 (Supp.). Chiloscyphus chlorophyllus Mitt., Fl. Nov. Zel., II, 139, 1855; Handb. N.Z. Fl., II, p. 517, 1867; St., Spec. Hep., vol. III, p. 250. Caule repente, ramoso, foliis imbricatis, ovatis, apice sinu parvo, rotundato, bicuspidato, margine dorsale integerrimo, ventrali apicem 1–2 dentato, amphigastriis ovatis, apice brevi bidentatis lateribus duobus parvis instctis, perianthium campanulatum, ore laciniis,

spinoso-dentatis, foliis amphigastrioque involucralibus conformibus, denticulatis. Pallide virens et fuscescens. Folia ad apices ramorum majorum et antice conniventia. Amphigastria a foliis omnino discreta, cauli adpressa. Perianthium ore aperto, laciniis brevibus. Capsulis ovalis. The above is Mitten's description of this plant in the Flora Novae Zealandiae. I have seen a fragment ex. Herb. Mitt., and I feel sure that it is merely a depauperated form of Stephani's C. bidentatus. Branch leaves and stipules on a Waikaremoana gathering of C. bidentatus are extremely similar to those of Mitten's plant; and while Mitten speaks of the leaves as connivent, Stephani expresses it as “adscendentia.” See further under C. bidentatus St. As the plants stand, the leaves of C. chlorophyllus lack the rotundity of those of C. bidentatus, and the plant is smaller. The type was collected at the Bay of Islands by Sir Joseph Hooker. Group C. Leaves with pluridentate apices. Chiloscyphus laxus Mitt. C. laxus Mitt., in Fl. Nov. Zel., II, p. 142, 1855; Handb. N.Z. Fl., II, p. 517, 1867; St., Spec. Hep., vol. III, p. 250; Rod. Tas. Bry., II, p. 56. Lophocolea weymouthiana St., Spec. Hep. Plants more or less glaucous, of a lax habit, fragile, sterile. Stem to 5 cm., creeping, mostly simple, thin. Leaves small, ca. 0 5–0.8 mm., but sometimes more than 1 mm., in length, delicate, glistening, sometimes with an iridescent sheen, alternate, somewhat remote, ovateoblong, unequally three- to four-lobed; dorsal margin arched near the base, but not decurrent. Stipules distant, bifid, segments slender, diverging; may be narrowly connate with the leaf on one side. Cells large and lax, from ca. 40–60 μ, no trigones. This plant may be confused with forma cavernicola of C. triacanthus, but the leaves are softer, the cells are larger, and the apical teeth are not spinulose. Fruiting specimens have apparently not been found. I have seen only three specimens of this plant, other than the fragment of Mitten's type. They are two from Stewart Island, coll. L. Cockayne ex packet No. 0829, and Mrs J. D. Smith, and one from Otupae, Taihape, ca. 2500 ft., coll. A. L. Hodgson. Chiloscyphus echinellus (Ldbg. et Gottsche) Mitt. Lophocolea echinella G. L. et N., Syn. Hep., p. 703 (Supp.). Chiloscyphus echinellus Mitt., Fl. Nov. Zel., II, p. 141, 1855; Handb. N.Z. Fl., II, p. 517, 1867; Steph., Spec. Hep. vol. III, p. 254; Rod., Tas. Bry., II, p. 36, 1916; Pears. Univ. Cal. Pub. Bot., vol. X, p. 317, 1923. Plants dioicous, small, glaucous when fresh, in loose straggly patches. Stems ca. 2 cm., simple or branched, slender, creeping, covered with prominent papillae. Leaves ca. 0.7 mm., broadly ovate, contiguous to slightly imbricate, the upper half of the leaf free, denticulate-dentate, or unequally spinous-toothed, apical margin usually with corner and middle spines the longest; surface muricate, the general appearance being prickly, hence the name. Stipules ca. 2 mm., bifid; segments more or less diverging, with 2–3 lateral teeth, connate on one side with leaf. Cells uneven, from ca. 12–25 μ, walls

thick, trigories O. Perianth lateral, usually with three pairs of involucral leaves with stipules, increasing in size upwards; margins of upper leaves spinous-toothed, mouth of perianth lacerate, spinoustoothed. Resembles Lophocolea muricata in being muricate, but the leaves of that species are bidentate with a sinus, whereas these have an apical spine. They are also less crowded and lie flatter than those of the Lophocolea. In fruiting specimens the lateral perianth will always serve to distinguish them. In damp shade on ground and rotting logs, localities being: Whaeo Stream, Rotorua region, coll. K. W. Allison; Lake Waikare-iti, E. A. Hodgson; Mt. Hector, coll. V. D. Zotov; Otari