Art I.—Contribution to the Osteology of the Aborigines of New Zealand and of the Chatham Islands.

Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Volume 26, 1893, Page 1

Art I.—Contribution to the Osteology of the Aborigines of New Zealand and of the Chatham Islands. By John H. Scott, M.D., Professor of Anatomy in the University of Otago. [Read before the Otago Institute, 13th June and 14th November, 1893.] Plates I. and II. In preparing this paper I have made use not only of the collection of bones in the anatomical museum of the University of Otago, but also of those in the Colonial Museum, Wellington, and the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, and of such private collections in Dunedin as were, through the kindness of their owners, made available to me. To these gentlemen, and to Sir James Hector and Professor Hutton, I take this opportunity of expressing my great indebtedness. Maori Crania. As craniometry still suffers from variety of method, I preface my description of the crania examined by a statement of the measurements I have adopted. In the main I have followed the directions given by M. Paul Broca,* “Instructions craniologiques et craniométriques,” 1875. but in a few instances I have taken the measurements recommended by other anthropologists. Maximum Length.—So that my results may be comparable with those of other observers, I have taken this in three different ways, measuring the greatest length from the

ophryon, from the glabella, and from the nasion. In calculating the cephalic and vertical indices, I have, however, used only the second of the three, the glabello-occipital length, as recommended by M. Broca, Sir William Turner, and others. Maximum Transverse Diameter.—This was taken as directed by Broca. Glabello-iniac Length, Basi-bregmatic Height, Stephanic Diameter, Biauricular Diameter, Temporal Diameter, Minimum Frontal Diameter, Asterionic Diameter, Mastoid Height, Length and Breadth of Foramen Magnum.—These were all taken in accordance with Broca's directions. Horizontal Circumference, with its Pre-auricular and Post-auricular Subdivisions.—In this also I have followed Broca, carrying the tape round the skull at the level of the ophryon in front, and the most distant occipital point behind. When I began this series of measurements I took a second horizontal circumference, from the glabella round the most distant part of the occipital bone; but, after an experience of about sixty skulls, I gave this up, owing to the irregularities introduced by the varying amount of projection of the external angular process of the frontal bone. Nasio-opisthic Arc, with its Subdivisions—Vertical Transverse Arc, superior and inferior.—These were measured in the ordinary way between the points given by Broca. I found it impossible, however, to measure the inferior arc of the transverse vertical circumference at all accurately with a stiff broad tape, such as is used for the other curves, owing to the very irregular character of the undersurface of the skull. Broca recommends twisting the tape somewhat, so that it may pass between the styloid process and the spine of the sphenoid; but even with this precaution my results were very variable, and much in excess of the actual length of the curve. I found it easy, however, to take a satisfactory measurement with a piece of fine cord, and this was used accordingly. Cranial Capacity.—In estimating the cranial capacity I have followed as closely as I could the directions given by Sir William Turner in his report on the crania collected by the “Challenger” expedition.* “‘Challenger’ Reports,” part xxix.: Report on the Human Skeleton—the Crania. 1884. I was, however, unable to procure the two-litre graduated glass used by him, and in estimating the quantity of shot contained in each skull I used the litre and half-litre measures used by Broca. Each skull was measured at least twice. Basi-alveolar Length.—Here I follow Professor Sir William Flower.† “Catalogue of the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England,” part i., 1879. Unfortunately the central incisor region was fre-

quently broken, or altered by absorption consequent on loss of teeth, and in many skulls a true alveolar point did not exist. But, while even moderate absorption of the alveolar arch in front materially shortens those vertical measurements of the face which have their lower end at the alveolar point, the distance between the basion and the centre of the alveolar arch is not altered to the same extent. I have therefore sometimes given the basi-alveolar length in skulls whose ophryo-alveolar, naso-alveolar, and spino-alveolar lengths I have omitted. Facial Angle (Ophryo-spino-auricular Angle).—This is the angle made by the ophryo-spinal and auriculo-spinal lines. It was measured by means of the goniometer designed for the purpose by Professor Broca, and made by Mathieu, of Paris. Projection of the Zygomatic Arches.—This is shown by the terms “phænozygous” and “cryptozygous,” introduced by the late Mr. Busk. In estimating this feature the skull was placed on a Topinard's craniophore, with the condyles and alveolar point in one horizontal plane. If the zygomatic arches were visible to the observer's right eye placed at a distance of one metre vertically above the bregma, the skull was noted as Phænozygous. If they were invisible it was noted as Cryptozygous. In the tables the letters P and C are used to signify these conditions. When P alone is used, I mean that the arches, though visible, are not seen as free from the side of the skull. P + means that the interval between the arch and the skull can be seen from above. Other Face-measurements.—These require but little explanation. They were all, excepting those of the palate, taken in strict accordance with Broca's directions. The palate was measured in the way proposed by Professor Flower,* “The Cranial Characters of the Natives of the Fiji Islands”; Journal of the Anthropological Institute, 1880. and adopted by Sir William Turner. The length given is the distance between the alveolar point and a line drawn between the most posterior parts of the maxillary tuberosities. The breadth includes the alveolar arch, and is measured at the level of the second molar tooth. Indices.—The following are the indices selected, with the formulæ by which they are calculated:— Cephalic index Maximum transverse diameter × 100/Glabello-occipital length Vertical index Basi-bregmatic height × 100/Glabello-occipital length Frontal index Minimum frontal diameter × 100/Maximum transverse diameter Index of foramen magnum Width of foramen magnum × 100/Length of foramen magnum

Orbital index Orbital height × 100/Orbital width Nasal index Width of anterior nares × 100/Nasio-spinal length Gnathic index Basi-alveolar length × 100/Basi-nasal length Palato-maxillary index Palato-maxillary length × 100/Palato-maxillary breadth In grouping the skulls according to their indices I have used the divisions as named and defined by Flower* “Catalogue of the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons.” and Turner† “‘Challenger’ Reports”: Human Crania.. Dolichocephalic Cephalic index below 75. Mesaticephalic " between 75 and 80, inclusive. Brachycephalic " above 80. Tapeinocephalic Vertical index below 72. Metriocephalic " between 72 and 77, inclusive. Akrocephalic " above 77. Microseme Orbital index below 84. Mesoseme " between 84 and 89, inclusive. Megaseme " above 89. Leptorhine Nasal index. below 48. Mesorhine " between 48 and 53, inclusive. Platyrhine " above 53. Orthognathous Gnathic index below 98. Mesognathous " between 98 and 103, inclusive. Prognathous " above 103. Dolichuranic Palato-maxillary index below 110. Mesuranic " between 110 and 115, incl. Brachyuranic " above 115. The grouping of the skulls according to their cranial capacities is as follows:— Microcephalic Below 1,350c.c. Mesocephalic Between 1,350c.c. and 1,450c.c., inclusive. Megacephalic Above 1,450c.c. I give in Tables I. and II. the measurements of eighty-three Maori skulls. Fifty are adult males, twenty-six are adult females, and seven are the skulls of children. Thirty-five of these are in the Canterbury Museum at Christchurch; twenty-nine are in the anatomical museum of the University of Otago; twelve are in the Colonial Museum at Wellington; while the remaining seven are in private collections. The number of skulls of the Maori race already described by competent observers is sufficient to adequately establish the cranial characters of the race generally. I therefore did not undertake this series of measurements with

the object of possibly slightly modifying our knowledge on some points, but rather with the idea of ascertaining the craniometric expression of the differences which exist between certain tribes, and whether there is within the tribes themselves much individual variation in any of the more important cranial features. We know the Maoris to be a mixed race, the result of the mingling of a Polynesian and a Melanesian strain. The crania already examined leave no room for doubt on this point. But such skulls were for the most part collected either singly or in small groups from a very wide area—the whole of New Zealand, practically. Few, therefore, come from any one tribe, and, though their evidence as to the race-type, and its variations in the people as a whole, is ample, they tell us but little as to the characters of the smaller groups or tribes. So far as I have been able to ascertain, there has been but one contribution of any importance to the tribal craniometry of the Maoris. Sir William Flower gives in the Catalogue of the Museum of the College of Surgeons the measurements of twenty skulls, nineteen of which are adult, from near Whangarei. As these were found together in one cave it is probable that they all belonged to one tribe. They show considerable variety in form, but are, on the whole, rather long and narrow. I shall frequently refer to them in what follows. A much smaller group of six skulls found in a cave on the Island of Kapiti, and now in the anatomical museum of the University of Edinburgh, is described by Sir William Turner in his “Challenger” report; and to these may be added the two from the same island brought Home by the “Astrolabe.” Unfortunately two of the crania in Professor Turner's small series are not full grown; and the history of the island must make us careful of accepting as of one tribe, skulls collected at different times by different people. With these objects in view, I have measured eighty-three skulls, forty-five of which belong to a single tribe. These last were all found in the South Island, in the Provinces of Otago and Canterbury. Though this is a very large area, it really supplies as satisfactory material for the study of variation within one tribe as can be got in New Zealand. A district of corresponding size in the North Island would yield individuals from several tribes, but in the South Island this is not so. In this Island, if we except the northern end, there is practically only one tribe, and skulls coming from widely-separated districts may therefore be made use of. To make this clear, I shall, following Mr. Stack's account,* “Traditional History of the South Island Natives”: Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. x., 1877. show how the South Island was peopled. We have first a tradition of a

tribe called Waitaha crossing Cook Strait from the north. Little is known of these Waitaha, but they are supposed to have come originally from the Bay of Plenty, and to have made their way south through the centre of the North Island. They are said to have spread themselves over the whole of the South Island, peopling it densely. This migration is held to have occurred in the latter half of the fifteenth century, but all such dates are of course most uncertain. The Waitaha held undisturbed possession of the land for at least a hundred years, when, about 1577, another band of invaders crossed Cook Strait, and soon conquered and destroyed or enslaved the peaceful Waitaha. These invaders, the Ngatimamoe, were an offshoot of the Ngatikahungunu, a powerful East Coast tribe, whose descendants still occupy the whole of the eastern half of the North Island to the south of Poverty Bay. After another more or less peaceful hundred years, the Ngatimamoe were, in their turn, called upon to defend themselves from the Ngaitahu, a second offshoot of this same Ngatikahungunu Tribe. The history of the Waitaha conquest was repeated, and the Ngatimamoe were absorbed by their more powerful relations. Still another invasion took place in 1827, when the Ngatitoa, a tribe from the west coast of the North Island, under Te Rauparaha, harried the settlements of the South Island Natives. But this was a mere raid, and did not result in settlement. The Ngaitahu still remain as the dominant tribe, and have given their name to the descendants of the conquered Ngatimamoe. The present Maoris in Otago and Canterbury are, then, though called Ngaitahu, the result of the fusion of that tribe with the Ngatimamoe. But these tribes, though hostile, were not distinct. They were really only sub-tribes given off at different times from the parent Ngatikahungunu stock. I describe forty-five skulls which belong to one or other of these two subdivisions. Their measurements are given in Table I. In Table II. are given the measurements of thirty-eight skulls from different parts of the North Island, a series obviously too small to be of any use alone towards answering either of the questions mentioned above. I include them in the present paper, however, from their bearing on the general type of the race, and also because they can be made use of to some extent when taken with those described by others. I hope that some day I may be in a position to make this North Island table more complete. In the meantime I divide the skulls into three groups, according to the districts where they were found. The first includes skulls from the East Coast, between Poverty Bay and the Wairarapa, the country of the Ngatikahungunu. In this group there are fifteen skulls, fourteen of which are adult.

Those in the second group were found on the shores of Cook Strait and the line of coast running northwards towards Cape Egmont. This contains ten adult skulls, one of which was found on the southern shore of the Strait, in the Nelson Province. I have, however, included it in this table because this part of the South Island was mainly peopled by Natives from the opposite coast. There are thirteen skulls in the third group, twelve adults and one child, from the Bay of Islands and the neighbourhood of Auckland. In analysing these two tables, I give the results, as far as possible, in tabular form. In the first line of each of these smaller tables I take the skulls from Otago and Canterbury—Ngaitahu—then come the three groups of North Island skulls, while the last line gives the combined result of the entire series. Each line gives the average of the indices or measurements—(1) of the male skulls, (2) of the female skulls, (3) of those of doubtful sex, and (4) the general average of both sexes, with the extremes between which the individual skulls have varied. In each case the number of skulls on whose measurements the average is based is given. None but adult skulls are included in these tables of averages. Cranial Capacity. Male. Female. P Both Sexes. No. Av. No. Av. No. Av. No. Av. Max. Min. Ngaitahu 23 1,448 9 1,280 2 1,273 34 1,393 1,725 1,183 S.W. coast, N.I. 10 1,549 1 1,345 1 1,375 12 1,518 1,608 1,345 E. coast, N.I. 6 1,443 1 1,350 7 1,429 1,605 1,333 Auckland, &c. 6 1,494 4 1,275 1 1,235 11 1,391 1,635 1,188 Total 45 1,476 15 1,288 4 1,289 64 1,420 1,725 1,183 The average male index of the Ngaitahu skull is therefore mesocephalic, but almost at the upper limit of the group. The average of both sexes is of course much lower, but it is still mesocephalic. The range of variation for male skulls is 517c.c. Ten of the twenty-three male skulls, or 43 per cent., are megacephalic; eleven, or 47·8 per cent., are mesocephalic; two, or 8·7 per cent., are microcephalic. Of the North Island skulls, those which give the highest average are from the south-west coast, all the males being megacephalic. Those from the east coast have an average and a range of variation closely resembling the Ngaitahu skulls. Taking the combined results for both Islands, we find that the average of the forty-five male skulls whose internal capacity could be measured places them in the megacephalic division. Twenty-

six or 57·8 per cent., are also megacephalic; fifteen, or 33·3 per cent., are mesocephalic; while only four, or 8·9 per cent., are microcephalic. Cephalic Index. Male. Female. P Both Sexes. No. Av. No. Av. No. Av. No. Av. Max. Min. Ngaitahu 25 75·8 12 76·1 3 80·5 40 75·9 85 69·1 S.W. coast, N.I. 11 75·4 1 75·1 2 75·8 14 75·5 76·9 71·6 E. coast, N.I. 7 74·9 3 73·8 10 74·6 78·3 70·7 Auckland, &c. 7 71·4 4 71·7 1 71·7 12 73·3 76·9 70·4 Total 50 75·4 20 74·7 6 77·9 76 75·4 85 69·1 This table shows that the Ngaitahu come very low down in the mesaticephalic group, the male skulls being slightly longer than the female. The combined result for both Islands, however, shows this latter character reversed. The range of variation is 15·9, and between the two extremes the forty skulls from the South Island are arranged as follows: Three, or 7·5 per cent., are brachycephalic; twenty-two, or 54 per cent., are mesaticephalic; fifteen, or 37·5 per cent., are dolichocephalic. Even in much smaller groups the variation is considerable. For example, if we take the eight skulls collected in the small area in the neighbourhood of the Otago Heads, we find the cephalic index varying between 83 and 72·5. The average of the three North Island groups is dolichocephalic, though one of them is just within the mesaticephalic division. In none of these three groups is there a single brachycephalic skull. The most dolichocephalic group is that from Auckland and the Bay of Islands. Professor Flower's series of skulls from Whangarei, already referred to, and the three described by Sir William Turner from Auckland, likewise show a low cephalic index. The average of Professor Flower's—omitting the child's skull—is 73·5, and had he used the glabello-occipital length it would have been lower. Professor Turner's give an average of 72·7. We have therefore the measurements of thirty-four skulls from the northern end of New Zealand, not one of which is brachycephalic, and whose average index (even taking Professor Flower's at 73·5) is 73·4. The average for the whole of New Zealand, according to my tables, shows the typical Maori skull to be at the lower limit of the mesaticephalic group: 4 per cent. are brachycephalic, 52·6 per cent. are mesaticephalic, 43·4 per cent. are dolichocephalic. Three have indices under 70. The seventy-

two crania referred to by Sir William Turner in his paper show the same small number of brachycephalic skulls, and have an average index of 74, a little lower than that given in this paper. Vertical Index. Male. Female. P Both Sexes. No. Av. No. Av. No. Av. No. Av. Max. Min. Ngaitahu 24 74·2 11 74·9 3 76·4 38 74·6 81·9 66·8 S.W. coast, N.I. 11 76·1 1 75·7 2 75·6 14 76 79·3 71·7 E. coast, N.I. 7 75·5 3 73·2 10 74·8 77·8 71·2 Auckland, &c. 7 73·2 3 72 1 72·8 11 72·8 77 70·4 Total 49 74·7 18 74·2 6 75·5 73 74·6 81·9 66·8 The Ngaitahu skulls are therefore metricoephalic. The range of variation is 15·1. Of the thirty-eight in the table, ten, or 26·3 per cent., are akrocephalic; nineteen, or 50 per cent., are metriocephalic; nine, or 23·7 per cent., are tapeinocephalic. The most northern of the North Island groups has again the lowest index, almost tapeinocephalic. The average for both Islands is the same as that for the Ngaitahu, and the grouping of the skulls is as follows: Fourteen, or 19·2 per cent., are akrocephalic; forty-four, or 60·3 per cent., are metriocephalic; fifteen, or 20·5 per cent., are tapeinocephalic. The general average also shows that the male skulls, following the usual rule, are slightly higher than the female. The comparatively low indices, which we have just seen to be characteristic of the Auckland skulls measured by me, are also shown by those examined by Professors Flower and Turner from the same district. The Whangarei skulls in the College of Surgeons Museum have an average index of 73·9, while that of Professor Turner's three is 71. The general average of the entire set of thirty-three crania is therefore 73·2. Comparing the cephalic and vertical indices, we find that in the Ngaitahu the average cephalic exceeds the average vertical by 1·3, and in the Auckland group by 0·5. In the other two groups from the North Island the vertical exceeds the cephalic—one case by 0·5, and in the other by 0·2. The general average gives a slight superiority—0·8—to the cephalic index. In sixteen Ngaitahu skulls (nine males and seven females) the Basi-bregmatic height exceeds the maximum transverse width, while in twenty-two (fifteen males and seven females) the width is greater than the height. The greatest excess of width over height is in No. 6, Table I., where the height is 125mm. and the width is 141mm., giving a height-breadth

index of 89·3, The North Island skulls, on the other hand, have a majority whose height exceeds their width. In twenty-one is this the case, while in twelve the opposite condition is present. In two both diameters are equal. In these skulls the lowest height-breadth index is 92·8, the height in this skull being 128mm., and the breadth 138mm. Though the skulls which come from the southern half of the North Island are those in which the height exceeds the breadth of the brain-case most frequently, the numbers observed are too few and the district too large to allow of any tribal character being based on their measurements. Fortunately we are, thanks to Professors Flower and Turner, in a position to speak more definitely with regard to the skulls from the northern part of the Island. Combining their results with mine, we have, out of a set of thirty-three adult skulls, nineteen in which the height exceeds the width, thirteen in which the width exceeds the height, and two in which both diameters are equal. Contrasting these skulls in this respect with those from the South Island, we find that, while in 42·1 per cent. of the Ngaitahu the height is in excess of the width, there are 57·6 per cent, of these high skulls from this northern district. The average height of the Ngaitahu skulls is 136mm.; the average maxi-mum width of the same skulls is 137·3mm. These diameters in the thirty-three of the Auckland group average 136·2mm. and 136·3mm. Frontal Index Male. Female. P Both Sexes. No. Av. No. Av. No. Av. No. Av. Max. Min. Ngaitahu. 25 68 12 68·9 3 63·5 40 67·9 74·6 60·3 S.W. coast, N.I. 11 68·3 1 69·9 2 65·8 14 68·1 73·8 64 E. coast, N.I. 7 68·1 3 67 10 68·6 73·3 63·8 Auckland, &c 7 67·7 4 39·5 1 66·7 12 68·2 75 63·6 Total 50 68·2 20 68·8 6 64·8 76 68·1 75 60·3 The proportion between the maximum width of the brain-case and its minimum frontal width as shown by this index varies little in the four groups. The range of variation is 14·7, and 59 per cent. of the indices are between 65 and 70. Comparing the asterionic and stephanic widths, we find that among the male Ngaitahu skulls there are eleven in which the asterionic and twelve in which the stephanic is the greater diameter. In two they are equal. Among the female skulls the asterionic is the greater in four, the stephanic in eight, and in two they are equal. The numbers in the North Island

groups are: Males—asterionic greater, eight; stephanic greater, fifteen; both equal, one. Females—asterionic greater, six; stephanic greater, five. Index of Foramen Magnum Both Sexes. No. Av. Max. Min. Ngaitahu 37 87·4 100 73 South-west coast, North Island 14 89·2 100 80·6 East coast, North Island 10 86·3 97 73 Auckland, &c. 12 87·9 97 80 Total 73 87·8 100 73 The large range of variation, 27, shows that the foramen magnum has no very fixed proportions. The length is equalled by the width in three cases. Orbital Index. Male. Female. P Both Sexes. No. Av. No. Av. No. Av. No. Av. Max. Min. Ngaitahu 24 86·7 9 85·6 1 86·8 34 86·4 97·4 73·8 S.W. coast, N.I. 11 86·7 1 86·8 2 84·8 14 86·4 95·0 78·6 E. coast, N.I. 7 83 1 82·5 8 83 90·0 76·7 Auckland, &c. 7 86·4 4 88·2 1 84·6 12 86·8 95·1 80 Total 49 86·1 15 86·2 4 86·2 68 86·1 97·4 73·8 The average index in the Ngaitahu group is mesoseme, and the range of variation in it is 23·6. Of the thirty-four Ngaitahu skulls measured, nine, or 23·5 per cent., are megaseme; fourteen, or 44·1 per cent., are mesoseme; eleven, or 32·4 per cent., are microseme. The proportion of female skulls is greatest in the lower groups, and this low orbital index in the female is worthy of note, as not being in accordance with the generally-received view. Two of the North Island groups have indices almost the same as the Ngaitahu. The east coast skulls, however, have a lower index, which brings them into the microseme division, but there are not enough of these skulls in the series to lower the general average for both Islands below 86·1, in the mesoseme group. Of the total sixty-eight skulls, seventeen, or 25 per cent., are megaseme; twenty-nine, or 42·6 per cent., are mesoseme; twenty-two, or 32·4 per cent., are microseme.

