Marine Fauna of the Chatham Islands.* This paper is based on materials collected by the writer when a member of the Otago Institute Party at Chatham Islands in the summer of 1924.

Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Volume 60, 1930, Page 136

Marine Fauna of the Chatham Islands.* This paper is based on materials collected by the writer when a member of the Otago Institute Party at Chatham Islands in the summer of 1924. By Maxwell W. Young, F.C.S., Biologist, Marine Department, Wellington. [Read before the Otago Institute, 1925; received by Editor, December, 1928; issued separately, 31st May, 1929.] Plates 16–17. Introduction. In dealing with the Marine life of the Chatham Islands the first point to be considered is their geographical position in relation to New Zealand. These islands lie approximately five hundred miles due East of Lyttelton. A cold current from the south passes up the east coast of the South Island, and, branching off at Banks Peninsula, flows eastward to the Chathams. Another current from the vicinity of Cook Strait, coming southwards, also passes over towards the Islands. The speed of the main body of the current may be judged from the fact that light wreckage from Cook Strait has been picked up three weeks later, on the north side of the main island. This gives an average speed of just over one mile per hour. There is no possibility of error in the observation, as the date of the wreck was noted in the Press, and the finding of the wreckage in a Station diary. Drift bottles liberated by the Marine Fish Hatchery staff off Otago Heads have been picked up on various parts of the Island at intervals of from three months to fifteen months after liberation. In this case, however, one must take into consideration the fact that the bottles had a longer journey, and probably had lain on the beach for some time before being noticed. The observation that the water which flows past our coast also washes the shores of the Chatham Islands makes one naturally expect to find that their marine fauna would be closely allied to our own, and this is borne out by the observations which I made on my two trips to the Islands, and by the observations of other zoologists who have also visited them at various times. My first trip was made mainly for technological purposes, in connection with the fishing industry, but I found time to do some shore collecting, and also examined the stomach contents of several tons of fishes, mainly blue cod. Stomach content examination is not only of value for finding the foods of specific fishes at various seasons and on different grounds, but it also gives one a good idea of the off-shore fauna. It has also an important bearing on the subject of the migration of fishes. The second trip, undertaken on behalf of the Otago Institute, was made with the main object of examining the littoral life of the west and north coasts of the main island.

Strong tides run north with the flood, and south with the ebb, having an average rise and fall of from six to eight feet, which is very satisfactory for shore collecting. Calm sunny weather is essential for this work, as the slightest breeze tends to ruffle the surface of the water, and render the visibility poor. In this respect I was very fortunate, as we enjoyed excellent collecting weather during the whole of the second trip. The coast line consists of long stretches of beach, some composed of sand, and the others, particularly on the west coast, of banks of shells. The beaches are not of great value for collecting except for such specimens as may be cast ashore by the tides, or after gales. Rocky outcrops at intervals provide the rock pools which are necessary for littoral collecting. There are three main types of rock pools at the Chathams. (1) Those formed as deep narrow clefts in the rock. They are, for some reason, usually barren of life both vegetable and animal. (2) Those formed as shallow pools on otherwise level platforms. In these are to be found several species of crabs; sea-anemones, some of which camouflage themselves with sand and broken pieces of shells; small fishes, generally of littoral forms such as Tripterygion and Diplocrepis; starfishes of several kinds, brittle stars, molluscs and various pelagic organisms which have been left by the receding tide also occur in them. (3) The rock pools proper, which are generally of fairly large area, about four feet deep, and open to the sea either by small outlets or by the outer wall being submerged at half tide. It is essential that a pool should not be left long without a change of water, for the chemical composition, as affecting the percentage of the dissolved gases oxygen and carbon dioxide, changes rapidly to the detriment of life in the pool. The edges are generally rocky and covered with algae, sponges, and compound tunicates. The bottom is usually sandy with some rocks. A good series of pools of this kind was found at Waikawa, and another on a small island called Te Motere, just off Wharekauri, which is accessible on the shore side after half tide. The main part of my collections came from these two places. These pools contain crustaceans, tunicates, echinoderms, sponges, polychaetes, mollusca, and fishes of many kinds. In fact almost every littoral group is represented in one favourable pool. The fishing grounds at the Chathams are to be found off the outlying reefs and islets but, as portions of the coast are rocky, line fishing can be carried on with more or less success anywhere. A full account of the fishing industry is to be found in my paper published in the Journal of Science and Technology (1). The scientific results of the present expedition are arranged under the various groups. The fishes, crustacea, and tunicates will be found to be fairly complete, but in some of the other groups less detail will be noted. The reason is that it is impossible for one observer to recognise the species in every group. Further, the necessary literature is not always available. I have studied every paper procurable, and have appealed to all authorities and museums for other specimens and records from the

Chathams, so I think it is safe to say that this is a fairly complete record of the marine fauna up to the present day. Mistakes in nomenclature and systematic arrangement will probably be found in some of the groups, as in these days of ever changing names it is impossible to keep pace with the literature outside a particular group. I have taken the latest available authority in each group, and have as far as possible arranged my species on the same system. In every case I have stated the source of my nomenclature, so that workers in each of the groups will know what I mean by any specific name even though it does not happen to be the latest one in use. It would be a lengthy task to thank all who have helped me in the compilation of this paper, but Dr. Benham's assistance must come first as he has placed his wide experience unreservedly at my disposal, and has gone to a great deal of trouble in procuring me the necessary literature. The Islanders one and all assisted me in every way, both in the collection of the rarer specimens and in the matter of local nomenclature. The Chatham Islands Fishing Co. have been of great assistance, freezing and forwarding the more bulky specimens free of charge. The revision of this paper was undertaken by the Hon. G. M. Thomson, M.L.C., and Mr. L. T. Griffin, Assistant Curator of the Auckland Museum. I have to thank these gentlemen for their assistance. The Mollusca were all handed over to Dr. Harold Findlay. In each section every species was actually taken or seen by myself, unless it is stated that it has been recorded by some competent authority in the literature quoted. Pisces. The fishes are well represented at the Chathams, the species taken corresponding to those of the Otago and Canterbury waters. Several species which one would expect to find have not yet been recorded, but I am sure that it is only because no one has fished for them in the right place. I have in general followed the nomenclature and arrangement used by Waite (2) in his original Basic List, though I do not agree with some of his corrections. This is possibly not a perfect system, but the book is readily available, and a complete list of synonyms is given, which prevents any serious confusion. All of the genera recorded up to 1838 have been checked and corrected to conform with Jordan's Genera of Fishes (3). In all doubtful cases I have followed Günther. Although I have taken all care to bring the nomenclature up to date this paper makes no pretence of being a systematic revision. An up-to-date check list of the New Zealand fishes is urgently required. One has only to attempt a paper of this kind to find out the confusion that exists at present. A complete account of the commercial fisheries of the Chathams is to be found in my paper in the Journal of Science and Technology (1) so there is no need to go into any details here. The confirmation of the occurrence of the Opah or Moon Fish (Lampris guttatus), and a record of the occurrence of the Sand

Flounder (Rhombosolea plebia), the Frost Fish (Lepidopis caudatus), and a rare specimen Lophotes cepedianus, were the most important results of the expedition, but several other fishes which, though known to be quite common, have not previously been recorded, are now added to the list. In nearly every case a good description of the specific characters of the fish will be found in Waite's reports, but a reference to the original description is given where known. I have also given the Maori names wherever possible. Geotria Gray, 1851. 1. Geotria australis Gray. Lamprey. Maori: Korokoro, Piharau. Geotria australis Gray, Proc. Zoo. Soc., 1851, p. 239. Geotria australis Hutton, F. W., Trans. N.Z. Inst., 5, p. 272, and Trans. N.Z. Inst., 22, p. 285. Denday, A., Trans. N.Z. Inst., 34, p. 147. A specimen consisting of the head, gills, and portion of the body of the Velasia stage of Geotria, was found in the stomach of a blue cod. Eptatretus Duméril, 1819. 2. Eptatretus cirrhatus Forster. Blind-eel or Hag. Petromyzon cirrhatus Forster, in Bloch and Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 532. The Blind-eel is fairly common at the Chathams. I can confirm Mr. Waite's notes on the eversion of the teeth when angry, as I have had occasion to kill several specimens in formalin and have noticed it each time. When the animal is killed in a solution of formalin the slime loses its viscosity as noted, and one can then examine and dissect the fish with comparative ease which is impossible in its natural state, as one cannot even hold it sufficiently still owing to the slime, to say nothing of the nausea produced even in the most enthusiastic of observers. A very complete account of the fish and its habits is to be found in Waite's paper (4). Cephaloscyllium Gill, 1861. 3. Cephaloscyllium laticeps Duméril. Carpet Shark. Scyllium laticeps Duméril, Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1853, p. 84. On my first trip to the Islands my attention was drawn to a decomposed and mutilated shark on the Waitangi Beach, and I had no difficulty in assigning it to this species.