Reserve, N. Kemble Welch; Wilton's Bush, R. Mason; Pelorus Bridge, Marlborough, G. O. K. Sainsbury; Westland, H. M. Hodgson; Stewart Island, coll. Mrs. J. D. Smith, also L. Cockayne; Chatham Islands, coll. — Cox (in Kirk's collection). Also from Tasmania. The type, collected by Menzies at Dusky Sound, was found amongst Plagiochila ramosissima and sent to the authors by Sir W, Hooker. Chiloscyphus tridentatus Mitt. C. tridentatus Mitt., Fl. Tas., II, p. 228, 1860; Handb. N.Z. Fl., II; 517, 1867; Rod. Tas. Bry., II, 55, 1916. C. Knightii St., Spec. Hep., vol. III, p. 235. Plants small to medium, glaucous when fresh, pale when dry, in mats but not very dense. Stems creeping, simple or branched, 1–2 cm. long, rhizoids few. Leaves usually small, but vary according to the size of the plants, ca. 0 5–1 mm., oblong-ovate or ovate-quadrate, imbricate, sub-opposite, of firm texture, apex three-dentate, teeth short from a broad base, sometimes reduced to two or one, or even entire, sub-truncate or rounded. Stipules variable, 2–3 times the width of the stem, bifid, sinus obtuse to shallow, segments with a lateral tooth; connate with the leaves on one or both sides. Cells rounded and separate, apical ca. 20 μ, basal ca. 35 μ. The Handbook does not describe a perianth, neither have I seen any, but under C. knightii Stephani describes it as campanulate, very large for the size of the plant, mouth three-lobed, lobes deeply 4–6-fid, laciniae lanceolate entire. In the Flora Novae Zelandiae, Mitten listed this plant as C. combinatus Nees, a Brazilian and Javan plant. But in the Flora Tasmaniae he says regarding this species, “The original specimens of C. combinatus, kindly lent by Nees von Esenbeck, are a rather larger species with soft and flaccid leaves, composed of more lax cells.” He therefore separated the southern plant calling it C. tridentatus, to which the Handbook also referred our New Zealand plants. Stephani does not allow C. tridentatus for New Zealand, but for Tasmania only, but the plant in Herb. Mitten, labelled C. tridentatus, is a New Zealand plant, coll. Colenso, No. 2163. Though still maintaining our New Zealand plants to be C. combinatus Nees, Stephani describes it anew as C. knightii. His drawing of this “new species” is identical with Mitten's plant, and Dr. Th. Herzog agrees with us that the two are synonymous.

Stephani's Saccogyna trilobata possibly belongs here also. Not common. I have it from “steep slope above Whaeo Stream, above Murupara, Rotorua region,” coll. K. W., Allison, Franklyn Mts., Lake Te Anau, coll. W. A. Thomson, and Otupae, Taihape, ca. 2000 ft., coll. E. A. Hodgson. Further Handbook localities are Bay of Islands, Cunningham; Cape Turnagain, Colenso; Wellington, Stephenson. Chiloscyphus triacanthus (Tayl.) St. Lophocolea triacantha Tayl., Lond. Journ. of Bot., p. 368, 1846; Raoul. Choix, pp. 8 and 36; G. L. et N., Syn. Hep., p. 698 (Supp.) Mitt. Fl. Nov. Zel., II, 138. 1855; Handb. N.Z. Fl., II, 509. 1867. Chiloscyphus triacanthus Steph. Spec. Hep., vol. III, p. 247. Chiloscyphus odoratus Mitt., Fl. Nov. Zel., II, 140, 1855; Handb. N.Z. Fl., II. 510. 1867; St. Spec. Hep., vol. III, p. 244. Plants dioicous, pale, green to brown, in flattened clumps or sprawly patches, often draping a damp bank, variable in all respects. Stems of varying lengths, to 8 cm., according to the habit of the plant, branched. Leaves of different sizes, sub-alternate, rarely imbricate, more often contiguous, or even spaced, ovate-quadrate, apex three-cuspidate to three-dentate-spinose (but having also a bispinose form), the middle tooth or spine from a broad triangular base, dorsal margin decurrent, some leaves therefore with wider bases than others, shining. Stipules variable in size, in proportion to the leaves, taller than broad, with an arched insertion, divided, but not deeply, into 4–5 spinose segments, connate with the leaves, one side lower than the other. Cells irregular in size, 20–40 μ, rounded or hexagonal, trigones small. Perianth lateral, taller than broad, mouth somewhat lobed, lobes coarsely spinous-toothed. Invol. leaves, obovate-oblong, lateral margins entire, apices spinous-toothed. ♀ bracts toothed or spinous in conformity with the ordinary leaves, in 6–8 pairs, on pinnate spicate branches, showing on the ventral side of the stem. Forma cavernicola Allison. Plants very small, interwoven. Leaves spaced or alternate, 0.3–0.5 mm., including the long setaceous teeth. Stipules 2–4-fid. Cells 40–50 μ, largest on the smallest leaves. Still smaller and more slender stems have distant bifid leaves. A type duplicate of this remarkable form is in the Plant Research Bureau Herb., No. 24628; from shady cavern at base of waterfall, near Atiamuri, coll. K. W. Allison, 18/5/33. Another gathering with some of the leaves a little nearer in size to the normal form, is from shady mouth of a large “pot-hole,” Kaingaroa Plains, Rotorua region, coll. K. W. Allison, 3/11/37. Also in Kirk's collection, No. 6192, P. R. B. Her, from Water of Leith, Dunedin. The fact that it rarely fruits, doubtless accounts for this plant being placed in Lophocolea by the earlier authors, though Mitten's C. odoratus, which is, the same species, is not, perianths being present. Fruiting plants collected by Mr. Allison between Ohakune and National Park, and near Atiamuri, leave no doubt as to the correct genus. C. triacanthus is one of the most, if not the most, variable of all our species of Chiloscyphus. A plant from Arthur's Pass, coll. A. L.

Hodgson, has stipules with quite a deep basal part, while in another from near Atiamuri, coll. K. W. Allison, the spinous segments of the stipules are two-pronged. Still another specimen from Whakapapa Gorge, coll. L. B. Moore, det. K. W. Allison, has the apical teeth so small in some cases as to be almost obsolete, also quite a number of bidentate leaves. Surprising as it may seem, I am convinced that Mitten's C. odoratus, Fl. Nov. Zel. II, is a two-spined form of this species. The piece from Mitten's Herbarium, collected at Bligh Sound by Dr. Lyall, is the same as a plentiful gathering from near Greymouth, coll. M. Berry, of a plant which has two-spined leaves, with an occasional three-spined one. This plant, in its turn, is similar to an elongated form from Akatarawa Saddle, coll. V. D. Zotov, No. 9209, P. R. B. Herb., which has an approximately equal number of both two and three-spined leaves, and which is C. triacanthus without a doubt, Mr Allison referring it here, independently of myself. It is therefore a connecting link between normally three-spined leaves of C. triacanthus, and Mitten's C. odoratus. Hence my reduction of C. odoratus to this species. Stephani's Lophocolea tenax, Species Hepaticarum vol. VI, p. 296, appears to be this two-spined form also. A common plant in shaded places near water. Draping the side of a gorge, it may cover a large area. Plants in compact mats usually have much shorter apical teeth. Chiloscyphus fissistipus (Tayl.) G. L. et N. Jungermannia fissistipa Tayl. in Lond. Journ. of Bot., 384, 1844; Fl. Ant., 137, 1847; Chiloscyphus fissistipus G. L. et N., Syn. Hep., p. 175; Mitt., Handb. N.Z. Fl., II, 515, 1867; Fl. Tas., 1860; St., Spec. Hep., vol. III, p. 246; Rod., Tas. Bry., II, 53, 1916. Plants in dense depressed mats, dark green or glistening golden brown when dry, dioicous. Stems 2–3 cm., procumbent, flexuous. branched, sometimes considerably. Leaves ca. 1.3 mm., ovate-doliform (i.e. barrel-shaped), imbricate, opposite, dorsal bases connate, ventral margin entire, or with one or two teeth, much arched, dorsal sloping or slightly arched, entire, apex 3–4 dentate, or spinose-dentate, or irregular. Stipules contiguous or slightly imbricate, large, reniform, cut into simple or compound segments, armed with many long, curved or spinous teeth, the median ones often the longest, shortly connate with the leaves. Cells hexagonal, ca. 30 μ. Perianths lateral, almost sessile, showing on the ventral side of the plant, broadly campanulate with a wide laciniate mouth. Invol. leaves, bi- or tri-fid, dentate laciniate. Short spicate androecia plentiful on ♂ stems, with 5–7 pairs of bracts on each little spike. Intercalary androecia also present, sometimes on the same- stem. This is a variable species, the plants differing mainly in the armature of the apex, and to a lesser extent of the ventral margin. The three or four apical teeth may be spinous, or short with the number reduced to two, or even one at times, or an occasional leaf may even be obtuse as in C. supinus, but there will always be some leaves on the stem with three or four teeth, and these, in conjunction with the characteristically arched ventral margin, enable it to be recognised. In C. triacanthus the leaves are only sub-opposite, and the