The average interorbital distance is 20mm. The average orbital index of Professor Flower's Whangarei series, 91·9, is much higher than that of any of my groups. Professor Turner's three, on the other hand, have a lower index—80·3. Combining their results with my Auckland group, we have an average of 89·3 for these northern skulls. Nasal Index. Male. Female. P Both Sexes. No. Av. No. Av. No. Av. No. Av. Max. Min. Ngaitahu 23 48·2 9 47·7 1 44·2 33 48 59·6 40·4 S.W. coast, N.I. 11 46·8 1 50 2 48·5 14 47·2 50·9 42·6 E. cost, N.I. 6 48·6 1 46 7 48·2 52·9 43·4 Auckland, &c 7 48 4 55·1 1 48 12 50·4 56·8 41·1 Total 47 47·9 15 49·1 4 47·3 66 48·1 59·6 40·4 The average index of the Ngaitahu skulls of both sexes places them in the lowest possible position in the mesorhine group. The males are also mesorhine, but the females are leptorhine. The range of variation is 19·2. Sixteen of these South Island skulls, or 48·5 per cent., are leptorhine; thirteen, or 37·4 per cent., are mesorhine; while only four, or 12·1 per cent., are platyrhine. The only leptorhine group is that from the south-west coast of the North Island. The east coast skulls are mesorhine, and those from the northern districts are higher in the same division. The general average for both Islands places the Maori skull very low down in the mesorhine division. Sixty-six skulls were available for the required measurements, and, of these, twenty-nine, or 43·9 per cent., are leptorhine; thirty, or 45·5 per cent., are mesorhine; seven, or 10·6 per cent., are platyrhine. The highest average is, as we have just said, found in the Auckland group, where 25 per cent. of the skulls measured are platyrhine; but a small group like this, containing only twelve skulls, does not allow of conclusions being drawn as to the character of the nasal opening in the tribes of the far north. By making use, however, as before, of Sir William Flower's collection from Whangarei, and of those from the same part of the Island described by Professor Turner, we get a set of thirty-four, and these give a result but little different from that given in the table. Sir William Flower's skulls have an average nasal index of 49·9; Professor Turner's of 50·4; and the general average derived from their results and mine is 50·2 We get therefore a nasal index of 50·2 from thirty-four skulls collected about Auckland, and in

the region to the north; while my series of thirty-three Ngaitahu skulls give., as we have seen, an index of 48. It must be remembered, however, that the nasal index has been found to vary much even in races which are generally regarded as fairly pure. Gnathic Index. Male. Female. P Both Sexes. No. Av. No. Av. No. Av. No. Av. Max. Min. Ngaitahu 22 98·4 9 94·7 2 102·2 33 97·6 104·9 92 S.W. coast. N.I. 10 94·5 2 95·3 12 95 99 93·2 E. coast, N.I. 4 95·9 1 95·7 5 95·9 97·1 94·3 Auckland, &c. 7 96·1 4 100·5 1 94·1 12 98·2 103·9 88·8 Total 43 97 14 96·4 5 97·8 62 96·9 104·9 92 According to the averages all the groups are orthognathous, with the exception of the most northern, which is very slightly mesognathous. The range of variation is 12·9. Of the thirty-three of the Ngaitahu Tribe measured, eighteen, or 54·5 per cent., are orthognathous; twelve, or 36·4 per cent., are mesognathous; three, or 9·1 per cent., are prognathous. And of the sixty-two skulls which form the entire series, thirty-eight, or 61·3 per cent., are orthognathous; twenty, or 32·3 per cent., are mesognathous; while only four, or 6·5 per cent., are prognathous. The comparatively high index of the northern group seems to be the usual arrangement, for Professor flowers set, omitting the child's skull, has an average index of 98·2., and Sir William Turner's of 100; giving with mine an average of 98·4 for thirty-four skulls from this district. Ophryo-spino-auricular Angle. Male. Female. P Both Sexes. No. Av. No. Av. No. Av. No. Av. Max. Min. ° ° ° ° ° ° Ngaitahu 22 70 ½ 9 73 1 70 32 71 ½ 80 66 S.W. coast, N.I. 10 71 2 71 12 71 74 69 E. coast, N.I. 6 73 ½ 1 71 7 73 80 69 Auckland, &c. 7 72 4 74 1 74 12 72 76 67 Total 45 71 14 73 ½ 4 71 ½ 63 71 ½ 80 66 As the gnathic index shows the projection of the whole face, so this angle shows the degree of projection of the parts above the alveolar arch. This table, therefore, does not

closely correspond with the previous one, which deals with the gnathic index. The range of variation is considerable—14 degrees. Palato-maxillary Index. Male. Female. ? Both Sexes. No. Av. No. Av. No. Av. No. Av. Max. Min. Ngaithu 21 119·4 9 125 2 116·5 32 120·8 137·8 106·9 S.W. coast, N.I. 10 123·4 2 124·1 12 123·5 129·6 115·4 E. coast, N.I. 4 117·1 1 124·5 5 118·6 129·2 115·1 Auckland, &c. 6 120 4 117·4 1 128·3 11 119·9 128·3 110·5 Total 41 120·3 14 122·8 5 121·9 60 121 137·8 106·9 The averages place all the divisions in Sir William Turner's brachyuranic group. The greatest range of variation, 30·9, occurs as usual in the Ngaitahu Tribe, and the distribution of its thirty-two skulls is as follows: Brachyuranic, twenty-four, or 75 per cent.; mesuranic, six, or 18·8 per cent.; dolichuranic, two, or 6·9 per cent. In the south-west-coast group all the skulls are brachyuranic, and the index is highest. In Professor Turner's six skulls from Kapiti, however, one is dolichuranic, and three are mesuranic. The general average for the whole of New Zealand is, of course, brachyuranic. Of the sixty skulls in the tables, forty-four, or 73·3 per cent., are brachyuranic; thirteen, or 21·7 per cent., are mesuranic; three only, or 5 per cent., are dolichuranic. The measurements given by Professor Flower of his skulls from Whangarei do not permit of this index being calculated. The width of the face relative to that of the brain-case is shown by comparing the bizygomatic diameter with the maximum transverse, and stephanic diameter of the cranium. In looking over the tables we find that in the great majority of the skulls the maximum transverse diameter is greater than the bizygomatic width. Among the male Ngaitahu skulls fourteen have the transverse diameter greater than the bizygomatic, while the reverse is the case in five skulls. Among the females of the same tribe six show the former condition, one the latter, while in another the two diameters are equal. In the combined North Island groups the proportion is twenty-two of the former type to seven of the latter, and in two the diameters are equal. The terms “phænozygous” and “cryptozygous” roughly indicate the relation between the bizygomatic width and the stephanic, or, rather, the maximum frontal diameter. As shown in Tables I. and II., all the male skulls from both Islands, with two exceptions, are phænozygous; and one of these cryptozygous skulls cannot be regarded

as normal in this respect, as a complete and early obliteration of the sagittal suture has checked materially the growth in width of its brain-case. In fifteen of these male phænozygous skulls, though the zygomatic arches are visible from above, the space between them and the bones of the temporal fossa is covered and invisible. In thirty the arches are seen free and open. The projection is less in the female skulls, and three of them are cryptozygous. Basi-nasal Length, or Cranio Facial Axis.—The average length of this important dimension and its variations are shown in the following table:— — Male. Female. ? Both Sexes. No. Av. Max. Min. No. Av. Max. Min. No. Av. No. Av. Max. Min. Ngaitahu 24 103 112 95 11 102 110 94 3 95·7 38 102·4 112 93 S.W. coast, N.I. 11 105·1 1 101 2 105·5 14 104·9 E. coast, N.I. 7 103·6 109 99 3 97·3 110 93 10 101·7 110 93 Auckland, &c. 7 104·4 4 98·8 1 102 12 102·3 Total 49 103·9 112 95 19 100·5 110 93 6 100 74 102·7 112 93 In the paper on the cranial characters of the Fiji Islanders, already referred to, Sir William Flower gives a table showing the average length of this line in several races, both savage and civilised. In the male Esquimaux it is 106·1mm.; in the male Fijian, 104mm. In none of the other examples given does the length equal that given above as the average for the male of the Maori race, while the average for the female. Maoris of my series exceeds that of the females of all the races included in the table. If we compare the basi-nasal length with the distance between basion and nasion, as measured over the vertex in the middle line, we find little variety in the different groups. Expressing the lower line as a percentage of the upper curve, we get for the Ngaitahu, 25·3; for the group from the southwest coast of the North Island, 25·5; for the east coast group, 24·9; and for the skulls from Auckland and the Bay of Islands, 25·2. Professor Cleland,* “An Inquiry into the Variations of the Human Skull”: Philosophical Transactions, 1870. and, following him, Sir William Turner,† “‘Challenger’ Reports”: Human Crania. make for purposes of comparison a somewhat different division of this mesial vertical circumference. Instead of using the

basi-nasal, they take the opistho-nasal length, and, regarding this as 1, they give its proportion to the length of the upper arch between the opisthion and nasion. The highest proportion of arch to base—2·91—was found by Cleland in Irish skulls; the lowest—2·47—in Esquimaux. My series of Maori skulls, looked at in the same way, shows that in the Ngaitahu the proportion is 2·71; in those from the south-west coast, 2·69; in the east coast skulls, 2·72; and in the Auckland group, 2·74. Median Circumference of Brain-case.—Of the three subdivisions of the nasio-opisthic arc the frontal is the longest in twenty, or 80 per cent., of the male Ngaitahu skulls. In one the parietal equals it, and both are longer than the occipital or lambdo-opisthic portion of the arc. In two the occipital segment equals the frontal, the parietal being the shortest. In two cases the parietal arc is the longest, the frontal coming second. In no case is the occipital the longest. It, however, exceeds the parietal in twelve skulls, while the parietal exceeds it in eleven. The parietal portion of the arc is the shortest in fourteen skulls; the occipital in ten. In nine of the fourteen female skulls of the same tribe the frontal arc is the longest. The parietal equals it twice, while in one skull the frontal, parietal, and occipital divisions are all equal. Though the parietal thus equals the frontal in three female skulls, in no case does it exceed it; but in two cases the occipital portion of the arc is the longest, the frontal coming second. The parietal is the shortest in five female skulls; the occipital in eight. Combining the sexes, we have the frontal arc longest in 82 per cent. of the skulls, and the parietal and occipital in 5 per cent. The occipital arc is shortest in 46·2 per cent., and the parietal shortest in 48·7 per cent. The fourteen skulls from the south-west coast of the North Island have the frontal arc longest in six, the parietal in five, while these two bones are equal in three more. The occipital is the shortest in every case. The group of ten skulls from the east coast of the North Island has the frontal arc longest in five, the parietal in four, and equal to the frontal in one. As in the last group, in every skull the occipital portion of the arc is the shortest. Of the twelve skulls from Auckland and the district to the north of it, one has the sutures so completely obliterated that the limits of the bones could not be determined. The frontal is the longest portion of the arc in eight, and equals the parietal in the other three. The occipital is the shortest in all except one, where it exceeds the parietal. All this shows clearly that the Melanesian characteristic, a parietal bone longer than the frontal, does not obtain among Maori skulls.

Explanation of Plates I. and II. Plate I. Fig. 1. Skull as seen from the front. Fig. 2. Skull as seen from the side. Plate II. Fig. 3. Skull as seen from above. Fig. 4. Skull as seen from below. B. Basion. I. Inion, or external occipital protuberance. O. Occipital point. L. Lambda. Ob. Obelion. Bg. Bregma. Op. Ophryon. Gl. Glabella. N. Nasion. S. Spinal point, or nasal spine. A. Alveolar point. St. Stephanion. Pt. Pterion, with epipteric bone. As. Asterion. Op. Opisthion. G. Gonion. St.st. Stephanic diameter. F.F. Minimum frontal diameter. E.E. External biorbital diameter. J.J. Bijugal diameter. Z.Z. Bizygomatic diameter. Gl.O. Glabello-occipital length. B.Bg. Basi-bregmatic height. M.M. Maximum transverse diameter. B.N. Basi-nasal length. B.A. Basi-alveolar length. N.S. Nasal height.

Human Skull

Explanation of Plates I. and II. Plate I. Fig. 1. Skull as seen from the front. Fig. 2. Skull as seen from the side. Plate II. Fig. 3. Skull as seen from above. Fig. 4. Skull as seen from below. B. Basion. I. Inion, or external occipital protuberance. O. Occipital point. L. Lambda. Ob. Obelion. Bg. Bregma. Op. Ophryon. Gl. Glabella. N. Nasion. S. Spinal point, or nasal spine. A. Alveolar point. St. Stephanion. Pt. Pterion, with epipteric bone. As. Asterion. Op. Opisthion. G. Gonion. St.st. Stephanic diameter. F.F. Minimum frontal diameter. E.E. External biorbital diameter. J.J. Bijugal diameter. Z.Z. Bizygomatic diameter. Gl.O. Glabello-occipital length. B.Bg. Basi-bregmatic height. M.M. Maximum transverse diameter. B.N. Basi-nasal length. B.A. Basi-alveolar length. N.S. Nasal height.

Human Skull

Characters of Cranial Vault.—In the majority of skulls the vertex is roof-like, with a more or less sharp and prominent median ridge in the parietal region, and a flattening, or sometimes hollowing, of the parietal bones between this ridge and their eminences. Some, however, have a rounded vault, and intermediate forms are met with. The outline of the longest skulls as seen from above is a very regular oval, the parietal eminences in these not being distinct. In most skulls, however, the parietal eminences are sharp and prominent, and, as they lie towards the back of the brain-case, the norma verticalis is obovate. Some skulls are pentagonal, as seen from behind. The forehead is, as a rule, moderately high and rounded, and any such pronounced flattening of the frontal region as is so characteristic of Moriori skulls is rare. A post-bregmatic depression was noted in seven skulls. The obelion was markedly depressed in two. The relative width of the parietal and frontal regions has been already described. The greatest transverse width is most often, in 36·9 per cent., on the parietal bones between the eminences and the lower border. In 29·8 per cent. it lies at the level of the parietal eminences, and in an equal number of cases at the squamous suture. I have noted it as being on the squamosals in two skulls, and in one on the suture between the mastoid portion of the temporal and the parietal. One skull alone showed the characteristic form due to early hydrocephalus. The glabella is, as a rule, in the male skulls large and prominent, and the superciliary ridges long and curved. The temporal fossæ are large, and the temporal ridges usually run above or across the parietal eminences. Sutures.—The coronal suture is generally simple, except for a short distance above the stephanion, where it is in most skulls deeply serrated. The sagittal suture, though not so simple as the coronal, is not complex. Nos. 2, 3, and 4 of Broca's scale would in most cases represent its serration. The lambdoidal is, as in Europeans, the most complicated suture. In one case it was, however, exceedingly simple, showing scarcely any serration. The obliteration of the sutures of the vault does not seem to follow any very definite order, though on the whole these skulls lend support to the view that in savage races the closure begins anteriorly. In twenty-four skulls in which the obliteration of the coronal and lambdoidal sutures is partial it is further advanced in the coronal than in the lambdoidal in fifteen; in six the process is equally advanced in both; and in three the lambdoidal is in advance. The sagittal is in advance of the coronal in this respect in the proportion of eleven to six. In the sixteen cases which show partial obliteration of the sagittal suture the closure has begun

anteriorly in three cases only, while posterior fusion—the anterior end being free—is seen in twelve. In one the ossification has apparently begun about the centre. In two skulls the sagittal suture has disappeared prematurely, not a trace remaining. One (No. 22, Table I.) is that of an adult; the other (No. 43, Table I.) is a child's skull, five or six years of age. They are both, in consequence, much more elongated than others of the same ages. The cephalic index of this adult skull is 69·6. Metopism.—One skull is fully metopic. It was found in the Nelson Province, and is described with the North Island skulls. It is No. 11 of the group from the south-west coast, in Table II. In four other skulls a short fissure is to be seen in the glabella, and in a fifth a small triangular ossification is to be seen extending upwards into the glabella from immediately above the nasal bones. Inter-parietal Bone.—No example of this irregularity was met with among the Maori crania, but in one case a small fissure 13mm. in length passed on one side into the occipital bone from its lateral angle. Pterion.—The pterion is in almost all the cases in which it could be observed of the H-shaped type. The length of the parieto-sphenoid articulation varies from 3mm. to 20mm., the average being 9·5mm. In one specimen it seemed as if a K-shaped pterion had been present, but this could not be determined with certainty, because of extensive obliteration of the sutures. In one only is there an articulation between the squamosal and the frontal, and this, as in the Moriori to be afterwards noted, takes place by means of an oblong bony process which projects forwards from the squamosal as if an epipteric bone had fused with it. In a separate Maori temporal bone in my possession this same condition is present. Epipteric bones are of fairly frequent occurrence. They occur in five skulls on both sides, and in ten more on one. Wormian bones occur in thirty-seven skulls. In addition to the region of the pterion, they are found in the lambdoidal suture, where they occur most frequently, in the occipitomastoid and parieto-squamous sutures, and at the asterion. In one skull there occurs in each orbit a small separate ossification in the angle between the frontal, the malar, and the great wing of the sphenoid, and it is this skull which has the separate ossification at the root of the nose in the glabella already alluded to. Incomplete union between the squamosal and petro-mastoid elements of the temporal bone was seen in two skulls, occurring on both sides in each. In these a fissure, such as has been described in European skulls, is seen running obliquely from the angle between the squamous and mastoid above, down-

wards across the mastoid process, nearer its anterior than its posterior border. In neither case is the separation between the two elements complete. Paramastoid Process.—This was noted in eight skulls, in four of which it is present on both sides. As a rule they are small and unimportant, but those of a skull from near Dunedin merit a short description. They are both low and blunt, but are each articular; one, the left and the longer, articulates with the outer surface of the corresponding lateral mass of the atlas, while the other articulates with the upper and back part of the right lateral mass. This skull is part of a complete skeleton, and the atlas shows the facets which correspond to these paramastoid articular surfaces. In another skull there is a non-articular paramastoid on one side, while on the other there is, not a projection, but a smooth flattened area on the undersurface of the jugular process, which in all probability was for articulation with the transverse process of the atlas. In one female skull, also from Otago, the atlas is fused to the occipital bone by its anterior arch and lateral masses. Third Condyle.—A slightly-raised third condyle, 8mm. broad, is present in one skull close to the anterior edge of the foramen magnum. In another the anterior border of the foramen is articular, but not raised. On the contrary, it is slightly concave, as if the tip of the odontoid had pressed on the occipital. In a third skull, although there is no articular surface, there are two bony nodules lying close together on the undersurface of the basi-occipital, a very short distance in front of the border of the foramen. Parietal Foramen.—This, though present in the great majority of skulls, is often exceedingly minute. It is absent in 20 per cent. of the crania examined. It is present on both sides in 32·5 per cent., and on one side in 45 per cent. One skull has two foramina on one side, the right; and in four the foramen is in the middle line. Posterior Condyloid Foramen.—This also varies in size, but not to the same extent as the parietal foramen. It is absent in nearly 8 per cent. of the skulls measured. It is present on both sides in 56 per cent., on one side in 36 per cent., occurring more often on the left side than on the right side. External Auditory Meatus.—No obvious diminution in the size of this canal was observed. No exostoses are present, but in one adult skull the tympanic plate is perforated. The superior curved line of the occipital bone is clearly double in 33 per cent. of the crania examined. Equilibrium of Skull.—Nearly 40 per cent. of the skulls, when placed on a table, rest on the teeth, and either the

postero-lateral edges of the foramen magnum or the occipital bone near the foramen. Thirty-four per cent. rest on the mastoid processes, a posterior mastoid equilibrium being present more frequently than an anterior. In a little over 20 per cent. the condyles project beyond the mastoids, and the skull rests on them, while in a few the lateral points of contact are one mastoid and one condyle. Infra-orbital Suture.—Thirty-one per cent. of the skulls have this suture present on both sides. In 15 per cent. it is present on one side only. In about 10 per cent. of the instances observed it is partly obliterated. Lachrymal Bone.—A pronounced deviation from the ordinary type was observed in only one New Zealand skull. The inner wall of the orbit is, however, frequently greatly broken. In the skull referred to there is no separate lachrymal on either side, the nasal process of the superior maxilla being prolonged backwards to meet the os planum of the ethmoid. A small space is, however, present in the lower part of this suture, and this was in all probability filled during life by an ossicle. The os planum is occasionally narrowed anteriorly, the shortest ethmo-lachrymal suture I have noted being 5mm. In another skull, which I believe to be Maori, though it was found at the Chatham Islands, an irregularity also occurs in this region. The measurements of this skull are given with those of the others from the Chathams, in Table III., but the lachrymal irregularity may be described here. It occurs in the right orbit. In it the lachrymal bone and the os planum come in contact by a mere point. Below they are separated from each other by a triangular process of the orbital plate of the superior maxilla, above by a triangular ossicle which articulates along its third side with the frontal bone.* For a full description of lachrymal irregularities and their mode of production, see “Notes on the Varieties and Morphology of the Human Lachrymal”; Professor Macalister, Proceedings of the Royal Society, 1884: also, “The Orbito-maxillary-frontal Suture in Man and the Apes, with Notes on the Varieties of the Human Lachrymal Bone”; Mr. Arthur Thomson, “Journal of Anatomy and Physiology,” vol. xxiv., 1890. Spheno-pterygoid Foramen.—Traces of this are present in nearly 50 per cent. of the skulls of my series. In one it is complete on both sides; in two more it is complete on one side, and in one of these the bridge of bone which connects the pterygoid plate and the spine of the sphenoid is 7 ½mm. deep. It is nearly complete in six skulls, one of these having the same condition on both sides; it is more than two-thirds formed in nine more; while in nineteen a spine is to be seen projecting backwards from the posterior edge of the external pterygoid plate. In those skulls which

have the foramen complete, or nearly so, the pterygoid plate is very much broader than usual. Nasal Bones.—The nasal bones show considerable variety in size and form, even in skulls from the same district; but in male skulls the bridge of the nose generally seems sunken below the prominent glabella. In a few it is here very narrow, and in three skulls, one nasal bone alone reaches the frontal. The lower part of the nasal bones is usually convex; and though in a number of skulls they are short, and in a few flat, yet in many the bridge of the nose is high, prominent, and curved. Anterior Nares.—In one skull only is this opening quadrangular. Though it varies considerably in its proportions, it is almost invariably rounded, and much narrower above than below. The lower margin is rounded in 37 per cent., sharp in 31 per cent., two-lipped in 20 per cent., and bevelled or sloping gradually to the facial surface of the superior maxilla in 12 per cent. of the skulls in which it could be examined. Alveolar Arch.—In nearly half the skulls this is of the ordinary parabolic curve. Of the remainder, the great majority are hyperbolic; while in only from 9 to 10 per cent. is the hypsiloid form of curve present. In none is the curve elliptical. In one, a female from the west coast of Otago, there is an incurving of the premolar and anterior molar region, so that the arch in this part is concave outwards. Lower Jaw.—This bone is generally strong and massive. The angle is occasionally sharp and easily localised, but is more frequently rounded, and this rounding is in many bones carried forwards along the undersurface of the body, curving upwards anteriorly towards the chin. Indeed, in some cases the posterior margin of the ramus, the angle, and the lower border of the body form one long continuous curve, whose most dependent part is below the first molar tooth. The coronoid height is greater than the condyloid in the great majority of the mandibles examined. In five cases it is less, and in one these two measurements are equal. The intergonial diameter exceeds the gonio-symphysial length in every case. Teeth.—In very few of the skulls in this series are all the teeth present. The loss has in most cases occurred after death, or in advanced age, but in several adult skulls there are undoubted signs of ante-mortem loss of teeth. These have probably been lost as the result of injury, as in no case have I been able to observe the slightest sign of dental caries. But though I have not seen decayed teeth in these Maori skulls, I have noted in seven the cavities of alveolar abscesses. Six of these cavities are found in the upper jaw, one in the lower; and most of them have been at the roots of either the

incisor or the premolar teeth. Professor Rolleston* Scientific papers and addresses; Ed. Turner, 1884: “General Re-marks upon the Series of Prehistoric Crania.” has noted this condition in several of the skulls from British barrows examined by him—skulls belonging to a people whose habits in many respects, in all probability, closely resembled those of the Maoris. Most of his instances occurred in female skulls. All mine were met with in males. The third molars are, as a rule, not ground, or only very slightly so; and the second molars are usually not much worn; but all the other teeth, except in one or two skulls, show in a marked degree the wearing-down of the teeth characteristic of races in the condition of the Maoris, frequently the whole crowns having been ground away. In several skulls I have observed a curious condition of the first molar teeth of the upper jaw. In its slighter degrees there is merely an oblique wearing of the crown, the outer side being most worn. In the most pronounced cases, however, the pressure from without has caused a gradual dislocation of the tooth inwards, so that it comes to lie transversely in the jaw, with the two outer fangs exposed, and these, with the remaining portion of the crown, are ground down so that the pulp-cavity is exposed in its entire length. The chewing-surface so produced is not flat, but rounded from within outwards. The incisor teeth are quite as much worn as the first molars and the premolars, and, instead of cutting-edges, have flattened crowns. Unfortunately they have been lost even more frequently than the molar teeth, and in comparatively few cases have I been able to determine satisfactorily the relation that the upper incisors have had to the lower; but in some skulls it is clear that the upper teeth do not, as with us, project in front of the lower, but lie directly above them, the flatly-ground surfaces of each being in contact. This arrangement has been described by Sir William Turner in Australian skulls.† “The Relations of the Dentary Arcades in the Crania of Australian Aborigines”: “Journal of Anatomy and Physiology,” vol. xxv., 1891. The molar teeth are generally three on each side, or, rather, have been so during life, as, of course, many have been lost after death, and many more, though once present, have been lost during life from old age or other causes. In fifteen skulls, however, I have been unable to find any trace of a third molar on either side of the superior maxilla, and in another, this tooth, though present on one side, has apparently never been developed on the other. Children's Skulls.—The measurements of nine young skulls are given in the tables. Two of these were found at the Chathams; the others come from different parts of New Zealand.