Galeorhinus Blainville, 1816. 4. Galeorhinus australis Macleay. Tope. Maori: Mangoreremai. Galeus australis Macleay, Proc. Lin. Soc. N.S.W., 6, 1881, p. 354. Galleorhinus australis McCulloch, Check List Fish, N.S.W., p. 6. This species has been recorded by Waite (5). In connection with the Maori name it is to be noted that the one used was applied to all dog-fishes. Raja Linnaeus, 1758. 5. Raja nasuta Mueller and Henle. Skate. Maori: Whai. Raja nasuta Mueller and Henle, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 150. The skate was trawled at the Chathams by the “Nora Niven.” Argentina Linnaeus, 1758. 6. Argentina elongata Hutton. Silverside. Argentina elongata Hutton, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), 3, 1879, p. 53. I secured some partly-digested specimens from fish stomachs, Waite records having trawled the species. Retropinna Gill, 1862. 7. Retropinna retropinna Richardson. Smelt. Argentina retropinna Rich. Zool. of Erebus, p. 121. The smelt is very common in Tennent's Lake near Te Roto, where it is to be found darting about on the sandy shoals and amongst the rushes. Leptocephalus Scopoli, 1777. 8. Leptocephalus conger Linnaeus. Conger Eel. Maori: Ko-iro, Ngoio. Muraena conger Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1758, p. 245. The conger eel is occasionally taken at the Chathams. Anguilla Shaw, 1804. 9. Anguilla aucklandii Richardson. Eel. Anguilla aucklandii Rich., Zool. of Erebus, p. 113. Hutton, Cat. Fish. N.Z., p. 64. Trans. N.Z. Inst., 28, p. 318. Recorded from the Chathams by Hutton. 10. Anguilla australis Richardson. Anguilla australis Rich. Zool. of Erebus, p. 112. Hutton, Cat. Fish. N.Z., p. 65. A specimen of this eel, labelled Chatham Islands, is to be found in the Canterbury Museum.

Hippocampus Rafinesque, 1810. 11. Hippocampus abdominalis Lesson. Seahorse. Maori: Manaia. Hippocampus abdominalis Lesson. Ferussac. Bull. Sci. Nat. 2, 1827, p. 127. The seahorse is common at the Chathams. I captured several specimens, both male and female, in the rock pools at Waikawa. It is not easily frightened, and can be captured by hand amongst the weed on the edges of the rocks. Solegnathus Swainson, 1839. 12. Solegnathus spinossissimus Guenther. Solegnathus spinossissimus Guenther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 8, 1870, p. 195. Guenther, Study of Fishes, 1880, p. 682. Hutton, F. W., Cat. Fish. N.Z., p. 69. This beautiful pipefish, which is amongst the largest of the Lophobranchs, is represented by a single dried specimen in poor condition, sent to me after my return. There is, however, a good specimen in the Otago Museum. Scombresox Lacépède, 1803. 13. Scombresox forsteri Cuv. and Val. Scombresox forsteri Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., 18, p. 481. Hutton, Cat. Fish. N.Z., p. 53. Mr. Travers brought a specimen from the Chathams, and another from the same locality is in the Canterbury Museum. Physiculus Kaup, 1858. 14. Physiculus bachus Forster. Red Cod. Gadus bachus Forster, in Bloch and Schneider, Syst. Ichth. 1801, p. 53. This species is not so common at the Chathams as it is near the mainland, but I saw a few specimens on my first trip. I do not think that it has been previously recorded. The red cod is not considered of commercial value. 15. Physiculus rhacinus Forster. Gadum rhacinum Forster, in Bloch and Schneider, Syst. Ichth. 1801, p. 56. Physiculus rhacinus Forster, Descr. Anim., 1844, p. 304. Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 5, p. 266. Hutton, Cat. Fish. N.Z., p. 46 (Lotella). Mr. Travers brought several specimens from the Chathams. An account of the nomenclature and range of this fish is to be found in the Journal of Science and Technology (6).

Cyttus Guenther, 1860. 16. Cyttus novae-zealandiae Arthur. Silver Dory. Zeus novae-zealandiae Arthur., Trans. N.Z. Inst., 17, 1885, p. 163. This species has been trawled all round the Island. I did not see any specimens secured by line fishermen. Fam. Pleuronectidae. With the exception of the “Nora Niven” expedition practically no trawling has been done at the Chathams, so our knowledge of the flat fishes is rather meagre. Before trawling can become an industry at the Islands a marine survey will have to be made as the present charts are very inaccurate. As the Chathams may be New Zealand's most prolific fishing grounds in years to come, this work should be done as soon as possible. From my own observations, confirmed by others, I am convinced that there are large areas of clean sandy bottom handy to the Islands, and these should prove to be ideal trawling grounds. Caulopsetta Gill, 1893. 17. Caulopsetta scapha Forster. Megrim or Witch. Maori: Mahoa. Pleuronectes scapha Forster, in Bloch and Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 163. This fish, which is the poorest of our flat fishes, was trawled at every haul at the Islands. It is too thin and bony to be of any market value. Rhombosolea Guenther, 1862. 18. Rhombosolea plebia Richardson. Sand Flounder. Maori: Patiki. Rhombus plebius Rich., in Dieffenbach 2, 1843, p. 222. Waite did not secure any specimens on his expedition and remarks on the fact (9), but I speared several on my first trip to the Islands. It is probably quite common in the Te Whanga lagoon, when the artificial channel between the lagoon and the sea is open. 19. Rhombosolea retiaria Hutton. Black Flounder. Maori: Patiki. Rhombosolea retiaria Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 6, 1874, p. 107. Specimens of this fish are to be found in the Te Whanga lagoon. Ammotretis Guenther, 1862. 20. Ammotretis guentheri Hutton. Brill. Ammotretis guentheri Hutt., Trans. N.Z. Inst., 5, 1873, p. 267. Splendid examples of this fish are frequently speared off the rocks at Waitangi, where it is to be found lying on the sand at low water.

Pelotretis Waite, 1911. 21. Pelotretis flavilatus Waite. Lemon Sole. Pelotretis flavilatus Waite, Proc. N.Z. Inst., 1911, p. 50. This species was trawled at the Chathams by the “Nora Niven.” Peltorhamphus Guenther, 1862. 22. Peltorhamphus novae-zealandiae Guenther. Sole. Peltorhamphus novae-zealandiae Guenther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 4, 1862, p. 461. Also trawled by the “Nora Niven.” Polyprion Cuvier, 1817. 23. Polyprion prognathus Forster. Hapuku or Groper. Maori: Hapuku. Perca prognatha Forster, in Bloch and Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 301. The Hapuku or groper is extremely plentiful at the Chathams. It is found on the same grounds as the blue cod and interferes to a certain extent with the blue cod fishery. The men do not wish to catch groper on account of the lower price paid at the freezer, and further, the Fishing Company will not take a large number of groper at any time, as they do not freeze well and it is hard to find a market for them. Hypoplectrodes Gill, 1862. 24. Hypoplectrodes semicinctus Cuvier and Valenciennes. Half-Banded Sea Perch. Plectropoma semicinctum C. & V., Hist., Nat. Poiss., 9, 1833, p. 442. The Half-Banded Sea Perch is common at the Chatham Islands, being caught at the same time as the blue cod. It is a slow-moving fish, inhabiting rocky bottoms, but takes bait freely. Pseudopentaceros Gill, 1893. 25. Pseudopentaceros richardsoni Smith. Pseudopentaceros richardsoni Smith, Zool. S. Africa. Fishes, 1849. Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 22, p. 277 (Pentaceros). The second is the only available reference. A specimen from the Chathams is deposited in the Canterbury Museum. Latris Richardson, 1840. 26. Latris lineata Forster. Trumpeter. Maori: Koi Koi, Kohi Kohi. Sciaena lineata Forster, in Bloch and Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 342. The Trumpeter is very common at the Chathams, some splendid examples being secured by the fishermen. It is frozen for export.

