The Recent and Tertiary Species of the Genus Buccinulum in New Zealand, with a Review of Related Genera and Families. By A. W. B. Powell. [Read before the Auckland Institute October 2nd, 1928; received by Editor, December 17th, 1928; issued separately, 31st May, 1929.] Plates 1-4. The classification here adopted has been arrived at from study of the dentition in conjunction with nuclear and adult shell characters. Most attention has been given to the genus Buccinulum, which has been treated as exhaustively as possible. Other genera have been introduced merely to show relationships and illustrate the system of grouping. Twenty-five species and five subspecies are described as new in this paper, seventeen species and five subspecies belonging to the genus Buccinulum, three to a new genus Euthrenopsis, one each to Glaphyrina, Aeneator and Ellicea respectively and two to Cominella. For the loan of valuable material the writer is greatly indebted to Dr. H. J. Finlay, Mr. W. R. B. Oliver, Dr. C. E. R. Bucknill, Miss M. K. Mestayer and Mr. W. La Roche. The writer greatly appreciates Dr. Finlay's generosity in lending material rich in new species with full permission to describe and incorporate them in the present paper. For photographic work the writer wishes to thank Prof. J. A. Bartrum (figs. 56–58 and 63), Dr. H. J. Finlay (figs. 59–62), Mr. H. Hamer (figs. 1–10, 17, 18, 25, 26, 35–40, 50, 53–55, 79–82), and Messrs. Doree and Sache, Ltd. (figs. 11–16, 19–24, 27–34, 41–49, 51, 52, 64–78). Classification. Working on nuclear and adult shell characters, Finlay (1928, p. 250) has published the following grouping under a new family name Buccinulidae.
Family Buccinulidae Finlay, 1928. Subfamily Buccinulinae Finlay, 1928. Genera: Buccinulum Swainson, 1837 (= Evarne H. & A. Ad., 1853), Dennantia Tate, 1888, Euthrena Iredale, 1918, Tasmeuthria Iredale, 1925, Evarnula Finlay, 1926, and Chathamina Finlay, 1928. Subfamily Siphonalinae Finlay, 1928. Genera: Siphonalia A. Ad., 1863, Austrosipho Cossman, 1906, Verconella Iredale, 1915, Berylsma Iredale, 1924, Glaphyrina Finlay, 1926, Aeneator Finlay, 1926, Pomahakia Finlay, 1927, Pittella Marwick, 1928, and Ellicea Finlay, 1928. For reasons stated below the present writer prefers the following classification based primarily on the dentition. Family Buccinulidae Finlay, 1928. (Radula with central tooth and a lateral on either side, each invariably tricuspid.) Operculum with terminal nucleus. A. Short canal, distinct parietal tubercle. Protoconch globose of about two whorls. Smooth tip then axially costate. Genus Buccinulum Swainson, 1837. Subgenus Buccinulum Swainson, 1837. Subgenus Evarnula Finlay, 1926 (= Chathamina Finlay, 1928). Subgenus Euthrena Iredale, 1918. Genus Dennantia Tate. (Radula unknown.) Australian Tertiary. B. Short canal, no parietal tubercle. Protoconch globose of two whorls, smooth tip, then strongly spirally ribbed. Genus Euthrenopsis nov. (Radula unknown.) C. Long straight canal, weak parietal swelling above with one or two narrow elongated denticles. Protoconch globose of 2 ½ whorls, smooth, later axially costate. Genus Aeneator Finlay, 1926. D. Long twisted canal, no parietal tubercle. Protoconch globose of 3 ½ to 4 smooth whorls. Genus Austrosipho Cossmann, 1906 (= Verconella Iredale, 1915). Genus Berylsma Iredale, 1924. Genus Kellettia Bayle, 1884. California. E. Moderately long, slightly twisted canal. Prominent spiral cords not suppressed by parietal callus. Protoconch large of 2 smooth whorls. a. No parietal tubercle. Genus Ellicea Finlay, 1928. (Radula unknown.) b. Well marked parietal tubercle. Genus Pittella Marwick, 1928. (Radula unknown.)
Family Neptuniidae. (Radula having four cusps on central tooth, with a tricuspid lateral on either side. Operculum with terminal nucleus.) A. Short straight, weakly notched canal. Genus Neptunea Bolten, 1798. Genus Volutopsius Morch, 1857 (Radula not seen).) Boreal. Genus Beringius Dall, 1879 (Radula not seen). B. Short, twisted and deeply notched canal. Genus Siphonatia A. Ad., 1863 (Radula not seen) Japanese. Genus Austrofusus Kobelt, 1879. Subgenus Neocola Finlay, 1926 (Radula unknown). Subgenus Nassicola Finlay, 1926 (Radula unknown). Genus Zelandiella Finlay, 1926 (Radula unknown). Family Buccinidae Fleming. Canal very short and deeply notched. Protoconch small, smooth of several globose whorls. (Radula with central tooth having about six cusps and a lateral on either side with four cusps. The operculum is ovate with a median submarginal nucleus (figs. 112 and 113), differing from the families Buccinulidae, Fasciolariidae and Cominellidae, in which the operculum is pyriform with a terminal nucleus. The family Buccinidae is not represented in New Zealand waters.) Genus Buccinum Linnaeus, 1758 (Boreal). Genus Burnupena Iredale, 1918 (South Africa). Family Cominellidae nov. (Radula with a tricuspid central tooth and a bicuspid lateral on either side.) Operculum with terminal nucleus. A. Canal very short and deeply notched. Protoconch small, smooth, of several globose whorls. Genus Cominella H. & A. Adams, 1853. Subgenus Eucominia Finlay, 1926. Subgenus Cominula Finlay, 1926. Subgenus Procominula Finlay, 1926 (Radula unknown). Subgenus Zephos Finlay, 1926 (Radula unknown). Subgenus Cominista Finlay, 1926. Subgenus Acominia Finlay, 1926. Subgenus Fax Iredale, 1925 (Radula unknown). Genus Phos Montfort (Tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans). B. Canal a trifle longer and not so strongly notched. Genus Pareuthria Strebel, 1905 (Radula of Subantarctic B. campbelli Filhol, examined). Genus Searlesia Harmer, 1915 (type, Trophon costifer S. Woods, Crag of Britain). Searlesia, Recent according to Dall in N.W. America and Japan (Radula of S. dira (Reeve), Vancouver, examined).
Family Fasciolariidae Adams. (Radula with a small central tooth with few cusps and an elongated multicuspid lateral on either side.) Operculum with terminal nucleus. A. Large, heavy shell, long canal. Genus Fasciolaria Lamarck, 1799 (all tropical seas). B. Narrow delicate shell, extremely long canal. Genus Colus Humphrey, 1797 (most tropical seas). Genus Coluzea Finlay, 1926 (Radula unknown). C. Small shell, moderately long canal. Genus Propefusus Iredale (Australian) (Radula stated to be Fusoid. Iredale, 1924, p. 268). Genus Glaphyrina Finlay, 1926. D. Short canal. Genus Latirus Montfort. Genus Taron Hutton, 1883. Genus Peristernia Mörch. If not stated to the contrary the nature of the radula has been in each case determined by the writer. Several of the genera listed in Finlay's groups are not discussed in the present paper, as they do not directly affect the genus Buccinulum, and also the lack of knowledge concerning the dentition renders their true systematic position uncertain. Variation of Protoconch As Explained From Study of Ovicapsules. Dall (1919, pp. 207-8) in dealing with North Pacific Chrysodomus and allied genera supplied the following valuable information: “In many cases, as in Buccinum and Busycon, it was shown many years ago by Lovèn and others that a single ovicapsule contains a number of ova, fertile and unfertile. The unfertile eggs serve as food for the larvae developed from the fertile ones, and there is a certain amount of competition between the larvae in the capsule, which results in the most vigorous larvae getting more food and making a larger growth than the more weakly coinhabitants of the capsule. Thus at the time of leaving the capsule and coming into the outer world, it sometimes happens that there will be perceptible differences between individuals issuing from a single capsule, not only in actual size but in the length of the coil of the whorls and the size and compactness of the larval apex.” A local example of this nuclear variation is given below in the case of the common littoral Austrosipho adusta (Philippi). A clump of fully developed capsules collected at Takapuna, Hauraki Gulf, were selected for study. The number of developed larvae or nuclei per capsule varied from four to six. A table giving number and size of each of the nuclei in the seven capsules is given below. It is quite in accordance with Dall's views to find that in the capsule (1484.2), containing four nuclei, two have the maximum height of 5 mm., while in capsule (1484.7) containing five nuclei the maximum height is only 4.1 mm. and the minimum 3.75 mm.
The variation in coiling mentioned by Dall is also very apparent. Figures (camera lucida tracings) of four extreme examples are here given (figs. 118–121). Capsule No Austrosipho adusta (Philippi) 1484.2 5 mm. 5 mm. 4.75 mm. 4.25 mm. 1484.3 4.5 mm. 4.25 mm. 4.2 mm 4.2 mm 3.5 mm. 1484.4 4.25 mm. 4.25 mm. 4 mm. 4 mm. 4 mm. 1484.5 4.5 mm. 4.5 mm. 4.25 mm. 4 mm. 1484.6 5 mm. 4.25 mm. 4 mm. 3.9 mm. 3.75 mm. 1484.7 4.1 mm. 4 mm. 4 mm. 3.9 mm. 3.75 mm. 1484.8 4 mm. 3.9 mm. 3.75 mm. 3.75 mm. 3.75 mm. The writer's intention is not to discount the use of the protoconch as a genetic determining factor, but merely to call attention to some of the weak points and dangers of placing too much importance in fine discrimination with regard to relative size and mode of coiling of nuclear shells. Another source of error is mentioned by Dall (1919, p. 208) and is quoted below. “As the animal grows it either forms septa behind it as the viscera are withdrawn from the nuclear shell or fills the latter solidly up with shelly matter. This septum is often bulbous, and may later be filled up internally with a shelly deposit. If the species had originally a nucleus of the (polygyrate type) and this thin shell be eroded away as is common, the septum tip may remain and so closely resemble the bulbous type as to deceive the very elect.” Genus Buccinulum Swainson, 1837. Subgenus Buccinulum Swainson 1837 (= Evarne, H. & A. Adams). Subgenus Evarnula Finlay, 1926 (= Chathamina Finlay, 1928). Subgenus Euthrena Iredale, 1918. A satisfactory classification of the rather numerous members of the genus Buccinulum, better known as Euthria, is extremely difficult to carry out on account of the featureless shells, all being approximately similarly shaped and sculptured. Superficial likenesses in many cases can be proved due to parallelism rather than to specific affinity. The remarkable similarity between B. (Buccinulum) tenuistriatum nov. and B. (Evarnula) sufflatum, decoratum nov. affords a striking example of this contention and serves to show that adult shell characters are of little use for grouping. For the purpose of this review the present writer has prepared over fifty slides of radulae and examined thousands of shells from a great number of localities and stations, ranging from Spirits Bay in the north to Chatham and Stewart Islands in the south. The genus name Buccinulum has priority over the well known Euthria of which the European cornea is type. This shell differs
from lineum the type of Buccinulum in having an exceedingly small protoconch and a considerably twisted and recurved anterior canal. After an exhaustive study of the radulae, in conjunction with nuclear and shell characters, the writer is of the opinion that the Buccinulum-like shells of New Zealand form a compact genus. Four group names are available for the New Zealand series and are as follows. Buccinulum Swainson, 1837; type, Buccinum lineatum Chemnitz (see Iredale, 1921, p. 208). Euthrena Iredale, 1918; type, Fusus vittatus Q. & G. Evarnula Finlay, 1926; type, Cominella striata Hutton. Chathamina Finlay, 1928; type, Tritonidea fuscozonata Suter. The above series exhibit two distinct types of radulae. The Buccinulum type in conjunction with a large protoconch and almost straight canal and the Euthrena type, typically associated with a small protoconch and a twisted and recurved canal. A third group, Evarnula with which I unite the later Chathamina, for reasons given below, has the protoconch of Buccinulum but a radula and canal nearer to that of Euthrena. Evarnula is represented by an interesting series, evidently of hybrid origin as they exhibit a combination of the main characteristics of both Buccinulum and Euthrena. Euthrena is doubtfully represented in the New Zealand Tertiary by one species, pisania media Hutton. The remaining Tertiary members belong to Evarnula as herein defined. The absence of typical Buccinulum as a fossil has no significance, as only a very few Tertiary members of the group are known, in comparison with the rich Recent fauna. While the Tertiary compactum series certainly seem directly ancestral to the Recent fuscozonatum the writer hesitates to use the subgenus Chathamina Finlay, based on the Recent species, on account of the divergent shell characteristics in sufflatum, a species undoubtedly closely related to fuscozonatum on radula and nuclear characters. Sufflatum lacks the prominent axial sculpture, and seems intermediate in character between the “Chathamina” series and the typical Evarnula series. The latter have a thin outer lip, while sufflatum mostly has a swollen variciform outer lip approaching that of Chathamina. Both the Chathamina and Evarnula series have the same general type of radula. The presence on the central tooth of a pair of inconspicuous basal denticles connects the two Recent species fuscozonatum and sufflatum and the entire absence of this feature characterizes the series marwicki, mutabile, squalidum and multilineum. Probably the nature of the habitat was primarily responsible for the divergence of these two minor types of shells, one suited for rigorous conditions on the rocky littoral and the other for deeper and quieter waters. The same features are shown in the subgenus Euthrena where strongly sculptured shells often having a variced and denticulate outer lip have the same general type of radula as a second series sometimes with a thin unarmed outer lip and comparatively weak sculpture. Heavy sculpture and denticulate aperture reaches its greatest development in the species colensoi and robustum. These species
however are true members of the subgenus Euthrena in spite of the fact that the former was referred to a different family under a new genus Zeapollia by Finlay (1926A, p. 418). Zeapollia however may still be retained for the type species Tritonidea acuticingulata (Suter) which is not closely related to Buccinulum. Chathamina characteristica Finlay represents a distinct species, but lack of knowledge concerning the dentition or even nuclear characters makes it impossible to ascribe this species accurately to a definite subgenus. It is provisionally placed in Evarnula on account of the superficial resemblance to multilineum nov. It is quite evident that the three Recent groups are inter-related and form a compact genus, and that the fossils can only be approximated to these groups on the form of the protoconch in conjunction with that of the canal. The first published name Buccinulum is accordingly used generically for the New Zealand Euthria-like shells, with Buccinulum, Evarnula and Euthrena as subgenera. The few Australian Buccinuloid shells I have examined seem very closely allied to the New Zealand Evarnula series but differ in the absence of a parietal tubercle. They are:— Latirus tatei Harris. Spring Creek (Janjukian). Peristernia aldingensis Tate. Aldinga (Aldingian). Peristernia murrayana costata Pritchard. Table Cape, Tasmania (Janjukian). Fusus transenna Ten. Woods. Table Cape, Tasmania (Janjukian). Siphonalia clarkei Ten. Woods. Recent, Victoria and Tasmania. The first four above mentioned species differ from the fifth, clarkei, in having a long recurved canal and general shell characteristics similar to the New Zealand Tertiary compacta group of Evarnula. For clarkei, which is a solid shell with a short canal and strongly lirate outer lip, Iredale (1925, p. 262) has provided a new genus Tasmeuthria. Dennantia Tate (1888) is a very distinctive genus having a long produced spire about one and two-thirds height of aperture plus canal. There is a distinct parietal tubercle and a spiral rib on inner lip at base of pillar. The holotype of Suter's Dennantia mystica (1917, p. 32) is too imperfect to ascribe this shell safely to any genus. The present writer has used the new family name Buccinulidae Finlay, 1928, to cover some of the southern genera credited to it by its author and also agrees with his view in referring Neptunidae (= Chrysodomidae) to a series of Boreal genera. However, at least one Northern genus, Kelletia, is referrable to the Buccinulidae having shell and radula characters very similar to those of Austrosipho; and the Northern family Neptuniidae evidently has a Southern member in the genus Austrofusus, which seems to be closely related to the Japanese Siphonalia. The radula of Austrofusus glans the genotype is remarkably similar to that of the Boreal Neptunea antiquus Linné. Moreover, the fact that in both species the operculum has a terminal nucleus is against the inclusion of Austrofusus in the Buccinidae as advocated by Finlay (1924, p. 501).