The large cranial capacity of these skulls is worthy of note. Their average is 1,417c.c. The average cephalic index, 78·5, shows them to be more brachycephalic than the adults. The altitudinal index, 76·3, also shows a greater relative height; but, as in the adult skulls, the cephalic index is higher than the altitudinal. There is, however, a greater difference between these indices in the young skulls than was found in the adult crania. The mean frontal index, 65·5, is, as might be expected, lower in this group than in the adult skulls. The mean orbital index, 93·7, is markedly higher; indeed, in one skull it is 103·1. The nasal index is almost identical with the average for the adult crania. For the young skulls it is 48·2, for the adults 48·1. The more feeble development of the face results in the lower gnathic index and the higher palato-maxillary. The premature closure of the interparietals suture in the most dolichocephalic of these skulls has been already referred to. Crania from the Chatham Islands—Moriori. Our knowledge of the now almost extinct Moriori inhabitants of the Chatham Islands is very slight. It is true that they have been known to Europeans for rather more than one hundred years, as the islands were discovered by Lieutenant Broughton, in Her Majesty's brig “Chatham,” in 1790; but no use seems to have been made of this discovery till about 1828, when whalers and sealers from Sydney first began to visit them. These men, however, left no written record, and when the regular settlement began, between 1840 and 1850, the Morioris were a rapidly-dying race, much inferior in point of numbers to the Maoris, who had conquered them and taken possession of the islands in 1835, and so timid from ill-usage that intercourse with them was not easily established. They were a gentle people, who, in the words of one of the Maori invaders, “did not know how to fight, and had no weapons,” and had been quickly either massacred or enslaved. An epidemic in 1839 had aided the work of destruction; so that during the twenty years that followed the Maori invasion their numbers had dwindled from an estimated 2,000 to 212. Since then; though, of course, Maori oppression has ceased, they have not been able to accommodate themselves to the new conditions of life, and the decrease has continued steadily. In 1881 there were forty-three adults and one child, and now only thirty-five are left, and some of these are not of pure Moriori blood.* A. Shand: “The Occupation of the Chatham Islands by the Maoris in 1835”; “Journal of the Polynesian Society,” vol. i., 1892. According to their own traditions, their ancestors came

from Hawaiki, some twenty-seven or twenty-eight generations ago. On arrival they found the islands thickly inhabited by natives who differed considerably from them, being darker, and having very black hair. After much fighting, they made peace with the islanders, and, intermarrying with them, the two races became fused. There is another tradition of the arrival of a second body of immigrants at a later date. These are said to have come from New Zealand.* Gilbert Mair: “Notes on the Chatham Islands and their Inhabitants”; Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. iii., 1870. W. T. L. Travers: “Notes on the Traditions and Manners and Customs of the Morioris”; Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. ix., 1876. This traditional history tends to show that the Morioris, like the Maoris, are of a mixed Polynesian and Melanesian stock. One of the earliest of the English settlers† F. Hunt: “Twenty-five Years' Experience in New Zealand and the Chatham Islands.” 1866. describes them as “of middle stature, with almond-shaped eyes and hooked noses,” bearing “a most remarkable resemblance to the Jewish race.” I am told, however, by one of the European residents that this Jewish nose is by no means universally present—that, indeed, broad and rather flat noses are more common. They differed considerably from the Maoris in appearance, as they did not practise tattooing. In character, too, they were unlike the New Zealand natives, being gentle and timid, and totally devoid of the energy, intelligence, and ferocity of their conquerors. The measurements of about thirty Moriori skulls have, I believe, been already published. Four crania, one of them a child's, were collected by the “Challenger” expedition. These, with five others in the anatomical museum of the University of Edinburgh, have been described by Sir William Turner‡ “‘Challenger’ Reports”: Human Crania. in his report on the human crania in that collection. Eight crania are in the museum of the Royal College of Surgeons in London, and have been measured by Sir William Flower.§ Catalogue of the museum of the Royal College of Surgeons. Three are described by Dr. Zuckerkandl,|parallel Reise der “Novara,” Anthropologischer Theil. from the collection made by the “Novara” expadition, and one of these is figured. Five are in the Paris Museum, and are described by MM. de Quatrefages and Hamy;¶ “Crania Ethnica.” one of these is also figured. Dr. Barnard Davis* “Thesaurus Craniorum.” gives the measurements of three more, one of which, however, is a child's. Some measurements of one skull are given by Dr. F. J. Knox,† Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. v., 1872. in describing a

Moriori skeleton in the Colonial Museum, Wellington; and a few crania are, I believe, in the Godeffroy Museum at Hamburg. I describe in this paper fifty skulls from the Chatham Islands. Thirty-four of these are adult or aged males; seven are adult females. In three other adult skulls the sexual characters are very ill-defined, and I class them as of doubtful sex. Six are the skulls of youths or children. Twenty-eight of these skulls are in the anatomical museum of the University of Otago; seventeen are in the Canterbury Museum; five are in the Colonial Museum at Wellington. Though all fifty were, I believe, found at the Chathams, I do not regard them all as Moriori skulls. From what has been said above it is clear that Chatham Island skulls are not necessarily those of the Moriori aborigines. They may be so; but they may also be Maori, or even European; and in my collection it is easy to recognise different types of skull, and, though none of them are European, I have come to the conclusion that four skulls are Maori rather than Moriori. These differ from the others in several respects, but especially in the form of the cranial vault, and resemble more closely some of the skulls found in New Zealand, near the western opening of Cook Strait—that part of the North Island where the Ngatiawa and other invaders of 1835 lived before their exodus to the Chathams. The other forty-six skulls are, in my opinion, Moriori, but not all of one type. Amongst the adult skulls two types may be recognised, and the skulls may be divided into groups according to their resemblance to one or other—groups, however, which shade into each other through intermediate forms. The typical members of the first group are usually large and rather heavy skulls, with prominent parietal eminences and roof-like vertices. They are all more or less pentagonal as seen from behind, some very markedly so, and the low flattened retreating frontal region is a most striking feature. The excess of width over height is generally well marked; indeed, in the most typical members of the group the brain-case is distinctly flattened. The orbits are, as a rule, high, and the appearance of height is increased by the form of the superciliary ridges; while the nasal opening is narrow, with long prominent nasal bones, which are convex below. The air-sinuses in the frontal bone are mainly confined to the region above the root of the nose, so that, while there is, as a rule, a massive prominent glabella, the superciliary ridges are short, and do not pass far out over the orbits. The majority of the skulls from the Chatham Islands that I have examined are of this type. The skull numbered 27, in Table III., shows a different type, and several others resemble it more or less

closely. These form the second group. The main differences between these skulls and those I have just described are the higher and more rounded forehead, the less pentagonal norma occipitalis, the less projecting jugal arches, and the smaller orbital openings. By the “smaller orbital openings” I do not mean that the orbital index is lower in these skulls. This is certainly not the case in all. I mean rather that the orbital opening relatively to the rest of the face is smaller in the skulls which compose this group than in those of the first. The more overhanging superciliary ridges do, however, take away somewhat from the appearance of vertical height. Some of the skulls in this group are also large, one having a capacity of 1,650c.c. These crania are of a more Maori type than those in the former group; but I class them all as Moriori, because I have a clear series of gradations between them and the most typical members of the other group, and also because I have been told by one of the English settlers that in undoubted Moriori burial-places skulls of both types are found. That there should be found among Moriori skulls some which might be regarded as Maori is almost to be expected, as there can be little doubt that both Maori and Moriori are the result of a mingling of the same races—in different proportions perhaps, but still the same. There is, besides, as already noted, a tradition of the early introduction of a pure Maori strain direct from New Zealand; and, remembering the nearness of the Chatham Islands to New Zealand, it is difficult to believe that this occurred only once in the long period that elapsed between the settlement and the arrival of Europeans. The measurements and indices of these Chatham Island skulls, taken in the way already explained, are given in Table III. I give in the table the entire series, but the four skulls which I regard as Maori are placed in a division by themselves at the end. They are numbered 47, 48, 49, 50. The short tables included in the text contain, as before, averages calculated from the figures in the larger table. They deal with adult skulls alone. Cranial Capacity. Male. Female. ? Both Sexes. No. Av. No. Av. No. Av. No. Av. Max. Min. 29 1,455 6 1,276 3 1,321 38 1,416 1,650 1,185 The average of the male skulls shows them to be megacephalic; the female average is microcephalic; and both

sexes combined give an average which is in the upper half of the mesocephalic group. The small number of female skulls makes the combined average rather unsatisfactory. Had the sexes been in more equal proportions the average would have been lower, and would have more correctly expressed the general fact. The range of variation is 465c.c. if we include both sexes, 365c.c. if we take the male skulls alone. Of the male skulls, fifteen, or 51·7 per cent., are megacephalic; eleven, or 37·9 per cent., are mesocephalic; while only three, or 10·3 per cent., are microcephalic. One of the females and one of the skulls of undetermined sex are at the lower limit of the mesocephalic group; the others are microcephalic. Professor Flower has taken this measurement in seven Moriori skulls, and these have an average capacity of 1,396c.c. The average of Sir William Turner's series of eight is still lower, 1,387c.c. but in both groups the percentage of female and doubtful skulls is higher than in mine. It is also to be noted, as explaining my higher results, that the collections measured by these two observers contain none of the skulls of exceptionally large size described by MM. de Quatrefages and Hamy.* “Crania Ethnica,” p. 461. The mean cranial capacity of the three males in the Paris Museum is given by them as 1,600c.c., of the two females as 1,565c.c., while one of the male skulls has a capacity of 1,785c.c. Sir William Turner's largest has a capacity of only 1,492c.c., Professor Flower's of 1,560c.c., whereas I show in my table three skulls whose capacity ranges from 1,580c.c. to 1,650c.c. The three “Novara” skulls have a mean capacity of 1,428c.c.; Dr. Barnard Davis's two adults of 1,475cc. Combining these measurements with mine—in all, sixty-three skulls—we get the following results: Average capacity of forty-seven male skulls, 1,460c.c.; average capacity of sixteen skulls of female or of doubtful sex, 1,326c.c. The male Moriori skull is therefore low down in the megacephalic group. The female is microcephalic. Cephalic Index. Male. Female. ? Both Sexes. No. Av. No. Av. No. Av. No. Av. Max. Min. 30 76·3 7 77·1 3 75·0 40 76·3 81·3 70·2

The male skulls, the female skulls, and the skulls of undetermined sex have all, therefore, average indices in the mesaticephalic group, the females having slightly higher indices than the males. The general average is also low down in the same division. The range of variation is 11·1. One skull only is brachycephalic. Thirty-one, or 77·5 per cent., are mesaticephalic; eight, or 20 per cent., are dolichocephalic; but no skull has a cephalic index under 70. Professor Flower's series of eight has a higher average index—78; but, as already pointed out, his method of calculating the index leads to a higher result than that which I have adopted. My results are more directly comparable with Sir William Turner's. The eight skulls measured by him have an average index of 75·2. The three of the “Novara” collection average 75·9. The Paris skulls average 76·3; and the adults measured by Dr. Barnard Davis, 74·9. Combining these results—exclusive of Professor Flower's—with mine, we get from fifty-eight skulls an average cephalic index of 76·1 The average glabello-occipital length in my male skulls is 187mm.; in the female, 175·6mm. In the males the maximum transverse diameter of the brain-case averages 142mm.; in the females, 134·2.mm; while the average of both sexes is 140·1mm. Vertical Index. Male. Female. ? Both Sexes. No. Av. No. Av. No. Av. No. Av. Max. Min. 31 72·6 7 72·9 3 73·1 41 72·7 79·5 66·2 In all the groups the average index is metriocephalic, close to the lower limit of the group. The index of the female skulls is very slightly higher than in the case of the males, but the small number of female skulls measured makes it impossible to say whether the Morioris are really exceptions to the general rule in this respect. The range of variation is 13·3. Only two skulls in my set are akrocephalic, and these are both males. Twenty-one, or 51·2 per cent., are metriocephalic; eighteen, or 43·9 per cent., are tapeinocephalic. Five of the females belong to the metriocephalic group; the others are tapeinocephalic. As the mean length-breadth, or cephalic index, is 76·3, we see that the average Moriori skull is distinctly lower than

it is broad. Indeed, if we look at the measurements of the individual skulls, we find that in only two (Nos. 22 and 29) does the height exceed the maximum width, and then only by two millimetres in one case and by one in the other, while in two skulls more these diameters are equal. In one skull (No. 11) this excess of breadth over height amounts to 18mm., giving a height-breadth index of 88. In this respect the Moriori skulls differ distinctly from the Maori. As will be seen by referring to the earlier part of this paper, the average vertical index in Maori skulls is 74·6—slightly lower than the cephalic index, which is 75·4. In them there is an excess of the cephalic index over the vertical of 0·8. In the case of the Morioris, however, the excess is 3·6. It is true that there are several Maori skulls given in the tables whose vertical indices are lower than the Moriori mean, but there is no Maori skull with an index as low as the lowest Moriori, nor no Moriori as high as the highest Maori. Also, in over 90 per cent. of the Moriori skulls the width is greater than the height, while in only from 40 to 50 per cent. is this the case with the Maori skulls that I have examined. The highest cephalic index and the highest vertical index belong to the same skull, and there is a general correspondence between these indices throughout the series. Professor Flower's series have again a higher index than mine—73·9—because of the measurements selected; and Professor Turner's have an average of 73. I have not calculated this index for the “Novara” skulls, as the height given is not the basi-bregmatic; but the mean index of those in the Paris Museum is 72·8. The average basi-bregmatic height of the male skulls that I have examined is 135·5mm.; of the females, 128·1mm.; while the combined average is 133·7mm., showing an excess of breadth over height of 6·4mm. Frontal Index. Male. Female. ? Both Sexes. No. Av. No. Av. No. Av. No. Av. Max. Min. 31 66·1 7 67·8 3 68·7 41 66·6 73·4 57 The range of variation is here 16·4 In my series of Maoris this index averages 68·1. The anterior narrowing of the cranium is therefore more pronounced in the Moriori than in the Maori. In the forty skulls in which it was possible to compare

them, the asterionic diameter exceeds the stephanic nineteen times; the reverse condition occurs eighteen times; and in three skulls the two diameters are equal. Though in the majority of cases the stephanic diameter is the maximum frontal, yet in fifteen of the skulls examined the greatest frontal width lies a little below the stephanion. Index of Foramen Magnum. Both Sexes. Number. Average. Maximum. Minimum. 42 87·3 97·2 73·7 The range of variation is here 23·5. Orbital Index. Male. Female. ? Both sexes. No. Av. No. Av. No. Av. No. Av. Max. Min. 32 88·6 7 91·6 3 87·3 42 89 102·7 78·6 The male average is high up in the mesoseme division; the female is low in the megaseme; and the combined average is almost in the latter group. The range of variation is 24·1. Of the forty-two skulls measured, twenty, or 47·6 percent., are megaseme; eighteen, or 42·9 per cent., are mesoseme; and four, or 9·5 per cent. are microseme. A much larger proportion (32·4 per cent.) of the Maori skulls examined were noted as microseme, while the percentage of megaseme Maori skulls was only 25. The average female index is seen to be higher than the male. This is not the case with the Maoris measured by me. The average index of the skulls in the Paris Museum is 96, while that of Professor Flower's series is 93·7, both considerably higher than what I give above. Professor Turner's have 88 as their average. Combining their results with mine, we get, from a series of sixty-three skulls, an average orbital index of 90·1, a little higher than what I get from my own measurements, which brings the Moriori into the megaseme group. The average interorbital distance in my skulls is between 20mm. and 21mm.

Nasal Omdex. Male. Female. ? Both Sexes. No. Av. No. Av. No. Av. No. Av. Max. Min. 32 46·1 7 48·2 3 50·1 42 46·8 52·9 39·6 The group of male skulls is leptorhine, as also is the general average. The female skulls and the skulls of doubtful sex are low down in the mesorhine group. The range of variation is 13·3. Twenty-seven skulls, or 64·3 per cent. are leptorhine; fifteen, or 35·7 per cent., are mesorhine; none are platyrhine. The anterior nasal opening is therefore narrower in these Moriori skulls than in the Maoris that I have examined. Professor Flower's eight skulls have an average index of 46·1; Professor Turner's eight give an average of 47·4; while that of the five in the Paris Museum is 47·5. The average when these four series are combined with mine—sixty-three skulls—is 46·8, the same as that given by my collection alone. Gnathic Index. Male. Female. ? Both. Sexes. No. Av. No. Av. No. Av. No. Av. Max. Min. 31 97·8 7 97·1 3 97·4 41 97·7 103 92 The above table of averages shows that all the divisions are orthognathous, though close to the upper limit of the group. The range of variation is 11. Nineteen skulls, or 46·3 per cent., are orthognathous. Twenty-two, or 53·7 per cent., are mesognathous. Seven have indices over 100, but none are actually in the prognathous group. Seven of Sir William Flower's series allowed of the calculation of this index, and these yield an average of 99·2, some what higher than that of my set; while Professor Turner's have a mean index of 96, a trifle lower. The average of the whole fifty-six skulls is 97·6.

Ophryo-Spino-Auricular Angle. Male. Female. ? Both Sexes. No. Av. No. Av. No. Av. No. Av. Max. Min. 32 67° 7 69½° 3 69½° 42 67½° 72° 62° The range of variation is 10. The projection of the nasal portion of the face, as shown by this angle, is greater in the Moriori than in the Maori skulls. Palato-Maxillary Index. Male. Female. ? Both Sexes. No. Av. No. Av. No. Av. No. Av. Max. Min. 30 120·8 7 120·5 2 123·5 39 120·8 132·8 110·2 The average of each group is brachyuranic. The range of variation is 22·6. All the skulls with the exception of four are brachyuranic. The four exceptions are mesuranic. Exepressing this in percentage form, 89·7 per cent. belong to the former, 10·3 per cent. to the latter group. A palato-maxillary index is not given in the catalogue of the College of Surgeons' Museum, nor the measurements by which it is calculated. I cannot therefore compare my skulls with those in that museum in this respect. Those measured by Professor Turner seem to have had narrower palates than those included in my table, as their average index is only 113. His range of variation, between 120 and 107, differs also considerably from mine. Combining his results with mine, we get a general average of 119·5 for 47 skulls. The width of the face compared with that of the anterior part of the brain-case is great. In every adult skull, whether male or female, the zygomatic arches are visible from above. In eight, the arches, though visible, do not show their opening, but in the other thirty-four they project freely beyond the part of the brain-case above them. The maximum transverse diameter of the brain-case is, however, exceeded by the bizygomatic in only six skulls, while it is the longer of the two in thirty-one. In two these diameters are equal. This proportion is much the same as that noted in connection with the Maori skulls. Basi-nasal Length or Cranio-facial Axis.—In thirty-two

males this averages 103·8mm. This is almost identical with what I find in the male Maori skull. The seven females have a mean diameter of 98·6. The extent of variation is from 116mm. to 98mm. in the males, while in one of the females the axis is 95mm. In this dimension the Moriori skull is, like the Maori, exceeded in Professor Flower's table already referred to only by the Esquimaux, and to a very slight extent indeed by the Fijian. Comparing the basi-nasal length with the rest of the mesial vertical circumference, as we did with the Maori skulls, we find that, taking the mean of all the measurements, the direct length from basion to nasion is 24·7 per cent. of the curve over the vertex between the same two points. This is the mean of both sexes combined. Or, making the similar comparison suggested by Professor Cleland, we get the proportion between the opistho-nasal diameter and the opistho-nasal arc to be as 1 to 2·69. Treating the upper and lower divisions of the transverse vertical circumference of the brain-case in the same way we find that the mean infra-auricular distance is to the supra-auricular arc as 46·5 to 100. Nasio-opisthic Median Arc.—The frontal portion of this curve exceeds the parietal and occipital in twenty of the thirty-two male skulls examined, while in two more, though longer than the occipital, it is equalled by the parietal. In five cases the parietal is the longest; in five also the occipital exceeds the other two. The parietal is the shortest in thirteen male skulls, the occipital in sixteen. The female skulls have the frontal arc longest thrice, the parietal also thrice, and the occipital once. The only case amongst either Morioris or Maoris in which the frontal is the shortest subdivision of the arc is the Moriori of doubtful sex, numbered 40 in Table III. Shape of the Cranial Vault.—As already. mentioned, the frontal region in a large proportion of the skulls examined is in a very marked degree flat and retreating. This has been noted by other observers. The roof-like form of the vertex in the parietal region is also a very noticeable feature of the brain-case. The median ridge varies in height, but it is present in almost all skulls, and the parietal bone between it and the eminences is almost invariably either flat or even hollowed. Those few skulls which have more rounded vaults are, for the most part, female, or scarcely full grown. This type of vertex, especially when combined with the usually prominent parietal eminences, gives to most of these skulls, when viewed from behind, a markedly pentagonal form. The narrowness of the frontal region as compared with the parietal

has been already noted, and, in consequence, the skull as seen from above is decidedly obovate. The level of the maximum transverse diameter varies. In six skulls it is at the parietal eminences, in nine on the parietal bones lower down, in twenty-two on the squamous suture, and in four on the squamosal portion of the temporal bone. The temporal fossæ are large, and include the parietal eminences, and a post-bregmatic hollowing is not uncommon. The form and size of the glabella and superciliary ridges has been already described. Sutures.—The coronal and sagittal sutures are, as a rule, simple. The lambdoid is complicated, sometimes exceedingly so. In many skulls the coronal suture is quite unserrated, except for a short distance above the stephanion. The part below the stephanion is always simple, and is frequently ossified; indeed, this suture shows partial or complete fusion much more frequently than does the lambdoidal. In those skulls which show commencing obliteration of the sagittal suture I have noted that the process had begun anteriorly in eight skulls; posteriorly, or in the region of the obelion, in six. No skull in my series is metopic, but three show a short fissure in the glabella. An interparietal bone is present in one skull—an adult male. In it a distinct serrated suture passes across the occipital bone from lateral angle to lateral angle. In three others, though the division of the occipital is not complete, yet there are fissures extending in towards the protuberance from the lateral angles. An interparietal bone was also present in one of the skulls examined by Professor Turner. Pterion.—In the great majority of cases this is H-shaped, the length of the articulation between the parietal and the great wing of the sphenoid varying from 1mm. to 19mm., and averaging between 8mm. and 9mm. A K-shaped pterion was noted once. In another case the squamosal bone articulates with the frontal, but this is by means of a process projecting forward from the former bone, an epipteric which has fused with it. Free epipteric bones were noted twenty-six times in nineteen skulls. Sometimes these completely separate the four bones of the region, but in other cases the sphenoid and parietal articulate with each other either in front of or behind the epipteric bone. Wormian Bones.—These are very often present, in addition to the epipterics just described. I have noted their occurrence in the lambdoid suture in twenty-eight skulls, in one completely separating the occipital from the parietal bones except for a very slight contact close to the asterion; at the asterion in ten; in the occipito-mastoid suture in eight; in the parieto-squamous in two. Small epactal bones were observed twice.

In the parieto-mastoid suture I have seen a wormian once; in the parieto-frontal, above the stephanion, twice; while in the suture, between the great wing of the sphenoid and the malar in the outer wall of the orbit, I have met with wormian bones in two skulls. Paramastoid Process.—Two skulls show this projection on both sides. Two have a single process. One of these last, though broken, is 10mm. long. Auditory Meatus.—In six skulls the lumen of the meatus is diminished, or almost obliterated, by a hyperostosed condition of its bony walls. In another, distinct exostoses are present. Two skulls show perforation of the tympanic plate. In one of these the meatus is much dilated, as if by a polypus or some other morbid growth. An exostosed condition of the meatus has been noticed by others as being not uncommon among the South Sea Islanders. Parietal Foramen.—This is absent in eight skulls, but in several others it is very small. In twenty-three skulls it is present on one side, while in three there is a foramen in the line of the sagittal suture. Posterior Condyloid Foramen.—The complete absence of this foramen was noted eight times. It is present on the right side alone in fourteen skulls, on the left alone in four. Superior Curved Line of Occipital Bone.—This is, as usual, best marked in the male skulls, forming in one of them a very projecting ridge. In a large number of skulls it is distinctly double. Equilibrium of Skull.—Posterior mastoid in eleven cases; anterior mastoid in one; double mastoid in four; posterior condyloid in two; anterior condyloid in four; posterior condylo-mastoid in two. Eighteen skulls rested on the teeth in front, and either on the conceptacula cerebelli or the posterior margin of the foramen magnum behind. In one the posterior point of support was as far back as the inion, while in another it was a paramastoid process. Spheno-pterygoid Foramen.—In no case is this foramen present in its fully-completed form, but it is nearly perfect on one side in six skulls, and in another on both. In a somewhat less complete condition it is present on both sides in an eighth skull; whilst in ten more a bony spicule projects back-wards from the posterior margin of each external pterygoid plate towards the spine of the sphenoid. In all these cases the pterygoid plate is generally broader than usual. Nasal Bones.—In some specimens the nasal bones are short, and the root of the nose is sunken; but more often they are long, narrow, prominent and convex below, and the root of the nose is not depressed, or only slightly so: in some it is even remarkably high. The Jewish nose, which is said to

have been frequently seen among the Morioris, should be remembered in this connection. It must not be supposed, however, that this form of nose is peculiar to the Morioris among Pacific Islanders. Such noses are not uncommon among the Maoris of some districts of New Zealand, and Professor Moseley* “On the Admiralty Islanders”; Journ. Anthrop. Inst. (1877). states that they occur to the extent of 5 or 6 per cent. among the Admiralty Islanders. Lower Margin Anterior Nares.—In twenty skulls this is rounded; in thirteen sharp, as in Europeans; in six the margin is doubled; while in four it is bevelled off. Infra-orbital Suture.—In a large number of skulls this suture is present, either complete or partially obliterated. It was noted as present on both sides in twenty-one skulls. Third Condyle.—Though no true example of this condition was observed, in one skull a smooth articular surface was present on the anterior margin of the foramen magnum. This was probably caused by the rubbing of the tip of the odontoid process. Lachrymal Bone.—Unfortunately, owing to the broken state of the inner wall of the orbit in many of the skulls, I was unable to determine the nature of the articulations in this region in more than a few cases. In some of these, the only peculiarity is a marked shortening of the ethmo-lachrymal suture. In one this is reduced to 5mm., in another to 4mm., and in another to 1 ½mm. But six skulls show peculiarities which, I think, merit special notice. In the first, the lachrymal bone of the right orbit is a narrow, delicate, curved plate, separated from the frontal by a narrow neck of bone connecting the os planum with a backwardly prolonged nasal process of the superior maxillary. In front of and behind the lower part of this rudimentary lachrymal are spaces which were probably at one time filled by additional ossicles. Behind this the orbital process of the superior maxilla sends a triangular process upwards to within 2mm. of the frontal bone. In the left orbit of the same skull the lachrymal is still further reduced, and a similar process of the superior maxilla passes up between the nasal process and the os planum, and articulates with the frontal bone. In another skull (left orbit) there is no separate lachrymal bone, but its place is taken by the extension backwards of the nasal process of the superior maxilla, behind which a broad triangular process of the frontal passes down, completely separating it from the os planum, and articulating with the orbital surface of the superior maxilla. My collection, therefore, shows two examples of the rare orbito-maxillary-frontal suture. This articulation has been described and figured by Sir William

Turner* “‘Challenger’ Report”: Human Crania, pl.i. and Mr. Arthur Thomson † Loc. cit., and it is worth noting that, though this condition was found only thrice in the 1,037 skulls in the Oxford collection examined by this last observer, yet one of these three skulls was from the Chatham Islands, while another was a Maori. The third was an Andamanese; and Professor Turner's specimens were bushmen. In another skull in my collection, in the left orbit, a triangular process from the frontal bone and one from the orbital plate of the superior maxilla approach each other between the os planum and lachrymal to within a millimetre. This small interval is filled by an ossicle distinct from both lachrymal and ethmoid. In the right orbit of the same skull the ethmo-lachrymal suture is only 1 ½mm. in length. In two other skulls—right orbit in one, left orbit in the other—the lachrymal bone is absent, its place being taken by a backward prolongation of the nasal process of the superior maxilla, which articulates with the os planum. A somewhat similar condition occurs in the right orbit of another skull, but two small ossicles are present in this maxillo-ethmoid suture, which almost completely separate the bones from each other. In this same orbit the frontal bone articulates with the orbital process of the palate behind the os planum. In the left orbit of this skull there is another modification of the same condition. The broadened nasal process of the superior maxilla articulates with the ethmoid behind; but the articulation is shortened below by the presence of an ossicle, which articulates with the orbital plate of the superior maxilla. In the right orbit of another skull the osplanum is divided into three parts. Alveolar Arch.—The curve is either parabolic or hyperbolic in almost all the specimens examined; but in three the molar portions are parallel to each other, and the arch would be classed by Broca as hypsiloid. In one skull there is a slight incurvation of the premolar region. Lower Jaw.—The mandible is present in fourteen skulls, and shows considerable variation as to the degree of rounding of the angle and the character of the lower margin of the body, some bones being of the ordinary European type in these respects, others being convex from behind forwards, as we have seen is frequently the case with this bone among the Maoris. The coronoid exceeds the condyloid height in every case except one, and in it the two diameters are equal. The bigonial width also exceeds the gonio-symphysial length in every case. In one, however, these measurements differ by only 1mm.