27. Latris ciliaris Forster. Moki. Sciaena ciliaris Forster, Descr. Anim., 1844, p. 137. Forster, in Bloch and Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 310. Moki are captured at the Chathams by means of set nets or by fishing with lines from the rocks. They are not exported. Dactylosparus Gill, 1862. 28. Dactylosparus macropterus Forster. Tarakahi. Maori: Tarakahi. Sciaena macroptera Forster, in Bloch and Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 342. This fish is abundant at the Islands, being taken in large numbers by the line fishermen. It is also taken in set nets with moki and other fishes. Tarakahi are frozen for export. Diplocrepis Guenther, 1861. 29. Diplocrepis puniceus Richardson. Sucker Fish. Lepadogaster puniceus Rich., Zool. of Erebus, p. 71. Diplocrepis puniceus Guenther, 1880, Study of Fishes, p. 513. The Sucker Fish, which is usually brown or olive green, is to be found adhering to stones in the rock pools. It is very common at Wharekauri. The posterior portion of the adhesive disc has a free anterior margin. Incisor-like teeth are present. Capture by hand is easy as the fish seems to rely on its colour (which I have seen it change slightly to match its background), and on its firm adhesion, to elude its enemies. Trachelochismus Brisson, 1846. 30. Trachelochismus pinnulatis Forster. Lepadogaster pinnulatus Forster, in Bloch and Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 2. Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 5, p. 265, and 22, p. 281. (Trachelochismus). Hutton, Cat. Fish. N.Z., p. 40. Mr. Travers brought several specimens from the Chathams. Crepidogaster Guenther, 1861. 31. Crepidogaster simus Hutton. Crepidogaster simus Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 28, p. 316. Hutton described this species as new, and records it from the Chathams.

Lophotes Giorna, 1803. 32. Lophotes cepedianus Giorna. Lophotes cepedianus Giorna, Mem. Accad. Torino, 16, p. 19. Guenther, Study of Fishes, 1880, p. 519. The Index Faunae N.Z. gives two references to Lophotes fiskei: (1) Parker T. J., Trans. N.Z. Inst., 26, p. 223. (2) Clarke, F. E., Trans. N.Z. Inst., 29, p. 251. Neither of these has any remark on the species mentioned, but both refer to Guenther's species, so there has evidently been an error in the Index. Later I looked up the description of Lophotes fiskei. It is a totally different species with the crest forward. A specimen of this rare fish had been found on the beach, and stored in the freezer for some time, and it was very generously forwarded to me with my own specimens. There is no doubt about its species, as it agrees with Parker's specimen which is mounted in the Otago Museum. There is only one species in the genus, and the only two previous records from New Zealand are those given above. This is the first specimen secured from the Chathams, but it is stated that several others have been found on the beach from time to time, but all were too mutilated or decomposed to be worth carrying to the freezer. I am of the opinion that some of these were Ribbon Fish, as the men stated that they fell to pieces when touched, a characteristic of Regalecus, which has generally undergone great change due to expansion of the gases, loosening the bony structure. Lophotes, on the other hand, not living at such a great depth as Regalecus, is more coherent. The fish is cosmopolitan, having been recorded from the Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean, Sea of Japan, and now from the Southern Pacific. The length of my specimen was four feet, and it had the characteristic high crest and silvery colour. The colour had faded from the fins. Pseudolabrus Bleeker, 1861. 33. Pseudolabrus coccineus Forster. Scarlet Parrot Fish. Labrus coccineus Forster, in Bloch and Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 264. This brilliantly coloured fish is often taken on the Blue Cod fishing grounds. It is used for bait, but is of little value as a food fish. The flesh is somewhat soft and tasteless. 34. Pseudolabrus pittensis Waite. Banded Parrot Fish. Pseudolabrus pittensis Waite, Proc. N.Z. Inst., 1910, p. 26. This is captured in company with the preceding, on the Blue Cod grounds, but it is not quite so common. It is, however, by no means rare and the fishermen working the Star Keys and adjacent grounds can generally be relied on to bring back one or two specimens with the day's catch. None of the fishes of this genus are used commercially at the Islands, though occasionally used as bait for the blue cod.

Coridodax Guenther, 1862. 35. Coridodax pullus Forster. Kelpfish, Butterfish, or Greenbone. Maori: Marari. Scarus pullus Forster, in Bloch and Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 288. The butterfish can be easily caught all round the Islands wherever kelp is to be found. It is captured in set nets, by spearing, or by fishing with light tackle from the rocks. Though plentiful and of good quality, this fish is not taken in quantity for export. Scomberomorus Lacépède, 1802. 36. Scomberomorus guttatus Bloch and Schneider. Scomber guttatus Bloch and Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 23. Hutton, (10), records this species as Cybium guttatum Bleeker, from the Chathams, and a specimen with the same nomenclature is in the Canterbury Museum. Lampris Retzius, 1799. 37. Lampris guttatus Brunnich, 1788, Plate 1. (Scomber pelagicus) Gunnerus, Dronth. Selsk. Skr., 4, p. 80. Bonnaterre, Encycl. Ichth., p. 72. (Zeus regius). Hector, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 16 (1884), p. 322. (Lampris luna Risso). Guenther, Study of Fishes, p. 454. (Lampris luna). This handsome species, the Opah or Moon Fish, is known to the Maoris as Aro kura. Aro means fat or oily and kura means red. One term refers to the very oily flesh, which is esteemed a great delicacy by the natives, and the other refers to the most striking colour. The fish is not infrequently cast ashore on the north coast of the Island. I did not secure a specimen on either of my trips to the Island, but a small specimen in good condition was sent to me after my return, and there was no doubt about it being Lampris guttatus. It agrees in most respects with the available descriptions, and with the cast in the Otago University Museum. The only difference of any importance is that the predominating colour is red instead of blue, and I hold the opinion that small variations which, for all that is known on the subject, may be caused by immaturity, should not result in the further splitting up of a sound species. I have followed the nomenclature adopted by Jordan (7) in preference to the other writers for the sole reason that as he is a member of the International Commission of Nomenclature he has probably gone more carefully into the records, all of which would be available to him. Dr. Benham (8) gives an interesting account of the changing nomenclature in a short paper which he has published in the Journal of Science and Technology (8). I am deeply indebted to Messrs. Seymour and Mitchell for going to considerable trouble in getting the specimen to the freezer in good condition, and to the Chatham Island Fishing Co. Ltd. for freezing and forwarding the same to me free of charge. A splendid cast is to be found in the Otago University Museum, where my specimen also has been deposited.