Synonymic Notes. 1913 Suter's Man. N.Z. Moll. Revised classification. Cantharus colensoi (Suter) =Buccinulum (Euthrena) colensoi (Suter) Cantharus fuscozonatus (Suter) =Buccinulum (Evarnula) fuscozonatum (Suter) Euthria flavescens (Hutton) =Buccinulum (Euthrena) flavescens (Hutton) Euthria linea (Martyn) =Buccinulum (Buccinulum) line (Martyn) Euthria lineata (Chemnitz) Euthria linea, pertinax (von Martens) =Buccinulum (Euthrena?) pertinax (von Mts.) Euthria linea, traversi (Hutton) =Removed to family Muricidae = Axymene traversi (Hutton) Finlay 1926, p. 415 Euthria littorinoides (Reeve) =Buccinulum (Euthrena) littorinoides (Reeve) Euthria littorinoides, costulata (Suter) =Buccinulum (Euthrena) vittatum, costulatum (Suter) Euthria martensiana Hutton =Buccinulum (Euthrena) martensianum (Hutton) Euthria strebeli Suter =Buccinulum (Euthrena) strebeli (Suter) Euthria striata (Hutton) in part (1875, Pliocene) =Buccinulum (Evarnula) striatum (Hutton) Euthria striata (Hutton) in part (Recent) =Buccinulum (Evarnula) sufflatum Finlay Euthria vittata (Q. & G.). Typical =Buccinulum (Euthrena) vittatum (Q. & G.) Euthria vittata (Q. & G.) of Suter in part, 1913, Chatham Is. =Buccinulum (Euthrena) bicinctum (Hutton) 1915 Suter N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 3. Euthria drewi (Hutton) Removed to Muricidae = Xymene drewi (Hutton) Finlay 1926, p. 424 Euthria media (Hutton) =Buccinulum (Euthrena) media (Hutton) 1917 Suter N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 5. Tritonidea compacta Suter =Buccinulum (Evarnula) compactum (Suter) Tritonidea elatior Suter Tritonidea acuticingulata Suter =Zeapollia acuticingulata (Suter) 1921 Marshall, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 53, p. 83. Euthria subcallimorpha Marshall =Buccinulum (Evarnula) compactum (Suter) Finlay 1924, p. 504. Incertae Sedis. Euthria callimorpha Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 5, p. 31, 1917. Euthria (Dennantia) mystica Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 5, p. 32. Euthria striophora Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 5, p. 32.
Groups of Buccinulum. Subgenus Buccinulum. Shell.—Protoconch large of about two smooth whorls, last half whorl developing strong, closely spaced, rounded axials before passing into adult sculpture. Pillar straight, almost vertical, canal only slightly oblique to left. Radula.—Lateral cusps strong, equal and equidistant. Central tooth tall and narrow with a prominent denticle on either side towards base (Fig. 83). On radula, nuclear & shell characters. On nuclear & shell characters only. 1. lineum (Martyn) 3. pallidum Finlay. 2. tenuistriatum n. sp. Subgenus Evarnula. Shell.—Protoconch large, of several smooth whorls, exactly as in Buccinulum. Pillar slightly twisted, canal oblique to left and recurved at tip as in Euthrena. Radula.—Intermediate in character between that of Buccinulum and Euthrena. The three cusps of the laterals are not equally developed as in Buccinulum, the outer cusp being stronger and larger almost as in Euthrena but not separated from the inner two by so great a space as in that subgenus. The central tooth differs from that of Buccinulum in being much broader, more like that of Euthrena, from which it differs again in having proportionately larger and more widely spaced cusps. The central tooth is of two distinct types, one (A) having no trace of basal denticles and the other (B) with a distinct denticle on either side towards base. On radula, nuclear & shell characters. On nuclear & shell characters only. Radula, Type A. (Evarnula type) 4. multilineum n. sp. 5. squalidum n. sp. 6. mutabile n. sp. 7. marwicki (Finlay) 8. marwicki, stewartianum n. subsp. Radula, Type B. (Chathamina type) 9. sufflatum (Finlay) 10. sufflatum decoratum n. subsp. 11. fuscozonatum (Suter) 12. tuberculatum n. sp. 13. longicolle n. sp. 14. rigidum n. sp. 15. crassatinum n. sp. 16. compactum (Suter) 17 protensum n. sp. 18. caudatum n. sp. 19. striatum (Hutton) 20. caelatum n. sp. 21. finlayi n. sp. 22. characteristica (Finlay) 23. pertinax (von Martens) Subgenus Euthrena. Shell.—Protoconch small with a small smooth tip, early becoming axially ribbed and finally reticulated by spirals before passing into adult sculpture. Pillar slightly twisted, canal oblique to left often strongly recurved at tip.
Radula.—Outer cusp of laterals much stronger than inner two and separated from them by a greater space. Central tooth of two distinct types, one (A) having no trace of basal denticles and the other (B) with a distinct denticle on either side towards base. On radula, nuclear & shell characters. Radula, Type A. 24. vittatum (Q. & G.) 25. vittatum costulatum (Suter) 26. kaikouraense n. sp. 27. littorinoides (Reeve) Radula, Type B. 28. strebeli (Suter) 29. strebeli mestayerae n. subsp. 30. heteromorphum n. sp. 31. heteromorphum bucknilli n. subsp. 32. motutaraense n. sp. 33. flavescens (Hutton) 34. colensoi (Suter) 35. robustum n. sp. On nuclear & shell characters only. 36. bicinctum (Hutton) 37. martensianum (Hutton) 38. maketuense n. sp. 39. strebeli exsculptum n. subsp. 40. media (Hutton) (doubtful). Key To Species of Buccinulum. A. Group of B. lineum. Surface smooth with a few widely spaced narrow purplish-brown spiral lines. Outer lip with external varix. Recent lineum. Surface finely spirally striate with numerous narrow purplish-brown spiral lines. Outer lip with external varix. Recent tenuistriatum. Surface finely spirally striate. Colour uniformly light brownish-yellow. Outer lip with external varix. Recent pallidum. B. Group of B. compactum. Strong axial and spiral sculpture, points of intersection tuberculate on base. Three strong and two weak spiral cords on spire whorls, six strong, four moderately strong and two weak spiral cords on body-whorl. Spire equal to height of aperture plus canal. Canal moderately long. Outer lip with external varix. Fossil tuberculatum. Strong axial sculpture becoming obsolete towards outer lip. Three strong and two weak spiral cords on spire-whorls, twenty-three on body-whorl. Inter-costal spaces with three threads, reduced to one over neck of canal. Spire considerably less than height of aperture plus canal. Canal very long, almost straight. Outer lip with external varix. Fossil longicolle. Very strong distant axial costae over all post-nuclear whorls. Three strong and two weak primary spiral cords on spire-whorls, each with a single interstitial secondary cord. Body-whorl with thirteen primary and fifteen secondary cords. Spire less than height of aperture plus canal. Canal long, slightly twisted and recurved. Outer lip not known. Fossil rigidum.
Very strong distant axial costae over all post-nuclear whorls, becoming obsolete on body-whorl towards terminal varix. Five narrow flat-topped spiral cords on spire-whorls. Intercostal spaces smooth or with an occasional thread. Spire less than height of aperture plus canal. Canal moderately long, oblique and recurved. Outer lip with external varix. Fossil crassatinum. Regular bluntly rounded axial costae, becoming obsolete towards terminal varix. Spire-whorls with five narrow flat-topped spiral cords and a slightly flattened shoulder extending from upper suture to upper cord and occupying one-third height of whorl. Interstices of spirals smooth or with occasional threads. Canal moderately long. Height of spire variable. Outer lip with external varix. Fossil compactum Regular strong axial costae not becoming obsolete over body-whorl. Spire-whorls angled at centre, three or four narrow spiral cords per whorl. Interstices with three fine threads. Canal very long. Spire less than height of aperture plus canal. Outer lip with external varix. Fossil protensum. Moderately large shell. Strongly axially costate over all whorls. Heavy varix at outer lip. Numerous narrow raised purplish-brown spiral cords. Surface crowded with exceedingly fine spiral striae. Recent fuscozonatum. C. Group of B. striatum. Shell very large. Axial costae obsolete, confined to first three spire-whorls. Sculpture indefinite, consisting of flat comparatively broad inconspicuous cords and exceedingly fine interstitial threads. Canal moderately long, oblique to left and recurved at tip. Shell thin, no varix at outer lip. Fossil caudatum. Moderately large shell. Numerous axial costae over all post-nuclear whorls, becoming obsolete towards outer lip and not extending below periphery. Spiral sculpture of numerous raised narrow cords, eight on penultimate with three to five interstitial threads. Canal moderately long, oblique to left and recurved at tip. Fossil striatum. Moderately large shell. Post-nuclear whorls with very strong rounded spiral cords, interspaces almost smooth, crossed by low broadly rounded axial costae becoming obsolete on body-whorl. Five to seven cords on penultimate, fifteen on body-whorl. Canal moderately long, oblique to left and considerably, recurved. No varix at outer lip. Recent finlayi. Moderately large shell. Axial costae confined to early spire-whorls. Whorls traversed by narrow dark brown spiral lines. Surface finely spirally striated. No varix at outer lip. Recent multilineum. Very large shell. Axial costae continued to early spire-whorls. Whorls traversed by narrow dark brown raised spiral lines. Surface almost smooth. No varix at outer lip. Recent mutabile. Shell of moderate size, thin. Whorls sculptured with numerous flat-topped raised spiral cords, the whole surface including these cords crowded with fine spiral striae. Six cords on penultimate, interstices with an intermediate secondary cord and about six striations. No varix at outer lip. Recent squalidum.
Large shell. Prominent axial and spiral sculpture. Spiral cords mostly lined in dark brown. Suture sub-sulcate. Canal moderately long and considerably recurved. No varix at outer lip. Recent marwicki. Compared with marwicki. Shell narrower, colour lines absent and sculpture obsolete. Recent marwicki stewartianum. D. Group of B. sufflatum. Moderately large solid shell. Post-nuclear whorls sculptured with prominent narrow flattened spiral cords, eight on penultimate, fifteen on body-whorl. Axial costae confined to early spire-whorls only. Outer lip thin at edge, strongly lirate within. Fossil caelatum. Moderately large inflated very solid shell. Postnuclear whorls with prominent spiral sculpture, five primary narrow rounded spiral cords on penultimate. Interspaces with a minor cord and several fine threads. Axial costae confined to early spire-whorls. Outer lip thin at edge, strongly lirate within and mostly with a strong broad low external varix. Colour uniformly buff. Recent sufflatum. Compared with typical species. Differs in having the raised spiral cords sharper, narrower and coloured dark brown. Recent sufflatum decoratum. E. Group of B. vittatum. Shell small, spire tall, axial costae confined to early whorls. Outer lip thickened and lirate within. Surface finely spirally striated. Colour pale yellowish with two conspicuous broad brown bands. Recent vittatum. Compared with typical species. Differs in the prominent axial costae extending over all post-nuclear whorls and in the colour bands being broken up into diffused dots and patches. Recent vittatum costulatum. Small shell, spire tall, axial sculpture obsolete. Outer lip simple not thickened or dentate internally. Surface smooth. Colour whitish with two conspicuous broad brown bands. Recent. Confined to Chatham Islands bicinctum. Small shell, spire tall, axial sculpture obsolete. Outer lip thickened, strongly lirate within. Surface crowded with deeply incised microscopic spiral striae. Colour white, no pattern. Recent. kaikouraense Small shell, spire tall, axial sculpture obsolete. Outer lip thin, only faintly lirate within. Surface almost smooth. Colour greyish, regularly banded with rather distant narrow spiral dark brown lines. Recent littorinoides. F. Group of B. strebeli. Compared with littorinoides. Shorter and stouter shell with thickened and strongly lirate outer lip. Surface noticeably striated and with more numerous and closely spaced brown lines in the form of narrow raised spiral cords. Some specimens uniform buff or greyish. Axial sculpture obsolete in all specimens. Recent strebeli.