Teeth.—With the exception of the third molars, the teeth are always much worn, though the second molar is not as a rule so much so as the first. The first molars in the upper jaw occasionally show the same dislocation and peculiar wearing already described in connection with the teeth of Maori skulls. In seven adult skulls the absence of one or both third molars was observed; and in a lower jaw, also adult, there was no second premolar on the right side, the second milk molar being still in place. Though in no case was any trace of dental caries recognised, yet in six skulls—three males and three females—the cavities caused by alveolar abscesses are present. Children's Skulls.—Two of the young skulls (Nos. 49 and 50) in Table III. are, in my opinion, Maori. The other four I regard as Moriori, and their more important features I shall now briefly note. Their cranial capacity, though of course lower than that of the adult skulls, is still comparatively high, as it averages 1,358c.c. The average cephalic index is 79·9, considerably higher than that of the adult, and showing them to be on the verge of brachycephaly. The average vertical index, 74·8, is also higher, but in all four skulls the width exceeds the height of the brain-case. The frontal index, 64·3, is lower than in the adult skulls, and shows the greater preponderance in width of the posterior over the anterior part of the brain-case in the child. The orbital index, 95·3, and the nasal index, 51, are also much in excess of those of the adult. The distinctly lower gnathic index, 89·5, and the wider facial angle, 77·8°, are due to the infantile condition of the face. The feeble development of the face is also shown by the slight projection of the zygomatic arches, and by the proportion between the transverse width of the brain-case and the bizygomatic width. In all four skulls the former exceeds the latter. The shortness and width of the palate in the child is well shown by the high palato-maxillary index, 143·2. Vertebral Column (Maori). I give in Table IV. the measurements and the indices of thirteen more or less complete Maori columns. The measurements given are the anterior and posterior vertical diameters, and the transverse and antero-posterior horizontal diameters of the vertebral bodies. The horizontal diameters are taken at the lower surface. The indices of the individual vertebræ, the vertebral indices, are calculated from the formula— Posterior vertical diameter × 100;/ Anterior vertical diameter

and the general indices of the different regions—cervico-, dorso-, and lumbo-vertebral, according to the formula— Sum of posterior vertical diameters × 100/Sum of anterior vertical diameters I give the general index for each region, but I have not thought it necessary to give the indices of the individual vertebræ, except in the case of those in the lumbar region. Cervical Vertebræ. The average cervico-vertebral index of the columns given in the table is 105·8, showing that the sum of the anterior diameters of the bodies is less than that of the posterior diameters, and that consequently the cervical curve is due to the inter-vertebral discs being deeper in front than behind. In one column the sum of the anterior and posterior measurements in this region is nearly equal, the index being 101·3, while the greatest difference between the two is seen in the column whose cervico-vertebral index is 107·9. In no case, therefore, does the anterior depth exceed the posterior. In no case does the body of the sixth cervical vertebra exceed that of the seventh in transverse diameter, but its antero-posterior diameter was noted as greater in four cases, as equal in two, and as less in one than the corresponding measurement of the seventh. The condition of the cervical spines in certain of the lower races has been described by Owen, Hamy, Turner, and Cunningham. These observers have noted that in these races the spines, instead of being bifid at their extremities, as is usually the case among Europeans, are either simple or but slightly bifurcated. The typical European arrangement is that the spines of the second, third, fourth, and fifth vertebræ are bifid; the sixth spine is frequently simple; and the seventh is invariably long and not bifid. In the coloured races it has been shown that, while the axis as a rule still retains its bifid spine, the third, fourth, and fifth vertebræ have spines which are not only shorter than in Europeans, but are more frequently not bifid. The following table shows that the Maori spinal column agrees in this respect with those of the uncivilised races already examined. — Bifid. Feebly Bifid. Not Bifid. Second cervical vertebra 5 2 2 Third " 1 3 5 Fourth " 3 1 5 Fifth " 2 2 4 Sixth " 0 2 7 Seventh " 0 0 9

I have examined twenty atlas vertebræ. In none is the vertebral groove behind the lateral mass completely bridged by bone on both sides; but in three a complete foramen is present on one side, while in six others an imperfect arch was noted in this position. In one of the bones in which this foramen occurs the rarer condition of a bony bridge passing from the lateral mass to the upper surface of the transverse process is also present. Fusion of the atlas with the occipital bone was seen once. This occurs in a female skull, and the anchylosis is between the lateral masses and anterior arch of the atlas and the corresponding parts of the occipital. The axis in one instance seems to have articulated with the margin of the foramen magnum. In this bone a distinct flat eburnated surface occurs on the anterior surface of the tip of the odontoid process. Dorsal Vertebræ. The average dorso-vertebral index of the nine columns measured is 106·2, showing the posterior depth of the bodies to be greater than the anterior. This difference is most marked and most constant in the lower half of the dorsal region. The indices very from 104·3 to 111·6. The transverse measurements of the bodies show that the smallest vertebra, as in the European column, is either the fourth or the fifth. I should mention that in taking this measurement I have omitted the projection of the costal articular surfaces. The antero-posterior diameters show a steady increase from the first to the last vertebra. In several columns in the lower part of the region the maximum diameter is oblique, passing anteriorly somewhat to the right. The costo-central articulations do not differ much from the ordinary European type. In one column from Hawke's Bay the last rib to articulate with two vertebræ is the eighth. The eighth vertebra has therefore one demi-facet above on each side of its body, and none below. The ninth has a single facet, as have also the tenth and eleventh. The usual costal facet on the twelfth vertebra is not present, but instead there is a small articular surface on the outer side of its transverse process. This vertebra therefore closely resembled a lumbar when its costal process was in position. In another column a similar condition of the twelfth vertebra was noticed, the rib-surface being very small, and much further back than usual. In one column the tenth rib articulates with the ninth dorsal vertebra, as is not uncommonly seen in Europeans. In three cases there is no articulation on either side between the transverse process of the tenth dorsal vertebra

and the tubercle of the tenth rib; and in three more the absence of this articulation on one side was observed. The spines of the twelfth and eleventh dorsal vertebræ were noted as being exceptionally small in one female column. In two cases I observed a spinous process in the upper dorsal region, divided longitudinally into two approximately equal parts, due no doubt to a want of union between the two centres from which the neural arch is developed. Lumbar Vertebræ. The average lumbo-vertebral index of the twelve sets of lumbar vertebræ given in the table is 105·9, showing that the sum of the posterior vertical diameters of the bodies exceeds the sum of the anterior measurements. The highest index, that of a male, is 116·4, and the lowest, also a male, is 95·3. In this latter case and in two others, females, the index is under 100, and shows that in these the anterior depth is greater than the posterior, though the average of the series shows the reverse condition. The Maori vertebral column, described by Professor Turner. in his “‘Challenger’ Report,” has a lumbar region whose index is 100, the sum of anterior and posterior vertical diameters being the same, 101mm. Professor Cunningham, in his memoir on the lumbar curve,* “The Lumbar Curve in Man and the Apes,” “Cunningham Memoirs,” No. II. Royal Irish Academy. 1886. shows that the European differs markedly from the uncivilised races in the relation between the anterior and posterior depths of the vertebræ in the lumbar region; and Sir William Turner has made the same observation. The sum of the anterior depths is in the European greater than the sum of the posterior depths, and the vertebræ are, in consequence, shaped in a manner favourable to convexity of the lumbar portion of the column. In savage races, on the other hand, the opposite condition holds, and the vertebræ are shaped in a manner unfavourable to the curve. The average index of seventy-six Europeans measured by Cunningham is 95·8; that of the Andaman Islanders, according to the same observer, is 104·8; of Negroes, 105·4; and of Australian blacks, 107·8; while in the gorilla, chimpanzee, and orang it is still higher. The Maori then, judging from my measurements, has an index practically the same as that of the Negro, and widely different from the European. The divergence from the European type is more fully brought out if we compare the indices of the individual vertebræ in the two races, as in the following table, in which the European column is taken from Dr. Cunningham's paper.

— Seventy-six Europeans. Twelve Maoris. Index of first lumbar vertebra 106·1 128·6 " second " 101·4 116·0 " third " 97·2 107·5 " fourth " 93·5 97·1 " fifth " 81·6 87·0 Not only does the table show that the index of each vertebra is higher in the Maori, but also that, while in the European only one vertebra—the first—has the posterior surface of its body distinctly deeper than the anterior, in the Maori, on the contrary, there are three—the first, the second, and the third—deeper posteriorly than anteriorly. In Sir William Turner's Maori the first and second vertebræ are also deeper behind than in front, the third and fourth are of equal depth on both surfaces, and the fifth is deeper in front than behind. The following table shows to what extent the individual vertebræ agree with the average. Anterior Depth of Body greater than Posterior Depth. Anterior Depth of Body equal to Posterior Depth. Anterior Depth of Body less than Posterior Depth. First lumbar vertebra 0 0 12(100%) Second " 0 0 12(100%) Third " 0 3(25%) 9 (75%) Fourth " 5 (41·7%) 5(41·7%) 2 (16·7%) Fifth " 12(100%) 0 0 Looking now to the sexual differences as shown by the measurements, we find the average general index of the seven males to be 106·2, while that of the five females is 104·4. The relatively greater posterior depth is therefore shown by the lumbar vertebral bodies in both sexes, but the females have it in a less decided degree than the males, though, as before noted, the lowest index in the whole series belongs to a male column. The table below gives the average indices of the individual vertebræ grouped according to sex, and shows that though both sexes clearly have their lumbar vertebræ built on the savage type, yet that those of the Maori woman, like her European sister's, are shaped in a manner more favourable to the lumbar curve than those of the male.

Seven Males. Five Females. Firstlumbar vertebra 130·2 126·4 Second " 117·9 113·7 Third " 108·1 106·7 Fourth " 97·2 97·1 Fiftxsh " 87·8 85·8 In two cases the body of the first lumbar vertebra shows a much more than usual excess of the posterior depth over the anterior. In one of these, while the depth behind is 28mm., in front it is 18mm., and in the other the depth diminishes from 25mm. to 15mm. In both there is also considerable transverse hollowing of the upper surface. Imperfections in the devolopment of the neural arch were more frequently seen among the lumbar vertebræ than in the dorsal region of the spinal column. The separation of its posterior part (the laminæ with the spine and the inferior articular processes) from the pedicles was observed nine times. Six of the fifth lumbar vertebræ show this peculiarity; the fourth shows it in two instances; and even in the third I noted it once. In this latter case not only does the third vertebra show this defect in ossification, but the fourth also, as if to compensate for the undue rigidity of the loins caused by the fusion of the fifth vertebra with the sacrum which is present. The fifth lumbar vertebra was seen to articulate by an enlarged transverse process with the lateral mass of the sacrum in three instances, and fusion between these bones occurs in the one case noted above. The presence of a lumbar rib was noted once. This articulated with the right side of a first lumbar vertebra. The transverse process on this side is like that of the twelfth dorsal vertebra, while on the pedicle is the articular surface for the rib. The other side is normal. Sternum (Maori). I have seen only one sternum in which the manubrium is fused with the body of the bone. In all the others these two segments are distinct. Pelvis (Maori). In Table V. I give the measurements of twenty-four Maori pelves, ten males and fourteen females. The following are the measurements adopted, given in the order in which they occur in the table:—

Breadth of entire pelvis: The maximum distance between the outer lips of the iliac crests. Breadth between anterior superior iliac spines: The distance between the most prominent parts these eminences. Breadth between posterior superior iliac spines: The distance between the inner borders of the spines. Height of entire pelvis: From the highest part of the iliac crest to the most distant part of the tuberosity of the ischium. Breadth between the outer surfaces of the tuberosities of the ischia: The maximum width. Breadth between the ischial spines: Between their tips. Breadth of Sacrum: The maximum width across the base. Length of Sacrum: The distance in a straight line from the middle of the anterior border of the upper surface of the first sacral vertebra to the corresponding point on the lower border of the fifth. Even in sacra with six vertebral elements the same points are chosen. Length of sacral arc: The length of the sacrum taken in a curve along the front of the bodies. By comparing this length with that taken in a direct line, the arc with its cord, a good idea is got of the degree of curvature of the bone. Pubo-ischiatic depth: The distance between the upper surface of the pubis immediately in front of the ilio-pectineal eminence and the lowest part of the tuberosity of the ischium. This gives the depth of the pelvic cavity laterally. Depth of pubic symphysis. Transverse diameter of pelvic brim: The maximum width between the ilio-pectineal lines. Sagittal or conjugate diameter of pelvic brim: From the middle of the upper margin of the anterior surface of the first sacral vertebra to the nearest point on the posterior surface of the pubic symphysis. When a median ridge is present on the pelvic face of the symphysis the measurement is taken somewhat to one side of the middle line. Transverse diameter of pelvic outlet: Taken as recommended by Dr. Garson, between the most widely separated points on the lines which pass forwards from the ischial spines towards the lower ends of the obturator foramina. Sagittal diameter of pelvic outlet: From the centre of the lower margin of the fifth sacral vertebra to the lowest part of the pubic symphysis. Subpubic angle. Height of acetabulum: From the upper margin below the anterior inferior iliac spine to the opposite border of the cavity. Breadth of acetabulum: Taken across the cavity at right angles to the previous measurement.

Height of obturator foramen. Breadth of obturator foramen. Interobturator width: The distance between the inner margins of the obturator foramina. Breadth of innominate bone: The distance between the angle of the os pubis and the most distant part of the iliac crest, generally a little above the posterior superior iliac spine. Breadth of ilium: The distance between the anterior superior and posterior superior spines of the ilium. As far as possible, the measurements about the innominate bone were taken on the right side. The indices used, and the formulæ by which they are calculated, are as follow:— Breadth-height index Pelvic height × 100/Pelvic breadth Index of the pelvic brim Sagittal diameter of brim × 100/Transverse diameter of brim Index of the pelvic cavity Pubo-ischiatic depth × 100/Transverse diameter of brim Sacral index Sacral width × 100/Sacral length Obturator index Obturator width × 100/Obturator height The following table gives the breadth and height of the whole of the pelvis, and the height-breadth index, or proportion between the two, distinguishing the sexes, and giving the maximum and minimum as well as the average in each case. Male. Female. No. Av. Max. Min. No. Av. Max. Min. Pelvic breadth 10 261·4 285 243 14 258·6 290 243 Pelvic height 10 213 232 200 14 200 208 191 Height-breadth index 10 80·8 85·2 75·4 14 77·6 85 68·3 The greater height of the male pelvis, not only absolute, but relative to width, is clearly shown in the table. The measurements of two Maori pelves, both males, are given by Sir William Turner.* “‘Challenger’ Report”: Human Skeletons, part xlvii. The maximum width of one is 255mm., and its height is 221mm.—a pelvis, therefore, somewhat narrower and higher than the average of my male specimens. Its index is 87, higher than that of any in my series. In the other pelvis, which was scarcely full grown, the breadth is 238mm., the height 188mm., and the index 79mm.

These twelve male pelves are, on the whole, both narrower and shallower than the average pelvis of the European male, but the height is proportionally to the breadth slightly greater in the Maori, as is seen by comparing the height-breadth index in the two races. The average male index, as given by M. Verneau, in Europeans is 79. The female Maori pelvis, so far as shown by the fourteen now described, is also narrower than that of the European female, but is its equal as to height. It has therefore a higher index, that of the European female being 74 according to M. Verneau, 75 according to Dr. Garson. In both sexes, then, but to a slightly greater extent in the female than in the male, the Maori pelvis is higher relatively to its width than is the case with the majority of Europeans. The following table, arranged like the last, gives the average measurements and index of the brim of the pelvis:— Male. Female. No. Av. Max. Min. No. Av. Max. Min. Transverse diameter 10 118·3 127 109 14 127·5 136 117 Sagittal diameter 10 101·2 112 90 14 111·8 131 94 Index of brim 10 86·1 92·2 79·6 14 87·7 102·3 70 The figures show that while the two diameters of the brim are, as is always the case, longer in the female than in the male, yet that the proportion between them is much the same in the two sexes, the female showing a slightly greater proportional length in the sagittal diameter. It is curious that both the highest and the lowest index should be found among the female pelves. The maximum index, 102·3, does not, however, belong to a pelvis with an unusually short transverse diameter. On the contrary, this is 128mm., a little above the female average. It is the great length of the antero-posterior measurement which is the cause of this exceptionally high index. This is the only pelvis of either sex in which the antero-posterior diameter of the brim exceeds the transverse. Professor Turner's two male pelves have higher brim indices than of any of my males. In one the index is 97, and in the other it is 95. Even allowing for the fact that Professor Turner measures to the back of the upper end of the symphysis, the indices show that in these two pelves the conjugate diameter is longer proportionally to the transverse than in any of the male pelves that I have measured. Including these two pelves with mine, we get an average

brim index for males of 87·9, a little higher than that given in the table, and almost the same as that yielded by the measurements of the female pelves. If we now compare the Maori and European pelves with regard to these measurements of the brim, we find that the antero-posterior is longer relatively to the transverse in the Maori of both sexes than in the European. M. Verneau gives the brim index in European males as 80, in females as 78; Professor Turner gives 77 for males and 79 for females as the result of his measurements; Dr. Garson gives 80 for females; Sir William Flower, 81 for males, 78 for females; and, though some anatomists give higher results, those of others—as, for example, Martin, who gives 69 as the brim index of Irish women—are lower. We may safely say, then, that the Maori pelvis, with its index of nearly 88, is narrow compared with the European type, but it falls into the same group if we follow Sir William Turner's classification. He divides pelves into three groups—platypellic, those with a brim index below 90; mesatipellic, those whose index is from 90 to 95; and dolichopellic, those whose index is above 95. Europeans, Chinese, and some savage races, such as American Indians and Fuegians, belong to the first group; Negroes are found in the second; while Australians and Andaman Islanders are members of the third. According to my measurements, the Maoris, both male and female, are also platypellic. All the pelves in my series, however, do not belong to this group. Fifteen—seven males and eight females—do so; but six—three males and three females, are mesatipellic; and the remaining three females are dolichopellic. Professor Turner's two males are also dolichopellic. The depth of the pelvic cavity, as shown by the puboischiatic diameter, and its relation to the transverse diameter of the brim, are shown in the following table. Male. Female. No. Av. Max. Min. No. Av. Max. Min. Pubo-ischiatic depth 10 98·1 103 85 14 91·4 96 84 Transverse diameter of brim 10 118·3 127 109 14 127·5 136 117 Index of pelvic cavity 10 83 89·9 76·6 14 72·3 82 64·7 The difference between the average depth in the male and in the female is seen to be 6·7mm. In a previous table it was shown that the average height of the entire male pelvis exceeds that of the female by 13mm. The lower height of the

pelvis in the female is therefore shown to be due in almost equal proportions to a shortening of the iliac bones and to a shallowing of the pelvic cavity. The characteristic shallowness of the female pelvis is, however, brought out in a more striking way by taking not the absolute depth, but the index of the pelvic cavity—that is to say, the proportion between the pubo-ischiatic depth and the width as taken at the brim. As shown in the table, the male index exceeds the female by 10·7. Professor Turner's two specimens have a depth of 92mmm. and 106mm., and scarcely alter the average. Their indices are 84·4 and 86·9. These raise the male average to 83·4. The width of the pelvic outlet in the males averages 94·1mm.; in the females, 114·1mm. There is very little difference between the sexes as to the depth of the public symphysis. In the males it averages 36·3mm.; in the females, 35·7mm. The obturator foramen is, as usual, wider in the female than the male. The mean male index is 62·7; the female, 71·7. The subpubic angle also shows the customary greater width in the female pelvis, the average angle in the males being 63·3°; in the females, 82·1°. The acetabulum is in almost every case smaller in the female than in the male. In fourteen cases its two diameters are equal; in ten the height slightly exceeds the width. Sacrum (Maori). Twenty-five sacra were sufficiently perfect to allow me to measure both the length and the breadth. Their measurements are summarised in the short table below. The individual measurements of twenty-four are given with the pelves in Table V. Nine of these are given again with the twenty-fifth, in the table of vertebral columns (Table IV.). In eight bones a sixth vertebral element is present. This is the first coccygeal in seven instances, and the fifth lumbar in one. In measuring the length, this additional vertebra is, as already explained, always omitted. — Male. Female. M. and F. No. Av. Max. Min. No. Av. Max. Min. No. Av. Sacral breadth 9 115 123 108 16 119·9 128 101 25 118·1 Sacral length 9 105·9 113 97 16 102·6 121 85 25 103·8 Sacral arc 9 114·7 122 108 16 111·1 125 97 25 112·4 Sacral index 9 108·8 126·8 101·9 16 117·2 135·2 99·2 25 114·2

Comparing these figures with the transverse diameter of the pelvic brim, we find that in the male pelvis the sacral width is 97 per cent. of the brim width, while in the female it is 94 per cent., showing that the curvature of the back part of the iliopectineal lines is more pronounced in the female than in the male. It will also be seen that the average degree of curvature of the sacrum, as got by comparing the length with the are of the bone, is practically the same in both sexes. Though the female index is distinctly higher than the male, it is worth noting that the highest and lowest indices both belong to female sacra. The length of the sacrum in Professor Turner's two male Maoris is 101mm. and 120mm., while the breadth is 97mm. and 115mm. The sacral index is in each case, therefore, 96. If we include these with my set of males we get an average for that sex of 106·5, nearly eleven less than the average female index. According to M. Verneau's measurements, the average length of the European sacrum is 105mm. in males, and 101mm. in females, while the width in the male is 118mm. and in the female 116; though Dr. Garson gives this latter average as 118·3. The Maori sacrum, then, so far as my measurements go, is in both sexes of almost the same length as the European; but it is somewhat narrower in the male and broader in the female than the European average for each sex. Looking to the proportion between these two measurements, the index, we see that the Maori sacrum is in both sexes broader than it is long, and, in consequence, belongs to the platyhieric group (platyhieric, index over 100; dolichohieric, index under 100)* Professor Sir William Turner: “‘Challenger’ Report”: Human Skeletons., in common with Europeans. The male sacra are, however, almost in what Professor Paterson† “The Human Sacrum”: Royal Society Proceedings, 1892. calls the subplatyhieric division—those with an index between 100 and 106, a group containing, amongst others, Andaman Islanders and Negroes. The female sacra have, on the other hand, indices equal to the average of the European female. Only one sacrum is dolichohieric, and that is a female with an index of 99·2. As five of my pelves belong to skeletons of which I have also the skulls, I give in the following table some of the more important indices of the two cavities in each body.