Thyrsites Cuvier, 1829. 38. Thyrsites atun Euphrasen. Barracouta. Maori: Manga. Scomber atun Euphrasen, K. Vetensk. Akad. Nya. Handl., 12, 1791, p. 315. This species is to be found at certain seasons but is not fished for, chiefly because of its low market value, and also, I think, because its period of greatest abundance coincides with the summer period, when the blue cod fishing is closed down and the boats are laid up for overhaul. Lepidopus Gouan, 1770. 39. Lepidopus caudatus Euphrasen. Frost Fish. Maori: Hiku, Para. Trichiurus caudatus Euphrasen, K. Vetensk. Akad. Nya. Handl., 9, 1788, p. 52. Frost fishes are occasionally cast ashore on the beaches at the Islands, and as elsewhere are esteemed a great delicacy. I secured a good specimen on my first trip. Kathetostoma Guenther, 1860. 40. Kathetostoma giganteum Haast. Kathetostoma giganteum Haast, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 5, 1873, p. 274. Waite (11) records this species from the Chatham Islands. Notothenia Richardson, 1844. 41. Notothenia cornucola Richardson. Notothenia cornucola Rich., Zool. of Erebus, p. 8. Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 5, p. 262. Specimens were brought from the Chathams by Mr. Travers. Parapercis Bleeker. 42. Parapercis colias Forster. Blue Cod. Maori: Pakirikiri. Godus colias Forster, in Bloch and Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 54. The waters at the Chatham Islands are literally teeming with this first-class fish. It inhabits the neighbourhood of the reefs and the rocky coast line. One boat manned by two fishermen can, in favourable circumstances, catch one ton green weight of blue cod in a day, which, although it is considered a good catch, is by no means a record, and is a common occurrence at the height of the season if the weather is fine. A case is on record at the Island of a man fishing single-handed catching over one ton in a day and repeating the performance twice in the succeeding week. The quality of the fish may be judged from the fact that from one day's catch off the best grounds quite a lot of fish can be sorted out which scale more than

eight pounds green weight, i.e. with head and uncleaned. Blue cod from one of the fishing grounds, the Bertiers or Forty Fours, are often found to have a peculiar malformation of the head, the frontal bone dropping sharply so as to give the fish a square-headed appearance. This malformation is quite common; a load of fish from these grounds can be relied on to supply several dozen specimens. Intermediate forms are common. One specimen preserved in spirits has been deposited in the Otago Museum. Notes on feeding habits of the blue cod will be found in the article on stomach contents of fishes. They are found to be ready for spawning in October. Plate (2A) Normal Head, (2B) Malformation. Gobiomorphus Gill, 1863. 43. Gobiomorphus gobioides Cuvier. Eleotris gobioides Cuv. and Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., 12, 1837, p. 247. Gobiomorphus gobioides Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 5, p. 263, and 28, p. 315. (Eleotris). A specimen from the Chathams is deposited in the Canterbury Museum. The species has also been collected by Major Gascoyne. It is found in the brackish water of Te Whanga Lagoon. 44. Tripterygion varium Forster. Cockabully. Blennius varius Forster, in Bloch and Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 178. In practically every rock pool on the Island the cockabully is to be seen darting about. Many different kinds of markings are to be found and the colour varies from light grey to black, but I can find no valid reason to separate them in different species. Specimens were also found in the cod stomachs examined. Ericentrus Gill, 1893. 45. Ericentrus rubrus Hutton. Sticharium rubrum Hutt., Cat. Fish. N.Z., 1872, p. 33. Ericentrus rubrus Hutt., Trans. N.Z. Inst., 5, p. 264. Hutton also describes this species as Clinus rubrus. A specimen from the Chatham Islands is to be found in the Canterbury Museum. This species is common in the rock pools. Genypterus Philippi, 1857. 46. Genypterus blacodes Bloch and Schneider. Ling. Maori: Hokarari. Ophidium blacodes Bloch and Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 484. The ling is very common, but it is not fished for. Specimens which have been bitten in half by sharks are often to be found washed ashore on the Waitangi beach.

Scorpaena Linnaeus, 1758. 47. Scorpaena percoides Richardson. Sea Perch. Maori: Pohuiakaroa. Sebastes percoides Richardson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 9, 1842, p. 384. This species is freely taken on lines at the Chathams, and is used as bait when fishing for blue cod. Chelidonichthys Kaup, 1873. 48. Chelidonichthys kumu Lesson and Garnot. Red Gurnard. Maori: Kumukumu. Trigla kumu Lesson and Garnot, Voy. Coquille, Poiss., 1826, p. 214. The red gurnard was trawled at all the Chatham Island stations by the “Nora Niven.” Lepidotrigla Guenther, 1860. 49. Lepidotrigla brachyoptera Hutton. Gurnard. Lepidotrigla brachyoptera Hutton Cat. Fish. N.Z., 1872, p. 27. This was freely trawled at the Chatham Islands by the “Nora Niven.” Cantharines Swainson, 1839. 50. Cantharines convexirostris Guenther. Smooth Leather Jacket. Maori: Kiriri. Monacanthus convexirostris Guenther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 8, 1870, p. 248. A mature specimen was forwarded to me by Mr. Charles Seymour. It was dropped by a sea-gull in a paddock. Two immature specimens washed inland by a tidal wave at Kaingaroa were forwarded by Mr. Owen Mitchell. The “Nora Niven” also trawled specimens in 33 fathoms of water. Coelenterata. Physalia Lamarck. 1. Physalia caravella Esch. Portguese Man of War. An enormous school of this beautiful hydrozoan was found cast ashore on the beach at Wharekauri. As an instance of the element of luck in marine collecting the specimens were noted in large numbers on the evening of our arrival; next day the majority of the specimens had either been washed away or destroyed, and three days later only an odd example was to be found, so that if our party had arrived on the north coast a week later it is extremely doubtful if this record could have been made. This species has not previously been recorded from the Chathams. Although specimens of it are to be found in museums in the Dominion, I can find no record of it either in Trans. N.Z. Inst. or elsewhere.

Cyanea Peron and Lesoeur, 1809. 2. Cyanea annaskala von Lendenfeld. von Lendenfeld, Zeit. Wiss. Zool., 37, p. 46. von Lendenfeld, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 9, p. 272 and 952. Benham W. B., Subant. Isl. N.Z., p. 309. This large jellyfish is frequently cast up on the beaches. I secured one specimen which had a decidedly pink tint, presumably a male, as von Lendenfeld states that the male gonads are rose-coloured. All of the specimens noted were about ten inches in diameter. This species is found near Dunedin in the spring and summer months. Fam. Ulmaridae. Aurelia Peron and Lesoeur, 1809. 3. Aurelia caerulea von Lendenfeld. von Lendenfeld, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 9, p. 280. Benham W. B., Subant. Isl. N.Z., p. 309. This pretty little blue jellyfish is extremely plentiful, large numbers being washed up on the beaches. It is much smaller than the preceding species, having an average diameter of four inches. I think that both this and the preceding species are seasonal in their visits as I did not secure any specimens during my first trip in the winter of 1922, whereas in the summer of 1924 the beaches were covered with specimens. It is reported that they are eaten by the blue cod, but as all my examinations were made when the jellyfish were absent, I was unable to check. Crustacea. Brachyura. Paramithrax Milne-Edwards, 1834. 1. Paramithrax latreillei Miers. Paramithrax latreillei Miers. Cat. N.Z. Crus., p. 6. Latreille, Encycl., 10, p. 141. Milne-Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust., 1, p. 324. (P. barbicornis). The species is well represented all round the Island, and large numbers of cast shells are washed up on the beaches from time to time. Small specimens are to be found in most of the larger rock pools. I secured several specimens from the stomachs of blue cod. This is apparently the most common crab at the Chathams. 2. Paramithrax longipes G. M. Thomson. Paramithrax longipes Thomson, G. M., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), 10, p. 361. I found one complete east and several fragments on the beach south of Te Awapatiki. As it is not a littoral form I had no opportunity of securing living specimens. The complete cast had the remains of two specimens of Balanus decorus on its carapace. No specimens were secured in the course of examination of the stomachs of blue cod.