Fig. 1—C. ammophitus. Figs. 2-3—C. cymbaliferus. Fig. 2—Stipule. Fig. 3—Leaf. Fig. 4—C. decipiens. Fig. 5—C. supinus. Fig. 6—C. conistipulus from Stephani. Fig. 7—C. laxus. Fig. 8—C. coulitus. Fig. 9—C. beckettianus. Fig. 10—C. echinellus. Fig. 11—C. oblongifolius. Fig. 12—C. allodontus. Fig. 13—C. fissistipus. Fig. 14—C. tridentatus. Fig. 15—C. multispinus.

Fig. 16—C. normalis. Fig. 17—C. lyalli Fig. 18—C. renistipulus. Fig. 19—C. compactus. Fig. 20—C. tranthus. Fig. 21—C. polycludus. Fig 22—C. sinnosus. Fig. 23—C. chlorphyllus. dosrsal, from Fl. Nov. Zet. Fig. 24—C. bidentatus. Fig. 25—C. billardieri. Fig. 26—C. cuneistipulus. Figs. 27–28—C menziesru. Fig. 27—Leaf Fig. 28—Stipule. Fig. 29—C. physanthus.

stipules not reniform, while in C. renistipulus the leaves are more closely imbricated and narrowed towards the three-spinose apex, and the stipules are more regular and deeply indented. A specimen from Otari Reserve, coll: N. Kemble Welch, comm. K. W. Allison, has most irregular apices. Other localities are: Bay of Islands, coll. V. W. Lindauer; “under manuka on steep bank,” Kaingaroa Plains, coll. K. W. Allison; Marlborough, coll. J. H. McMahon; Doubtful Sound, coll. G. Simpson; Stewart Island, coll. L. Cockayne and Mrs. J. D. Smith. An Australian and Tasmanian plant, also in the Auckland Islands. Chiloscyphus renistipulus Steph. St. Hedw., p. 326, 1893. Spec. Hep., vol. III, p. 248. Plants dioicous, in loose patches, creeping on crumbly bark, pale yellow green. Stems 2–3 cm., branched. Leaves very densely imbricated, obliquely spreading, ovate-triangular; ventral margin slightly arched, entire, or with an isolated tooth, often curved inwards just below the apex, thereby narrowing the upper part of the leaf; dorsal margin sloping, often decurved, giving the leaf a twisted look; apex with three spines, close together, the middle one often the longest. Stipules closely imbricate, reniform, deeply divided into numerous, triangular-acuminate laciniae, prolonged into spines, the median segments the biggest, the outer with curved lateral spines; sinuses rounded-obtuse, the median one the deepest. Cells ca. 35 μ, rounded in the upper part of the leaf with trigones, basal to ca. 60 μ, without trigones. Perianth obscured by the leaves, campanulate lobed, lobes coarsely and irregularly laciniate lacinae incurved. Invol. leaves longer than the cauline, bifid, laciniae acuminate, margins also somewhat laciniate. Invol. stipule ovate-orbicular, margins laciniate-toothed. C. renistipulus differs from C. fissistipus in the closely placed and spinous apical teeth, and in the general shape of the leaf. From C. triacanthus it differs in the reniform stipules and the narrower leaf apex. In the Journal of Botany, British and Foreign, vol. 49, 1911, there is an article on the Hepatics of New Zealand, by L. C. Gibbs, F.L.S., which contains a list of certain species determined by Stephani One of these is C. renistipulus, and the locality is given as Wairongomai mine, Te Aroha, on dead wood in forest,. The only specimen I have seen is one from Waipoua Forest, between Dargaville and Opononi, creeping on dead bark, coll. V. W. Lindauer, August, 1939. Stephani's type was collected on the Great Barrier Island by T. Kirk. Excluded Species. Chiloscyphus aculeatus Mitt., of the Flora Novae Zealandiae and the Handbook, is a small variable plant with dorsal and ventral spines, and with leaves smooth or papillose. A fruiting specimen from Paparoa Range, Westland, coll. R. Helms, In Kirk's collection, No. 6195 P. R. B. Herb., clearly shows it to be a Lophocolea. It runs into small forms of Lophocolea leucophylla Tal., to which species Stephani reduced it, and I would not say that he was altogether wrong.