Cephalic. Vertical of Cranium. Pelvic Brim. Breadth-height of Pelvis. Sacral. Sex. 76·6 70·7 81·9 82·3 112·3 M. 76·1 71·3 82·9 84·5 103·7 M. 80·0 79·4 86·5 81·1 108·9 M. 75·4 66·8 90·2 81·2 M. 74·0 74·6 90·0 74·9 115·9 F. The above comparison does not seem to bring out anything definite as to whether certain types of pelvis accompany certain forms of skull, and the number of instances is too small to be of any value by themselves. They may possibly assist others with more material at their disposal. Bones of the Limbs (Maori). The principal measurements of the limb-bones of thirteen skeletons, nine of which are male and four female, are given in Table VI. Few of these skeletons are sufficiently perfect to allow of all the bones being measured, but I include in the table all those which have allowed of any of the usual comparisons between bones of the same body being made. In the text I give also the results of the measurements of numerous other bones, none of which could be with certainty identified as belonging to the same skeleton. Scapula. The measurements were taken in the manner originally proposed by Broca, and adopted by Flower, Garson, Turner, and others. The length is the distance in a straight line between the upper and the lower angles. The breadth is the distance between the centre of the posterior margin of the glenoid cavity and the point where a line drawn along the attached margin of the spine would cut the posterior border of the bone. The infra-spinous length is the distance between the last point and the inferior angle. The two indices are also calculated in the usual way:— Scapular index = Breadth × 100/Length Infra-spinous index = Breadth × 100/Infra-spinous length Twenty-five scapulæ were sufficiently perfect to let me make the above measurements; of these, thirteen were right bones, and twelve belonged to the left side. I have not attempted to distinguish male and female bones, excepting in the case of those included in the table, which belong to skeletons sufficiently perfect to allow of the sex being determined. Though the number of undoubted female bones is too few to

permit of any conclusions being drawn from their measurements, it may, however, be of interest to note that their average scapular index is higher than that of the males, in this respect resembling European bones. The scapulæ examined vary in their length from 174mm. to 142mm., and in breadth from 119mm. to 90mm. The mean length is 156·9mm., and the mean width 102mm. The average scapular index is 64·9; the extremes are 70·6 and 60. There is practically no difference between the bones of the two sides in this proportion. The average infra-spinous index is 89·4. The extremes are 100 and 72·4, showing that in the Maori, as in other races, there is great individual variation in the position of the spine. In Sir William Turner's “‘Challenger’ Report”* “Human Skeletons,” part xlvii. he gives the indices of a Maori scapula from Otago. In this bone the scapular index is 63·9, and the infra-spinous 88·5. M. Livon† Quoted by Turner, loc cit. has measured thirty-two Polynesian scapulæ, but how many of these are Maori I cannot say. He gives the scapular index as 66·6. The broadest scapulæ seem to belong to the Andaman. Islanders, whose index is 70·2; the narrowest to the Tasmanians, with an index of 60·3; while the average index of 65·3 shows the European bone to be slightly broader than the Maori. The scapulæ were also examined with reference to the condition of the supra-scapular notch. In seven bones no notch is present, and the upper border forms one continuous concavity from the upper angle to the base of the coracoid process, while in several others the notch is very shallow. In no case did I notice ossification of the supra-scapular ligament. Clavicle. The length was taken in a straight line between the extremities of the bone. I have measured twenty-nine clavicles—fourteen belonging to the right side, and fifteen to the left. The average length of the entire series is 143·3mm.—that of the right bones 141·5mm., of the left bones 144·9mm. This excess in length of left bones over right was also observed in the clavicles of the eight skeletons in which I was able to compare the bones on the two sides. In seven of these the left was the longer bone, and in the eighth the right exceeded the left by only 1mm. The maximum length observed is 171mm.; the minimum 130mm. The condition of the subclavian groove was looked at in each case. It is almost invariably shallow and indistinct.

Claviculo-humeral Index. The relation between the lengths of clavicle and humerus was noted fifteen times, and the index was calculated according to the formula— Length of clavicle × 100/Length of humerus The average of these fifteen indices is 45·8—the maximum is 50·5, the minimum is 41·9. The left indices are higher than those of the right side. Humerus. The length given is the distance between the highest part of the head and the lowest point on the trochlear surface. I have measured forty-three bones, and these have an average length of 310·3mm. The longest humerus measured 342mm., the shortest 285mm. Twenty of these belong to the right side, and have an average length of 310·9mm. The average length of the twenty-three left bones is 309·9mm. This shows a trifling preponderance in length of the right bones over the left. In the ten cases in which I was able to compare the bones of the two sides I found the right the longest bone eight times, and equal to the left twice. In the fifty bones examined I found a supra-trochlear foramen present in only three—that is to say, in 6 per cent. This is very little higher than the proportion in which this perforation occurs in Europeans, and differs greatly from what I expected to find. M. Topinard* “Eléments d'Anthropologie Générale,” p. 1016. gives the percentage of perforated bones among Polynesians as 34·3, and among Melanesians as 14·1. There is certainly a very marked difference in this respect between the bones examined by him and those of my series. In no bone did I see any trace of a supra-condyloid spine. Radius. The length is the distance between the upper surface of the head and the tip of the styloid process. The number of bones measured was thirty-five. These have an average length of 245mm. The longest bone measured 276mm., the shortest 216mm. The difference between the right and left radii is slight, the seventeen right bones having an average length of 246·6, the eighteen left bones averaging 244·7mm. Ulna. Two lengths are given—one, the maximum, from the highest part of the olecranon to the tip of the styloid process; the other to the base of the styloid.

Thirty-five bones were measured. The average maximum length of these is 261·6mm., but they vary between 284mm. and 237mm. The eighteen right bones have an average length of 262·4mm.; the left are slightly shorter, averaging 260·8mm. The antero-posterior curve of the upper third of the shaft is more pronounced than in European bones. Radio-humeral Index. The proportion between the maximum lengths of the humerus and radius is expressed by this index, and is calculated according to the formula— Radial length × 100/Humeral length This I have been able to calculate in twenty cases, taking both right and left arms. In one it is as high as 82·3, in another as low as 72·8, and the average of the set is 77·8. Professor Turner has given this index in two New Zealand skeletons, and these have a mean of 76·5. The mean index of five Polynesians, as given by M. Topinard, is 76. He does not state, however, whether any of these are Maoris. Amongst Europeans this index averages between 73 and 74. The forearm of the Maori, therefore, is, relatively to the upper arm, longer than it is among the civilised races of Europe. In this respect, however, the Maori is exceeded by the Negro, with an average index of 79, and by a few other savage races. Sir William Turner proposes to divide races into three groups, according to the height of this index: Brachykerkic, those with an index below 75—i.e., with a relatively short forearm (Europeans, Esquimaux, &c.); dolichokerkic, those with an index above 79—i.e., with a relatively long forearm (Andamanese, Negritos, &c.); and mesatikerkic, those with an index intermediate (Australians, Negroes, &c.). He places Polynesians generally in the middle group, and my measurements show that the Maoris are also mesatikerkic. If we now look at the influence of sex on this index, as shown in my table, we find that the series of fourteen males have an average index of 78·7, while the average of the six females is only 74·3. It is possible that the female skeletons examined by me have exceptionally short forearms; but, as shown by Topinard,* Loc. cit., p. 1043. this index in the female is in all races measured by him lower than in the male; and my results, so far as they go, point to this rule holding also amongst the Maoris. Os Innominatum. The measurements of this bone are given with the description of the pelvis.

Femur. The table gives the length of the bone as measured in two different ways. One shows the maximum length of the bone from the summit of the head to the lowest part of the internal condyle; the other is taken in the oblique position that the bone has in the body, and gives the distances between the highest part of the head and the plane of the condyles. The maximum distance between the top of the great trochanter and the internal condyle is also given, as well as the trochanteric length in the oblique position. Fifty bones were measured, and the average maximum length of these is 437·5mm. The twenty-six bones of the right side give an average of 438·5mm.; the twenty-four of the left, 436·3mm. This slightly-greater length of the right bones is, however, not shown in those skeletons in which I was able to compare the bones of opposite sides. In six of these the left bones are the longer; in one the right and left are equal; while in four only does the right exceed the left. The longest femur measures 494mm.; the shortest is only 399mm. in length. I measured also the antero-posterior and the transverse diameters of the shaft of the bone at its centre, as recommended by Topinard, so as to ascertain the degree of projection of the linea aspera. Taking the transverse width as 100, an index was calculated, which is called by Broca “The Index of the Section of the Femur.” I call it in the table the index of the middle of the shaft, as I give another for the section of the upper fourth. The transverse diameter taken is parallel to the plane of the posterior surfaces of the condyles, and is in almost all cases slightly less than a diameter taken in somewhat oblique direction at the same level. My results are as follows: The average index of fifty femurs is 115·8, varying from 138·1 to 96·4. Three, or 6 per cent., of the bones have indices over 130; thirteen, or 26 per cent., have indices between 120 and 130; twenty, or 40 per cent., have indices between 110 and 120; thirteen, or 26 per cent., have indices between 100 and 110; and in one only is the index under 100. In a table given in Topinard's Anthropology* P. 1019. this index, in thirteen New Caledonians, is shown as averaging 127·6; while in two prehistoric femora it is still higher; but in none of the other races given does it reach the Maori average as given above. The “fémur à pilastre” may therefore, I think, be regarded as developed to a more than usual extent among the Maoris. I also give in the table an index which I call the index of the upper fourth, which gives the proportion between the

antero-posterior and transverse diameters of the shaft in its upper part. The transverse diameter is taken as 100. The peculiar flattening and widening of the shaft at this level was first described by Sir William Turner in a Maori femur, but it was subsequently recognised as being a common feature of the femora of savage races. In giving numerical expression to this proportion I make the measurements at the level where the spiral line crosses below the inner border of the root of the lesser trochanter. This point is, as a rule, at the widest part of the bone, and is fairly regular and easily determined. The average index of the fifty bones measured is 64·3, and the variation is between 81·3 and 54·8. This flattening I find is an adult characteristic, and is not seen in young bones. For the sake of comparison, I measured the shaft at the same level, and calculated the indices in twenty European femora. The average of these indices is 86·6, showing that the shaft has here a much rounder section than in the Maori. Though I did not measure the angle that the neck of the femur makes with the transverse vertical plane, I noticed that the neck in Maori bones, as a rule, projects more forwards than in the European femora with which I was able to compare them. Tibia I give two longitudinal measurements of this bone. One, the “maximum,” includes the malleolus, but not the spines. The other excludes both malleolus and spines. These measurements were taken in forty bones, and the average of the maximum length is 354·8mm. The longest tibia has a length of 394mm.; the shortest measures 319mm. The average length of the right bones exceeds that of the left by 5·3mm. The measurements from which the index of platycnemia was deduced were taken as directed by Broca, at the level of the medullary foramen; and the index was calculated according to the formula— Transverse diameter × 100/Antero-posterior diameter Forty-five bones allowed of these measurements being taken, and the average index of the series was found to be 64·2. The most platyanemic bone has an index of 53·1, while that in which the lateral compression is least marked has an index of 76·5. In most bones the rounding of the posterior surface which is characteristic of platycnemia is well seen. Mr. Arthur Thomson* “On the Influence of Posture in the Form of the Articular Surfaces of the Tibia and Astragalus”: Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, 1890. gives the indices of two Maori tibiæ mea-

sured by him as 64·7 and 73·5. A well-marked degree of platycnemia is therefore characteristeric of the Maori tibia, contrasting strongly with what the European bone shows in this respect, to which an index of 73·7 is given by Thomson as the result of the measurement of twenty-one specimens. But even among races of a corresponding civilisation the shaft of the Maori tibia is more than usually flattened, as may be seen by referring to the tables of this index as it occurs among other savage races, given in M. Topinard's book and in Mr. Thomson's papers on the subject. I have also, following Mr. Thomson, examined all the bones that have come under my observation as to the anteroposterior curvature of the external condyloid surface. I have noted it as convex in twenty-eight cases, as plano-convex from before backwards in ten, as flat in one, and as concave in five. Mr. Thomson has also been the first to note the presence of a facet on the anterior margin of the lower end of the tibia. This, though occasionally met with in Europeans, is of much more common occurrence among savages, and is caused by the pressure of the upper surface of the neck of the astragalus. This condition I carefully looked for, and in every bone examined except two a greater or less degree of flattening or hollowing was found to be present. The antero-posterior curve of the shaft is also more pronounced than among Europeans; but, while in some bones the curve is fairly regularly distributed along the length of the bone, in others it is mainly confined to the upper fourth. That the squatting posture is the cause of these last peculiarities admits, I think, of no doubt. They are met with in the living races that adopt that attitude, and are all readily explained by the contacts, pressures, and muscular strains consequent on that position, which was also universal among the Maoris at the time when the individuals lived whose skeletons I have examined. Till recently, however, platycnemia has not been put down to the same cause. It is generally said to be due to the muscular development—tibialis posticus—caused by an active life in a rough, hilly country. Professor Havelock Charles,* “The Influence of Function as exemplified in the Morphology of the Lower Extremity of the Panjabi”: Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, 1893. however, shows that the tibia of the natives of the Panjab have not only the altered outer condyle, the curved shaft, and the anterior astragaloid facet, but has an average index of platycnemia of 69·9. A mountainous country can have nothing to do with the flattening in this case, while squatting is the universal custom. And I think it not impro-

bable that the altered form of the shaft of the femur in the Maori, and the peculiar curve of the fibula, are also due to this cause, not perhaps to altered or increased muscular development, as with platycnemia, but to pressures depending on the position of the body and lower limbs. Fibula. The length given is the maximum, the distance between the tip of the spine and the apex of the malleolus. Thirty-two bones were measured, and these average 345·5mm. in length. The longest fibula measures 375mm., the shortest 316mm. The peroneal surface is always deeply channelled, and the curve of the shaft is not as usually seen in European bones. Instead of being bent with the concavity of the curve forwards, I have generally found the bone to be either straight or to have a curve which is convex forwards. Humero-femoral Index. This gives the proportion between the lengths of the humerus and femur, and is calculated according to the formula— Humeral length × 100/Femoral length The maximum length of both bones is taken. The material at my disposal enabled me to calculate the index in twenty-one cases, both right and left limbs of the same body being used when the skeleton was sufficiently perfect to allow of the necessary measurements being made on both sides. The average of these twenty-one indices is 72·5—the highest is 77·5, and the lowest 68·4. Professor Turner's two Maoris give indices of 72·5 and 71·5 respectively, and scarcely alter the average. This proportion between these two bones is the same as it is in Europeans, but is higher than what has been found in Negroes, Australians, and Andaman Islanders. Tibio-femoral Index. This indicates the proportion between the length of the tibia and the femur of the same limb, and is calculated according to the formula— Tibial length × 100/Femoral length The maximum length of the femur has been used, but in the case of the tibia, though I include the malleolus, I exclude the spines.

Twenty lower limbs allowed of this index being calculated. The mean is 82·6, and the indices vary from 85·7 to 79·2. This average is left practically unchanged by the inclusion of the indices 86 and 77·7 of the two Maoris measured by Sir William Turner; and the index 82·2, the mean of five Polynesians measured by M. Topinard, is but very slightly lower. Owing to the small number of female skeletons examined by me, I can say nothing definite on the question of the influence of sex on this proportion. The males have an average of 83·2 and the females of 81·4, but these figures are of little value. Comparing the Maoris with other races, and using Professor Turner's convenient classification,* Brachyknemic, index under 83; Dolichoknemic, index 83 or upwards. we find that though they belong, along with Europeans, Mongolians, and others, to the brachyknemic group, yet they are on the verge of the dolichoknemic division, which includes Australians, Negroes, Andaman Islanders, &c. Using the word “leg” in its limited anatomical sense, the Maori lower limb is therefore on the border-line between short-and long-leggedness. Intermembral Index. This is calculated according to the formula— Humeral length + radial length × 100/Femoral length + tibial length and gives the proportion between the lengths of the upper and lower limbs. The maximum length of the femur, humerus, and radius are used, but the spines are not included in the tibial measurement. Eighteen indices were calculated, and these give an average of 70·2. The proportionally longest upper limb is shown by the index 73; the shortest, by 66·7. Professor Turner's two Maoris give an average index slightly lower than mine—69·3; but the general average is only lowered 1/10 by their inclusion in the series. The proportion between the lengths of the two extremities in different races has been studied by several anatomists, and a comparison of their measurements with mine shows that, while the Maori upper limb is very slightly longer in proportion to the lower than in the European, it is more distinctly so than in the Negro or the Andaman Islander. M. Broca, as the result of the measurements of fourteen skeletons, gives the index for the European as 69·73. Sir George Humphry† “The Human Skeleton.” has calculated this index in twenty-five Negroes,

and gives 68·4 as their mean; while 68·27 is the average of Broca's measurements of fifteen of the same race. The twenty-eight Andamanese measured by Flower and Turner have an average index of 67·3. The astragalus shows no obvious peculiarity beyond the presence of a facet on the upper surface of the neck for articulation with the corresponding surface on the tibia already mentioned. This facet varies in distinctness, but it is almost always present. The os calcis in several respects differs from the ordinary European type. The posterior part of the bone is narrower, and the tuberosity is usually more prolonged on to the undersurface, the upper smooth and the lower rough parts of the tuberosity being placed at a distinct angle to each other, both sloping forwards from their line of junction. The articular facet on the anterior part of the upper surface, which is so frequently present in Europeans, occurs in all the Maori bones examined, and is in almost all cases continuous with the surface on the upper face of the sustentaculum tali. I have also noticed in six bones a narrow facet at the upper and outer angle of the anterior surface of the bone for articulation with the scaphoid. I have no doubt that all these modifications are due to the same cause—the habitual adoption of the squatting posture. Vertebral Column (Moriori). The measurements of four incomplete columns are given in Table IV. Cervical Vertebræ. In only two columns are the cervical vertebræ in a sufficiently perfect condition to allow of the measurements for the cervico-vertebral index being made. In these the average index is 107·9, showing the greatest depth of the vertebral bodies to be behind. The condition of the cervical spines is shown in the following table:— Bifid. Feebly Bifid. Not Bifid. Second cervical vertebra 3 1 0 Third " 1 1 1 Fourth " 0 2 2 Fifth " 2 2 0 Sixth " 0 2 1 Seventh " 0 0 4 In one of the four atlas vertebræ examined the groove for the right vertebral artery was completely bridged by bone;

and in one axis the tip of the odontoid process had evidently rubbed against the anterior edge of the foramen magnum. Dorsal Vertebræ. The mean dorso-vertebral index of the three columns which allowed of the necessary measurements being taken is 106·4. In one column the twelfth dorsal vertebra has no costal facet on either side of its body, and those on the eleventh are very small. One of the tenth vertebræ has no costo-transverse articulations, while in another there is none on the left side. Lumbar Vertebræ. The average lumbo-vertebral index of the four sets of lumbar vertebræ is 104·7. The highest index, that of a male, is 113·7; the lowest, also a male, is 100. The mean of the three males is 106. The female has an index of 100·7. In two of the males, therefore, the sum of the posterior depths of the bodies is greater than the sum of the anterior depths; in one they are equal; while in the female there is a very slight excess of the posterior depth over the anterior. The means of the indices of the individual vertebræ is as follows:— Index of first lumbar vertebra 117·8 " second " 114·4 " third " 108·0 " fourth " 98·0 " fifth " 87·6 Three vertebræ, therefore—the first, the second, and the third—are deeper behind than in front, taking the average of the four sets of vertebræ. The following table shows the form of the individual vertebræ in this respect:— Anterior Depth of Body greater than Posterior Depth. Anterior Depth of Body equal to Posterior Depth. Anterior Depth of Body less than Posterior Depth. First lumbar vetebra 0 0 4 Second " 0 0 4 Third " 0 0 4 Fourth " 3 0 1 Fifth " 4 0 0 Pelvis (Moriori). The measurements of three pelves are given in Table V. Two of these are male, one is female.

The mean of the height-breadth indices of the two males is 78·7. The same index in the female is 79·9. The brim index in the males averages 78·9. In the female it is 81·5. The index of the pelvic cavity averages in the males 81·2. In the female it is 70. The average male sacral index is 110·9. The female pelvis has a sacrum of an unusually narrow form, with an index of 105·8. All three pelves are platypellic. One of the male sacra is platyhieric. The other, with the female, is at the upper limit of the subplatyhieric group. Bones of the Limbs (Moriori). I give in Table VI. the measurements and indices, so far as was possible, of the limb-bones of five Moriori skeletons. Three of these are males. Four of the skeletons are fairly complete so far as these bones are concerned, but in the fifth, a female, the right arm and leg have, unfortunately, been lost. I have not thought it necessary to give here the averages of the various linear measurements, but I give for what they are worth the mean of the indices calculated from them, with, for purposes of comparison, the corresponding indices as I have found them in the Maoris. The figures in brackets show the number of indices from which the average is taken. Moriori. Maori. Scapular index (6) 61·6 64·9 Infra-spinous index (6) 82·1 89·4 Claviculo-humeral index (5) 46·0 45·8 Radio-humeral index (8) 77·6 77·8 Index of upper fourth of femur (9) 64·0 64·3 Index of middle of femur (9) 112·6 115·8 Tibio-femoral index (9) 80·5 82·6 Index of platycnemia (9) 63·2 64·2 Humero-femoral index (8) 71·9 72·5 Intermembral index (8) 70·7 70·2 These averages show a very close correspondence between the Morioris and the Maoris as to the proportionate lengths of the long bones, but the scapulæ measured are narrower in my Morioris than the average of the Maori bones. The antero-posterior diameter of the femur at the middle of the shaft has much the same relation to the transverse in both races, and the upper part of the shaft shows the same flatten-

ing that we have seen to be characteristic of the Maori femur, and almost to the same extent. Platycnemia is slightly more pronounced than in the Maoris, and the tibia shows all the other characteristics due to the squatting posture which have been already described. The description of the Maori skull contained in the preceding pages agrees in all essentials with that already given by other observers. It is, according to my measurements, mesaticephalic, though on the verge of dolichocephaly; metriocephalic; mesoseme; mesorhine, though almost leptorhine; orthognathous; brachyuranic; phænozygous: and the males are megacephalic. Though the Maori cranium has, so far as its race characters go, been exhaustively studied—nearly two hundred skulls having now been more or less fully described—few have had the opportunity of examining the other bones of the skeleton. I have been fortunate in this respect, and have been able to show that the vertebral column is typically savage in the form of its component parts; that the pelvis is platypellic, with a platyhieric, almost subplatyhieric, sacrum; that the upper limb is mesatikerkic; while the lower limb, though brachycnemic, is on the verge of the dolichocnemic group; that platycnemia is well marked; and that the limb-bones generally show the modifications of form characteristic of most of the coloured races. If any further proof were needed of the mixed origin of the Maori race it is given in this paper. An examination of the cranial indices and of the extent of their variation shows this clearly. These demonstrate two distinct types and intermediate forms. At the one extreme we have skulls approaching the Melanesian form, as met with in the Fiji group, long and narrow, high in proportion to their breadth, prognathous, and with wide nasal openings. At the other are skulls of the Polynesian type, such as are common in Tonga and Samoa, shorter and broader, with orthognathous faces. And it must be noted that these extreme forms do not belong to different tribes or districts, but may both be found in one. Among the skulls of the Ngaitahu Tribe alone we have as great a variation in almost all the indices as is met with in the entire collection of crania gathered together from all parts of both these Islands. Though a thorough mingling of the two parent stocks has thus taken place, it is yet clear that their distinguishing characters are not seen in the same proportion in each district. Undoubtedly intertribal differences exist. The material at my disposal has allowed of nothing more than a comparison

between the crania of the Ngaitahu Tribe of the South Island and those from the northern part of the Auckland Province, mainly from the Bay of Islands and Whangarei. The Ngapuhi are now the most important tribe in this region, but I cannot say whether the skulls included in this group belong to this or, indeed, to any one tribe. The district, however, is clearly defined, and the skulls available closely approximate in number to the Ngaitahu examined by me. By availing myself of the twenty-two crania already described by Professors Flower and Turner, I get, with those whose measurements are now given, a set of thirty-four skulls to compare with the forty of the southern tribe. The other two groups from the North Island given in the paper are too small to be of any value in estimating tribal characteristics, and I institute in this paper no comparison between them and the two larger collections. In the Auckland skulls the average cephalic index is 73·3, the vertical 72·8, the frontal 68·2, the orbital 89·3, the nasal 50·2, the gnathic 98·4, the palato-maxillary 119·9; while the same indices in the Ngaitahu are 75·9, 74·6, 67·2, 86·4, 48·0, 97·6, and 120·8; showing that the skulls of the former group are, proportionally to their length, longer than those of the latter, that they have wider nasal openings, and slightly more projecting jaws. And it has also been shown that the proportion of height to breadth is slightly greater in them than in the Ngaitahu. The Melanesian characters are therefore more accentuated in the North than amongst the Natives of the South Island. The prevalence of the Papuan form among skulls from the Bay of Islands has also been observed by MM. de Quatrefages and Hamy, and is noted by them in the “Crania Ethnica”* P. 460. when describing the Maori cranium. The measurements now given of the Moriori skull, taken with those already published, show it to be mesaticephalic, though close to the lower limit of the group; metriocephalic, though almost tapeinocephalic; low down in the megaseme group; leptorhine; orthognathous; brachyuranic; phænozygous: and the males to be megacephalic. It differs from the Maori skull mainly in its lesser height, both absolute and relative to length and breadth; the greater excess of the parietal over the frontal width; the higher orbits; and the narrower nasal opening. The depressed and retreating forehead is also a very marked feature of many Moriori skulls. It is slightly broader relatively to its length, and somewhat more prognathous. The cranial capacity is also slightly less. But, as already pointed out, there is often a very close resemblance between Maori and Moriori skulls.