3. Paramithrax peronii Milne-Edwards. Paramithrax peronii Milne-Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust., 1, p. 324. Miers, Cat. N.Z. Crust., p. 5. Chilton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 38, p. 265. Several complete and partial specimens were secured from the stomachs of blue cod. Eurynolambrus Milne-Edwards, 1841. 4. Eurynolambrus australis Milne-Edwards and Lucas. Eurynolambrus australis Milne-Edwards and Lucas, Nov. Archiv. Mus. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 481. Miers, Cat. N.Z. Crust., p. 12. I collected a number of specimens in the rock pools at Wharekauri. It favours shallow stony pools near low water mark. Cancer Linnaeus, 1766. 5. Cancer novae-zealandiae Jacquinot and Lucas. Cancer novae-zealandiae Jacquinot and Lucas, Voy. Pole Sud. Zool., 3, Crust., p. 34. Milne-Edwards, Nov. Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat., 1, p. 189. Miers, Zool. of Erebus, Crust., p. 2. Miers, Cat. N.Z. Crust., p. 14. Chilton, Subant. Isl. N.Z., p. 608. Filhol, Miss. de l'Ile Campbell, p. 371. Quite common in the rock pools of the north coast but not so plentiful as it is in Otago. Heterozius Milne-Edwards, 1867. 6. Heterozius rotundifrons Milne-Edwards. Heterozius rotundifrons Milne-Edwards, Ann. Soc. Ent. France (4). 7, p. 275. Miers, Cat. N.Z. Crust., p. 15. This species has been recorded by Dr. Chilton, but I did not secure any specimens. Pilumnus Leach 1815. 7. Pilumnus vespertilio Milne-Edwards. Pilumnus vespertilio Milne-Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust., 1, p. 418. Miers, Cat. N.Z. Crust., 19. This is very common in the rock pools of the north coast. Nectocarcinus Milne-Edwards, 1860. 8. Nectocarcinus antarcticus Jacquinot and Lucas. Nectocarcinus antarcticus Jacquinot and Lucas, Voy. Pole Sud. Zool., 3, Crust., p. 51. Miers, Cat. N.Z. Crust., p. 30. Filhol, Miss. de l'Ile Campbell, p. 383. Chilton, Subant. Isl., p. 608. Very commonly found in the stomachs of blue cod.

Ovalipes Rathbun, 1898. 9. Ovalipes trimaculatus de Haan. Ovalipes trimaculatus de Haan, Crust. Japonica decap., 1, p. 13; Milne-Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust., 1, p. 437 (Platyonchus bipustulatus). Miers, Cat. N.Z. Crust., p. 32. Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 21, p. 597, and 38, p. 577 (Ovalipes). Stebbing, South Africa Crust., 2, p. 13. The stomachs of blue cod were often found to be crammed with large specimens of this crab, and numerous cast shells are to be found on the beaches. A complete account of the nomenclature is to be found in Stebbing's paper loc. cit. As his reasons for upholding de Haan's name appear to be quite sound, I have had to dispense with the well-known Ovalipes bipustulatus. Halicarcinus White, 1846. 10. Halicarcinus planatus Fabricius. Halicarcinus planatus Fabricius, Ent. Syst., 2, p. 446. White, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 18, p. 178. Filhol, Miss. de l'Ile Campbell, p. 396. Chilton, Subant. Isl., p. 609. Common in the rock pools of the north coast. 10A. Halicarcinus planatus var. tridentatus Jacquinot. and Lucas. Hymenosoma planatus var. tridentatus Jacquinot and Lucas, Voy. Pole Sud., 3, p. 60. Filhol, Miss. de l'Ile Campell, p. 396. Report by Dr. Chilton in the “Nora Niven” Crustacea as having been found at the Chatham Island stations. Hymenicus Dana, 1852. 11. Hymenicus marmoratus Chilton. Hymenicus marmoratus Chilton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 14, p. 172. Several specimens were found at Te Whakuru by Miss Shand. Elamena Milne-Edwards, 1837. 12. Elamena producta Kirk. Elamena producta Kirk, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 11, p. 395. Chilton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 38, p. 270. Filhol, Miss. de l'Ile Campbell, p. 404. This species is not common. I did not secure any specimens, but it has been recorded by Dr. Chilton loc. cit. Pinnotheres Latreille, 1803. 13. Pinnotheres novae-zealandiae Filhol. Pinnotheres novae-zealandiae Filhol, Miss. de l'Ile Campbell, p. 395. Very common in the larger mussels.

Lampris guttatus Brunnich: The Opah, Moon Fish, or Red Fish.

Fig. 2 (A) Normal Blue Cod Head. From stuffed specimen in Otago University Museum. [Photo. by Bathgate. Fig. 2 (a). Abnormal Blue Cod Head from The Bertiers. Deposited in Otago University Museum. [Photo. by Bathgate.

Ebalia Leach, 1817. 14. Ebalia laevis Bell. Ebalia laevis Bell, Trans. Linn. Soc., 21, p. 301. Chilton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 38, p. 266. I secured one adult specimen from the stomach of a blue cod. Anomura. Petrolisthes Stimpson, 1858. 15. Petrolisthes elongatus Milne-Edwards. Porcellana elongata Milne-Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust., 2, p. 251. Miers, Zool. of Erebus, Crust., p. 3, and Cat. N.Z. Crust., p. 60. A specimen of this crab labelled Chatham Islands is in the Canterbury Museum. I did not secure any specimens. Munida Leach, 1820. 16. Munida subrugosa White. Munida subrugosa White, List. Crust. Brit. Mus. Thomson, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 31, p. 194. Chilton, Subant. Isl., p. 612. I did not find that the species was as common as it is off the Otago coast, only isolated individuals being found in the stomachs of blue cod; my largest series of stomach examinations was made at a period when the whalefeed was scaree. Eupagurus Brandt, 1851. 17. Eupagurus rubricatus Henderson. Eupagurus rubricatus Henderson, Chall. Reps., Anomura, p. 69. Thomson, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 31, p. 180. Small specimens are quite common in the pools of the north coast. 18. Eupagurus traversii Filhol. Eupagurus traversii Filhol, Miss. de l'Ile Campbell, p. 422. Thomson, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 31, p. 179. I secured several small specimens from the rock pools on the islet of Te Motere, off Wharekauri. Macrura. Jasus Parker, 1883. 19. Jasus edwardsii Hutton. Jasus edwardsii Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 7, p. 279. Miers, Cat. N.Z. Crust., p. 75. Parker, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 16, p. 297, and 19, p. 150. The crayfish abounds at the Chathams, and was taken in great quantities during the cruise of the “Nora Niven.” It is easily speared from the rocks. Stomachs of blue cod contained large numbers of medium-sized specimens.

Ibaccus Leach. 20. Ibaccus alticrenatus Spence Bate. Ibaccus alticrenatus Spence Bate, Chall. Reps., Macrura, 24, p. 63. Chilton, Rec. Cant. Mus., 1, 3, p. 304. I did not secure any specimens, but the species has been recorded by Dr. Chilton loc. cit. Palaemon Fabricius, 1798. 21. Palaemon affinis Milne-Edwards. Palaemon affinis Milne-Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust., 2, p. 391. Chilton, Rec. Cant. Mus., 1, 3, p. 305, and, Subant. Isl., p. 614. Miers, Cat. N.Z. Crust., p. 85. Very common all round the coast. I secured specimens from the stomachs of blue cod. Pontophilus Leach, 1817. 22. Pontophilus australis Hutton. Crangon australis Thomson, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 11, p. 231. Very common all round the coast. I also secured specimens in the Te Whanga lagoon, and from stomachs of the blue cod and flounders. Stomatopoda. Lysiosquilla Latreille, 1825. 23. Lysiosquilla spinosa Wood Mason. Coronis spinosa Wood Mason, Proc. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1875, p. 232. Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), p. 12. Kirk, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 11, p. 394. (Squilla indefensa). Chilton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 28, p. 62. Chilton, Subant. Isl., p. 615. I did not capture any specimens of this species. Kirk reports it from the Chathams, but I do not think that it is common. Amphipoda. Orchestia Leach, 1815. 24. Orchestia chiliensis Milne-Edwards. Orchestia chiliensis Milne-Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust., 3, p. 18. Thomson, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 31, p. 199. Chilton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 38, p. 270. Chilton, Rec. Cant. Mus., 2, 5, p. 318. No specimens were secured on either of my trips, but Dr. Chilton has recorded its occurrence from Te Whakuru, loc. cit. Mr. Archey also collected specimens from Cape Pattison and The Horns. Talorchestia. 25. Talorchestia tumida G. M. Thomson. Talorchestia tumida Chilton, Rec. Cant. Mus., 2, 5, p. 318. Mr. Archey collected this species from sand at Okawa Beach.