Compared with uniform coloured variety of strebeli. Differs in having prominent rounded axials over all post-nuclear whorls. Recent strebeli mestayerae. Compared with strebeli mestayerae. Strong axial and spiral sculpture over all post-nuclear whorls. Four or five cords on penultimate, eleven to fifteen on body-whorl, much stronger on base. Whole surface crowded with moderately strong spiral striae. Recent strebeli exsculptum. Compared with strebeli. Smaller adult size, simple convex outline of whole shell, not indented at sutures. Outer lip thin at edge, thickened and lirate within. Recent maketuense. Compared with strebeli. Slender shape, with tall spire, moderately strong axial costae on spire-whorls. Surface crowded with very fine spiral striae and with distant sub-obsolete narrow flat-topped spiral cords. Outer lip thin, only faintly lirate within. Colour uniform greyish-brown. Recent martensianum. Small shell, rather short spire. Axial costae confined to early spire-whorls. Surface sculptured with numerous low flat-topped spiral cords. Outer lip thickened and lirate within. Colour buff or greyish, the cords evenly lined with dark brown or broken up into dots and patches. Recent heteromorphum. Compared with typical species. Differs in being larger, minus colour pattern. Spire taller and inner lip strongly dentate for its entire length. Recent heteromorphum bucknilli. Compared with heteromorphum. Surface smooth and polished to the eye. Spire very short. Suture sub sulcate. Colour pure white to bluish-grey. Recent motutaraense. Small shell. Colour bright yellow to orange, sometimes spirally lined in deeper orange. Spire tall. Surface sculptured with fine close spiral striae and distant low inconspicuous cords. Recent flavescens. G. Group of B. colensoi. Small shell, very thick and strong. Strongly axially and spirally sculptured. Spiral cords with equal interspaces each with three fine spiral threads. Colour uniformly greenish-grey. Aperture strongly dentate, purplish-brown within. Recent colensoi. Small shell, very thick and strong. Strongly axially and spirally sculptured. Spiral cords with slightly narrower interspaces, mostly with one intermediate cord. Axial costae more prominent than in colensoi. Colour light brown, heavily blotched with reddish-brown and black. Aperture whitish within. Recent robustum.
Table Showing Distribution Of Recent Species Of Buccinulum. lineum (Martyn) tenuistriatum n. sp. pallidum Finlay multilineum n. sp. squalidum n. sp. mutabile n. sp. marwicki (Finlay) marwicki, stewartianum n. subsp. sufflatum Finlay sufflatum decoratum n. subsp. fuscosonatum (Suter) finlayi n. sp. characteristica (Finlay) pertinaw (von Martens) vittatum (Q. & G.) vittatum costulatum (Suter) kaikouraense n. sp. littorinoides (Reeve) bicinotum (Hutton) strobeli (Suter) strebeli mestayerae n. subsp. strebeli exsculptum n. subsp. maketuense n. sp. martensianum (Hutton) heteromorphum n. sp. heteromorphum, bucknilli n. subsp. flavesoens (Hutton) colensoi (Suter) robustum n. sp. motutaraense n. sp. Kawhia X X Manukau Harbour X X X X Motutara L Hokianga Harbour X X Doubtless Bay and Mangonui X X X Whangaroa X X Bay of Islands X Great Barrier Id. X L X Auckland X X X X Tauranga X X X X L Maketu L East Cape X X Castle Point X X X Wellington X X X X X L L Pohara, Nelson X X Limestone Point, Marlborough X X Goose Bay, Kaikoura L Waipara X Lyttelton X X X X L X X Akaroa X X X Oamaru X X 50 f. off Oamaru X Kakanui X X Kartigi X X Warrington X X X X Dunedin Harbour X X X X 60 f. off Otago Heads X Cape Saunders X Taieri X Bluff X Foveaux Strait X Stewart Island X X L X X X Chatham Islands X X X L L Auckland Islands L X Note.—Local species marked L. Buccinulum (Buccinulum) lineum (Martyn) Figs. 3 and 4. This shell, large for the genus, is particularly common in the Hauraki Gulf, and is well characterized by an abnormally large protoconch, smooth surface, and widely spaced, narrow, purplish-brown spiral lines. These are very constant in number, four invariably appearing on the penultimate whorl.
Dentition (fig. 83).—Differs, together with that of the next species, from all other forms in the three cusps of the laterals being particularly strong and blunt, and approximately equal in size. The central tooth is also abnormally tall and narrow with a prominent denticle on either side towards the base. Suter gives the distribution as North and South Islands, Chathams, Antipodes, Auckland and Campbell Islands. I have seen typical lineum from the following localities only: Hauraki Gulf, Mangonui, and Mt. Maunganui, Bay of Plenty (A. W. B. Powell), Waitangi Beach and Red Bluff, Chatham Islands (W. R. B. Oliver, Dec. 1909). Height 41.25 mm., diameter 18.5 mm. Height 38.75 mm., diameter 17 mm. Rangitoto Id. sp. The figured specimens are from Rangitoto Id., Hauraki Gulf. Buccinulum (Buccinulum) tenuistriatum n. sp. Figs. 1 and 2. Shell large, about the size of lineum but more tumid, differing also in the raised and more numerous colour bands, finely spirally striated surface, less convex spire-whorls and shorter anterior canal. A swollen varix at outer lip, six spiral colour bands on penultimate whorl and 19 on body-whorl, as compared with 4 on the former and 11 on the latter in lineum. Colour white with spiral bands dark brown, interior of aperture and parietal callus pure white. Outer lip with bands of exterior showing through at extreme edge. Dentition (fig. 84).—Similar to that of lineum, but the central tooth is not so narrow. Height 37 mm., diameter 18 mm. (holotype). Height 38 mm., diameter 18.25 mm. (paratype). Holotype and two paratypes in Author's collection, Auckland. Habitat.—Wainui, Akaroa (type) A.W.B.P., 1928; Lyttelton Harbour (A.W.B.P., 1928); Castle Point, E.C. Wellington (A.W.B.P., 1927); Taieri Beach, Otago (coll. H. J. Finlay) = Finlay's (1928, p. 251) record of B. lineum. Buccinulum (Buccinulum) pallidum Finlay. 1928, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 59, p. 251, figs. 3, 4, 5. Habitat.—Stewart Island (type), Chatham Islands, Lyttelton Harbour (H. J. Finlay), Worser Bay, Wellington Harbour (W. R. B. Oliver, 1923). This shell is very like lineum in shape and size, but has a slightly taller spire. The brown spiral lines are entirely absent, the shell being uniformly light brownish-yellow. The surface also is not smooth, but finely striated and traversed by low, regularly spaced inconspicuous spiral cords. Height 37 mm., diameter 16 mm. (type). Height 39.5 mm., diameter 18 mm. (Wellington specimen). Buccinulum (Evarnula) tuberculatum n. sp. Figs. 63, 70 and 71. Shell small, ovate-fusiform, strongly spirally and axially costate, points of intersection developing prominent tubercles on basal region. Whorls 5 ½, including moderately large protoconch, badly worn in available specimens. Spire about equal to height of aperture plus canal. Whorls crossed by broad, strong axial costae, twelve on penultimate
in holotype and eleven in paratype, extending well over base but becoming obsolete towards neck of canal. Post-nuclear whorls traversed by rather distant strong narrow spiral cords and finer interstitial threads. Spire-whorls with three primary spirals occupying lower two-thirds of whorl, upper third with two weak spiral cords, the interstices occupied by moderately strong spiral threads, two or three per space. On the body-whorl there are two weak spiral cords above as in spire-whorls, then six very strong cords rendered tuber-culate where they surmount the axials and below four moderately strong irregular cords on neck of canal. Body-whorl rather narrow, lightly convex, very faintly subangled above and contracted below over base. Aperture narrowly ovate, produced below into a moderately long open canal, oblique to left and slightly recurved at tip. Outer lip thin at edge, strengthened by an external broadly rounded varix, and with six small denticles along inner margin. Inner lip as a narrow heavy callus bearing a strong parietal tubercle above, a smaller one at base of pillar and five weak intermediate denticles. Fasciole irregularly longitudinally striated. Height 17 mm., diameter 8 mm. (holotype). Height 12.5 mm., diameter 6 mm. Holotype and one other specimen in collection of Dr. H. J. Finlay, Dunedin. Locality.—Clifden, bands 6A (type) and 3, Southland. Oligocene (Hutchinsonian). Buccinulum (Evarnula) longicolle n. sp. Figs. 68, 69. Shell small, fusiform with a long almost straight canal. Prominent axial costae on spire-whorls becoming obsolete over body-whorl. Spiral sculpture fine and regular. Whorls six, including typical Evarnula type of protoconch of two whorls. Spire considerably less than height of aperture plus canal. Whorls crossed by strong, broad, rounded axial costae, twelve on penultimate and ten on body-whorl, becoming obsolete towards outer lip. Spiral sculpture consisting of sharp, narrow, raised primary cords, and fine fairly regular intermediate threads. Five primary cords on spire-whorls, the central three more prominent and about twenty-three on body-whorl, becoming more closely spaced over canal. Intermediate threads three per intercostal space above, reduced to one over canal. Suture impressed, submargined by a slight fold. Body-whorl rather narrow, lightly convex, and very slightly angled above. Aperture small ovate, produced below into a very long almost straight, narrowly open canal, slightly oblique to the left and faintly recurved at tip. Fasciole inconspicuous, sculptured with fine, close longitudinal striae. Outer lip, as shown by two fragmentary mature specimens, thin at edge, with a rounded external varix, rapidly thickening within, bearing eight moderately strong denticles. Inner lip as a narrow thick callus, bearing usual parietal tubercle, a smaller one below at base of pillar and five intermediate denticles. Height 17 mm., diameter 7.25 mm. Holotype and two imperfect specimens in collection of Dr. H. J. Finlay, Dunedin. Locality.—Clifden, bands 4B (type) and 6A, Southland. Oligocene (Hutchinsonian).
Buccinulum (Evarnula) rigidum n. sp. Fig. 64. Shell small, fusiform with a long slightly twisted and recurved canal. Prominently axially costate over all post-nuclear whorls. Spiral sculpture fine and regular. Whorls six, including protoconch, encrusted with lime in only available specimen. Spire less than height of aperture plus canal. All post-nuclear whorls crossed by broad prominently raised, rather distant strong axial costae, about nine per whorl, becoming more prominent on the body-whorl. Spiral sculpture consisting of raised moderately strong, rounded, primary cords, with a single secondary interstitial cord. Suture bordered below by a broad flattened fold. Spire-whorls with five primary and six secondary cords, the lower three primaries much the stronger and becoming thicker and more prominent where they surmount the axials. Body-whorl with about thirteen primaries and fifteen secondary cords. Outlines of the spire-whorls strongly convex, only slightly flattened towards upper suture. Aperture incomplete. Canal rather long, slightly twisted and a trifle recurved towards tip. Height 16.5 mm., diameter 7.5 mm. Holotype in author's collection, Auckland. Locality.—Otiake (Oligocene, Hutchinsonian). A.W.B.P., Jan. 1928. Buccinulum (Evarnula) crassatinum n. sp. Figs. 61 and 62. Shell small, solid, rather broadly ovate. Strongly axially and spirally costate. Whorls six, including typical moderately large protoconch of two whorls. Spire less than height of aperture plus canal. Post-nuclear whorls crossed by strong, regularly spaced axial costae becoming obsolete on latter part of body-whorl towards terminal varix. Eleven costae on penultimate whorl. Suture impressed, undulating, bordered below by a broad, flat, sharply defined fold. Spire-whorls with five narrow, flat-topped, raised, primary spiral cords, interspaces about one and a half times width of cords, smooth or with an occasional fine intermediate thread. Body-whorl with about eleven primary cords, interspaces much wider over base and neck of canal, smooth or with an occasional intermediate thread. Aperture relatively large, ovate, produced below into a moderately long, open canal, slightly oblique to left and recurved at tip. Outer lip strengthened by an external varix, thickened and strongly denticulate within the aperture; twelve denticles in holotype. Inner lip as a moderate smooth callus bearing a strong parietal tubercle and a strong denticle at base of pillar. Height 21 mm., diameter 10.5 mm. Holotype and four paratypes in collection of Dr. H. J. Finlay, Dunedin. Locality.—Ardgowan, Oamaru. Oligocene (Awamoan). Buccinulum (Evarnula) compactum (Suter). Figs. 65, 66. 1917 Tritonidea compacta Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 5, p. 35, pl. 4, fig. 6. 1917 Tritonidea elatior Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 5, p. 36, pl. 4, fig. 7.
1921 Euthria subcallimorpha Marshall, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 53, p. 83. 1924 Pollia compacta (Suter) Finlay, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 55, p. 504. 1928 Chathamina compacta (Suter) Finlay, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 59, p. 251. Localities.—Target Gully, shell bed (type); Awamoa, Oamaru. Oligocene (Awamoan). As pointed out by Finlay (1924, p. 503) this species is so variable that stable specific characters are extremely difficult to determine. The species is distinguished from the other members of the group by the less conspicuous axial and spiral sculpture. The axial costae are low and broadly rounded, averaging eleven to twelve per whorl, and do not extend below periphery on body-whorl. The spiral cords are narrow, rounded and slightly raised, five on spire-whorls, seventeen to twenty on body-whorl, interspaces sometimes with a faint intermediate thread but mostly smooth. The shells vary considerably in the proportions of height and diameter from ovate-fusiform in the case of the compactum type to elongate-fusiform in typical elatior. Both forms intergrade and seem equally common at Target Gully, Oamaru. All specimens seen from Awamoa have been of the compactum type, but a single adult specimen from Rifle Butts in Dr. Finlay's collection represents a new species apparently derived from the elatior type. The strong axial ribbing not becoming obsolete towards the outer lip, the distinctive sculpture of the spire-whorls and the extra long canal serve to separate this shell as a good species which is accordingly described below. Buccinulum (Evarnula) protensum n. sp. Fig. 67. Shell small, elongate-fusiform, axially and spirally sculptured and with a very long canal. Whorls seven including typical protoconch. Spire considerably less than height of aperture plus canal. Spire-whorls angled at centre. Three or four narrow raised primary spiral cords from angle to lower suture. Upper suture margined below by a broad, flat fold bearing two closely spaced inconspicuous flattened cords. Shoulder with a single secondary cord midway between upper suture and angle. Interstices with three fine spiral threads. Body-whorl with about twelve primary cords, more widely spaced and becoming faint over neck of canal. Axial costae strong and regularly spaced, nine per whorl, continuing over all post-nuclear whorls right to outer lip. Costae strong at centre of whorls but rapidly diminishing towards sutures. Body-whorl narrow, angled above. Aperture small, ovate, produced below into a very long open canal, oblique to left and gently recurved. Outer lip thin at edge, strengthened behind by an external varix and internally by nine short dentate lirae. Inner lip covered by a narrow callus extending right down inner margin of canal. Usual parietal tubercle above and a very strong one at base of pillar. Height 22 mm., diameter 9 mm. Holotype and one juvenile paratype in collection of Dr. H. J. Finlay, Dunedin. Locality.—Rifle Butts, Oamaru, Oligocene (Awamoan); Pukeuri, Oamaru, Oligocene (Awamoan). Juveniles only.