The variation of the indices, though somewhat more restricted than with the Maoris, is still considerable, and points, like the traditions of the people, to an origin from the two great Pacific stocks. The different types of Moriori skull have been already sufficiently described. Though the number of skulls available for measurement is sufficiently large, I regret to say that I have been unable to secure more than five Moriori skeletons, none of which are quite complete. As nothing definite as to the osteological characters of the race can be deduced from such a small collection, I have done little more than give the measurements and indices, with their averages. These show in most instances a very close correspondence with what we find among the Maoris.

Table I.—Measurements and Indices of Skulls from the Provinces of Otago and Canterbury. Diameters of Brain-case. Circumferences of Brain-case. Foramen Magnum Diameters of Face. Diameters Indices. Lower Jaw. Longitudinal. Transverse. Horizontal. Median. Transverse. Transverse. Vertical. Of Nasal Region. Of Orbit Of Plate. Height Width. Sex. Age. Capacity in c.cs. Ophryo-occipital. Glabello-occipital. Nasio-occipital. Glabello-iniac. Basi-bregmatic Height. Maximum. Asterionic. Stephanic. Minimum Frontal. Biauricular. Temporal. Total. Post-auricular. Pre-auricular. Total. Frontal. Parietal. Occipital. Lambdo-iniac. Inio-opisthic. Length Foramen Magnum. Basion to Nasion. Total. Supra-auricular. Infra-auricular. Length. Width. Basi-alveolar Length. Biorbital, External. Biorbital, Internal. Bijugal. Bizygomatic. Ophryo-alveolar. Nasio-alveolar. Spino-alveolar. Nasio-spinal Height. Width Anterior Nares. Length Nasal Bones. Width Nasal Bones. Width. Height. Interorbital Distance. Length. Width. Auriculo-orbital Distance, Rig. Auriculo-orbital Distance, Lef Mastoid Height. Zygomatic Projection. Facial Angle. Cephalic. Vertical. Frontal. Of Foramen Magnum. Orbital. Nasal. Gnathic. Palato-maxillary. Symphysial. Molar. Coronoid. Condyloid. Bigonial. Bicondyloid. Bimental. Of Ramus. Gonio-symphysial Length. Condylo-coronoid Length. Bigoniac Curve 1 M. Ad. 1,453 185 187 183 187 145 138 106 107 98 126 134 514 280 234 524 139 131 117 50 67 33 104 458 310 148 33 30 102 110 98 127 144 102 71 17 54 25 24 15 42 35 20 53 60 71 71 36 P+ 67° 73·8 77·5 71. 90·9 83·3 46·3 98·1 113·2 35 34 77 66 106 134 53 40 97 37 224 2 M. Ad. 1,490 184 188 183 187 134 143 115 109 95 130 135 520 280 240 516 131 123 126 66 60 35 101 445 300 145 35 29 101 108 97 125 141 96 73 14 59 34 26 14 42 35 19 53 64 71 70 37 P+ 67° 76·1 71·3 66·4 82·9 81·4 59·3 100. 120·8 32 35 72 64 112 122 49 42 99 35 215 3 M. Ad. 1,385 182 184 180 184 130 141 107 111 100 127 138 513 274 239 495 130 110 118 61 57 35 102 445 300 145 35 35 107 108 98 124 143 99 71 19 52 25 28 15 39 38 19 58 62 75 75 39 P+ 69° 76·6 70·7 70·9 100. 97·4 48·2 104·9 106·9 34 28 59 56 109 130 56 39 90 35 195 4 M. Ad. 1,360 174 175 172 174 139 140 105 117 96 117 128 495 270 225 501 130 120 118 70 48 33 100 445 305 140 33 30 97 103 94 119 133 93 69 17 52 21 24 14 39 33 20 51 62 68 68 39 P+ 68° 80. 79·4 68·6 90·9 84·6 40·4 97. 121·5 37 27 63 58 114 120 54 39 98 30 214 5 M. Ag. 1,475 169 171 169 169 140 142 99 111 91 132 140 500 256 244 500 135 110 119 75 44 36 100 452 310 142 36 32 96 98 91 119 141 99 74 14 60 25 26 14 41 37 18 50 61 70 68 39 P+ 67° 83. 81·9 64·1 88·9 90·2 41·7 96. 122. 31 28 63 66 97 120 45 29 73 37 174 6 M. Ad. 1,288 179 187 180 187 125 141 113 108 95 120 135 510 265 245 504 120 115 120 63 57 39 110 447 307 140 39 32 110 110 98 127 143 108 77 21 56 29 25 15 40 34 20 55 62 79 77 40 P+ 68° 75·4 66·8 60·3 82. 85. 51·8 100. 112·7 41 36 70 65 107 126 52 42 92 36 210 7 M. Ad. 1,360 177 179 176 179 135 134 105 102 90 121 132 504 258 246 505 133 119 118 48 70 34 101 441 303 138 34 27 101 94 115 135 60 25 41 38 18 62 73 71 41 P+ 74·9 75·5 67·2 79·4 92·7 41·7 8 M. Ad. 1,410 176 178 178 176 136 142 106 106 91 125 136 510 270 240 503 135 125 110 50 60 35 98 459 310 149 35 27 92 101 94 117 138 92 68 20 48 26 41 36 20 46 61 67 68 41 p+ 75° 79·8 76·4 64·1 77·1 87·8 54·2 93·9 132·6 33 24 65 56 100 52 31 87 32 190 9 M. Ad. 1,450 182 182 180 171 138 132 104 106 95 114 121 502 285 217 507 120 132 118 78 40 35 102 425 285 140 35 30 95 103 93 49 24 21 16 39 34 21 45 62 67 68 40 76° 72·5 79·8 72. 85·7 87·2 49. 93·1 137·8 10 M. Ad. 1,208 185 186 181 178 134 130 107 106 94 118 124 504 278 226 505 123 127 118 70 48 35 102 420 283 137 35 29 105 105 97 111 129 91 66 19 47 28 18 18 43 35 20 60 68 69 69 35 P 76° 69·9 72. 72·3 82·9 81·4 59·6 102·9 113·3 35 29 54 63 96 114 48 34 92 34 205 11 M. Ad. 1,480 178 179 177 177 130 140 108 116 95 117 133 513 281 232 503 138 117 120 65 55 33 95 448 318 130 33 29 98 105 96 120 133 92 63 12 51 22 40 34 19 51 60 65 67 38 P 69° 78·2 72·6 67·9 87·9 85. 43·1 103·2 117·6 12 M. Ag. 1,498 190 194 189 194 136 142 121 111 100 133 540 275 265 523 134 113 128 68 60 39 109 454 300 154 39 33 114 113 100 132 108 75 15 60 26 42 39 20 57 70 79 81 46 P+ 66° 72·2 71·6 70·4 84·6 92·9 43·3 104·6 122·8 37 38 81 73 111 140 58 41 95 39 220 13 M. Ad. 1,400 181 184 181 180 134 139 104 111 94 128 135 518 272 246 514 135 121 122 68 54 34 102 440 300 140 34 28 97 103 96 118 135 86 66 16 50 25 39 33 22 52 61 73 72 38 P 72° 75·5 72·8 67·6 82·4 84·6 50. 95·1 117·3 14 M. Ad. 1,398 178 181 179 178 137 140 106 103 95 118 133 510 272 238 500 130 110 127 70 57 33 100 438 303 135 33 101 105 97 118 132 95 71 22 49 24 25 16 40 35 20 52 61 70 70 36 P+ 70° 77·3 75·7 67·9 87·5 49. 101. 117·3 15 M. Ad. 185 190 186 185 140 147 118 111 99 130 142 533 278 255 528 135 110 135 88 47 37 111 461 312 149 37 35 42 77·4 73·5 67·3 94·6 16 M. Ad. 1,393 185 188 185 186 139 138 103 111 92 118 138 520 267 253 518 135 120 117 63 54 34 112 459 322 137 34 32 103 106 94 121 102 76 23 53 27 24 19 41 35 21 53 64 80 79 38 P+ 73° 73·4 73·9 66·6 94·1 85·4 50·9 92. 120·8 17 M. Ad. 1,550 178 180 177 180 142 144 117 111 101 133 140 517 263 254 512 130 116 119 69 50 37 110 445 301 144 37 35 102 110 98 125 143 100 76 16 60 25 30 18 42 36 20 52 61 70 72 42 P+ 69° 80. 78·9 70·1 94·6 85·7 41·7 92·7 117·3 18 M. Ad. 1,425 185 185 184 185 141 140 110 109 91 124 133 515 273 242 520 135 125 123 60 63 37 100 448 310 138 37 27 98 100 90 112 135 98 78 17 56 26 26 37 34 19 50 59 74 75 38 P+ 70° 75·7 76·2 65. 73. 91·9 46·4 98. 118. 19 M. Ad. 1,725 194 198 192 196 144 148 106 116 101 127 140 543 290 253 544 148 126 128 74 54 38 104 474 332 142 38 32 106 108 99 121 143 57 27 25 15 41 36 20 53 62 75 74 37 P+ 69° 74·7 72·7 68·2 84·2 87·8 47·4 101·9 117. 45 32 76 67 115 134 53 39 94 37 213 20 M. Ad. 1,365 182 184 180 180 142 134 104 106 88 120 132 508 270 238 514 130 130 119 60 59 32 103 438 304 134 32 32 103 105 98 118 94 66 16 50 25 20 17 42 34 18 51 62 71 72 35 P+ 72° 77·2 72·8 64·2 100. 81. 50. 100. 121·6 31 30 70 65 94 123 51 35 85 38 190 21 M. Ad. 1,408 174 176 173 165 142 106 112 98 124 132 507 270 237 503 129 127 114 67 47 33 100 453 314 139 33 29 10 107 96 121 134 91 65 13 52 27 39 36 21 54 59 70 38 P 70° 80·1 80·7 69·5 87·9 92·3 51·9 103. 109·3 32 33 71 60 111 124 52 40 95 23 210 22 M. Ad. 1,500 194 189 190 132 135 113 112 95 126 131 532 283 249 523 137 129 120 64 56 64 36 101 437 298 137 36 33 95 100 93 112 127 91 69 18 51 23 37 35 32 72 71 34 C 78° 69·6 68. 70·4 91·7 94·6 45·1 94·1 32 26 62 55 93 120 47 31 81 31 185 23 M. Ad. 1,600 188 192 188 184 145 142 113 113 99 131 138 533 284 249 538 142 128 130 75 55 34 104 473 320 153 34 30 103 108 101 125 145 95 71 16 55 25 32 16 41 33 21 58 63 75 74 40 P+ 68° 74. 75·5 69·7 88·2 80·5 45·5 99. 118·9 24 M. Ad. 186 190 185 188 140 115 112 97 127 134 520 271 249 128 122 65 442 300 142 109 100 102 77 17 60 24 42 36 80 39 P+ 73·7 69·3 85·7 25 M. Ad. 1,675 203 206 203 197 141 150 114 125 103 135 143 570 310 260 562 143 132 140 90 50 37 110 463 320 143 37 31 104 113 106 125 145 102 72 21 51 27 25 22 42 31 27 54 70 74 73 38 P 72° 72·8 68·4 68·7 83·8 73·8 52·9 94·5 129·6 40 34 81 73 111 136 49 37 91 33 210 26 F. Ad. 1,220 172 173 170 172 138 130 104 106 90 117 485 265 220 486 117 115 113 58 55 37 104 427 290 137 37 29 96 98 90 110 128 94 69 17 52 24 28 18 40 34 19 45 59 72 70 34 P+ 73° 75·1 79·8 69·2 78·4 85. 46. 92·3 131·1 29 30 63 54 96 109 55 34 83 34 190 27 F. Ad. 1,290 173 173 170 163 132 131 101 106 93 118 488 264 224 483 125 119 106 66 40 35 98 428 290 138 35 29 92 99 91 113 126 84 60 12 48 21 40 38 16 47 63 70 70 30 P 72° 75·7 76·3 71. 82·9 95. 43·8 93·9 134. 28 25 52 50 94 121 49 35 87 37 194 28 F. Ad. 1,350 171 172 166 168 132 137 112 110 93 119 132 490 260 230 489 127 121 122 72 50 28 101 440 308 132 28 28 97 100 91 110 128 90 65 18 47 23 41 34 18 51 66 62 64 31 C 80° 79·7 76·7 67·9 100. 82·9 48·9 96. 129·4 29 F. Ad. 1,398 179 178 174 178 140 141 104 111 89 126 136 510 265 245 511 130 130 118 55 63 30 103 456 315 141 30 29 33 79·2 78·7 63·6 30 F. Ad. 1,183 168 172 170 167 134 130 97 105 88 116 124 478 263 215 485 131 118 108 61 47 29 99 430 295 135 29 26 95 94 87 103 121 91 63 16 47 21 23 13 37 35 18 47 54 67 67 29 P 73° 75·6 77·9 67·7 89·7 94·6 44·7 96. 114·9 31 F. Ad. 1,280 176 177 175 177 132 131 106 104 94 117 128 496 252 244 489 123 112 117 65 52 36 101 430 293 137 36 29 94 104 96 109 132 91 66 16 50 24 25 17 42 34 18 48 59 72 74 30 P+ 72° 74. 74·6 71·8 80·6 81. 48. 93·1 122·9 28 29 63 64 95 119 47 38 81 35 180 32 F. Ad. 1,280 180 181 180 181 130 134 103 106 86 118 129 500 267 233 500 120 115 129 65 64 33 103 425 290 135 33 30 98 99 91 112 123 89 61 16 45 23 38 31 20 49 62 73 71 29 C 73° 74. 71·8 64·2 90·9 81·6 51·1 95·1 126·5 33 F. Ad. 176 178 176 176 130 137 103 105 92 114 126 495 273 222 493 120 120 120 55 65 33 100 418 290 128 33 30 97 98 88 106 54 24 40 35 17 44 56 69 71 36 P 74° 77. 73. 67·2 90·9 87·5 44·4 97. 127·3 34 F. Ad. 178 179 162 138 109 111 92 124 132 503 287 216 121 120 122 85 37 290 97 37 77·7 66·7 35 F. Ad. 1,308 190 194 190 194 136 134 107 105 98 118 128 528 275 253 517 131 125 120 54 66 31 110 435 300 135 31 28 104 108 97 118 96 68 16 52 28 23 15 39 32 22 49 61 81 81 37 P+ 72° 69·1 70·1 73·1 90·3 82. 53·5 94·5 124·5 36 F. Ad. 1,212 174 176 173 176 132 130 98 104 97 117 126 490 258 232 482 120 120 104 50 54 37 101 414 281 133 37 29 95 102 91 113 130 82 60 13 47 23 37 30 20 48 55 70 68 37 P 70° 73·9 75. 74·6 78·4 81·1 48·9 114·6 37 F. Ag. 184 185 182 183 129 130 94 90 510 255 255 508 36 102 36 33 70·3 69·7 69·2 91·7 38 ? Ad. 1,318 174 177 175 174 128 140 100 100 87 119 130 493 269 224 489 130 117 114 63 51 34 94 420 290 130 34 29 96 97 89 105 124 96 68 16 52 23 24 14 38 33 19 53 59 67 66 32 P+ 70° 79·1 72·3 62·1 85·3 86·8 44·2 102·1 111·3 39 ? Ad. 1,228 163 166 168 161 132 142 102 88 125 486 264 222 479 131 107 116 77 39 32 93 443 311 132 32 29 95 94 86 94 69 46 56 36 P+ 85·5 79·5 62. 90·6 102·2 121·7 36 34 65 58 102 52 85 40 ? Ad. 177 178 175 172 138 137 104 100 91 121 130 500 268 232 501 130 120 118 70 48 33 100 437 297 140 33 29 101 P 77. 77·5 66·4 87·9 41 ? 11 1,585 179 179 176 158 138 144 102 117 92 121 132 510 271 239 502 131 127 112 82 30 36 96 439 311 128 36 32 93 95 84 104 120 85 65 15 50 25 28 17 41 33 17 45 62 70 71 32 C 74° 60·4 77·1 63·8 88·9 80·5 50. 96·9 137·8 42 ? 7 1,405 173 171 172 130 137 98 106 88 109 127 490 268 222 489 126 121 116 58 58 37 89 428 303 125 37 29 81 90 82 96 109 51 10 41 23 18 15 35 33 11 40 56 68 68 29 C 81° 79·2 75·1 64·2 78·4 94·3 56·1 91. 140. 43 ? 6 169 166 158 119 124 98 101 85 466 258 208 467 123 123 106 64 42 31 84 31 26 79 85 76 89 78 55 12 43 20 18 10 32 33 15 35 50 C 81° 73·4 70·4 68·5 83·9 103·1 46·5 94. 142·9 44 ? 5 166 162 160 123 127 101 101 86 105 117 486 248 220 471 122 123 109 60 49 30 87 390 273 117 30 30 79 88 79 94 106 69 54 15 39 18 18 14 33 32 16 37 51 59 59 29 C 83° 76·5 74·1 67·7 100. 97. 46. 90·8 137·8 25 20 49 45 81 99 42 33 65 27 150 45 ? 4 152 147 142 130 91 98 79 95 104 450 255 195 117 117 100 53 47 377 280 97 24 79 72 84 90 45 13 32 19 15 15 30 28 14 34 48 53 52 20 C 85·5 60·8 93·6 59·4 141·2 21 17 36 35 65 37 26 53 22 134