Paramoera Miers, 1875. 26. Paramoera austrina Bate. Paramoera austrina Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), 16, p. 73, and p. 115. Stebbing, Chall. Reps., Amphipoda, 29, 1, p. 447. Chilton, Subant. Isl., p. 625. I secured several specimens of this species from blue cod stomachs, usually amongst the strings of spawn on which the cod had been feeding. Dr. Chilton identified the species for me. He also gives a good account of the synonymy in his paper on the sub-antarctic islands. From this I have accepted Moera fasciculata as recorded by him (13) as a synonym of P. austrina. Some specimens from the Chathams are in the Canterbury Museum. Maera. 27. Maera masterii Haswell. Maera masterii Chilton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 48, p. 367. Chilton, Rec. Cant. Mus., 2, 5, p. 317. This species was collected by Mr. Archey in rock pools at Mangere Island. Melita Leach, 1813. 28. Melita inaequistylis Dana. Melita inaequistylis Dana, U.S. Explor. Exped., 14 Crust., 2, p. 963. Dana, Proc. Amer. Acad., 2, p. 214. Filhol, Miss. de l'Ile Campbell, p. 471. Miers, Cat. N.Z. Crust., p. 127. Chilton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 28, p. 271. Chilton, Subant. Isl., p. 630. Several specimens from stomachs of blue cod. Hyperidea. Themisto Guerin Meneville, 1828. 29. Themisto antarctica Dana. Themisto antarctica Dana, U.S. Explor. Exped., p. 1005. Spence Bate, Brit. Mus. Cat. Amphip. Crust., p. 312. Two specimens were secured from blue cod stomachs mixed up with algae and other material. Phronima Latreille, 1803. 30. Phronima novae-zealandiae Powell. Phronima novae-zealandiae Powell, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 7, p. 294. Stebbing, Chall. Reps., 29, p. 1356. Miers, Cat. N.Z. Crust., p. 129. Chilton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 28, p. 271. I did not secure any specimens, but the species has been recorded by Dr. Chilton loc. cit.

Isopoda. Idotea Fabricius, 1798. 31. Idotea peronii Milne-Edwards. Idotea peronii Chilton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 22, p. 199, and 38, p. 272. This species is not common; I only secured two specimens. Paridotea Stebbing, 1900. 32. Paridotea ungulata Pallas. Paridotea ungulata Stebbing, South Africa Crust., p. 53. Chilton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 22, p. 196. (Idotea). Chilton, Subant. Isl., p. 660. Very common all round the Island. I also got specimens from the brackish water of Te Whanga lagoon, the outlet to the sea being open at the time. Exosphaeroma Stebbing, 1900. 33. Exosphaeroma gigas Leach. Sphaeroma gigas Leach, Dist. Sci. Nat., 12, p. 346. Stebbing, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1900, p. 558. Miers, Cat. N.Z. Crust., p. 110. (Sphaeroma). Chilton, Subant. Isl., p. 652. Very common all round the coast. 34. Exosphaeroma chilensis Dana. Exosphaeroma chilensis Dana, U.S. Explor. Exped. Crust., p. 777. Chilton, Rec. Cant. Mus., 1, p. 310. As I confused this species with the preceding one, I only collected one or two specimens, and so am unable to state whether it is common or not. Dynamenella Ransen, 1905. 35. Dynamenella huttoni Thomson. Dynamene huttoni Thomson, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 11, p. 234. Filhol, Miss. de l'Ile Campbell, p. 446 (Ceratothoa). Chilton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 38, p. 272 (Cymodoce). Chilton, Subant. Isl., p. 657. I did not secure any specimens, but it has been recorded by Dr. Chilton. Isocladus Miers, 1876. 36. Isocladus spiniger Dana. Sphaeroma spiniger Dana, U.S. Explor. Exped., 14, Crust., 2, p. 780. Miers, Cat. N.Z. Crust., p. 113. Very common on the north coast. 37. Isocladus armatus Milne-Edwards. Sphaeroma armatus Milne-Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust., 3, p. 210. Miers, Cat. N.Z. Crust., p. 112. Very common at Wharekauri, where I secured a number of very large mature specimens, principally males.

Iais Bovallis, 1886. 38. Iais pubescens Dana. Iais pubescens Dana, Stebbing, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1900, p. 549. Chilton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 24, p. 265 and 28, p. 273. Chilton, Subant. Isl., p. 649. Quite common; Dr. Chilton has a note in his second paper in Trans. N.Z. Inst., on commensalism of this species with Sphaeromids. Oniscus Linnaeus, 1767. 39. Oniscus novae-zealandiae. Oniscus novae-zealandiae Filhol, Miss. de l'Ile Campbell, p. 441. Chilton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 28, p. 273. (Deto). Chilton, Subant. Isl., p. 667. (Synonymy). I did not secure any specimens. Dr. Chilton records it from Te Whakuru. In his first paper Dr. Chilton uses the generic name Deto, but changes to Oniscus in the second. 40. Oniscus punctatus Thomson. Oniscus punctatus Thomson, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 11, p. 232. Chilton, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool., 8, p. 133. Chilton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 28, p. 273. This species was brought from Pitt Island by Dr. Dendy and recorded by Dr. Chilton. I did not secure any specimens. Armadillo Latreille, 1804. 41. Armadillo speciosus Dana. Armadillo speciosus Dana, U.S. Explor. Exped. 14, Crus., 2, p. 718. Chilton, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool., 8, p. 146. Chilton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 38, p. 273. This species is common all round the coast. Cirripedia. Lepas Linnaeus, 1748. 42. Lepas fascicularis Ellis and Solander. Lepas fascicularis Jennings, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 47, p. 286. Large numbers of this Cirriped attached to the characteristic float were cast ashore on the beach at Wharekauri. 43. Lepas hillii Leach. Lepas hillii Jennings, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 47, p. 287. This species was found attached to driftwood on the beaches. It can apparently live for some considerable time out of water, so long as it is kept moist. Pollicipes Leach, 1817. 44. Pollicipes spinosus Quoy and Gaimard. Pollicipes spinosus Quoy and Gaimard. Filhol, Miss. de l'Ile Campbell, p. 486. A specimen from the Chathams is in the Canterbury Museum.

Balanus Lister, 1685. 45. Balanus decorus Darwin. Balanus decorus Darwin, Monog. Cirripedia Balanidae, p. 212. Filhol, Miss. de l'Ile Campbell, p. 486. Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 11, p. 328. Chilton, Subant. Isl., p. 679. I secured specimens of this species from the carapace of Paramithrax longipes, with which it is commonly associated. Elminius King, 1830. 46. Elminius modestus Darwin. Elminius modestus Filhol, Miss. de l'Ile Campbell, p. 486. Only one specimen was brought back. Echinodermata. Pectinura. 1. Pectinura maculata Verrill. Pectinura maculata Verrill. Farquhar, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., 23, 1898, p. 306. References to previous literature. Clark, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 42, p. 118. Clark, Cat. Rec. Ophioiurians, p. 303. Farquhar records this species from the Chathams. 2. Pectinura cylindrica Hutton. Pectinura cylindrica Hutton, Cat. N.Z. Ech., p. 3. (Ophiura). Farquhar, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., 1898, 23, p. 306. (Ophiopeza). Clark, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 42, p. 117. Mortensen, Pacific Exped., 1914–15, No. 20, p. 172. Clark, Cat. Rec. Ophioiurians, p. 303. This species has also been recorded by Farquhar. I secured a few specimens. Ophionereis. 3. Ophionereis fasciata Hutton. Ophionereis fasciata Hutton, Cat. N.Z. Ech., p. 2. Farquhar, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., 23, p. 307 (O. schayeri). This is the first record from the Chatham Islands. I secured a fair number of specimens from the rock pools of Te Motere Island, where it was to be found crawling about amongst the seaweeds, and hiding in cracks in the rocks, from which it was almost impossible to dislodge specimens without injury. The pool had a sandy bottom and was quite shallow.