Buccinulum (Evarnula) fuscozonatum (Suter). 1908 Tritonidea (Cantharus) fuscozonatus Suter, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 40, p. 370. 1913 Cantharus fuscozonatus (Suter) Man. N.Z. Moll., p. 394. 1926 Buccinulum (Evarnula) fuscozonatum (Suter) Finlay, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 57, p. 415. 1928 Buccinulum (Chathamina) fuscozonatum (Suter), Finlay, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 59, p. 252. This shell, described as a Tritonidea, is undoubtedly a Buccinulum as pointed out by Finlay (l.c.). Finlay has since provided a new subgenus for this species but the nuclear and radula characters make it inseparable from his prior Evarnula. The radula (fig. 86) was secured from the dried animal in the actual shell figured by Finlay (1926, pl. 21, fig. 77). The type was a worn shell from East Cape. Finlay's specimen was collected at Whangaroa and I have in my collection a pair of similar specimens from 10 fathoms off Whanga-parapara, Great Barrier Island. Buccinulum (Evarnula) striatum (Hutton). 1875 Cominella striata Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 7, p. 458, pl. 21. 1884 Pisania striata (Hutton), Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 16, p. 230 (not of Gmelin). 1893 Pisania striatula (Hutton), Plioc. Moll. N.Z., p. 42, pl. 6, fig. 12. 1913 Euthria striata (Hutton) Suter in part. Man. N.Z. Moll., p. 379 (not pl. 45, fig. 1, which is the Recent B. sufflatum Finlay). 1926 Buccinulum (Evarnula) striatum (Hutton) Finlay, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 57, p. 415, pl. 21, figs. 78 and 79. Finlay (1926, p. 416) has restricted this species to the common Castlecliff Pliocene fossil and described the Recent shell as a new species Buccinulum sufflatum. These Pliocene shells, of which Finlay figures topotypes, are extremely variable in the proportions of length and breadth, height of spire, and also in the strength of the axial ribbing. All are constant however in having a rather long, narrowly open canal. The Recent sufflatum and an allied Pliocene fossil described below differ in having a shorter and more open canal. Buccinulum (Evarnula) caudatum n. sp. Fig. 50. Shell much larger than any other member of genus, solid but not thickened. Whorls 6 plus a moderately large protoconch of two smooth, low, rounded whorls. Spire shorter than aperture plus canal. All whorls strongly and evenly convex, sculptured with inconspicuous, wide, flattened cords and dense intermediate sprial striae, about 10 cords on penultimate and about 18 (upper ones obsolete) on body-whorl. Axial sculpture faint, confined to upper spire-whorls. Aperture large, ovate, contracted below to an unusually long, oblique, recurved, open canal. Outer lip thin, faintly lirate within. Inner lip smooth, spread as a narrow glaze with a weak narrow, elongated
parietal denticle and a few denticles below towards anterior canal. Fasciole prominent. Height 57.5 mm., diameter 27 mm. (holotype). Height 61 mm., diameter 27.5 mm. (paratype). Holotype and one paratype in author's collection, Auckland. Locality.—Between Kai Iwi and Okehu, Wanganui, Upper Pliocene (A.W.B.P., Jan. 1927). Remarks.—This species resembles striatum the type of Evarnula, but is easily separated by its much larger adult size and extra long anterior canal. The paratype is abnormally coiled, due to an obstruction encountered during early growth. Buccinulum (Evarnula) finlayi n. sp. Figs. 59, 60. Shell moderately large, solid, sculptured with prominent, regularly rounded spiral ridges, crossed on the spire-whorls by low, broadly-rounded axial costae, becoming obsolete on body-whorl. Whorls 8 including typical Evarnula type of protoconch of 2 ½ whorls. Post-nuclear spire-whorls lightly convex, body-whorl inflated at middle, rapidly contracting below over base. Suture impressed. Early spire-whorls with five or six strong, rounded spiral cords having slightly narrower interspaces, crossed by low, broadly rounded axial costae, about eleven per whorl. The costae gradually become obsolete over the succeeding whorls. On the penultimate there are from five to seven, usually six spiral cords with interspaces a trifle narrower than their width. On the body-whorl there are about fifteen cords. Surface smooth to the eye, the inter-costal spaces with faint spiral striae and the whole shell traversed by very numerous fine, uneven axial growth lines. Aperture pyriform, produced below into a rather long, narrow, open canal, oblique to the left and considerably recurved. Pillar considerably twisted, fasciole distinct. Outer lip thin, rapidly thickened and faintly lirate within, minus external varix. Inner lip as a defined thick callosity extending over columella and right down inner margin of canal. Usual parietal tubercle above and a single denticle below at base of inner lip. Colour uniformly cream, parietal callus and interior of aperture pure white. Height 36.5 mm., diameter 17 mm. (holotype). Height 37.25 mm., diameter 17 mm. (paratype). Holotype and six adult paratypes in collection of Dr. H. J. Finlay, Dunedin. Habitat.—60 fathoms off Otago Heads (H. J. Finlay); 18 miles E.S.E. of Oamaru in 50 fathoms (H. J. Finlay) and (Miss M. K. Mestayer). Named in honour of Dr. H. J. Finlay who intended describing this species himself but generously made all his material available to the present writer for inclusion in this review. Buccinulum (Evarnula) caelatum n. sp. Fig. 30. Shell moderately large, solid. Adult whorls 5. Protoconch badly worn. Spire almost equal to height of aperture plus canal. Sculpture consisting of strong, fairly regular flattened spiral cords, 8 on penultimate and about 15 on body-whorl. The interstices with from 3 to 5 fine spiral striae. Axial sculpture obsolete, faintly shown on
first two or three post-nuclear whorls only. Outline of whorls evenly and gently convex, not excavated or shouldered below suture. Body-whorl large, inflated. Aperture large, ovate with short, open canal below. Outer lip thin at edge, strongly lirate within. Inner lip with tubercle above near posterior notch and several denticles below towards anterior canal. Height 39 mm., diameter 18 mm. Holotype in author's collection, Auckland. Locality.—Languard Bluff (type) Wanganui, Upper Pliocene (W. La Roche); Waihi Beach, Hawera, in Notopleistocene beds, overlying the Waitotaran beds (A.W.B.P., 1927); Castlecliff, Wanganui (H. J. Finlay coll.). Probably the Hawera record is equivalent to Thomson's (1917, p. 417) Euthria linea from the same beds. Caelatum is intermediate between the Pliocene striatum and the Recent sufflatum, which is not a typical Buccinulum as stated by Finlay, the radula and protoconch placing it in Evarnula. Sufflatum is distinguished from caelatum by its shorter spire and fewer more widely spaced spiral cords. There are 8 on the penultimate in caelatum and only 5 in sufflatum. Buccinulum (Evarnula) sufflatum Finlay. Fig. 5. 1926 Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 57, p. 416. Buccinulum (Evarnula) sufflatum sufflatum (Finlay). The typical species is uniformly white or yellowish-brown. Habitat.—Lyttelton Harbour (type), Gollan's Bay (W. R. B. Oliver, 1906), Breakwater (A.W.B.P., 1928), Lyttelton Harbour; Taylors Mistake, Banks Peninsula (W. R. B. Oliver, 1906); Worser Bay (W. R. B. Oliver, 1923) and Island Bay, Wellington (A.W.B.P., 1928); Limestone Point, south of Clarence River, Marlborough (A.W.B.P., 1928); Castle Point, E. coast, Wellington (A.W.B.P., 1927). Dentition (fig. 85). Remarks.—Topotypes are more finely ribbed than those from other localities listed, which can be accounted for by the quieter harbour water in the case of the former, compared with the exposed stations of the latter. Buccinulum (Evarnula) sufflatum decoratum n. subsp. Figs. 6 and 7. Differs from typical sufflatum in having the raised spiral cords sharper, narrower and coloured dark brown. The ground colour is yellowish, and the interior of the aperture pure white, as in the typical species, but the outer lip is marked at the extreme edge by the brown bands of the exterior showing through. The subspecies is found together with the typical species at Lyttelton only and does not seem to intergrade. Juvenile series of both types are distinguished even more readily than in the case of adults. Dentition as in typical species. Height 37 mm., diameter 18 mm. (holotype). Height 35.5 mm., diameter 17 mm. (paratype). Holotype and a number of paratypes in author's collection, Auckland. Habitat.—Lyttelton Harbour, near Breakwater (A.W.B.P., 1928). Common under stones at low water, together with typical species, B. tenuistriatum nov. and B. strebeli Suter.
Buccinulum (Evarnula) multilineum n. sp. Figs. 17, 18. Shell large, about the size of lineum but more tumid, with a striated surface and more numerous spiral colour lines. Whorls 8 including typical Evarnula type of protoconch of 2 ½ whorls. Coiling of protoconch variable, tip flattened in holotype, pointed in several of the paratypes. First three post-nuclear whorls axially costate. Spire about same height as aperture. Surface crowded with dense spiral striations. Whorls ornamented with close, slightly raised, narrow, spiral, purplish-brown lines, varying from 4 to 7 on penultimate and 15 to 22 on body-whorl. Aperture pyriform. Outer lip rather thin, faintly lirate a little distance in. Parietal wall and columella smooth, with exception of a few inconspicuous tubercles on the latter and the usual strong one on the upper parietal whorl. Colour greyish, lined with purplish-brown. Inside of aperture whitish at outer lip, with spirals of exterior showing through, then ranging from lilac to purple within. Dentition (fig. 90).—Central tooth extremely simple with no traces of basal denticles. Height 35 mm., diameter 17 mm. (holotype). Height 36 mm., diameter 17.25 mm. (paratype). Holotype in author's collection, Auckland. Habitat.—Rangitoto Island (type), Takapuna, Campbells Bay and Motuihi Island, Hauraki Gulf (under stones at low tide together with B. lineum, A.W.B.P.), Mount Maunganui, Bay of Plenty (Dr. C. E. R. Bucknill), Waikowhai, Puketutu Id., Laingholm and Corn-wallis, Manukau Harbour (A.W.B.P.), Kawhia Harbour (W. La Roche, 1923), Opononi, Hokianga (W. La Roche, 1928), Worser Bay, Wellington Harbour (W. R. B. Oliver, 1922), Pohara Beach, Golden Bay, Nelson (A.W.B.P., 1927). The typical species is quite constant in the north and may be distinguished from the southern mutabile by its shorter spire and striated surface. Mutabile is a much larger shell with an almost smooth surface. In the Cook Strait region an intermediate shell occurs, striated and marked as multilineum but of larger size approaching mutabile. These shells may be closely allied to Finlay's Chathamina characteristica but that species is based on such imperfect material that definite comparison is not justified. Buccinulum (Evarnula) characteristica (Finlay). 1928 Chathamina characteristica Finlay, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 59, p. 252. Habitat.—Chatham Islands. This shell appears to differ from both multilineum and mutabile in being more tumid with a relatively larger, more strongly dentate aperture. Buccinulum (Evarnula) mutabile n. sp. Figs. 35, 36 and 37. Shell very large for the genus, superficially very similar to Buccinulum (s. str.) lineum but radula and nuclear characters prove it to belong to the subgenus Evarnula. Whorls 6 plus a very small smooth protoconch of about 2 ½ whorls. Spire tall, conic, height
almost equal to height of aperture plus canal. Outlines almost straight, whorls only slightly convex. Post-nuclear whorls sculptured with narrow raised cords, 5 on early whorls, 7 on penultimate, 15 on body-whorl and base. Surface almost smooth. First two whorls or more showing very faint axial costae. Suture distinct, appressed. Aperture ovate-pyriform, with short open canal below. Outer lip arcuate, contracted towards anterior canal, thin at edge, thickened and faintly lirate within. Inner lip glazed on parietal wall and pillar. Pillar slightly twisted below forming a distinct fasciole. Colour dirty-white with the raised cords lined in dark brown. Interior of aperture white, glazed, with brown spirals of exterior showing through at extreme edge of outer lip. Dentition (fig. 92).—Central tooth with cusps small and short, minus basal denticles. Height 49 mm., diameter 23 mm. (holotype). Height 46 mm., diameter 21 mm. (paratype). Holotype and a number of paratypes in author's collection, Auckland. Habitat.—Kartigi Beach, North Otago (type) in crevices of rock platform at low water (A.W.B.P., 1928); Shag Point, North Otago (W. R. B. Oliver, 1907); Kakanui and Oamaru (A.W.B.P., 1928); bay east of Cape Saunders, Otago Peninsula (W. R. B. Oliver, 1907); Dunedin Harbour and Warrington (H. J. Finlay); Godley Head, North Canterbury (W. R. B. Oliver, 1907); Purau and Gollans Bay, Lyttelton Harbour (W. R. B. Oliver); Taylors Mistake, Banks Peninsula (W. R. B. Oliver, 1906). Buccinulum (Evarnula) squalidum n. sp. Figs. 43 and 44. Shell related to multilineum but differing in the type of sculpture and in the absence of colour bands or markings. Shell rather thin, even when adult. Whorls 4, regularly convex, plus typical Evarnula type of 2 whorled protoconch. Spire less than height of aperture plus canal. Post-nuclear whorls sculptured with numerous flat-topped, raised, spiral cords; the whole surface including these cords crowded with fine secondary spiral striae. Six cords on penultimate, the interstices with an intermediate spiral thread and about six striations. Outer lip thin and sharp even when adult, faintly lirate within. Colour uniform buff, interior of aperture light yellowish-brown. Dentition similar to that of multilineum, except that the outer cusp of the laterals is longer and the base of the central tooth is wider and not quite so tall. Height 22 mm., diameter 11 mm. (holotype). Holotype and four paratypes in author's collection Auckland. Habitat.—Waikowhai, Manukau Harbour (A.W.B.P.) under stones on mud flat, at low tide; Kawhia (W. La Roche); Opononi, Hokianga (W. La Roche, April, 1928). Buccinulum (Evarnula) marwicki (Finlay). 1928 Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 59, p. 252.