Table II.—Measurements and Indices of Skulls from the North Island. Diameters of Brain-case. Circumferences of Brain-cse. Foramen Magnum Diameters of Face. Diameters Indices. Lower Jaw. Longitudinal. Transverse. Horizontal. Median. Transverse. Transverse. Vertical. Of Nasal Region. Of Orbit Of Palate Height. Width. Sex. Age. Capacity in c.cs. Ophryo-occipital. Glabello-occipital. Nasio-occipital. Glabello-iniac. Basi-bregmatic Height. Maximum. Asterionic. Stephanic. Minimum Frontal. Biauricular. Temporal. Total. Post-auricular. Pre-auricular. Total. Frontal. Parietal. Occipital. Lambdo-iniac. Inio-opisthic. Length Foramen Magnum. Basion to Nasion. Total. Supra-auricular. Infra-auricular. Length. Width. Basi-alveolar Length. Biorbital, External. Biorbital, Internal. Bijugal. Bizygomatic. Ophryo-alveolar. Nasio-alveolar. Spino-alveolar. Nasio-spinal Height. Width Anterior Nares. Length Nasal Bones. Width Nasal Bones. Width. Height. Interorbital Distance. Length. Width. Auriculo-orbital Distance, Rig. Auriculo-orbital Distance, Lef Mastoid Height. Zygomatic Projection. Facial Angle. Cephalic. Vertical. Frontal. Of Foramen Magnum. Orbital. Nasal. Gnathic. Palato-maxillary. Symphysial. Molar. Coronoid. Condyloid. Bigonial. Bicondyloid. Bimental. Of Ramus. Gonio-symphysial Length. Condylo-coronoid Length. Bigoniac Curve A.—From the South-west Coast. 1 M. Ad. 1,608 186 190 185 190 146 143 110 110 93 127 133 530 294 236 539 138 137 120 65 55 36 108 467 317 150 36 32 101 111 101 125 143 98 70 16 54 25 27 20 42 35 21 54 64 70 71 43 P+ 69° 75·3 76·8 65 88·9 83·3 64·3 93·5 118·5 2 M. Ad. 1,535 178 181 178 170 137 144 110 115 93 120 134 514 284 230 511 130 134 112 71 41 36 99 447 315 132 36 32 93 101 92 110 129 99 74 20 54 23 28 14 40 37 18 50 62 67 67 44 P 70° 79·6 75·7 64·6 88·9 92·5 42·6 93·9 124 3 M. Ad. 182 182 177 182 142 141 110 111 95 126 132 515 264 551 515 140 120 118 65 53 36 101 458 316 142 36 29 100 104 96 121 137 52 25 41 34 21 51 64 72 74 P 74° 77·5 78. 67·4 80·6 82·9 48·2 99. 125·5 4 M. Ad. 1,600 193 194 187 190 144 139 114 111 95 129 134 537 292 245 536 132 146 115 62 53 35 108 448 315 143 35 35 106 107 100 122 143 101 75 21 54 27 24 40 35 23 54 68 73 73 46 P+ 74° 71·6 74·2 68·3 100. 87·5 50. 98·1 125·9 35 35 82 67 108 138 57 35 98 35 220 5 M. Ad. 1,460 184 186 182 184 144 135 104 109 97 124 130 516 263 253 532 141 130 119 69 50 37 105 451 304 147 37 31 94 107 99 117 137 100 75 17 58 28 27 19 42 33 20 54 70 71 70 41 P+ 70° 72·6 77·4 71·9 83·8 78·6 48·3 89·5 129·6 33 29 71 61 112 128 54 34 92 33 207 6 M. Ad. 1,550 185 187 184 183 140 138 106 111 95 120 130 520 274 246 523 135 128 117 57 60 37 106 445 310 135 37 31 102 108 99 115 132 103 77 21 56 26 29 19 42 37 24 58 67 69 70 35 P 71° 73·8 74·9 68·8 86·5 88·1 46·4 96·2 115·5 35 27 68 64 96 124 48 35 93 34 210 7 M. Ad. 1,455 181 184 180 178 132 140 111 108 91 120 132 513 275 238 504 125 132 110 61 49 35 102 437 302 135 35 31 109 100 118 132 51 25 28 15 42 34 20 70 73 42 P+ 70° 75·1 71·7 65. 88·7 81. 49. 8 M. Ad. 1,608 183 188 185 182 144 141 119 117 104 124 132 528 298 230 523 130 132 118 68 50 35 108 470 325 145 35 30 105 108 97 122 140 53 24 23 19 41 36 30 52 63 73 73 37 P 69° 75. 76·6 73·8 85·7 87·8 45·3 97·2 121·2 32 33 73 71 106 46 38 92 32 200 9 M. Ad. 1,580 184 185 181 184 140 139 113 112 97 123 130 522 290 232 528 130 130 127 70 57 38 103 455 310 145 38 32 96 105 94 117 134 96 72 17 55 27 25 17 38 35 19 52 60 68 69 43 P 71° 75·1 75·7 69·8 84·2 86·8 49·1 93·2 115·4 34 28 70 59 94 45 29 84 31 190 10 M. Ad 1,545 180 184 182 184 146 142 103 112 94 123 133 519 270 249 522 135 130 113 50 63 35 109 464 319 145 35 32 104 109 98 119 141 105 74 19 55 25 40 36 22 54 70 75 74 41 P+ 69° 77·2 79·3 66·2 91·4 90. 45·5 95·4 129·6 34 28 65 65 108 135 50 35 93 37 203 11 M. Ad. 1,550 181 182 180 178 140 138 112 114 98 120 133 520 273 247 513 130 130 110 60 50 37 107 442 310 132 37 35 100 105 96 116 134 94 72 17 55 24 26 25 40 38 32 48 62 72 73 38 P 75·8 76·9 71. 94·6 95. 43·6 93·5 129·2 30 70 60 100 122 48 36 92 22 207 12 F. Ad. 1,345 177 177 174 177 134 133 99 108 93 119 130 500 272 228 493 123 122 115 60 55 32 101 422 290 132 32 28 101 93 116 128 50 25 38 33 19 60 67 69 36 P+ 75·1 75·7 69·9 87·5 86·8 50. 13 ? Ad. 1,375 179 179 177 176 135 136 111 109 87 121 129 508 278 230 508 130 130 115 68 47 32 101 445 310 135 32 30 98 100 91 113 129 91 68 16 52 24 37 33 18 51 62 70 70 43 P 73° 76. 75·5 64. 93·8 89·2 46. 97. 121·6 27 30 71 61 102 120 49 31 77 32 175 14 ? Ad. 174 176 174 173 133 133 113 105 90 123 130 495 270 225 489 115 120 111 60 51 33 110 429 290 139 33 31 103 103 96 120 138 90 64 11 53 27 28 16 41 33 18 49 62 79 68 36 P+ 69° 75·5 75·6 67·7 93·9 80·5 50·9 93·6 126·5 30 29 65 75 103 126 46 35 80 34 184 15 10 1,295 163 164 163 152 128 133 95 104 90 106 118 471 262 209 472 118 129 106 63 43 31 88 404 285 119 31 27 84 92 83 97 109 81 58 13 45 19 21 13 36 34 17 42 54 60 62 C 75° 81·1 78. 67·7 87·1 94·4 42·2 95·4 128·6 B form the East Coast. 1 M. Ad. 195 196 192 192 151 144 110 114 98 122 543 300 243 552 135 145 129 70 59 34 109 470 320 150 34 31 105 108 98 120 140 98 73 18 55 26 26 18 43 33 21 58 62 70 71 42 P 72° 73·5 77. 68·1 91·2 76·7 47·3 96·3 106·9 2 M. Ad. 1,333 178 182 179 180 136 132 108 103 93 120 128 505 280 125 504 120 126 117 64 53 38 103 434 297 137 38 31 100 104 96 115 133 99 70 19 51 27 25 20 40 33 21 53 61 69 67 39 P+ 71° 72·5 74·7 70·5 81·6 82·5 52·9 97·1 115·1 34 27 62 63 104 123 46 33 87 36 190 3 M. Ad. 1,410 178 180 178 176 135 137 101 108 91 120 130 506 270 236 499 130 123 112 57 55 34 100 437 302 135 34 27 96 99 90 110 124 91 68 15 53 23 26 14 39 33 20 48 62 71 71 38 C 75° 76·1 75. 66·4 79·4 84·6 43·4 96. 129·2 4 M. Ag. 1,378 178 180 176 177 135 138 100 104 93 125 136 510 260 250 506 131 127 112 60 52 36 100 438 302 136 36 30 100 93 116 134 52 26 25 17 41 36 18 58 73 72 34 P+ 80° 76·7 75. 67·3 83·3 87·8 50. 5 M. Ad. 1,365 184 186 182 184 135 135 105 109 99 121 127 512 260 252 507 130 128 106 54 52 37 106 432 292 140 37 27 100 109 98 116 130 51 76 14 52 26 23 19 42 33 21 52 61 72 74 40 P 73° 72·6 72·6 73·3 73. 78·6 50. 94·3 117·3 6 M. Ag. 1,605 182 184 182 182 140 144 105 115 98 126 138 516 274 242 512 130 122 117 60 57 35 108 448 308 140 35 34 107 98 117 138 54 26 18 40 36 19 76 76 35 P+ 69° 78·3 76·1 68·1 97·1 90. 48·1 29 16 59 56 100 128 46 35 85 37 193 7 M. Ad. 1,565 183 185 179 180 144 138 111 113 98 123 134 520 283 237 523 136 137 113 65 48 38 99 453 313 140 38 34 108 97 42 34 20 67 P 74·6 77·8 71. 89·5 81. 8 F. Ad. 1,350 374 175 172 168 131 136 103 107 94 120 128 495 265 230 495 120 130 119 68 51 33 93 425 290 135 33 32 89 105 95 111 129 91 66 16 50 23 24 13 40 33 18 49 61 67 70 33 P 71° 77·7 74·9 69·1 97. 82·5 46. 95·7 124·5 30 28 60 54 89 117 46 34 79 27 185 9 F. Ad. 179 184 180 183 131 130 102 83 123 128 494 267 227 502 130 125 115 55 60 35 99 427 290 137 33 28 70·7 71·2 63·8 84·8 10 F. Ag. 177 177 176 176 130 129 105 104 94 505 505 130 130 110 60 50 35 100 436 295 141 35 30 72·9 73·4 68·2 85·7 C. From The Neighbourhood of Auckland and The bay of Islands. 1 M. Ag. 1,635 187 190 184 183 146 138 110 112 95 122 133 525 280 245 537 140 130 120 73 47 39 108 457 316 141 39 33 98 112 100 118 137 95 69 13 56 28 25 15 39 34 23 51 57 72 72 37 P 75° 72·6 76·8 68·8 84·6 87·2 50. 90·7 111·8 2 M. Ag. 1,588 192 196 193 185 138 140 110 107 94 127 139 534 295 245 530 237 50 35 109 450 305 145 35 33 101 109 100 122 141 102 70 15 55 26 46 38 20 51 64 73 72 43 p+ 72° 71·4 70·4 67·1 94·3 82·6 47·3 92·7 125·5 3 M. Ad. 179 181 180 172 135 143 117 107 91 123 134 512 277 235 510 135 128 112 69 43 33 102 456 315 141 33 31 106 101 93 117 139 91 68 13 55 27 24 16 40 36 20 55 61 73 70 34 p+ 67° 79. 74·6 63·6 93·9 90. 49·1 103·9 110·9 4 M. Ad. 1,345 174 174 177 174 134 132 105 105 99 117 129 500 258 242 496 132 108 115 70 45 34 107 423 290 133 34 28 95 170 98 119 138 101 73 17 56 23 24 12 41 39 20 48 61 69 67 44 P+ 71° 75·9 77. 75. 82·4 95·1 41·1 88·8 127·1 5 M. Ag. 1,488 183 186 180 180 135 143 108 113 93 122 132 524 287 237 511 138 125 144 67 47 34 100 445 310 135 34 28 101 101 92 117 137 95 68 18 50 26 25 15 38 32 22 68 68 39 P+ 70° 76·9 72·6 65. 82·4 84·2 52. 101 6 M. Ad. 1,450 189 190 186 184 128 138 109 106 90 125 134 528 278 250 520 132 132 123 66 57 32 101 436 292 144 32 30 103 100 91 119 134 55 28 40 32 19 53 65 73 72 P+ 70° 72·6 67·4 65·2 93·8 80. 50·9 102. 122·6 7 M. Ag. 1,460 190 190 184 190 140 137 107 111 95 130 138 532 267 265 526 135 130 121 65 56 36 104 449 303 146 36 31 97 108 98 122 55 25 42 36 19 50 61 74 74 43 P 76° 72·1 73·7 69·3 86·1 85·7 45·7 93·3 122. 37 27 71 58 103 132 53 35 89 39 200 8 F. Ad. 1,230 173 174 171 171 125 126 94 103 87 110 123 480 218 222 487 129 116 115 60 55 35 94 404 287 117 35 32 93 95 84 108 120 79 54 11 43 24 36 31 16 49 58 64 66 32 P 76° 72·4 71·8 69. 97. 86·1 55·8 98·9 118·4 9 F. Ad. 1,400 181 183 182 172 131 129 103 107 90 110 122 508 280 228 512 130 130 123 80 43 30 99 422 300 122 30 28 98 98 89 108 82 59 15 44 25 35 33 21 45 56 68 70 31 C 75° 70·5 71·6 69·8 93·3 94·3 56·8 99. 124·4 10 F. Ad. 1,280 177 178 175 175 131 105 99 86 121 125 495 261 234 484 120 120 108 60 48 35 101 416 280 136 35 28 102 100 90 113 131 85 66 16 50 28 21 14 38 33 20 49 57 72 73 74 P+ 74° 73·6 65·6 80. 86·8 56. 101. 106·3 11 F. Ag. 1,188 178 179 176 179 130 126 117 102 92 116 123 494 291 243 451 128 120 109 60 49 33 101 411 281 130 33 28 103 106 97 121 132 96 68 16 52 27 23 17 41 35 21 57 63 71 71 P+ 70° 70·4 72·6 73·6 84·8 85·4 51·9 103. 110·5 12 ? Ad. 1,235 184 184 180 180 134 132 105 100 88 119 130 510 266 244 507 130 118 124 74 50 33 102 424 292 132 33 27 96 96 89 112 127 50 24 21 16 39 33 17 46 59 72 73 38 P+ 74° 71·7 72·8 66·7 81·8 84·6 48. 94·1 128·3 13 5 167 163 163 130 98 83 115 116 116 74 72 83 78 92 72 51 11 40 20 16 12 33 31 16 35 52 C 81° 77·8 63·8 93·9 50. 148·6 22 20 44 48 72 90 41 30 62 23 140

Table III.—Measurements and Indices of Skulls from the Chatham Island. Diameters of Brain-case. Circumferences of Brain-cse. Foramen Magnum Diameters of Face. Diameters Indices. Lower Jaw. Longitudinal. Transverse. Horizontal. Median. Transverse. Transverse. Vertical. Of Nasal Region. Of Orbit Of Palate Height. Width. Sex. Age. Capacity in c.cs. Ophryo-occipital. Glabello-occipital. Nasio-occipital. Glabello-iniac. Basi-bregmatic Height. Maximum. Asterionic. Stephanic. Minimum Frontal. Biauricular. Temporal. Total. Post-auricular. Pre-auricular. Total. Frontal. Parietal. Occipital. Lambdo-iniac. Inio-opisthic. Length Foramen Magnum. Basion to Nasion. Total. Supra-auricular. Infra-auricular. Length. Width. Basi-alveolar Length. Biorbital, External. Biorbital, Internal. Bijugal. Bizygomatic. Ophryo-alveolar. Nasio-alveolar. Spino-alveolar. Nasio-spinal Height. Width Anterior Nares. Length Nasal Bones. Width Nasal Bones. Width. Height. Interorbital Distance. Length. Width. Auriculo-orbital Distance, Rig. Auriculo-orbital Distance, Lef Mastoid Height. Zygomatic Projection. Facial Angle. Cephalic. Vertical. Frontal. Of Foramen Magnum. Orbital. Nasal. Gnathic. Palato-maxillary. Symphysial. Molar. Coronoid. Condyloid. Bigonial. Bicondyloid. Bimental. Of Ramus. Gonio-symphysial Length. Condylo-coronoid Length. Bigoniac Curve 1. M. Ad. 1,390 171 178 176 170 134 139 107 104 85 122 134 139 107 104 85 122 134 500 277 223 493 120 125 115 65 50 35 98 437 295 138 35 32 92 103 91 116 135 102 74 18 56 25 37 38 21 48 60 73 68 42 P 66° 78·1 75·3 61·2 91·4 102·7 44·6 93·9 125. 2 M. Ad. 1,435 186 192 186 192 128 140 108 97 85 130 138 520 280 240 512 130 118 127 67 55 38 104 440 295 145 38 31 102 106 98 128 138 112 80 21 59 28 42 38 20 54 68 72 74 43 P+ 63° 72·8 60·7 81·6 90·5 47·5 98·1 125·9 3. M. Ad. 1,470 190 198 192 196 142 142 109 113 102 126 136 540 287 253 538 142 128 120 70 50 369 110 457 316 141 36 31 108 118 109 128 143 58 28 47 38 22 55 64 75 76 42 P 65° 71·7 71·7 71·8 86·1 80·8 48·3 98·2 116·4 4 M. Ad. 1,523 183 186 183 180 139 145 110 106 100 130 142 528 280 248 519 132 123 128 65 58 37 104 458 310 148 37 32 110 100 124 142 58 30 42 33 23 65 72 73 40 P 71° 78. 74·7 69. 86·5 78·6 51·7 5. M. Ad. 1,485 177 185 182 182 140 144 113 111 95 128 138 520 283 237 512 130 120 120 70 50 35 104 451 308 143 35 31 100 111 100 124 143 77 21 56 27 31 16 41 37 23 53 64 71 69 447 P 62° 77·8 75·7 66. 88·6 90·2 48·2 96·2 120·8 35 30 81 70 111 116 53 39 90 37 210 6. M. Ad. 1,475 181 186 183 182 134 140 107 102 90 124 134 518 285 513 128 122 121 70 51 36 106 435 300 135 36 29 104 108 100 118 133 102 74 17 57 27 33 17 41 37 24 58 69 69 68 38 P 65° 75·3 72. 64·3 80·6 90·2 47·4 98·1 119. 44 41 78 74 107 134 51 36 96 215 7. M. Ad. 1,285 175 185 181 177 130 140 112 100 90 132 138 505 274 231 498 135 105 115 70 45 36 107 445 298 147 36 27 106 110 103 126 140 108 79 19 60 27 25 19 42 40 22 57 68 71 72 45 P 63° 75·7 70·3 64·3 75. 95·2 45. 99·1 119·3 8. M. Ad. 1,380 177 182 180 173 140 144 108 110 91 125 138 518 292 226 516 128 112 139 100 39 32 105 457 318 139 32 30 104 106 98 119 134 103 75 21 54 25 29 19 40 35 23 60 70 67 67 46 P 68° 79·1 76·9 63·2 93·8 87·5 46·3 99. 116·7 39 37 80 71 99 114 52 35 90 29 202 9 M. Ad. 202 208 206 194 144 146 115 116 103 134 140 560 317 243 564 138 142 128 90 38 40 116 465 320 145 40 34 107 117 108 129 147 107 79 18 61 27 28 16 46 40 23 55 69 73 74 44 P 70° 70·2 69·2 70·5 85. 87. 44·3 92·2 125·5 33 30 76 64 113 128 51 40 95 29 200 10 M. Ad. 1,370 180 186 184 177 134 139 107 112 100 121 132 520 285 240 511 130 120 70 50 30 101 446 304 142 30 28 104 106 93 118 135 107 79 24 55 25 37 35 23 56 67 69 69 43 P 64° 74·7 72. 71·9 93·3 94·6 45·5 103. 119·6 11 M. Ad. 1,590 191 198 195 196 132 150 107 109 98 138 143 550 300 250 532 139 131 125 60 65 34 103 459 310 149 34 31 101 105 96 124 144 110 80 21 59 29 43 37 18 54 67 74 73 39 P 67° 75·8 66·7 65·3 91·2 86. 49·2 98·1 124·1 12 M. Ad. 1,290 174 181 179 176 128 138 99 104 94 125 136 500 273 227 493 125 115 119 62 57 34 100 435 295 140 34 27 96 108 101 119 133 58 27 31 16 43 37 20 52 62 72 69 40 P 63° 76·2 70·7 68·1 79·4 86. 46·5 96. 119·2 13 M. Ad. 1,463 177 184 181 176 137 144 108 109 92 127 137 520 290 230 514 132 122 121 80 41 37 101 454 305 149 37 29 103 102 93 118 142 95 68 18 50 25 24 16 41 35 19 53 65 71 71 42 P 68° 78·3 74·5 63·9 78·4 85·4 50. 102. 122·6 14 M. Ad. 1,415 173 176 175 172 140 143 105 109 88 130 137 507 283 224 508 122 121 127 76 51 38 100 454 312 142 38 28 94 100 90 101 96 71 16 55 26 26 16 38 36 19 52 64 70 68 39 P 68° 81·3 79·5 61·5 73·7 94·7 47·3 94. 123·1 15 M. Ad. 1,490 184 186 182 182 175 145 108 119 95 120 138 526 280 246 521 130 124 132 86 46 36 99 497 316 181 36 34 96 106 99 120 94 67 17 50 25 23 14 42 36 22 53 60 70 69 38 P 72° 78. 71·5 65·5 94·4 85·7 50. 97. 113·2 16. M. Ad. 1,418 176 185 183 176 132 142 118 95 81 125 137 520 290 230 500 120 100 138 85 53 38 104 500 300 136 38 33 96 108 101 121 134 98 72 18 59 27 45 36 20 51 59 70 71 33 P 66° 76·8 71·4 57. 86·8 80. 45·8 92·3 115·7 17 M. Ad. 1,510 188 194 190 184 138 148 115 115 104 135 140 535 300 235 523 124 120 137 84 53 36 106 447 300 147 36 33 100 122 109 129 147 102 74 17 57 25 26 15 46 40 24 53 67 67 68 44 P 66° 76·3 71·1 70·3 91·7 87. 43·8 94·3 126·4 35 36 82 69 110 126 54 34 91 29 210 18 M. Ad. 1,580 184 190 188 180 142 142 113 106 98 131 140 525 282 243 526 135 115 127 80 47 38 111 465 318 147 38 35 106 106 96 121 144 108 79 18 61 26 27 16 42 36 20 59 70 77 76 40 P 68° 74·4 74·7 69. 92·1 85·7 42·6 95·5 118·6 35 38 79 66 108 133 54 38 95 37 224 19 M. Ad. 1,620 192 198 198 192 139 143 120 106 92 128 138 545 545 312 233 534 130 130 125 70 55 37 112 452 305 147 37 34 107 115 108 125 144 115 85 21 64 28 32 18 43 40 20 55 73 75 76 42 P 68° 72·2 70·2 64·3 91·9 43·8 95·5 132·8 32 32 70 62 95 115 51 36 88 37 206 20 M. Ad. 1,440 184 182 139 141 114 110 99 129 136 530 278 252 516 130 120 124 70 54 36 104 456 310 146 36 35 105 97 124 145 105 79 20 59 25 26 18 41 37 20 56 66 74 72 36 P 71° 70·1 97·2 90·2 42·4 101. 117·9 36 34 79 71 108 126 56 41 95 31 220 21 M. Ag. 181 187 186 183 134 148 111 93 123 535 290 245 518 128 122 124 80 44 40 104 449 310 139 40 37 103 107 97 124 142 97 74 14 60 26 27 42 37 19 52 62 73 74 39 P 67° 79·1 71·7 62·8 92·5 88·1 43·3 99. 119·2 22 M. Ad. 1,512 179 181 176 181 142 141 104 106 94 126 132 510 267 243 514 136 132 105 52 53 39 102 455 312 143 39 33 97 106 97 122 141 108 78 22 56 25 24 14 41 36 19 53 67 71 71 35 P 72° 77·9 78·5 66·6 84·6 87·8 44·6 95·1 126·4 39 30 72 68 114 133 51 37 96 36 210 23 M. Ad. 1,650 186 190 190 181 138 145 117 114 96 132 142 538 292 246 528 140 130 121 70 51 34 103 463 320 143 34 32 105 107 99 124 144 98 76 14 62 28 26 19 44 37 16 55 71 72 71 43 P 64° 76·3 72·6 66·2 94·1 84. 45·2 101·9 129·1 24 M. Ad. 1,550 189 192 188 183 130 146 117 122 98 128 140 540 288 252 521 138 122 125 75 50 32 104 460 318 142 32 31 103 106 98 119 109 83 23 60 27 28 17 42 37 23 58 67 71 169 43 P 70° 76. 67·7 67·1 96·9 88·1 45·0 99. 115·5 37 30 75 63 109 118 51 34 90 36 205 25 M. Ad. 1,500 177 180 176 173 136 144 99 121 94 127 137 520 274 246 506 130 120 125 80 45 33 101 462 320 142 33 32 108 109 99 121 139 102 79 23 56 23 30 16 41 35 23 56 67 69 70 40 P 67° 80. 75·6 65·3 97. 85·4 41·1 102. 119·6 42 30 71 71 113 121 51 37 89 34 200 26 M. Ag. 192 198 196 196 140 111 100 126 544 144 128 125 68 57 35 112 485 328 157 35 32 107 108 102 119 86 17 69 31 45 43 25 57 70 72 46 P 65° 70·7 91·4 96. 44·9 95·5 122·8 27 M. Ad. 1,490 180 184 178 179 137 138 113 105 90 122 132 513 277 236 521 134 130 122 76 46 33 102 447 310 137 33 31 100 104 92 118 134 96 69 16 53 25 22 16 39 35 21 50 61 67 68 34 P 70° 75. 74·5 65·2 93·9 89·7 47·2 98. 122. 28 M. Ad. 1,375 180 183 183 169 127 141 113 114 90 122 131 512 286 226 502 126 127 117 67 50 34 98 437 295 138 34 28 96 103 95 115 130 59 25 26 15 38 36 19 49 54 68 68 35 P 66° 77. 69·4 63·8 82·4 94·7 42·4 98. 110. 29 M. Ad. 1,380 176 178 176 171 137 135 107 108 94 125 131 503 271 232 498 122 128 113 60 53 35 100 443 300 148 35 27 100 104 94 115 134 99 74 22 52 25 25 16 39 35 20 54 64 69 68 36 P 69° 75·8 77. 69·6 77·1 89·7 48·2 100. 118·5 30 32 71 60 94 126 50 40 93 34 210 30 M. Ad. 1,338 173 177 175 170 133 138 104 107 87 126 132 500 279 231 490 119 121 115 65 50 35 100 434 290 144 35 27 97 104 97 117 134 106 73 14 59 31 27 17 40 37 18 53 64 69 69 41 P 68° 78. 75·1 68. 77·1 92·5 52·7 97. 120·8 31 M. Ad. 1,370 176 178 176 178 128 138 108 108 95 123 130 503 265 238 489 122 118 116 50 66 34 99 427 292 135 34 29 100 102 91 116 131 91 67 17 50 26 23 16 38 31 19 52 61 70 70 32 P 70° 77·5 71·9 69·6 85·8 81·6 52. 101. 117·3 32 M. Ad. 1,400 181 186 185 176 132 136 106 105 98 118 130 515 283 232 504 129 121 120 70 50 34 100 434 298 139 34 27 102 107 97 118 134 99 73 15 58 23 41 36 19 70 71 38 P 65° 73·1 71. 72·1 79·4 87·8 39·6 102. 33 F. Ad. 1,358 171 175 174 168 132 139 110 105 96 126 132 500 280 220 486 124 114 115 67 48 33 100 428 288 140 33 29 92 103 92 115 132 52 25 25 17 40 37 19 48 53 66 66 37 P 69° 79·4 75·4 69·1 87·9 92·5 48·2 92. 110·4 34 F. Ad. 1,300 172 176 174 162 128 136 109 103 88 118 128 490 282 208 480 119 122 110 61 49 34 95 410 280 130 34 32 93 99 90 108 123 85 62 14 48 24 21 16 37 34 17 48 59 62 64 38 P 70° 77·3 72·7 64·7 94·1 91·9 50. 97·9 122·9 35 F. Ad. 1,255 166 170 170 168 128 133 98 105 88 118 129 485 255 230 480 124 116 109 66 43 30 101 439 306 133 30 29 100 105 95 118 132 100 79 23 56 26 26 16 40 35 20 51 62 68 69 39 P 68° 78·2 75·3 66·2 96·7 87·5 46·4 99. 121·6 31 25 72 64 103 118 49 38 89 28 200 36 F. Ag. 175 177 177 167 123 137 100 104 97 118 131 500 270 230 482 120 112 118 73 45 33 99 323 293 130 33 27 95 102 92 111 125 91 67 14 53 23 39 37 19 47 57 68 68 32 P 70° 77·4 69·5 70·8 81·8 94·9 42·6 96. 114·9 32 28 63 54 99 50 35 87 190 37 F. Ad. 1,235 172 176 176 165 130 134 100 96 86 120 132 491 270 221 482 120 108 122 77 45 38 97 423 290 133 35 28 96 100 91 112 129 51 27 37 35 20 48 60 68 70 39 P 70° 76·1 73·9 64·9 80. 94·6 52·9 99. 125. 38 F. Ad. 1,185 167 170 169 165 123 130 99 96 86 113 125 480 265 215 468 113 121 104 56 48 33 97 402 272 130 33 27 91 103 97 113 128 96 66 13 53 25 25 15 40 38 19 48 63 64 64 35 P 69° 76·5 72·4 66·2 81·8 95. 47·2 93·8 131·3 39 F. Ad. 1,325 175 177 176 172 126 132 104 102 96 116 124 492 273 219 483 117 119 112 72 40 34 101 406 281 125 34 29 103 100 91 111 123 87 63 17 46 23 20 16 40 34 17 51 60 65 67 32 P 72° 74·6 71·2 72·7 85·3 85. 50. 102. 117·6 40 ? Ad. 1,318 177 179 178 170 131 138 109 106 88 121 131 504 284 220 495 117 123 118 80 38 33 104 433 300 133 33 31 100 103 94 113 127 93 70 19 51 24 24 16 40 35 19 53 63 65 66 38 P 72° 77·1 73·2 63·7 93·9 87·5 47·1 96·2 118·9 41 ? Ad. 1,350 174 177 176 173 133 135 106 110 93 117 132 500 270 230 494 125 120 112 57 55 39 98 427 300 127 39 37 97 104 94 115 129 87 64 13 51 26 26 14 39 35 19 48 ? 69 68 32 P 69° 76·3 75·1 68·9 94·9 89·7 51. 99. 42 ? Ad. 1,295 177 179 177 177 127 128 104 104 94 118 123 496 270 226 491 125 115 120 70 50 36 95 412 280 132 36 28 98 102 93 113 123 90 67 16 48 25 39 33 18 48 62 65 65 38 P 68° 71·5 70·9 73·4 78. 84·6 52·1 96·9 129·1 43 ? 8 1,340 172 170 154 129 135 105 104 85 117 128 490 283 207 474 118 117 120 70 50 35 89 422 295 127 35 30 79 94 85 101 113 45 21 35 34 18 37 55 62 61 C 78° 78·5 75. 63. 85·7 97·1 46·7 88·8 152·4 44 ? 7 1,188 164 162 153 122 131 96 100 87 110 125 464 263 201 465 120 100 119 75 44 34 92 414 290 124 34 31 84 93 86 76 54 12 42 23 20 16 36 34 18 38 56 61 C 76° 79·9 79·9 74·4 66·4 91·2 94·4 54·8 80·4 147·4 45 ? 7 1,545 179 176 175 130 144 110 113 93 117 133 512 285 227 497 125 127 116 63 53 35 94 436 310 126 35 32 90 95 87 104 115 78 58 15 43 23 20 15 38 34 18 45 61 60 61 27 C 79° 80·4 72·6 64·6 91·4 89·5 53·5 94·7 135·6 26 21 52 46 84 45 30 70 24 164 46 ? 6 172 170 129 139 104 111 88 117 85 40 36 80 91 83 98 109 55 10 45 22 33 33 18 40 55 60 59 80·8 75. 63·3 90. 100. 48·9 94·1 137·5 47 M. Ad. 1,348 178 180 178 173 133 138 104 114 100 116 130 510 270 240 507 125 114 128 864 234 106 441 310 131 34 32 102 109 100 18 130 102 77 22 55 24 28 17 42 37 23 55 61 69 71 35 P 72° 76·7 73·9 72·5 94·1 88·1 43·6 96·2 110·9 37 28 68 59 100 123 48 33 80 32 188 48 M. Ad. 1,420 181 184 181 174 133 138 116 103 89 116 126 502 282 220 505 120 130 125 72 53 34 96 421 29 130 34 29 99 102 96 110 124 97 68 18 50 22 27 17 40 37 19 53 63 63 66 36 P 68° 75. 72·3 64·5 85·3 92·5 44. 103·1 118·9 32 28 61 52 95 113 52 34 87 26 208 49 ? 14 1,448 176 178 177 171 137 138 105 112 93 117 130 498 280 218 511 125 125 114 60 54 37 100 429 302 127 37 27 89 100 91 108 120 100 71 18 53 22 27 14 39 35 19 47 62 65 65 35 C 72° 77·5 77. 67·4 73. 89·7 41·5 89. 131·9 32 25 54 51 94 104 47 32 80 30 175 50 ? 14 169 171 170 152 124 128 99 106 118 475 274 201 474 120 120 108 70 38 35 91 397 280 117 35 34 88 109 85 64 16 48 20 35 34 16 47 56 61 61 27 C 72° 74·9 72·5 97·1 97·1 41·7 96·7 119·1 27 23 56 54 85 105 47·31 75 28 170