Stephani's Chiloscyphus hispidus, a sterile plant collected by Meiklejohn, and described in Species Hepaticarum, vol. VI, p. 308, appears to be Lophocolea leucophylla. Lophocolea biciliata (Tayl.) Mitt., was published in the London Journal of Botany, 1845, as Jungermannia (Chiloscyphus) biciliata, and as Chiloscyphus biciliatus in the Synopsis Hepaticarum. In the Flora Novae Zealandiae Mitten removed it to Lophocolea with the following comment: “This species was described as a Chiloscyphus, but may rather be considered as a Lophocolea from its habit, its tendency to form involucral leaves, and an increase in the size of the stipules towards the apex, observed on one of the stems.” On the other hand, the comment in the Handbook, probably Hooker's, is, “Specimens imperfect and affinity doubtful.” The true position of this plant cannot be positively determined till fruiting plants have been found, but for my part I am inclined to think it is a Chiloscyphus, as I have two gatherings, one from Bay of Many Coves, Marlborough, coll. H. M. Hodgson, and one from Tangimoana Bush, near Wairoa, in which male stems have the spicate androecia, so common to many of our Chiloscyphus, and which I at any rate have not seen so far in any species of Lophocolea. The piece of Mitten's plant labelled L. biciliata, is actually C. allodontus. L. biciliata has a characteristic glossy appearance, not unlike that of C. lyallii. There is still another plant which for long has been in our Herbaria sub nomine Chiloscyphus. One gathering is from Tableland Track, Mt. Arthur, Nelson, coll. G. O. K. Sainsbury, February, 1930, and the other, fruiting, is from Wairaumoana, Waikaremoana, coll. Mrs. G. O. K. Sainsbury, Mar. 1930. Concerning this plant Mr Allison writes: “This I make out to be a Lophocolea. The perianth form (not angled), is that of Chiloscyphus, though not unknown in Lophocolea, but the terminal position is lophpcoloid. Generally the perianths have innovations, and in at least two cases that I have examined, these spring from the perianth (inner) side of the involucral stipule. Now in Chiloscyphus, the perianth is borne on a “proper” branch, bearing one to three pairs of leaves and stipules, so that if the perianth appeared as terminal in a Chiloscyphus, the continuation of the stem (which would then appear as an innovation) would spring from somewhere below the perianth, but certainly not from the inside of the involucral stipule. As well, the continuation of the stem would proceed from the front or somewhat to the side of the perianth, not from the back of it.” The plant in question is small, with flat, more or less oblong leaves, horizontally set, from two-dentate to ¼-1/3 bifid (sometimes with a smaller third tooth), with an acute sinus. It has a spotted shiny appearance, due to the large cells. The stipules are small, deeply bifid, with segments diverging. The perianths are, to all outward appearances, lateral. Whatever may be its position as regards genus, it certainly appears to be a new species. Notes on Colenso's Species. Colenso's species of Chiloscyphus are:—C. epibrya; C. spruceana, a1395; C. ammophila, a1308; C. vulcanica, a1309; C. marginata; C. venustula; C. insula; C. lingulata, 2900; C. epiphyta, a1302;