Buccinulum (Evarnula) marwicki marwicki (Finlay). The typical shell is characterized by large size, strong axial and moderate spiral sculpture and by the presence of a distinct subsutural furrow. The colour varies from pale buff to bluish-grey, uniform, or with the spiral cords lined in dark brown. The aperture varies from buff to deep purplish-brown within. Height 52 mm., diameter 24 mm. (type). Habitat.—Warrington, near Dunedin (type); Stewart Island; Chatham Islands (H. J. Finlay); Waitangi and Owenga Beaches, Chatham Islands (W. R. B. Oliver, 1909). Buccinulum (Evarnula) marwicki stewartianum n. subsp. Figs. 38, 39 and 40. Differs from the typical species in being narrower, with entire absence of colour bands and in the almost obsolete sculpture. Shell large for the genus, narrow. Spire elongate, equal to height of aperture plus canal. Whorls 8 including typical two whorled Evarnula type of protoconch. Suture impressed, sub-margined by a broad, shallow furrow. Axial costae obsolete, confined to early spire-whorls. Spiral cords obsolete, faintly shown on body-whorl, becoming more prominent on base. Aperture narrowly pyri-form, produced below into a short open canal, oblique to the left and rather strongly recurved. Outer lip thin at edge, rapidly thickening within and very faintly lirate. Inner lip as a narrow callus, with several small denticles at base of pillar and a weak parietal swelling above at anterior notch. Colour uniformly buff, interior of aperture pure white, outer lip and parietal callus margined with pale yellowish-brown. Dentition (fig. 93). Height 42 mm., diameter 18.5 mm. (holotype). Height 37 mm., diameter 18 mm. (paratype). Height 46.5 mm., diameter 24.5 mm. (large worn paratype). Holotype and a number of paratypes in author's collection Auckland. Habitat.—Masons Bay, Stewart Island (Mrs. R. H. Harrison, 1927); Half Moon Bay, Stewart Island (W. R. B. Oliver, 1910). Buccinulum (Evarnula) pertinax (von Martens). 1878 Sitzber. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, p. 23. 1913 Euthria linea pertinax (von Martens), Suter, Man. N.Z. Moll., p. 376. The type is from the Auckland Islands. No specimens have been examined but it is probably close to typical marwicki judging from the very meagre description. Buccinulum (Euthrena) vittatum (Quoy & Gaimard). Figs. 15 and 16. 1833 Fusus vittatus Q. & G., Voy. Astrol., 2, p. 504, pl. 34, figs. 18, 19. 1913 Euthria vittata (Q. & G.) in part, Suter, Man. N.Z. Moll., p. 380.
Buccinulum (Euthrena) vittatum vittatum (Q. & G.). The type is from the Bay of Islands, and is a tall spired shell of dull white ground colour, conspicuously banded with purplish-brown; one broad band at lower suture on spire-whorls and two on body-whorl. The early spire-whorls are crossed by close rounded axial costae, becoming obsolete on penultimate whorl. The whole shell is finely spirally striated. Typical banded specimens are known to the writer from four localities only, Bay of Islands (type), Mangonui (W. R. B. Oliver), Mount Maunganui and Puketutu Id., Manukau Harbour. Dentition (fig. 94).—Mt. Maunganui specimen. Height 20.5 mm., diameter 9.25 mm. (Mt. Maunganui specimen.) Buccinulum (Euthrena) vittatum costulatum (Suter). Figs. 13, 14. 1913 Euthria littorinoides costulata Suter, Man. N.Z. Moll., p. 377. Type, Great Barrier Island. Remarks.—Topotypes indicate this form, as already noted by Finlay (1926, p. 416), to be close to vittatum and the radula proves the relationship. The shell differs from that of vittatum in the prominent, closely spaced axial ribs, extending over all spire-whorls and most of the body-whorl. The spiral sculpture consists of slightly stronger striae and the colour pattern is in the form of diffused spiral rows of pale brownish dots on a buff ground. Dentition as in typical species. Height 17 mm., diameter 7.5 mm. (fig. 14). Habitat.—Port Fitzroy, Great Barrier Island (Dr. E. N. Drier, 1927). Buccinulum (Euthrena) bicinctum (Hutton). Fig. 10. 1873 Fusus bicinctus Hutton, Cat. Marine Moll. N.Z., p. 10. 1913 Euthria vittata (Q. & G.) Suter in part, Man. N.Z. Moll., p. 380 (not of Q. & G.). 1926 Euthrena bicincta (Hutton) Finlay, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 57, p. 416. 1928 Euthrena bicincta (Hutton) Finlay, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 59, p. 253, figs. 10 and 11. This species, described as peculiar to the Chatham Islands by Hutton and synonymized with the northern vittata by Suter, has recently been reinstated by Finlay. The figure is of a topotype in the writer's collection. Remarks.—This species, superficially very similar to the Northern vittata, seems to attain a much greater adult size and differs in the polished exterior, devoid of spiral striae, and in the comparatively thin expanded outer lip, minus lirae within. Apparently the typical banded form is not the predominant type. Out of thirty specimens collected by Mr. W. R. B. Oliver (1909) at Waitangi and Red Bluff, Chatham Islands, only two are typically banded; of the remainder, two have indistinct traces, five are uniformly dark slaty-brown, and the rest are pale buff to light brown.
Buccinulum (Euthrena) kaikouraense n. sp. Figs. 11 and 12. Shell small, solid, pure white, without colour pattern. Spire tall, outlines slightly convex, height about equal to height of aperture plus canal. Whorls 5, plus a smooth protoconch of two low convex whorls, then axially costate and reticulated before passing into adult sculpture. All post-nuclear whorls sculptured with exceedingly close, deeply incised, microscopic, spiral striations. A few obsolete, widely spaced, spiral cords faintly shown towards base on body-whorl. Suture distinct, appressed. Axial sculpture confined to a few indistinct costae on early whorls. Body-whorl contracted below to a distinct fasciole, rendered lamellate by axial growth lines. Aperture small, ovate, produced below into a short, oblique, slightly recurved, open canal. Outer lip slightly thickened and strongly lirate within. Inner lip with a slight tubercle above, towards posterior notch, and another below at commencement of canal. Colour of the whole shell, aperture included, pure white. Dentition (fig. 96).—The laterals similar to those of vittata, the central differing in the base, being roughly pentagonal in shape. Height 20.25 mm., diameter 9 mm. (holotype). Height 21 mm., diameter 9 mm. (paratype). Holotype and a number of paratypes in author's collection, Auckland. Habitat.—About 2 miles north of Goose Bay, Kaikoura Coast, Marlborough (A.W.B.P., 1928). Remarks.—This distinctive shell stands nearest to the Northern vittata, but is at once distinguished by the close, microscopic, deeply incised spiral sculpture and entire absence of colour. Buccinulum (Euthrena) littorinoides (Reeve). Figs. 8 and 9. 1846 Buccinum littorinoides Reeve, Conch. Icon., 3, Pl. 12, fig. 94. 1913 Euthria littorinoides (Reeve) Suter in part, Man. N.Z. Moll., p. 376. Although Reeve did not mention an exact locality in New Zealand for this species, his excellent illustration and description fits Otago specimens very well. These are all very constant in being quite smooth to the eye, having the finest of microscopic spiral striae, and are uniformly spirally banded with few, regularly spaced, narrow, dark brown bands on a pale bluish ground. There are 3 or 4 of these bands on the penultimate and 10 to 12 on the body-whorl. Specimens from Oamaru are here figured as best representing the typical species. There is a smaller variety at Stewart Island, uniformly dark bluish-slate, with two obscure broad bands towards aperture, more plainly shown inside lip. It is found, however, along with the typical species, and the radulae of the two types present no apparent differences. Height 28 mm., diameter 12.5 mm. (fig. 9). Height 26 mm., diameter 11.5 mm. (fig. 8). Height 33 mm., diameter 13.75 mm. (large Stewart Id. specimen). Habitat.—Kartigi Beach, N. Otago (A.W.B.P., 1928); Oamaru (here designated typical locality), and Kakanui (A.W.B.P.), under holdfasts of Durvillea; Sandfly Bay, Otago Peninsula (W. R. B. Oliver, 1906); Taieri Beach, Warrington and Dunedin Harbour (H.
J. Finlay); Masons Bay, Stewart Id. (Mrs. R. H. Harrison, 1928); Half Moon Bay, Stewart Id. (W. R. B. Oliver, 1910); Wainui, Akaroa (A.W.B.P., 1928); Waipara, North Canterbury (under stones, Boulder Beach, W. R. B. Oliver, 1910); Taylors Mistake, Banks Peninsula (W. R. B. Oliver, 1906); Purau and Gollans Bay, Lyttelton Harbour (W. R. B. Oliver, 1906); Worser Bay, Wellington Harbour (W. R. B. Oliver, 1922); Auckland Islands (Capt. J. Bollons). The Auckland Island specimens differ from Mainland shells only in colour, being light brownish with slightly darker spiral lines. Dentition (fig. 91).—Typical of Euthrena. Central tooth simple, minus basal denticles. Buccinulum (Euthrena) martensianum (Hutton). Figs. 45 and 46. Topotypes, compared with the type specimens are here figured. This shell seems to be peculiar to Cook Strait. It is characterized by fairly strong axial costae on the spire-whorls, slender shape, tall spire, thin outer lip and uniform greyish-brown colour. The surface is crowded with exceedingly fine spiral striae and on the body-whorl 10 to 14 almost obsolete, low, narrow, flat-topped spiral cords. Aperture deep reddish-brown within, fading to cream at outer lip, which is thin and only faintly lirate some distance within. Height 17 mm., diameter 7.75 mm. (type). Height 22 mm., diameter 9.5 mm. (fig. 46). Height 20.5 mm., diameter 8 mm. (fig. 45). Type from Wellington, in the Dominion Museum. This is quite a rare shell. The relationship so far as can be judged from shell characters, is with strebeli. Buccinulum (Euthrena) strebeli (Suter). 1908 Euthria strebeli Suter, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 40, p. 369. Buccinulum (Euthrena) strebeli strebeli (Suter). Figs. 24, 25 and 26. It is not always an easy matter to separate specimens of strebeli from littorinoides on shell characters. Finlay (1928, p. 253) stated that vittata, littorinoides and strebeli all seem to intergrade. The dentition, however, definitely separates these species into distinct groups, strebeli in one, littorinoides and vittata in the other, which is conclusive evidence of the distinctive nature of strebeli. On shell characters strebeli may be distinguished from littorinoides in having conspicuous spiral sculpture and a more tumid body-whorl with outer lip thickened and denticulate within. The colour is either uniform buff or greyish, with or without numerous narrow, dark brown spiral lines. Littorinoides, on the other hand, has the surface smooth to the eye, the outer lip thin and only faintly lirate within, and the spiral bands fewer and more widely spaced. Typical shells occur in sheltered waters, are rather heavy and tumid, and are marked with numerous, narrow, dark-brown spiral lines. Colonies from exposed situations are invariably more elongate and are coloured uniform buff or greyish, minus the spiral lines.
The axial sculpture in all specimens is obsolete, being confined to the early spire whorls. Dentition (fig. 89).—Of Euthrena type. Central tooth broad and low, with prominent basal denticles. Habitat (typical banded specimens).—Dunedin Harbour (type, H. Suter); Warrington (H. J. Finlay); Breakwater, Lyttelton Harbour (A.W.B.P., 1928); Pohara Beach, Golden Bay, Nelson (A.W.B.P., 1927), under clusters of Mytilus canaliculus at low tide. Height 28 mm., diameter 15 mm. (Suter's type). Height 25.5 mm., diameter 13.5 mm. (fig. 25, Lyttelton Harbour). (Uniform buff or greyish specimens.). Limestone Point, 4 miles S. of Clarence River, Marl-borough (A.W.B.P., 1928); Ohau Bluff, Kaikoura (A.W.B.P., 1928); Wainui, Akaroa (A.W.B.P., 1928); Worser Bay and Karaka Bay, Wellington (Miss M. K. Mestayer, 1928); Lyall Bay, Wellington (W. R. B. Oliver, 1925). Height 21 mm., diameter 9.5 mm. Height 21 mm., diameter 9.75 mm. Buccinulum (Euthrena) strebeli mestayerae n. subsp. Figs. 27, 28 and 29. A distinct local form of strebeli, so far observed only from the vicinity of Wellington. It resembles the plain form of strebeli in the absence of colour bands but differs from both this and the typical species in being prominently axially costate. The broad rounded heavy costae, 12 per whorl, extend over all post-nuclear whorls. On the body-whorl, however, they do not extend below the periphery. Dentition (fig. 99).—Similar to that of the typical species except that the central tooth is a trifle broader with less prominent basal denticles. Height 19.75 mm., diameter 9.5 mm. (holotype, fig. 27). Height 20.5 mm., diameter 9.75 mm. (fig. 29). Holotype and paratypes in author's collection, Auckland. Habitat.—Island Bay, Wellington (type), under stones at low water (A.W.B.P., 1928); Lyall Bay and Sinclair Head, Wellington (Miss M. K. Mestayer). Buccinulum (Euthrena) strebeli exsculptum n. subsp. Figs. 33 and 34. Differs from stebeli mestayerae in having prominent spiral cords in addition to heavy axial sculpture. Shell small, thick and solid. Whorls seven including typical Euthrena type of protoconch. Spire less than height of aperture plus canal. Post-nuclear whorls crossed by strong rounded axial costae, nine per whorl, oblique to left and not extending over base. Spiral sculpture consisting of strong flat-topped raised cords, four on spire-whorls, ten on body-whorl, particularly prominent on base. The whole shell including cords and costae crowded with fine close striae. Aperture small, narrowly ovate produced below into a short open canal. Outer lip thin at edge, strengthened by a variciform external swelling and internally by eight strong denticulate lirae. Inner lip as a moderately wide callus
with usual parietal tubercle and four strong denticles towards base of pillar. Colour uniformly pale buff (type); white or yellowish with the cords slightly darker. Height 21 mm., diameter 10 mm. (holotype, fig. 33). Height 19.5 mm., diameter 9.5 mm. Holotype and juvenile paratype in collection of Dr. H. J. Finlay, Dunedin. Habitat.—Bluff (type); Stewart Island (H. J. Finlay); Foveaux Strait (A.W.B.P. coll.). Buccinulum (Euthrena) maketuense n. sp. Figs. 31 and 32. A local form related to strebeli but readily distinguished by the smaller adult size and simple convex outline of the whole shell, the body-whorl being full right to the fasciole, not noticeably concave at base as in other members of the genus. Shell small. Whorls 6. Protoconch damaged in all specimens collected. First 2 or 3 post-nuclear whorls axially costate. Spire whorls low, very little convex, not indented at sutures, the outline of the whole shell from spire to base evenly convex. Pillar erect. Surface sculptured with numerous prominent, raised, spiral cords, the interstices crowded with fine spiral striae. Aperture ovate, contracted below to very short open canal. Outer lip thin at edge, thickened and lirate within. Inner lip smooth with prominent tubercle towards posterior notch. Ground colour greyish, spiral cords dark brown. Aperture dark brown within, whitish towards outer lip with spirals of exterior showing through. Height 17.75 mm., diameter 9.25 mm. (holotype). Height 17 mm., diameter 9 mm. (paratype). Holotype and paratypes in author's collection, Auckland. Habitat.—Maketu, Bay of Plenty (Dr. C. E. R. Bucknill, 1922). Buccinulum (Euthrena) heteromorphum n. sp. Buccinulum (Euthrena) heteromorphum heteromorphum n. subsp. Figs. 47, 48 and 49. This is the common ‘vittata’-like shell of the North, formerly considered a colour variant of that species. However, the radula and the constantly shorter spire separate it as a form well worthy of specific distinction. Shell small, solid. Spire less than height of aperture plus canal. Sculpture consisting of numerous low, flat-topped, spiral cords, 7 on penultimate, 16 on body-whorl and base. Early spire whorls, sometimes to the penultimate, closely and regularly axially costate. Whorls 5 plus a minute protoconch of 2 smooth whorls, then axially costate and reticulated before passing into adult sculpture. Suture distinct, appressed. Ground colour of shell pale buff, varying to pale grey. Some specimens with the spiral cords evenly lined in dark purplish-brown, but the majority have the brown lines broken up into dots, here and there irregularly blotched and running together in the form of broad spiral bands, one on spire-whorls towards upper suture and two on body-whorl. Aperture white or greyish inside, with two broad purplish-brown bands corresponding to those of the exterior. Inner lip with a strong tubercle above, towards posterior
notch, and several faint ones below. Outer lip thin at edge, rapidly thickened and lirate within. Dentition (fig. 88).—The central tooth is broad and low with basal denticles, showing relationship with strebeli rather than with vittata or littorinoides. Height 19 mm., diameter 9 mm. (holotype, fig. 47). Height 18 mm., diameter 9 mm. (paratype). Holotype and many paratypes in author's collection, Auckland. Habitat.—Auckland Harbour and Hauraki Gulf (generally distributed) Takapuna (type); Mount Maunganui, Bay of Plenty (A.W.B.P. and Dr. C. E. R. Bucknill), Waikowhai, Manukau Harbour (A.W.B.P.); Whangaroa (Mrs. F. W. Sanderson). Remarks.—The irregularly blotched variety seems peculiar to the Hauraki Gulf, the evenly lined shells to Mount Maunganui and the Manukau Harbour. Buccinulum (Euthrena) heteromorphum bucknilli n. subsp. Figs. 51 and 52. Differs from the typical species in being much larger and heavier and in having the whole of the inner lip conspicuously denticulate. The holotype has seven denticles in addition to the usual parietal tubercle. All specimens seen have been a uniform buff externally, pure white within the aperture and entirely without colour bands. Other characters as in typical species. Holotype and four paratypes in author's collection, Auckland. Habitat.—Moturiki, Mount Maunganui, Bay of Plenty (Dr. C. E. R. Bucknill, 1927). Buccinulum (Euthrena) motutaraense n. sp. Figs. 41 and 42. A very constant species related to heteromorphum but readily distinguished by the sub-sulcate suture, absence of axials except on early whorls and in the white polished exterior, devoid of colour except within the aperture. Shell small, solid. Whorls 4 plus the usual two whorled Euthrena type of protoconch. First two post-nuclear whorls faintly axially costate. The whole shell, although polished, is sculptured with close, flattened, inconspicuous spiral cords. Suture appressed, margined below by a wide shallow groove. Spire less than height of aperture plus canal, outlines almost straight. Body-whorl large, inflated. Aperture ovate, produced below into a short, open, slightly recurved canal. Outer lip thin at edge, thickened and lirate within. Inner lip with a denticle at posterior notch. Colour white, spire pale bluish grey. Aperture with two broad brown bands within. Dentition (fig. 87).—Laterals similar to those of heteromorphum, central taller, with cusps narrower and sharper, connected for half their height by a thin plate. Height 19.5 mm., diameter 10.5 mm. (holotype, fig. 41). Height 18.5 mm., diameter 9.75 mm. (paratype). Holotype and many paratypes in author's collection, Auckland. Habitat.—Motutara, West Coast, Auckland, in rock crevices at low tide (A.W.B.P.).