Table IV. Measurements and Indices of Vertebral Columns. A. Maorl. B.—Moriorl I. (Male). II. (Male). III. (Male). IV. (Male). V. (Male). VI. (Male). VII. (Male). VIII. (Female). IX. (Female). X. (Female). XI. (Female). XII. (Female). XIII. (Female). I. (Male). II. (Male). III. (Male). IV. (Female). Diameters. Diameters. Diameters. Diameters. Diameters. Diameters. Diameters. Diameters. Diameters. Diameters. Diameters. Diameters. Diameters. Diameters. Diameters. Diameters. Diameters. — Vertical. Horizontal. Vertical. Horizontal. Vertical. Horizontal. Vertical. Horizontal. Vertical. Horizontal. Vertical. Horizontal. Vertical. Horizontal. Vertical. Horizontal. Vertical. Horizontal. Vertical. Horizontal. Vertical. Horizontal. Vertical. Horizontal. Vertical. Horizontal. Vertical. Horizontal. Vertical. Horizontal. Vertical. Horizontal. Vertical. Horizontal. Anterior. Posterior. Transverse. Sagittal. Vertical Index. Anterior. Posterior. Transverse. Sagittal. Vertical Index. Anterior. Posterior. Transverse. Sagittal. Vertical Index. Anterior. Posterior. Transverse. Sagittal. Vertical Index. Anterior. Posterior. Transverse. Sagittal. Vertical Index. Anterior. Posterior. Transverse. Sagittal. Vertical Index. Anterior. Posterior. Transverse. Sagittal. Vertical Index. Anterior. Posterior. Transverse. Sagittal. Vertical Index. Anterior. Posterior. Transverse. Sagittal. Vertical Index. Anterior. Posterior. Transverse. Sagittal. Vertical Index. Anterior. Posterior. Transverse. Sagittal. Vertical Index. Anterior. Posterior. Transverse. Sagittal. Vertical Index. Anterior. Posterior. Transverse. Sagittal. Vertical Index. Anterior. Posterior. Transverse. Sagittal. Vertical Index. Anterior. Posterior. Transverse. Sagittal. Vertical Index. Anterior. Posterior. Transverse. Sagittal. Vertical Index. Anterior. Posterior. Transverse. Sagittal. Vertical Index. Cervical 2 20 17 19 16 23 19 20 17 18 15 18 16 19 16 20 16 19 18 20 18 " 3 16 15 24 19 14 14 25 17 12 13 25 18 13 15 24 18 7 6 20 16 12 12 20 17 12 13 21 16 12 12 23 18 15 15 21 18 13 15 22 18 " 4 14 15 25 18 12 13 28 17 12 13 25 18 13 13 8 7 21 16 12 12 21 16 12 14 22 16 11 12 24 16 14 14 23 18 13 14 22 17 " 5 14 15 24 19 11 12 29 16 12 13 27 17 12 13 8 8 23 16 11 12 21 15 12 13 23 16 10 12 28 19 14 15 25 19 13 14 23 17 " 6 14 15 28 19 10 12 27 17 13 13 29 18 12 13 29 17 6 8 26 17 10 12 24 16 13 13 25 16 11 12 23 18 15 15 28 21 13 14 27 18 " 7 16 15 28 17 13 15 29 14 15 34 19 15 15 32 17 8 9 29 17 12 12 26 15 14 15 27 15 13 13 31 16 16 15 29 20 14 15 31 18 Dorsal 1 17 19 32 17 17 15 17 36 19 17 18 35 18 15 17 31 19 14 15 29 16 15 16 31 15 16 18 33 18 15 16 33 16 17 18 38 18 17 17 17 31 21 15 16 33 19 " 2 18 18 31 18 17 17 39 21 18 18 34 19 15 16 29 17 17 18 29 17 17 18 31 19 17 17 32 17 20 20 35 20 18 19 18 33 22 17 17 32 19 " 3 19 19 32 19 18 18 30 20 18 19 34 23 19 19 33 20 18 18 29 21 16 17 28 19 18 18 27 18 20 20 34 22 16 18 30 19 19 19 32 24 19 18 30 21 " 4 20 19 31 22 18 18 28 20 17 19 34 25 19 20 31 23 18 18 29 22 18 18 27 21 17 18 26 20 17 18 30 19 20 21 33 23 17 18 28 20 20 19 32 25 19 19 29 22 " 5 20 20 31 25 18 18 29 22 17 20 34 26 20 21 31 25 18 18 28 24 19 19 25 22 18 19 28 21 18 19 29 21 17 18 29 21 20 21 33 25 18 18 28 22 20 21 31 27 19 20 29 23 " 6 20 21 33 27 19 19 30 24 18 20 35 27 21 23 32 25 19 19 28 26 19 19 27 23 19 26 28 22 19 20 29 22 18 18 28 22 20 22 34 27 18 19 28 24 20 22 33 28 19 21 30 24 " 7 20 22 34 27 19 20 31 26 19 20 39 30 21 23 33 27 19 19 29 27 20 20 29 25 18 20 29 22 19 20 22 24 19 20 30 23 21 23 35 29 19 20 30 26 20 22 35 29 20 21 31 26 " 8 21 22 36 28 22 21 32 28 20 20 41 31 22 23 34 28 20 20 31 28 21 21 30 25 20 21 31 24 19 20 33 25 20 21 32 26 22 23 37 30 19 20 33 27 21 22 27 31 21 21 31 28 " 9 21 22 40 30 21 22 35 29 20 21 44 33 24 22 36 29 20 21 34 28 21 21 33 28 20 21 32 25 20 21 34 26 21 21 36 27 22 23 39 31 20 21 37 28 21 23 37 32 22 22 32 29 " 10 21 23 43 31 22 23 39 29 20 22 48 35 24 24 40 30 20 22 37 29 21 23 36 29 20 22 35 26 19 21 37 30 19 21 38 27 21 21 40 28 23 24 45 32 21 24 40 28 22 23 41 33 23 23 37 30 " 11 21 24 48 32 22 25 42 30 21 24 49 36 24 27 42 30 20 25 41 32 22 24 39 30 21 24 38 28 20 23 39 31 20 23 40 28 22 24 43 29 24 29 49 33 22 25 43 29 23 25 46 35 24 28 41 32 " 12 24 27 48 33 25 28 43 30 22 27 52 37 26 30 44 31 21 28 48 38 23 27 43 34 23 26 43 31 22 36 40 28 24 25 42 31 23 26 43 28 24 26 45 30 26 31 51 35 24 27 46 31 24 27 49 35 25 31 47 38 Lumbar 1 24 30 49 35 125. 26 31 47 33 119·2 23 27 54 39 117·4 26 30 48 34 115·5 20 25 45 35 125. 18 26 51 34 144·4 17 28 48 37 164·7 24 28 44 37 116·7 23 27 46 31 117·4 22 28 44 32 127·2 25 26 44 31 104. 15 25 45 30 166·7 26 32 53 38 23·1 24 27 47 32 112·5 24 29 51 39 120·8 27 31 49 40 114·8 " 2 25 30 51 36 120. 26 29 52 33 111·5 25 26 56 40 104. 25 30 50 32 120. 22 25 48 35 113·6 22 27 53 36 122·7 21 28 51 38 133·3 26 28 46 37 107·7 23 27 50 33 117·4 24 28 46 33 116·7 24 26 47 33 108·3 24 28 47 32 116·7 28 32 57 40 114·3 24 27 50 112·5 25 30 54 42 120. 28 31 51 39 110·7 " 3 26 30 53 37 115·4 27 28 56 35 103·7 25 25 58 41 100. 26 27 52 38 103·8 24 25 51 35 104·2 24 27 55 37 112·5 23 27 54 39 117·4 26 26 49 38 100. 23 26 50 34 113. 25 28 49 31 112. 25 25 49 100. 25 27 50 24 108. 29 30 59 41 103·4 24 25 34 104·2 24 29 57 42 120·8 29 30 55 39 103·4 " 4 26 29 57 38 111·5 25 25 56 37 100. 26 22 58 39 84·6 26 24 58 39 92·3 24 24 52 37 100. 25 23 57 39 92. 24 24 59 41 100. 28 25 52 38 89·3 24 24 52 36 100. 27 27 52 35 100. 25 23 50 36 92. 25 26 54 35 104. 26 22 52 33 84·6 30 28 60 42 93·3 25 23 55 35 92 24 27 58 41 112·5 30 28 56 39 93·3 " 5 26 25 56 40 96·2 25 23 57 37 92. 28 22 55 35 78·6 26 24 92·3 25 22 62 36 88. 24 20 58 38 83·3 25 21 58 37 84. 28 22 52 38 78·6 25 21 50 35 84. 28 23 54 35 28·1 25 23 52 36 92. 26 24 58 35 92·3 25 22 45 35 88. 29 26 58 40 89·7 26 21 54 33 80·8 25 24 58 40 96. 31 26 54 39 83·9 Sacrum, Lgth. 106 106 97 101 113 103 107 107 114 85 104 93 108 120 " Arc 111 113 111 108 120 114 113 113 116 97 118 103 110 129 " Bdth. 110 119 123 108 110 108 120 125 124 124 123 101 112 108 114 127 Cervico-vertebral index 101·3 110. 106·3 106·2 102·7 105·3 107·9 107. 100. 115·8 Dorso-vertebral index 106·3 104·5 111·6 105·1 105·7 104·4 108. 104·3 107·8 104·9 106·6 Lumbo-vertebral index 113·4 105·4 95·3 104·7 105·2 108·8 116·4 97·7 105·9 106·3 99·2 113. 104·2 100. 113·9 100·7 Sacral index 103·7 112·3 126·8 108·9 106·2 121·4 115·9 115·9 107·9 118·8 107·7 116·1 105·6 105·8

Table V.—Meaurements and Indices of Pelver A. Maori Indices. Sex. Breadth of Pelvis. Between Ant.-sup. Hiac Spines. Between Post.-sup. Iliac Spines. Height of Pelvis. Between Ischial Tubers., Ext. Surf. Between Ischial Spines. Breadth of Sacrum. Length of Sacrum. Length of Sacral Arc. Pubo-ischiatic Depth. Depth of Symphysis. Transverse Diameter of Brim. Sagittal Diameter of Brim. Transverse Diameter of Outlet. Sagittal Diameter of Outlet. Subpubic Angle. Height of Acetabulum. Breadth of Acetabulum. Height of Obturator Foramen. Breadth of Obturator Foramen. Interobturator Width. Breadth of Innominate Bone. Breadth of Ilium. Breadth-height Index. Index of Brim. Index of Cavity. Sacral Index. Obturator Index. 1 M. 266 288 77 219 125 119 106 113 102 36 127 104 78 118 45° 59 56 57 35 43 170 152 82·3 81·9 80·3 111·3 61·4 2 M. 245 260 73 207 164 110 106 111 101 37 123 102 110 106 80° 56 53 54 33 54 180 163 84·5 82·9 82·1 103·7 61·1 3 M. 254 212 75 206 132 75 110 101 108 85 35 111 96 83 98 70° 53 50 45 27 49 161 147 81·1 86·5 76·6 108·9 60. 4 M. 255 219 71 200 130 109 107 114 87 30 113 90 82 95 60° 51 49 50 31 39 157 148 78·4 79·6 77. 101·9 62. 5 M. 265 212 211 155 108 102 37 114 92 102 65° 53 51 54 36 46 153 168 79·6 80·7 89·5 66·7 6 M. 285 240 91 215 144 123 97 111 103 41 120 106 93 108 60° 57 57 53 32 53 187 147 75·4 88·3 85·8 126·8 60·4 7 M. 266 230 72 216 147 108 100 37 123 111 101 65° 51 51 53 35 47 169 163 81·2 90·2 81·3 66. 8 M. 265 225 66 232 145 86 120 113 120 100 34 122 112 102 117 65° 54 54 57 37 47 169 171 80. 91·8 82. 106·2 64·9 9 M. 243 198 60 207 140 109 107 118 98 34 109 95 90 109 60° 53 53 54 43 48 173 156 85·2 87·2 89·9 101·9 57·4 10 M. 270 211 217 154 89 117 106 115 103 42 121 104 100 109 63° 53 54 52 35 31 188 167 85·4 92·2 85·1 110·4 67·3 11 M. 118 110 122 107·3 12 F. 258 220 75 206 144 85 117 93 106 96 36 117 107 100 125 70° 48 48 55 46 50 177 156 79·8 91·5 82. 125·8 83·6 13 F. 275 235 203 170 103 118 93 107 94 40 134 94 121 110 85° 47 47 54 35 59 176 155 73·8 70·1 70·1 126·9 64·8 14 F. 258 227 92 201 154 115 101 109 92 38 125 108 112 114 85° 48 48 49 35 57 183 156 77·9 86·4 73·6 113·9 71·4 15 F. 259 228 90 203 150 119 103 112 96 36 130 120 107 138 70° 48 48 50 35 53 187 162 78·4 92·3 73·8 115·5 70. 16 F. 245 205 110 208 163 107 123 91 107 92 36 122 122 120 136 90° 52 50 48 37 57 191 159 85. 100. 75·4 132·2 77·1 17 F. 255 200 87 191 155 100 124 107 113 84 35 130 117 116 128 80° 48 48 53 39 53 161 148 74·9 90. 71·9 115·9 73·6 18 F. 290 220 76 198 160 125 103 114 88 33 136 113 116 116 85° 50 50 50 35 61 176 155 68·3 83·1 64·7 121·4 70. 19 F. 252 203 77 205 156 125 94 106 92 36 130 107 112 121 80° 49 47 49 37 54 172 153 81·3 82·3 70·8 115·9 75·5 20 F. 261 196 172 123 114 116 94 37 128 131 128 137 90° 49 49 50 34 59 75·1 102·3 73·4 107·9 68. 21 F. 255 226 77 203 164 118 109 113 90 35 126 110 123 109 85° 47 47 48 33 61 107 153 79·6 87·3 71·4 108·3 68·8 22 F. 273 226 100 200 157 110 128 112 118 94 36 128 100 111 128 70° 51 51 51 33 54 183 160 73·3 78·1 73·4 114·3 64·7 23 F. 243 210 90 197 148 120 121 125 86 32 122 117 105 108 90° 48 49 45 34 58 178 148 81·8 95·9 70·5 99·2 75·6 24 F. 251 214 193 162 121 109 116 91 38 127 111 114 122 85° 47 48 43 33 62 148 76·9 87·4 71·7 111. 76·7 25 F. 246 208 92 199 169 125 111 111 91 32 130 108 113 128 85° 49 49 49 31 60 172 149 85·9 83·1 70. 123·8 63·3 26 F. 117 96 107 121·9 B. Moriori. 1 M. 251 187 72 202 133 108 93 103 96 38 115 97 88 111 50° 52 50 60 34 37 175 151 80·5 84·3 83·4 116·8 56·7 2 M. 268 223 56 206 138 83 114 108 110 98 33 124 91 91 113 50° 52 52 57 38 39 154 158 76·9 73·4 79. 105·6 66·7 3 F. 269 238 80 215 169 127 120 129 91 130 106 120 113 100° 49 49 51 39 60 153 79·9 81·5 70. 105·8 76·5

Table VI.—Measurements and Indices of Limb-Bones. A. (Maori). Clavicle Suapula Humerus Radius Unna Femur. Tibia. Fibula. Indices. Length. Length. Breadth. Length. Length. Length. Lengths. Diameters of Shaft. Lengths. Diameter of Shaft. Length. Femoral. of Platy-cnemis. Scapular Claviculo-Humeral. Radio-Humeral. Tibio-Femoral. Humero-Femoral. Inter-membral. Total Infra-spinous. Max. To Base of Styloid. Maximum. Oblique. Upper Third. Middle. Max. To Base of Malleolus. Ant. Post. Trans. Upper Fourth of Shaft. Middle of Shaft. Scapular. Infra-spinous. Total. Troch. Total. Troch. Ant Post. Trans. Ant.Post. Trans. R. L. R. L. R. L. R. L. R. L. R. L. R. L. R. L. R. L. R. L. R. L. R. L. R. L. R. L. R. L. R. L. R. L. R. L. R. L. R. L. R. L. R. L. R. L. R. L. R. L. R. L. R. L. R. L. R. L. R. L. R. L. 1 M. 161 162 173 124 124 111 112 321 321 256 255 284 284 279 279 437 442 420 424 435 439 411 413 24 23 38 37 30 31 26 26 363 363 348 347 41 40 24 23 362 362 63·2 62·2 115·4 119·2 58·5 57·5 64·7 89·5 90·3 50·2 50·5 79·8 79·4 83·1 82·1 73·5 72·6 72·1 71·5 2 M. 130 134 147 150 114 116 96 99 310 305 246 243 273 269 267 262 413 415 398 398 407 412 384 390 212 21 32 32 27 27 23 23 349 348 335 333 34 34 26 24 335 335 65·6 65·6 117·4 117·4 76·5 70·6 65·3 66. 84·2 85·3 41·9 43·9 79·4 79·7 84·5 83·9 77·5 75·9 73. 71·8 3 M. 142 152 168 171 128 132 105 106 338 334 263 262 284 284 281 280 454 460 437 442 451 452 425 423 23 23 34 35 31 31 24 24 389 392 373 378 37 38 20 22 375 373 67·6 65·4 129·2 129·2 54. 57·8 62·5 62. 82. 80·3 42. 45·5 77·8 78·4 85·7 85·2 74·4 72·6 71·3 70. 4 M. 146 154 164 164 134 130 97 100 324 318 256 257 282 280 277 275 439 443 423 426 435 437 412 414 21 21 35 35 31 30 25 24 371 374 357 361 35 36 42 23 355 357 60. 60. 124. 125. 62·9 63·9 59·1 60·9 72·4 76·9 45·1 48·4 79. 80·8 84·5 84·4 73·8 74. 71·6 70·4 5 M. 146 145 314 314 239 238 262 258 258 256 450 448 430 431 445 443 417 418 22 23 35 35 29 28 24 25 358 355 343 340 35 35 25 23 348 347 62·9 654 120·8 112. 71·4 65·4 46·5 46·2 76·8 75·8 79·6 79·2 69·8 70·1 68·4 68·7 6 M. 155 157 115 118 93 97 316 314 260 257 276 272 453 450 432 429 449 447 422 420 22 22 32 30 29 30 21 22 380 375 365 362 34 33 22 21 367 367 68·8 73·3 138·1 136·4 64·7 63·6 60. 61·7 80·9 82·2 82·3 81·8 83·9 83·3 69·8 69·8 69·1 69·2 7 M. 303 299 244 241 267 261 262 256 418 418 405 410 415 415 394 395 22 22 34 34 30 28 23 23 330 64·7 64·7 130·4 121·7 80·5 80·6 72·5 71·5 8 M. 420 417 401 399 416 415 391 391 20 20 31 32 27 26 24 24 342 327 330 32 34 20 20 64·5 62·5 112·5 108·3 62·5 58·8 82. 9 M. 314 245 270 264 430 413 426 402 22 34 26 25 364 350 33 23 64·7 104. 69·7 73. 10 F. 137 138 144 142 109 109 90 91 299 292 224 216 249 241 244 237 413 412 395 393 408 405 383 379 17 18 30 30 23 23 22 22 342 338 328 325 32 32 18 17 334 330 56·7 60. 104·5 104·5 56·3 53·1 62·5 64·1 82·6 83·5 45·8 47·3 74·9 74. 82·8 82. 72·4 70·9 69·4 67·7 11 F. 134 136 155 120 101 309 301 225 219 248 241 243 236 403 407 390 394 394 397 368 373 20 20 34 36 25 26 24 24 336 336 321 324 33 34 20 20 323 328 58·8 55·6 104·2 108·3 60·6 58·8 65·2 84·2 43·4 45·1 72·8 72·8 83·4 82·6 76·7 74. 72·3 71·3 12 F. 138 149 143 109 101 105 101 296 292 225 219 245 237 242 234 423 427 410 412 418 423 397 400 21 21 34 34 30 30 24 24 341 339 328 325 33 33 24 24 327 323 61·8 61·8 125. 125. 62·7 72·7 70·5 70·6 96·3 100. 47·2 76. 75. 80·6 79·4 70·8 68·4 68·2 66·7 13 F. 132 137 220 247 243 243 239 410 391 405 377 20 20 32 31 27 27 23 23 325 311 31 20 316 68·8 64·5 117·4 59·4 64·5 79·3 B.(Moriori) 1 M. 142 156 177 130 107 317 245 247 267 269 264 265 444 450 425 431 437 445 410 418 22 23 35 33 29 30 28 27 356 361 340 345 33 34 22 21 350 351 62·9 69·7 103·6 111·1 66·7 61·8 60·5 82·4 44·8 77·3 80·1 80·2 71·4 70·3 2 M. 154 163 121 101 326 324 239 239 258 260 254 256 435 441 405 412 427 438 387 402 22 23 33 34 31 31 25 26 350 342 335 326 34 34 25 24 335 336 66·7 67·6 124. 119·2 73·5 70·6 62 83·5 47·2 73·3 73·8 80·5 77·7 74·9 73·5 72. 71·9 3 M. 158 177 136 111 333 324 262 260 282 282 276 276 451 453 435 436 446 448 422 421 23 24 35 37 32 32 26 26 371 373 357 360 39 39 22 23 359 362 65·4 64·9 123·1 123·1 56·4 59. 62·7 81·6 47·4 78·7 80·2 82·3 82·3 63·8 71·5 72·5 70·7 4 F. 136 134 156 156 115 115 93 93 300 296 236 233 257 254 252 249 424 422 410 410 416 417 392 395 22 23 36 34 27 27 27 27 344 346 329 332 38 38 21 21 334 334 61·1 67·6 100. 100. 55·3 55·3 59·6 59·6 80·9 80·9 45·3 45·3 48·7 78·7 81·1 82. 70·8 70·1 69·8 68·9 5 F. 136 107 89 288 230 250 246 417 398 412 387 20 31 24 22 328 313 30 21 331 64·5 109·1 70. 65·4 83·2 79·9 78·6 69·1 69·5