Pentagonaster Gray. 4. Pentagonaster pulchellus Gray, 1840. Pentagonaster pulchellus Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6, p. 280. Farquhar, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., 1898, 23, p. 310 (Astrogonium pulchellum). Fisher, Asteroidea of North Pacific, p. 166, Genus and Synonyms. This species is quite common. Besides those specimens which I collected myself other specimens forwarded by Miss Shand are in the Otago Museum, and a specimen labelled Chatham Islands is in the Canterbury Museum. Odontaster Verrill, 1880. 5. Odontaster miliaris Gray. Odontaster miliaris Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1866, p. 60 (Astrogonium miliare). Farquhar, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., 1898, 23, p. 310 (Gnathaster miliaris). Fisher, Asteroidea of North Pacific, p. 153 (Genus). I have referred a specimen labelled Asterodon miliaris Gray, Chatham Islands, in the Canterbury Museum, to this species. The three genera Asterodon (Perrier), Diplodontius (Fisher), and Odontaster (Verrill) have been very badly confused from time to time. Fisher, loc. cit., gives a good account of the more important mistakes which have occurred. Asterina Nardo, 1834. 6. Asterina regularis Verrill. Asterina regularis Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., 1 (1867), p. 250. Farrill, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 12, p. 281 (Astericus). Farquhar, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., 1898, 23, p. 312. Several specimens of this starfish were secured on the north coast. Stegnaster Sladen. 7. Stegnaster inflatus Hutton. Pteraster inflatus Hutton, Cat. N.Z. Ech., p. 10. Farquhar, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., 1898, 23, p. 312. A specimen of this species collected at the Chathams by Miss Shand is in the Otago Museum. I did not secure any samples. Stichaster Muller and Troschel, 1840. 8. Stichaster australis Verrill. Coelasterias australis Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., 1, p. 247. Verrill, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 12, p. 279. Farquhar, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., 1898, 23, p. 313. This species is also represented by one of Miss Shand's specimens in the Otago University Museum.

9. Stichaster polyplax Muller and Troschel. Asteracanthion polyplax Muller and Troschel, Archiv. F. Naturgesch., Jahrg. 10, Bd. 1, p. 178. Farquhar, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 27, p. 207. Farquhar, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., 1898, 23, p. 313. I secured several examples of this species, and it is also represented by a specimen from the Chathams in the Canterbury Museum. 10. Stichaster suteri Hutton, 1879. Asterias rupricola Hutton (not Verrill), Trans. N.Z. Inst., 11, p. 306. Farquhar, Jour. Linn. Soc. Zool., 26, p. 197. Farquhar, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., 1898, 23, p. 313. Two specimens of this echinoderm are deposited in the Canterbury Museum. 10A. Stichaster suteri var. laevigatus Hutton, 1879. Asterias rupricola var. laevigatus Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 11, p. 343. Farquhar, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 30, p. 189. I collected this species on the north coast. Henricia Gray, 1840. 11. Henricia compacta Sladen. Cribella compacta Sladen, Chall. Reps., 30, p. 545. Hutton, Cat. N.Z. Ech., p. 7 (Henricia occulata). Farquhar, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 30, p. 191 and Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., 1898, 23, p. 314. Fisher, Asteroidea of the North Pacific, p. 266 (Genus and Synonymy). This starfish was collected on the north coast. It is not very common. 12. Henricia ornata Perrier, 1863. Echinaster ornata Perrier, Ann. Sci. Nat., 5, 12, p. 251. Farquhar, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 30, p. 190. Farquhar, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., 1898, 23, p. 314. I did not secure this species, but a specimen from the Chathams is to be found in the Canterbury Museum. 12A. Henricia sp. indet. A specimen from the Chathams labelled Cribella sp. is in the Canterbury Museum. Coscinasterias Verrill. 13. Coscinasterias calamaria Gray, 1840. Asterias calamaria Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6, p. 179. Farquhar, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 27, p. 200 and Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., 1898, 23, p. 315 (Asterias). Perrier, Exped. Sci. de Travailleur, Ech., p. 106. Clark, “Endeavour” Results Aust. Fisheries, 4, p. 72. Specimens of this starfish are common.

Pseudechinus Mortensen. 14. Pseudechinus albocinctus Hutton. Echinus magellanicus Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 9, p. 362. Hutton, Cat. N.Z. Ech., p. 12 (Echinus albocinctus). Mortensen, Ingolf. Ech. 1, p. 104, 106, 178. Mortensen, Pacific Exped., 1914–15, 8, p. 160. This echinoderm is very common and can be seen on the bottom of nearly all the larger rock pools. I secured a number of specimens from the stomachs of blue cod. Evechinus. 15. Evechinus chloroticus Valenciennes, 1846. Evechinus chloroticus Valenciennes, Voy. de Venus, Zooph., Pl. 7. Hutton, Cat. N.Z. Ech., p. 11. Farquhar, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., 1898, 23, p. 320, with early literature. Mortensen, Pacific Exped., 1914–15, 8, p. 172, with latest literature. This is the common form at the Chathams, and is to be found in enormous numbers. It is eaten by the natives, but the taste is an acquired one. The flavour suggests rancid cod liver oil. Echinobrissus Agassiz. 16. Echinobrissus recens Milne-Edwards. Nucleolites recens Milne-Edwards, in Cuvier's Regne. Animal., Ed. 3, Pl. 14, Fig. 3. Farquhar, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., 1898, 23, p. 321. Clark, Hawaiian Ech. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 108 (Oligopodia). Mortensen, Pacific Exped., 1914–1915, 8, p. 184. This species is represented by a single specimen from the Chathams in the Canterbury Museum. Dr. Mortensen is of the opinion that the early name Echinobrissus should not be abandoned, and gives his reasons in the paper quoted. Polychaeta. Chloeia Savigny, 1809. 1. Chloeia inermis Quatrefages. Chloeia inermis Quatrefages, Hist. Nat. des Annelées, 1, p. 389. Benham, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 48, p. 390. A specimen of this worm, collected by Miss Shand, has been identified by Dr. Benham, loc. cit., p. 392. Lepidonotus Leach, 1857. 2. Lepidonotus polychroma Schmarda. Lepidonotus polychroma Schmarda, Neue Wirbellose Thiere, 1 (2), p. 153. Ehlers, Neuseel Annel., 1904, p. 7. Benham, Rec. Cant. Mus., 1, 2, p. 72. Dr. Benham (loc. cit.) records this species from the Chathams.

Psammolyce Kinberg, 1855. 3. Psammolyce antipoda Schmarda. Pelogenia antipoda Schmarda, Neue wirbellose Thiere, 1 (2), p. 160. Ehlers, Neuseel. Annel., 1904, p. 13. Ehlers records this species from the Chathams. Eulalia Savigny, 1809. 4. Eulalia microphylla Schmarda. Eulalia microphylla Schmarda, Neue wirbellose Thiere, 1 (2), p. 86. Ehlers, Neuseel. Annel., 1904, p. 16, and 1907, p. 6. Recorded by Ehlers. Odontosyllis. 5. Odontosyllis suteri Benham, 1914. Odontosyllis suteri Benham, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 47, p. 161. I collected one specimen at Owenga. Syllis Savigny, 1809. 6. Syllis closterobranchia Schmarda, 1861. Syllis closterobranchia Schmarda, Neue wirbellose Thiere, 1 (2), p. 72. Ehlers, Neuseel. Annel., 1904, p. 19. Benham, Subant. Isl., p. 237. Ehlers records this species. Nereis Cuvier, 1817. 7. Nereis australis Schmarda. Heteronereis australis Schmarda, Neue wirbellose Thiere 1 (2), p. 101. Benham, Subant. Isl., p. 238. With Bibliography. Benham, Rec. Cant. Mus., 1, 2, p. 73. This species is very common at low-water mark. I collected a large number of specimens. 8. Nereis vallata Grube. Nereis vallata Grube, Annulata Oerstediana, 1857, p. 159. Benham, Rec. Cant. Mus., 1, 2, p. 73. With literature. This species is very common under stones. 9. Nereis amblyodonta Schmarda. Nereis amblyodonta Schmarda, Neue wirbellose Thiere, 1 (2), p. 106. I obtained several specimens at Wharekauri. 10. Nereis ruficeps Ehlers. Nereis ruficeps Ehlers, Neuseel. Annel., 1904, p. 24. In the above paper Ehlers described this species as new, and records it from the Chathams. 11. Nereis cricognatha Ehlers. Nereis cricognatha Ehlers, Neuseel. Annel., 1904, p. 29. This species is also described as new and recorded by Ehlers.