Buccinulum (Euthrena) flavescens (Hutton). Figs. 53, 54 and 55. Easily recognized by its distinctive colour, pale yellowish, with or without thin orange, spiral lines. Surface crowded with microscopic spiral striations and low inconspicuous narrow cords, only apparent on body-whorl towards base. Height of spire variable, considerably less than aperture plus canal in topotypes, and slightly more in Stewart Island specimens. A topotype and two Stewart Island specimens are here figured. Dentition (fig. 97).—Of Euthrena type, similar to that of strebeli except that the central tooth is taller and the inner cusps of the laterals are vertical. Height 27 mm., diameter 13 mm. (topotype). Height 28.5 mm., diameter 13 mm. (Stewart Island). Height 26.5 mm., diameter 11.5 mm. (Stewart Island). Habitat.—St. Clair (W. R. B. Oliver), Dunedin (type); Masons Beach, Stewart Island (Mrs. R. H. Harrison, 1928); Half Moon Bay, Stewart Island (W. R. B. Oliver, 1910). Buccinulum (Euthrena) colensoi (Suter). Figs. 21, 22 and 23. 1908 Tritonidea colensoi Suter, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 40, p. 371. 1913 Cantharus colensoi (Suter), Man. N.Z. Moll., p. 394. 1926 Zeapollia colensoi (Suter) Finlay, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 57, p. 418. Study of the dentition and nuclear characters of this species show undoubted affinity to the above genus and subgenus. The species was first described as a Tritonidea and has since been referred in turn to Cantharus, Pollia, and Zeapollia. The latter being a new genus recently proposed by Finlay (l.c., p. 418) for the N. Z. Tertiary Tritonidea acuticingulata Suter. Two other Tertiary species ascribed to Tritonidea, compacta and elatior both of Suter, have been united by Finlay, the first name having priority (1924, p. 504) and referred later, by the same author (1926, p. 415), to Evarnula, here given subgeneric rank under Buccinulum. The nucleus of acuticingulata consisting of 1 ½ low, smooth, convex whorls, passes abruptly into adult sculpture, lacking the axially ribbed and reticulate stage of Euthrena. Acuticingulata also differs in the strong spiral sculpture continuing uninterrupted over the fasciole, so the genus Zeapollia may be retained for this species alone. Habitat of colensoi.—East Cape Lighthouse (type); Castle Point, East Coast, Wellington (A.W.B.P., Jan., 1927). Under stones at low tide. Dentition (fig. 98).—Of Euthrena type, similar to that of hetero-morphum, having denticles present on the central tooth. Height 18 mm., diameter 10 mm. (type). Height 21.25 mm., diameter 10 mm. (Castle Point sp.). Remarks.—Castle Point specimens, compared with topotypes, are larger with a relatively higher spire, otherwise there are no differences.
Buccinulum (Euthrena) robustum n. sp. Figs. 19 and 20. Shell small, very solid, prominently spirally ridged and axially costate. Whorls 4, plus Euthrena type of small, smooth protoconch, followed by usual half whorl, axially ribbed and then reticulated before passing into adult sculpture. Spire conic, less than height of aperture plus canal. Post-nuclear whorls prominently sculptured with broad, raised, flat topped, spiral cords and intermediate spiral threads. Three cords on spire whorls, nine on body-whorl. Several irregular minor cords on shoulder and an intermediate thread between most of the main cords. Fasciole devoid of spiral ribbing. The whole shell crossed by strong vertical axial costae, 13 on penultimate and 11 on body-whorl. The spiral cords surmount these axials. Aperture small, ovate, produced below into a short open canal. Outer lip thick, lirate and prominently denticulate within. Inner lip with a strong denticle above at posterior notch and two inconspicuous smaller ones below, towards anterior canal. Colour light brown, heavily and irregularly blotched with reddish-brown and black, the latter predominating. Axial costae invariably showing lighter in relief. Aperture uniform dull white within. Extreme edge of outer lip with black dots at termination of main cords of exterior. Dentition (fig. 95) similar to that of colensoi, except that the central tooth has more prominent denticles. Height 14 mm., diameter 7.5 mm. (holotype, fig. 19). Height 15.5 mm., diameter 7.75 mm. (Takapuna specimen). Holotype and paratype in author's collection, Auckland. Habitat.—Port Fitzroy, Great Barrier Island (type), Dr. E. N. Drier, 1927; Takapuna, Hauraki Gulf (A.W.B.P.); Doubtless Bay (A. E. Brookes); Mangonui Heads (W. La Roche). Genus Euthrenopsis nov. Shells superficially very similar to Euthrena but with a distinctive protoconch and entire absence of the characteristic Buccinuloid parietal tubercle. Study of the dentition is essential in order to express the true relationship of this distinctive genus but meanwhile it is placed near the genus to which it shows closest affinity. The protoconch is small of two globose whorls, the first whorl smooth, the second with five prominent, rounded spiral cords. There is a brief stage towards the termination of the protoconch showing fine irregular axial growth lines but not sufficiently strong to cause reticulation as in Euthrena. The Euthrena protoconch is the reverse of this arrangement, axials predominating later reticulated by spirals. The fact that the aperture in Euthrenopsis is strongly armed along the outer lip but lacks the Buccinuloid parietal tubercle is another reason for separating these shells. Euthrenopsis resembles Zeapollia in the lack of the parietal tubercle, but the latter genus, as shown by the protoconch of acuticingulata the genotype, is not closely related to the Buccinulum series, the one and a half smooth bulbous whorls being abruptly marked off from the adult sculpture of strong axials and spirals. Type Euthrenopsis otagoensis nov.
Key to Species. Interspaces of spirals wide. Axials 13 per whorl. Spire equal to height of aperture plus canal venusta Interspaces of spirals linear, each with an intermediate thread. Axials 11 per whorl. Spire equal to height of aperture plus canal otagoensis Interspaces of spirals linear. Axials 10 per whorl. Spire higher than aperture plus canal bountyensis Euthrenopsis otagoensis n. sp. Fig. 57. Shell small, solid, strongly axially and spirally sculptured. Whorls six, including typical protoconch as described above, of two whorls. Outlines strongly and evenly convex. Body-whorl narrow, evenly convex above, rapidly contracting over base. Spire about equal to height of aperture plus canal. Post-nuclear whorls sculptured with very strong, broad, rounded axial costae, eleven on penultimate whorl. The whole surface traversed by broad, heavy spiral cords, surmounting the axials and with linear interspaces. There are five of these cords on the spire-whorls and about twelve on the body-whorl, the interspaces each with an inconspicuous spiral thread. Suture impressed, undulating. Aperture narrowly pyriform, produced below into a short open canal, slightly oblique to left and recurved at tip. Outer lip thin at edge, rapidly thickening within, bearing eight moderately strong denticles. Inner lip as a slightly excavated narrow callus. No parietal tubercle. Colour dull white. Height 11 mm., diameter 5 mm. (holotype). Height 11.5 mm., diameter 5 mm. (paratype). Holotype and a number of paratypes in collection of Dr. H. J. Finlay, Dunedin. Habitat.—Off Otago Heads in 60 fathoms; Foveaux Strait in 15 fathoms (A. Hamilton coll.). Euthrenopsis venusta n. sp. Fig. 56. Shell small, very solid, strongly axially and spirally sculptured. Whorls six, including typical two whorled protoconch as described above. Outlines strongly and evenly convex. Body-whorl narrow, evenly convex above, rapidly contracting over base. Spire equal to height of aperture plus canal. Post-nuclear whorls sculptured with very strong broad and rounded axial costae becoming less prominent over body-whorl. There are thirteen axials on penultimate whorl. Spire-whorls with five strong slightly raised flat-topped spiral cords per whorl, with interspaces wider than width of cords. Body-whorl with eleven cords having wider interspaces over base. Last two interspaces each with an intermediate thread. Suture impressed, undulating. Aperture narrowly pyriform, produced below into a moderately long open canal, slightly oblique to left and recurved at tip. Outer lip strengthened by an external varix and slightly thickened within, bearing eight distinct denticulate lirae. Inner lip as a slightly excavated narrow callus. No parietal tubercle. Colour dull white. Height 14 mm., diameter 6 mm. Holotype, only known specimen in collection of Dr. H. J. Finlay, Dunedin. Habitat.—50 fathoms, 18 miles E.S.E. of Oamaru.
Euthrenopsis bountyensis n. sp. Fig. 58. Shell small, solid, strongly axially and spirally sculptured. Whorls six including typical protoconch as described above of slightly more than two whorls. Outlines strongly and evenly convex. Body-whorl narrow, evenly convex above, rapidly contracting over base. Spire a trifle higher than height of aperture plus canal. Post-nuclear whorls sculptured with very strong, broad, rounded, axial costae, about ten per whorl. The whole surface traversed by broad, heavy spiral cords, surmounting the axials and with linear interspaces. There are five of these cords on the spire-whorls and eleven on body-whorl, the lower ones with wider interspaces. Suture impressed, undulating. Aperture incomplete in available specimens. No trace of parietal tubercle. Colour dull white. Height 9 mm., diameter 3.75 mm. Holotype and three juvenile paratypes in collection of Dr. H. J. Finlay, Dunedin. Habitat.—Off Bounty Islands in 50 fathoms. Genus Ellicea Finlay, 1928 (in Marwick, 1928). Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 58, p. 486. Type Siphonalia orbita Hutton. Ellicea orbita (Hutton). Fig. 72. 1885 Siphonalia orbita Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 17, p. 326. 1915 Siphonalia orbita Hutton (Suter), N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 3, p. 23. Locality.—Greta, North Canterbury. Holotype in Canterbury Museum, Christchurch. Height 37 mm., diameter 18 mm. (holotype). Ellicea carinata n. sp. Figs. 73, 74. Differs from orbita in being more tumid, in having more numerous and narrow spiral ribs, less conspicuous axial costae, and in the presence of an intermediate spiral rib on the shoulder. Spire considerably shorter than aperture plus canal. Whorls inflated, about 7 including protoconch. Early spire-whorls with faintly indicated, rather distant, broad, low axials. Spire-whorls traversed by four or five narrow, flat-topped, sharply raised spiral cords, extending from inconspicuous shoulder to lower suture and an intermediate weaker spiral between uppermost cord and upper suture. Body-whorl, including base and neck of canal with about sixteen cords. Interstices about double width of cords. Orbita has only twelve cords on body-whorl. Aperture incomplete in all available specimens. Outer lip of moderate thickness, slightly sinuous. Inner lip spread as a moderately wide thin glaze with spiral cords showing through. Several strong denticles towards base of pillar. Height 35 mm., diameter 19 mm. (paratype). Height (30 mm. incomplete), diameter 20 mm. (holotype). Holotype and four paratypes in Dominion Museum, Wellington. Locality.—Cliffs at Palliser Bay, 1 mile east of ferry. Pliocene (Nukumaruian or Waitotaran). Dr. J. Allan Thomson, 1919.