C. montana; C. heterodonta; C. compacta, a1301; C. dicyclophora. Descriptions of these are published in that order in the Transactions New Zealand Institute, vol. XXI, 1888, pp. 58–63. Also C. involucrata, in Transactions, vol. XXII, 1889, p. 455. The numbers opposite some of the names are those of the named duplicates in Colenso's collection. C. epibrya Col., not seen, is reduced by Stephani in the Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. XXIX, 1892, to C. coalitus Nees. C. spruceana Col., correctly reduced by Stephani to C. coalitus Nees. C. ammophilus Col., a good species, already described. C. vulcanicus Col., is a small form of Lophocolea leucophylla Tayl. Recognised as a new species by Stephani in the Linnean Journal, but later correctly reduced by him to Lophocolea. C. marginata Col., not seen; reduced by Stephani to Lophocolea heterophylloides Nees. C. venustula Col., not seen either by Stephani or myself, but from the description appears to be a small form of C. triacanthus (Tayl.) C. insula Col., reduced by Stephani to C. ammophilus Col. C. lingulata Col. This is apparently Lophocolea planiuscula Tayl. It was allowed by Stephani in the Linnean Journal, and is also in the Species Hepaticarum, but under the name of C. ligulatus. This is a common aquatic plant, apparently always sterile, of a dark, dingy, or blackish green, with crumpled leaves, which are lingulate entire, alternate, with small, free bifid stipules. Colenso complicates matters by describing a plant of another species, which as near as I can make out is C. normalis (St.). C. epiphyta Col., is C. physanthus (Tayl.), wrongly reduced by Stephani to L. biciliata (Tayl.). C. montana Col., not seen, reduced by Stephani to Balantiopsis diplophylla (Tayl.). C. heterodonta Col., not seen either by Stephani or myself, but from the description is probably also B. diplophylla. C. compacta Col., a good new species, already described. Stephani reduced it to C. coalitus Nees, but it is probable he did not have a good duplicate. C. dicyclophora Col., reduced by Stephani to C. cymbaliferus (Tayl.). C. involucrata Col., not numbered, but in the Colenso collection, is a species of Lophocolea of the Oppositae group, wrongly reduced by Stephani to L. biciliata (Tayl.). From his description in the Species Hepaticarum, Stephani appears to have had a wrong conception of the latter plant. In conclusion, I would again express our thankfulness to the late Dr. Marshall Howe, of New York, for sending pieces from Mitten's Herbarium, without which this paper could not have been written. Our thanks are also due to the authorities of the Dominion and Hawke's Bay Museums, for making Colenso's material available, to Dr. H. H. Allan and Mr. V. D. Zotov, for the loan of the

Kirk and Zotov collections in the Plant Research Bureau Herbarium, and to Miss L. Cranwell, of the Auckland Institute and Museum, for the loan of Dr. Cockayne's Stewart Island hepatics, and H. B. Matthews' collection, mainly from North Auckland. Literature Consulted. Colenso, Rev, W., 1888. Descriptions of newly discovered Cryptogamic Plants. Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 21, pp. 58–63. Gottsche, C. M., Lindenberg, J. B. G., et Nees, C. G., ab Esenbeck, 1844–1817. Synopsis Hepaticarum including Supplement, Hamburg. Hooker, Sir J. D., Botany of the Antarctic Voyage. Hooker, Sir William, 1818. Musci Exotici, London. Mitten, W., 1855. In Flora Novae Zealandiae, 2, London. ——, 1860. In Flora Tasmaniae, London. ——, 1867. In Sir J. D. Hooker's Handbook of New Zealand Flora, 2, London. Mitten, W., 1889. Ibid. vol. 22, p. 455. Pearson, W. H., 1923. Notes on a collection of New Zealand Hepaticae. Univ. Cal. Pub. Bot., vol. 10, p. 317. Rodway, L., 1916. Hepatics, Tas. Bry., vol. 2, Hobart. Stephani, Fr., 1900–1924. Species Hepaticarum, Geneva. ——, Hand-diawings of Species (Icones) ined. ——, 1892. Colenso's New Zealand Hepaticae, Journ. of Liun. Soc., vol. 29, pp. 263–280. Taylor, Dr., 1847. In Flora Antarctica, London.