Marphysia Quatrefages, 1865. 12. Marphysia aena Blanchard. Marphysia aena Blanchard, in Gay's Hist. di Chile, Zool., 3, p. 19. Benham, Subant. Isl., p. 244. With Bibliography. Ehlers, Neuseel. Annel., 1904, p. 31 (corallina), 1907, p. 12 (aenea). I secured several specimens from the rock pools of the north coast. The species has also been recorded by Ehlers in his first paper. Lumbriconereis Grube, 1851. 13. Lumbriconereis brevicirra Schmarda. Notocirrus brevicirra Schmarda, Neue wirbellose Thiere, 1 (2), p. 117. Ehlers, Neuseel. Annel., 1904, p. 35. Benham, Rec. Cant. Mus., 1, 2, p. 79 (L. sphaerocephala). Ehlers records this species from Pitt Island. I collected only one specimen from Te Motere Island. Spio Lamarck, 1818. 14. Spio aequalis Ehlers. Spio aequalis Ehlers, Neuseel. Annel., 1904, p. 40. This species is described as new by Ehlers, and recorded from the Chathams. Scoloplos. 15. Scoloplos cylindrifer Ehlers. Scoloplos cylindrifer Ehlers, Neuseel. Annel., 1904, p. 45. Described as new and recorded in above paper. Oncoscolex Schmarda, 1861. 16. Oncoscolex dictanochaetus Schmarda. Oncoscolex dictanochaetus Schmarda, Neue wirbellose Thiere, 1 (2), p. 55. Ehlers, Neuseel. Annel., 1904, p. 51. Ehlers records this species. Timarete Kinberg, 1865. 17. Timarete ancylochaeta Schmarda. Cirratalus ancylochaeta Schmarda, Neue wirbellose Thiere, 1 (2), p. 58. Kinberg, Annulata novae, Ofvers. K. Vet-Akad. Forh., 4, p. 254. Ehlers, Neuseel. Annel., 1904, p. 53. Ehlers records this species. Flabelligera Sars, 1829. 18. Flabelligera bicolor Schmarda, 1861. Pherusa bicolor Schmarda, Neue wirbellose Thiere, 1 (2), p. 21. Ehlers, Neuseel. Annel., 1904, p. 47, 1907, p. 21 (F. lingulata). Benham, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 47, p. 163. Description and Nomenclature. I did not secure any examples of the species.

19. Flabelligera semiannulata Ehlers. Flabelligera semiannulata Ehlers, Neuseel. Annel., 1904, p. 49. Benham, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 47, p. 163, and p. 167. Ehlers (loc. cit.) describes this species as new, and records it from the Chathams. Dr. Benham places this species with the preceding one, as Ehlers founded the species on only one specimen, and an examination of a number of specimens from various localities showed individual rather than specific differences. The name should now be allowed to lapse. Clymenella. 20. Clymenella insecta Ehlers. Clymenella insecta Ehlers, Neuseel. Annel., 1904, p. 54. Ehlers described this species as new, and records it from the Chathams. Thelepus Leuckart, 1840. 21. Thelepus plagiostoma Schmarda. Terebella plagiostoma Schmarda, Neue wirbellose Thiere, 1, (2), p. 41. Ehlers, Neuseel. Annel., 1904, p. 50 (Thelepus rugosus). Schmarda's specific name is prior to that of Ehlers, and the species being syonoymous, it must be retained. Ehlers records the species. Leprea Malmgren, 1864. 22. Leprea haplochaeta Ehlers. Leprea haplochaeta Ehlers, Neuseel. Annl., 1904, p. 59. Ehlers describes this species as new and records it. Branchiomna Claparede, 1868. 23. Branchiomna suspiciens Ehlers. Branchiomna suspiciens Ehlers, Neuseel. Annel., 1904, p. 62, and 1907, p. 28. Ehlers, in his first paper, describes this species as new, but does not record it from the Chathams, so this is the first record for that locality. It was found attached to the side of a rock pool at Wharekauri just below the surface. The pool was situated at low-water mark. In his second paper, Ehlers records this species from Akawa, which I am unable to place in New Zealand. It may be an error for Akaroa, from whence Ehlers received several other specimens, or it may be Okawa, which is on the north-east corner of Chatham Island, in which case his record comes before mine.

Laonome. 24. Laonome ceratodaula Schmarda. Sabella ceratodaula Schmara, Neue wirbellose Thiere, 1 (2), p. 33. (Sabella). Ehlers, Neuseel. Annel., 1904, p. 64, and 1907, p. 28. This is the first record for this species; it was found in company with the preceding one. Pomatoceros Philippi, 1844. 25. Pomatoceros caeruleus Schmarda. Paleostegus caeruleus Schmarda, Neue wirbellose Thiere, 1 (2), p. 29. Quatrefages, Hist. des Annel., 2 (2), 1865, p. 510 (Vermilia). Ehlers, Neuseel. Annel., 1904, p. 67 (P. strigiceps), and 1907, p. 30. A serpulid from the Chatham Islands is deposited in the Canterbury Museum. It is labelled Vermilia caerulia Sch., which is a synonym for this species. The species has probably not been previously recorded from the Chathams, as no record can be found with regard to the Canterbury Museum specimen in any of the available publications. Tunicata. The following short list comprises the more readily identified species, and includes one or two found by Michaelsen, but not by myself. The list may be added to in a separate paper, as owing to the difficulty of arriving at a suitable scheme of classification, practically the whole of the Tunicate literature will have to be gone into, and the conflicting points cleared up. Boltenia pachydermatina. Boltenia tuberculata. Corella eumyota. Corella japonica. Microcosmus hirsutes. Cynthia praeputialis. Steyla lactea. Ctenicella sluiteri. Pyura trita. Cnemidocarpa bicornuta. Amphicarpa schauinslandi. Molgula sluiteri. Stomach Contents of Blue Cod. These results are the outcome of an examination of the stomachs of several tons of blue cod dealt with over a long period during my first visit, with the addition of three species added by the “Nora Niven.” Pisces. Dactylosparus macropterus. Hypoplectrodes semicinctus. Pseudolabrus pittensis. Tripterygion sp. Geotria australis (Velasia stage). Hippocampus abdominalis (“Nora Niven”). Pipe Fish sp.

Crustacea. Ovalipes trimaculatus. Paramithrax latrellei. Cancer novae-zealandiae. Nectocarcinus antarcticus. Ebalia laevis. Eupagurus rubricatus. Munida subrugosa (“Nora Niven”). Jasus edwardsii. Leander affinis. Pontophilus australis. Paramoera austrina. Melita inaequistylis. Themisto antarctica. Halicarcinus sp. (“Nora Niven”). Mollusca. Lima bullata. Lima multicostata. Pecten zelandiae. Onithochiton semisculptus. Haliotes, both species. Polypus maorum. Polypus campbelli. Other Groups. Pseudechinus albocinctus. Evechinus chloroticus. Stichopus mollis. Holothurian sp. Spawn, probably blue cod. Algae, various species. Literature Quoted in the Text. (1) Young, M. W., N.Z. Jour. Sci. Tech., 1923, 6, p. 50. (2) Waite, E. R., Rec. Cant. Mus., 1912, vol. 1. (3) Jordan, E. R., Genera of Fishes up to 1838. (4) Waite, E. R., Rec. Cant. Mus., 1912, 1, 2, p. 132. (5) Waite, E. R., Rec. Cant. Mus., 1912, 1, 2, p. 139. (6) Young, M. W., N.Z. Jour. Sci. Tech., 1925, 7, p. 369. (7) Jordan, M. W., Genera of Fishes, p. 54. (8) Benham, W. B., N.Z. Jour. Sci. Tech., 1922, 4, p. 316. (9) Waite, E. R., Rec. Cant. Mus., 1912, 1, 3, p. 204. (10) Hutton, F. W., Trans. N.Z. Inst., 1895, 28, p. 315. (11) Waite, E. R., Rec. Cant. Mus., 1912, 1, 3, p. 241. (12) Filhol, E. R., Miss. de l'Ile Campbell, p. 358. (13) Chilton, C., Trans. N.Z. Inst., 1905, 38, p. 271.