Genus Aeneator Finlay, 1926. Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 57, p. 414. Type Verconella marshalli Murdoch. In proposing the above genus, Finlay defined differentiating characters from Austrosipho (= Verconella) as follows. Shell having a much smaller apex, different adult whorling, and a tendency to develop tubercles on the inner lip. He also stressed the point that both groups have lived side by side well back into the Tertiary. A live specimen of compta Finlay, a species closely related to the genotype, was recently obtained alive from deep water in the Bay of Plenty. The radula proved extremely interesting, being decidedly Euthroid in character and very different from that of Austrosipho. The small depressed apex and presence of tubercles on parietal wall also give this group a resemblance to the Euthroid genus Buccinulum. Aeneator is, therefore, as stated by Finlay, undoubtedly a distinct genus, indicating an interesting link between the large Austrosiphos and the smaller Buccinulum series. Aeneator marshalli (Murdoch). 1924 Verconella marshalli Murdoch, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 55, p. 159. Habitat.—Recent: Opotiki, Bay of Plenty (washed up alive, 1922. Coll. W. La Roche). Fossil: Castlecliff, Wanganui (type), Upper Pliocene (common). Also recorded by Murdoch from Kai Iwi, Okehu and Nukumaru. 1089 Okauawa Creek, Maraekakaho, Ngaruroro River, Hawkes Bay (mid-Pliocene), specimen in coll. of N.Z. Geol. Survey. Aeneator compta (Finlay). 1924 Verconella compta Finlay, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 55, p. 523. Habitat.—20 fathoms off Opotiki, Bay of Plenty (type); 20-30 fathoms off Hicks Bay, East Cape, A.W.B.P. coll.; 40-50 fathoms off Whakatane, Bay of Plenty, A.W.B.P. coll.; 25 fathoms off Cape Colville, Hauraki Gulf, A.W.B.P. coll. Radula (fig. 126) operculum (figs. 108 and 109). Aeneator attenuata Powell. 1927 Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 58, p. 298. Habitat.—Recent: 23 fathoms off Ahipara (type), 40 fathoms off Banks Peninsula. From stomach of large snapper, Capt. J. Bollons (A. E. Brookes, coll.); Pakawau, Golden Bay, Nelson. One broken shell, A.W.B.P., Dec. 1927. Fossil: Castlecliff, Wanganui, Upper Pliocene, W. La Roche, 1927. Aeneator delicatula n. sp. Fig. 75. Shell moderately large, fusiform. Whorls seven, including typical protoconch of two and a half whorls. Spire less than half height of aperture plus canal. All post-nuclear whorls sculptured with very fine, low, narrow spiral cords, fourteen to sixteen on penultimate,
and fifty to sixty on body-whorl. Body-whorl inflated and evenly convex above, rapidly contracting over base to neck of canal. No true axial sculpture excepting a half whorl of closely spaced costae at termination of protoconch. Early spire-whorls crossed by numerous rather prominent arcuate axial growth lines. Aperture large ovate-pyriform, constricted to a slight notch above and produced below into a long open canal, slightly oblique to left and gently recurved. Outer lip thin, flexuous, with a broad shallow sinus between periphery and upper suture. Inner lip as a narrow, thin glaze with a parietal callus patch towards posterior notch bearing two sub-parallel elongated denticles. A large specimen in the collection of the Geological Survey, Wellington, has a series of irregularly disposed tubercles along entrie length of the inner lip callus. Height 42 mm., diameter 21.5 mm. (holotype). Height 68 mm., diameter 31 mm. Locality.—Between Kai Iwi and Okehu (type), coll. A.W.B.P., 1928; Loc. 1163, between Ototoka and Okehu Streams (Geol. Surv.), Wanganui, Upper Pliocene. Aeneator valedicta (Watson). 1886 Fusus valedictus Watson, Chall. Rep., 15, pt. 42, p. 201. 1913 Siphonalia valedicta (Watson) Suter, Man. N.Z. Moll., p. 372. 1926 Aeneator valedicta (Watson) Finlay, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 57, p. 414. Habitat.—200 miles west of Cape Farewell, in 275 fathoms. Aeneator dubia (Marwick). 1924 Verconella dubia Marwick, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 55, p. 196. 1926 Aeneator dubia (Marwick) Finlay, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 57, p. 414. Locality.—1093, Kikowhero Creek, Ngaruroro River, Hawkes Bay. Pliocene (Nukumaruian). Aeneator thomsoni (Marwick). 1924 Verconella thomsoni Marwick, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 55, p. 196. 1926 Aeneator thomsoni (Marwick) Finlay, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 57, p. 414. Locality.—1092, blue clays above Te Aute limestone, Maharakeke Road, Waipukurau, Hawkes Bay. Pliocene (Nukumaruian). Genus Austrofusus Kobelt, 1879. Type Neptunea nodosa Martyn = Drupa glans Bolten. See Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 56, 1926, p. 232, and vol. 57, 1926, pp. 411–413. Subgenus Neocola Finlay, 1926. Type Austrofusus beta Finlay. Subgenus Nassicola Finlay, 1926. Type Neptunea costata Hutton. Genus Zelandiella Finlay, 1926. Type Neptunea subnodosa Hutton.
Bartrum and Powell (1928, p. 147) have described and figured the protoconch of Siphonalia propenodosa Bartrum ascribing the species to typical Austrofusus in preference to Zelandiella as classed by Finlay (1926B, p. 233). Finlay's description of the apex reads (l.c.), “The apex of the type is aberrant, not high and conical but compressed vertically, like the shell itself, into a mamillary appearance.” Dr. Finlay has since supplied the writer with specimens of the genotype and stressed the point that the growth of shell, anterior notch, style of sculpture and deposit of callus round inner lip were the main characteristic upon which the genus was founded. After examining well-preserved specimens of the genotype in conjunction with specimens of fatua and propenodosa, the present writer now is quite convinced that the three species are congeneric and worthy of generic separation. Finlay in the above mentioned private communication refers to the protoconch of subnodosa as follows: “The whole protoconch is narrower and slighter than that of glans, but the apex is as I have said somewhat compressed vertically and not so sharply pointed as in glans.” These two descriptions are capable of being construed quite differently. The first mentioned undoubtedly conveys the impression of a squat flattened protoconch, while the second shows that the reverse was intended, the protoconch being really narrower than that of glans, with the apex only somewhat compressed vertically. Austrofusus chathamensis Finlay. Fig. 133. 1928 Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 59, p. 253. Habitat.—Chatham Islands (type), Lyall Bay, Cook Strait (Miss M. K. Mestayer); Cook Strait, trawled (Dr. E. N. Drier, coll.). The Lyall Bay and Cook Strait records are of interest as the species has been considered precinctive to the Chatham Islands (l.c., p. 285). The Lyall Bay specimen here figured is a particularly fine and large specimen measuring 61 mm. by 33 mm. Genus Cominella Gray, 1850. Subgenus Eucominia Finlay, 1926. Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 56, p. 239. Type Buccinum nassoides Reeve. Cominella (Eucominia) mirabilis n. sp. Fig. 76. Shell small, rather thin, yet evidently adult judging by development of parietal callus. Spire tall, greater than height of aperture plus canal. Whorls 4 ½ plus typical “Eucominia” type of protoconch; smooth, large, flattened and dome-shaped of two whorls. A few faint axial folds before passing into adult sculpture of close, deeply incised striae, crossed by narrow, vertical, regularly spaced axial ribs, extending from suture to suture; obsolete towards base on body-whorl. Penultimate whorl with 40 striations and 17 axial costae. All post-nuclear whorls with a prominent concave shoulder, extending from upper suture down to about a third height of whorl. Lightly convex and almost vertical from shoulder angle to lower suture. Body-whorl full, contracted gradually to a prominent longitudinally striated fasciole marked off above by a narrow raised rib continuous
with upper margin of a deep anterior siphonal notch. Aperture sub-pyriform, angled above and constricted by concave shoulder to distinct posterior siphonal notch, merged below into wide, open, deeply notched, extremely short canal. Outer lip thin not lirate within. Inner lip spread as a moderately thick callus, abruptly separated by defined groove from body-whorl and columella. Pillar straight above, twisted below at fasciole. Colour pale buff, ornamented with very faint obscure narrow bands of darker buff, three on spire-whorls from shoulder downwards, and an additional two on base of body-whorl. Height 18 mm., diameter 8.5 mm. Habitat.—Off Big King Island in 98 fathoms (Capt. J. Bollons, 1914). Holotype.—Only known specimen in collection of Miss M. K. Mestayer, Wellington. This shell is quite distinct from all other species, in the small thin shell and exceedingly fine and close spiral sculpture. It has superficial resemblance to Iredale's genus Fax (1925, p. 262), but the protoconch and fasciole are unquestionably Cominelloid. Cominella (Eucominia) nassoides (Reeve). 1846 Buccinum nassoides Reeve, Conch. Icon. 3, pl. 3, fig. 12. Typical shells are from Foveaux Strait and Eastern Otago. They are always tall and narrow with four nodulous cinguli on the penultimate whorl. Specimens from both the Chatham and Auckland Islands respectively are divergent from the typical species and are dealt with below. Height 51.5 mm., diameter 22.5 mm. Height 41 mm., diameter 19 mm. Stewart Island. Habitat.—Stewart Island; Foveaux Strait; Warrington Beach, Dunedin (H. J. Finlay). Cominella (Eucominia) nassoides, nodicincta (von Martens). 1878 Cominella nodicincta von Martens, Sitzber. Naturf. Fr., Berlin, p. 23. Habitat.—Auckland Islands (Martens). Height 45 mm., diameter 26 mm. (type). Height 52.5 mm., diameter 28.5 mm. (Specimen from Enderby Island, Auckland Islands, collected by Capt. J. Bollons.) This shell is constantly proportionately wider than the typical species, has a more inflated body-whorl and much more prominent spiral sculpture. There are still four rows of cinguli on penultimate but the nodules are larger and more circular. The shoulder also is obsolete, the spire outline being consequently almost straight, not gradate. Probably each of the Subantarctic groups have their own peculiar variety of this species divergent through isolation. The name veneris Filhol is available for the Campbell Island form should it prove distinct.
Cominella (Eucominia) iredalei (Finlay). 1928 Eucominia iredalei Finlay, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 59, p. 255, figs. 15 and 16. Distinguished from the above species in being still more tumid in shape. Spire much lower, body-whorl extra large and inflated. The shoulder is broad and concave as in the typical species, but the nodules are more or less obsolete, with the exception of two spiral rows, one at suture and the other at shoulder angle. Habitat.—Chatham Islands only. Cominella (Eucominia) ellisoni Marwick. 1928 Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 58, p. 487. Locality.—Titirangi, Chatham Islands (Waitotaran). The direct ancestor to iredalei, having the axial sculpture very little developed but with similar inflated body-whorl. Cominella (Eucominia) elegantula Finlay. 1926 Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 56, p. 240. Locality.—Castlecliff, Wanganui (Upper Pliocene). Cominella (Eucominia) elegantula, verrucosa Finlay. 1926 Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 56, p. 241. Locality.—Castlecliff, Wanganui (Upper Pliocene). Cominella (Eucominia) bauckei Marwick. 1928 Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 58, p. 486. Locality.—Whenuataru Peninsula, Pitt Island, Chatham Islands. The direct ancestor to elegantula. Cominella (Eucominia) excoriata Finlay. 1926 Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 56, p. 241. Locality.—Shrimptons, Hawkes Bay (Nukumaruian). Cominella (Eucominia) nana Finlay. 1926 Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 56, p. 241. Locality.—Otiake (Awamoan). Cominella (Eucominia) intermedia (Suter). 1917 N.Z Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull., 5, p. 33. Locality.—Target Gully (Awamoan). Cominella (Eucominia) sublurida (Marshall). 1917 Cominella sublurida Marshall, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 49, p. 455. Locality.—Wangaloa (Palaeocene). Ascribed to above subgenus by Finlay (1926, p. 239). Subgenus Cominula Finlay 1926. Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 56, p. 239. Type Cominella quoyana A. Adams.
Cominella (Cominula) quoyana (A. Adams). 1854 Cominella quoyana A. Adams, P.Z.S., p. 313. 1878 Cominella huttoni Kobelt, Jahrb. d. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., p. 233. 1926 Cominula quoyana (A. Adams) Finlay, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 56, p. 239. Habitat.—Recent: Takapuna Reef, Auckland at low water (A.W.B.P.); Auckland Harbour and Hauraki Gulf from shore to several fathoms; Tryphena Bay, Great Barrier Island, in 10 fathoms (A.W.B.P.); Whangaroa (Mrs. F. W. Sanderson). Cominella (Cominula) euthriaformis n. sp. Fig. 77. Related to quoyana. Shell small, about the same dimensions and proportions, but differing in the considerably weaker axial ribbing, which becomes obsolete on the penultimate, leaving the body-whorl entirely free from costae. The whorls also are evenly convex, not shouldered, and the colour is buff, tesselated with reddish-brown. Whorls 5 plus typical two whorled protoconch. Surface rather worn, showing traces of regularly incised fine, narrow grooves. Interior of aperture strongly lirate. Spire taller than aperture plus canal. Height 20 mm., diameter 9 mm. Holotype in author's collection, Auckland. Habitat.—Coast between Muriwai and Te Henga, West Coast, Auckland (dead shell inhabited by hermit crab) A.W.B.P., 1924; off Orua Bay, in 18 fathoms, Manukau Harbour (dead shell, badly worn, N. H. Taylor and A.W.B.P.). Cominella (Cominula) hamiltoni (Hutton). 1885 Clathurella hamiltoni Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 17, p. 316. Locality.—Petane (Pliocene). Family Fasciolariidae Adams. Genus Glaphyrina Finlay, 1926. Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 57, p. 414. Type Fusus vulpicolor Sowerby = Siphonalia caudata of Suter 1913, not of Q. & G. This rare deep water shell, referred to caudatus by Suter under the generic name Siphonalia has been shown by Finlay (1926, p. 413) to be really Fusus vulpicolor of Sowerby. True caudatus, by the original figure and description, appears to be a unique shell not collected since Quoy and Gaimard's time and doubtfully congeneric with vulpicolor, according to Finlay. On account of distinctive nuclear characters Finlay (l.c.) proposed a new genus Glaphyrina for vulpicolor, later placing it in a new family Buccinulidae (1928, p. 250). A second Recent species of Glaphyrina is described below. Fortunately the type specimen was trawled alive, making it possible to provide figures of both radula and operculum. (Figs. 132, 114, and 115.) The relationship as proved by the radula is surprising, for Glaphyrina is shown to belong to the family Fasciolariidae, very close to Latirus and Taron. The bright vermilion coloured animal, pagodi-form
carinated protoconch and ovate operculum with terminal nucleus and small muscle impression are characters common to both Taron and Glaphyrina. The shell of Glaphyrina is much thinner than that of Taron, the canal is considerably longer, and the aperture is minus the parietal tubercle and lirate outer lip. The Latirus group seems separable as a subfamily, the radula having fewer cusps on the laterals and the operculum being roughly ovate, with only a small muscle impression. In the typical genus Fasciolaria and in Colus (= Fusinus), the laterals of the radula are multicuspid, while the operculum is roughly pyriform with a very large muscle impression. The above suggested subfamily would appear to include such exotic genera as Latirus, Peristernia and Propefusus, but until the radula and opercular characters are better known finer grouping is not advisable. Key to Species of Glaphyrina. Spirally ribbed and axially costate. Five primary spiral cords on penultimate, and eleven to twelve axial costae. Canal long and straight. Spire considerably shorter than aperture plus canal plicata nov. Spirally ribbed and axially costate. Five to six primary spiral cords on penultimate, and about sixteen axial costae. Canal rather short, slightly twisted. Spire slightly shorter than aperture plus canal vulpicolor Sowerby. Spirally ribbed, eight to ten primary ribs on penultimate whorl. Axial costae absent from last two or three whorls. Slightly thinner shell than typical species. Spire same height as aperture plus canal vulpicolor progenitor Finlay. Glaphyrina plicata n. sp. Figs. 81 and 82. Shell of moderate size, thin but solid. Protoconch as in vulpicolor, angled at centre, of two smooth whorls, raised to a blunt tip. Whorls 7, all strongly convex. Spire considerably shorter than aperture plus canal. All post-nuclear whorls sculptured with rather prominent spiral ribs, with one or two finer threads in the interstices, the whole crossed by prominent regular axial folds reaching from suture to suture and to periphery on body-whorl. Penultimate whorl with eleven or twelve broad, rounded axial costae. Spiral ribs thickened and more prominent on crests of the axial costae. Canal open, rather long and straight. Fasciole inconspicuous. Outer lip thin not variced. Inner lip spreading as a callus over parietal wall and halfway down inner side of columella. Colour yellowish-brown, spiral ribs dark reddish-brown. Interior of aperture greyish with brown external ribs showing through at outer lip. Parietal callus whitish, stained with yellowish-brown. Operclum (Figs. 114 and 115) ovate with terminal nucleus, and very small muscle impression. Dentition (Fig. 132).—Similar to that of Taron. Height 35 mm., diameter 14.5 mm. (holotype). Height 44.5 mm., diameter 19.5 mm. (paratype). Holotype in author's collection, Auckland. Habitat.—Off Cuvier Island, Bay of Plenty, in 44 fathoms. Collected by Captain Fred Johnston of the Auckland S.T. “Thomas Currell.”
Glaphyrina vulpicolor vulpicolor (Sowerby). Figs. 79 and 80. Finlay (1926, pl. 21, fig. 80) localized this species by figuring a specimen from 60 fathoms off Otago Heads. This species is represented in the writer's collection from the following localities. Off Cape Colville, Hauraki Gulf in 25 fathoms; Mount Maunganui, Bay of Plenty; Auckland Harbour, in shallow water, dredging deposits; Foveaux Strait, dredged. Glaphyrina vulpicolor progenitor Finlay. 1926 Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 57, p. 414. Locality.—Castlecliff, Wanganui. Upper Pliocene. References. Bartrum and Powell, 1928. Mollusca from Kaawa Creek Beds, West Coast South of Waikato River. Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 59, pp. 139–162. Cooke, A. H., 1917. The Radula of the Genus Cominella, H. & A. Adams. Proc. Mal. Soc., vol. 12, pp. 227–231. Dall, W. H., 1919. Notes on Chrysodomus and other Mollusks from the North Pacific Ocean. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 54, pp. 207–234. Finlay, H. J., 1924. The Molluscan Fauna of Target Gully, Pt. 1, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 55, p. 501. —— 1926A. A further Commentary on New Zealand Molluscan Systematics, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 57. —— 1926B. New Shells from New Zealand Tertiary Beds, Part 2, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 56, pp. 227–258. —— 1928. The Recent Mollusca of the Chatham Islands, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 59, pp. 232–286. Iredale, T., 1915. A Commentary on Suter's “Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca,” Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 47, pp. 417–497. —— 1918. Molluscan Nomenclatural Problems and Solutions, No. 1, Proc. Mal. Soc., vol. 13, p. 34. —— 1921. Molluscan Nomenclatural Problems and Solutions, No. 2, Proc. Mal. Soc., vol. 14, p. 208. —— 1924. Results from Roy Bells Molluscan collections, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., vol. 49, pp. 180–278. —— 1925. Mollusca from the Continental Shelf of Eastern Australia. Records of the Australian Museum, vol. 14, No. 4, p. 262. Marwick, J., 1928. The Tertiary Mollusca of the Chatham Islands including a Generic Revision of the New Zealand Pectinidae, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 58, pp. 432–506. Suter, H., 1917. Description of New Tertiary Mollusca Occuring in New Zealand, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull., No. 5, pp. 1–93. Tate, R., 1888. Trans. Roy. Soc. South Australia, vol. 10, p. 161. Thomson, J. A., 1917. The Hawera Series or the so-called “Drift Formation” of Hawera, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 49, pp. 414–417.
Figs 1 and 2—Buccinulum (Buccinulum) tenuistriatum n sp. Holotype (1) and paratype. Figs 3 and 4.—Buccinulum (Buccinulum) lineum (Martyn). Rangitoto Id, Auckland. Fig. 5.—Buccinulum (Evarnula) sufflatum (Finlay). Lyttelton Harbour. Figs 6 and 7.—Buccinulum (Evarnula) sufflatum decoratum n subsp. Holotype (6) and paratype. Figs. 8 and 9.—Buccinulum (Euthrena) littorinoides (Reeve). Oamaru. Figs 10.—Buccinulum (Euthrena) bicinctuns (Hutton). Chatham Islands. Igs. 11 and 12.—Buccinulum (Euthrena) kaikouraense n. sp. Holotype (11) and paratype. Figs. 13 and 14.—Buccinulum (Euthrena) vittatum costulatum (Suter). Point Fitzroy, Great Barrier. Figs. 15 and 16.—Buccinutum (Euthrena) vittatum (Q. & G.). Tauranga. Figs 17 and 18.—Buccinulum (Evarnula) multilineum n. sp. Holotype (18) and paratype. Figs. 19 and 20.—Buccinulum (Euthrena) robustum n. sp. Holotype (19) Sp. from Takapuna 20. Figs. 21, 22 and 23.—Buccinulum (Euthrena) colensoi (Suter). Castle Point (21 and 22), East Cape (23). Figs 24, 25 and 23.—Buccinulum (Euthrena) strebeli (Suter). Limestone Point, Marlborough (24), Lyttelton (25 and 26). Figs. 27, 28 and 29.—Buccinulum (Euthrena) strebeli mestayerae n. subsp. Holotype (27) and paratypes.
Figs 30 —Buccinulum (Evarnula) caelatum n. sp. Holotype Figs. 31 and 32 —Buccinulum (Euthrena) maketuense n. sp. Holotype (31) and paratype. Figs 33 and 34 —Buccinulum (Euthrena) strebeli exsculptum n. subsp. Holotype (33) Stewart Id. sp. (34). Figs 35, 36 and 37 —Buccinulum (Evarnula) mutabile n. sp. Holotype (35) and paratypes. Figs 38, 39 and 40.—Buccinulum (Evarnula) Marwicki stewartianum n. subsp. Holotype (38) and paratypes Figs. 41 and 42 —Buccinulum (Euthrena) motutaraense n. sp. Holotype (41) and paratype. Figs. 43 and 44.—Buccinulum (Evarnula) squalidum n. sp. Holotype (43) and paratype. Figs. 45 and 46.—Buccinulum (Euthrena) martensianum (Hutton). Topotypes. Figs. 47, 48 and 49.—Buccinulum (Euthrena) heteromorphum n. sp. Holotype (47) and paratypes Figs. 50.—Buccinulum (Evarnula) caudatum n. sp. Holotype. Figs 51 and 52.—Buccinulum (Euthrena) heteromorphum bucknilli n. subsp. Holotype (51), and paratype. Figs 53, 54 and 55 —Buccinulum (Euthrena) flavecens (Hutton). St. Clair, Dunedin (53), Stewart Island (54 and 55).
Figs 56.—Euthrenopsis venusta n. sp. Holotype. Figs 57.—Euthrenopsis Otagoensis n. sp. Holotype. Figs 58.—Euthrenopsis bountyensis n. sp. Holotype. Figs 59 and 60.—Buccinulum (Evarnula) finlayi n. sp. Holotype (59) and paratype. Figs. 61 and 62.—Buccinulum (Evarnula) crassatinum n. sp. Holotype. Figs. 63.—Buccinulum (Evarnula) tuberculatum n. sp. Holotype.
Figs 64.—Buccinulum (Evarnula) rigidum n. sp. Holotype. Figs 65.—Buccinulum (Evarnula) compactum (Suter). Target Gully. Figs 66 —Buccinulum (Evarnula) compactum (Suter) = elatior type Target Gully. Figs 67.—Buccinulum (Evarnula) protensum n. sp. Holotype. Figs. 68 and 69 — Buccinulum (Evarnula) longicolle n. sp. Holotype (68) Figs. 70 and 71.—Buccinulum (Evarnula) tuberculatum n. sp. Holotype (70) Figs. 72 —Ellicea orbita (Hutton) Holotype. Figs. 73 and 74.—Ellicca carinata n. sp. Holotype (73) and paratype Figs 75.—Aeneator delicatula n. sp. Holotype. Figs. 76.—Cominella (Eucominia) mirabilis n. sp. Holotype Figs 77.—Cominella (Cominula) euthriaformis n. sp. Holotype. Figs. 78.—Euthrenopsis venusta n. sp. Holotype. Figs. 79 and 80.—Glaphyrina vulpicolor (Sowerby). Hauraki Gulf in 25 fathoms. Figs. 81 and 82.—Glaphyrna plicata n. sp. Holotype (81) and paratype.
Figs. 83.—Buccinulum (Buccinulum) lineum (Martyn). Rangitoto Id., Auckland. Figs. 84.—Buccinulum (Buccinulum) tenuistriatum nov. Wainui, Akaroa. Figs. 85.—Buccinulum (Evarnula) sufflatum Finlay. Lyttelton. Figs. 86.—Buccinulum (Evarnula) fuscozonatum (Suter). Whangaroa. Figs. 87.—Buccinulum (Euthrena) motutaraense nov. Motutara, West Coast. Figs. 88.—Buccinulum (Euthrena) heteromorphum nov. Rangitoto Id., Auckland. Figs. 89.—Buccinulum (Euthrena) strebeli (Suter). Lyttelton. Figs. 90.—Buccinulum (Euthrena) multilineum nov. Rangitoto Id., Auckland. Figs. 91.—Buccinulum (Euthrena) littorinoides (Reeve). Stewart Id. Figs. 92.—Buccinulum (Evarnula) mutabile nov. Kartigi Beach, N. Otago. Figs. 93.—Buccinulum (Euthrena) marwicki stewartianum nov. Stewart Id. Figs. 94.—Buccinulum (Euthrena) vittatum (Q. & G.). Mount Maunganui, Bay of Plenty. Figs. 95.—Buccinulum (Euthrena) robustum nov. Port Fitzroy, Great Barrier. Figs. 96.—Buccinulum (Euthrena) kaikouraense nov. Goose Bay, Kaikoura. Figs. 97.—Buccinulum (Euthrena) flavesoens (Hutton). Stewart Id. Figs. 98.—Buccinulum (Euthrena) colensoi (Suter). Castle Point. Figs. 99.—Buccinulum (Euthrena) strebeli mestayerae nov. Island Bay, Cook Strait.
Figs. 100 and 101.—Taron dubius Hutton. Figs. 102 and 103.—Austrofusus glans (Bolten). Figs. 104 and 105.—Cominella maculosa (Martyn). Figs. 106 and 107.—Austrosipho dilatata (Q. & G.). Figs. 108 and 109.—Aeneator compta (Finlay). Figs. 110 and 111.—Searlesia dira (Reeve), Vancouver. Figs. 112 and 113.—Buccinum undatum Linné. Maine, North America. Figs. 114 and 115.—Glaphyrina plicata n. sp. Figs. 116 and 117.—Buccinulum lineum (Martyn). Figs. 118.—Austrosipho adusta (Phil.). (Nucleus 3.75 mm., ovicapsule No. 1484.8.) Figs. 119.—Austrosipho adusta (Phil.). (Nucleus 4 mm., ovicapsule No. 1484.8.) Figs. 120.—Austrosipho adusta (Phil.). (Nucleus 4.25 mm., ovicapsule No. 1484.6.) Figs. 121.—Austrosipho adusta (Phil.) (Nucleus 5 mm., ovicapsule No. 1484.6.) Figs. 133.—Austrofusus chathamensis Finlay. Lyall Bay, Wellington.
Figs. 122.—Austrosipho dilatata (Q. & G.). 30 fath. off Mayor Id., Bay of Plenty. Figs. 123.—Austrosipho mandarina (Duclos). Wellington Harbour, dredged. Figs. 124.—Austrosipho adusta (Philippi). Brown's Bay, Hauraki Gulf, littoral. Figs. 125.—Austrosipho ormesi (Powell). 50 to 60 fath. off Cape Campbell, Marlborough. Figs. 126.—Aeneator compta (Finlay). 20 to 30 fath. off Hick's Bay, East Cape. Figs. 127.—Cominella maculosa (Martyn). Motuihi Island, Hauraki Gulf, littoral. Figs. 128.—Burnupena porcata (Gmel.). South Africa (Cooke, Pro. Mal. Soc., vol. 12, pp. 227–231, 1917.) Figs. 129.—Buccinum undatum Linné. England. Figs. 130.—Neptunea antiquus Linné. Europe. (Troschel Gebiss der Schnecken, 2, t. 6, F, 15.) Figs. 131.—Austrofusus glans (Bolten). Mount Maunganui, Bay of Plenty. Figs. 132.—Glaphyrina plicata n. sp. Holotype, 44 fath. off Cuvier Island, Bay of Plenty.
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Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Volume 60, 1930, Page 57
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17,427The Recent and Tertiary Species of the Genus Buccinulum in New Zealand, with a Review of Related Genera and Families. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Volume 60, 1930, Page 57
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