Art. XXXIX.—Further contributions to the Lichen Flora of New Zealand. * In continuation of Art. LIII., Vol. VII. Trans. N.Z. Inst., page 356.

Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Volume 8, 1875, Page 313

Art. XXXIX.—Further contributions to the Lichen Flora of New Zealand. * In continuation of Art. LIII., Vol. VII. Trans. N.Z. Inst., page 356. By Charles Knight, F.R.C.S., F.L.S. [Read before the Wellington Philosophical Society, 29th January, 1876.] Plate XI. Urceolaria Novœ-zealandiœ, Knight. Thallus cinerascens indeterminatus leproso-areolatus v. quasi detritus. Apothecia parva immersa, disco subdepresso fusco farinaceo (margine thallode nullo) nucleo, a excipulo dimidrato-fusco cincto, paraphysibus distinctis rectis tenuis. Sporæ in ascis cylindraceis fuscæ ovatæ murali-divisæ horizontaliter 5–6-septatæ, longit. .027 mm., crassit. .018 mm. Ad saxa. Thallus ashy-grey, indeterminate, leproso-areolate, or as if worn out. Apothecia small, immersed, disc somewhat sunk in, brown, mealy (no thallodal margin), nucleus bound by a dimidiate brown excipulum; paraphyses distinct, straight, fine. Spores in cylindrical asci, brown, oyate, murali-divided, horizontally 5–6-septate. On rocks. Fig. 1. Section of apothecium magnified 14 diameters. 1. a, Ascus and spores, markings omitted, 300 diameters. 1. b, Spores, shewing cellular structure, 300 " Pertusaria graphica, Knight. Thalluas late effusus cartilagineus albicans v. cinereo-albicans rimuloso-areolatus, verrucis subgloboso-difformibus crebris v. confertissimis (deinde deplanatis) obsitus, e gonidia per totam partem instructus. Apothecia plura in singulis verrucis thalli inclusa (excipulo proprio prorsus nullo) prinmitus a thallo tecta, tandem aperta, discis irregularibus sæpe in pseudo-discum confluentibus, epithecio fusco, paraphysibus tenerrimis tortilis. Sporæ 4-næ simplices ellipsoideæ grumo-granulosæ dilute luteæ, episporio crasso, longit. .082 mm., crassit. .04 mm. Ad saxa.

Thallus widely spread, cartilagineous, whitish or greyish-white, rimuloso-areolate, with numerous or very crowded (then flattened) subglobose deformed verrucæ, furnished with gonidia in every part. Apothecia several included in each verruca (proper excipulum none), at first covered by the thallus, at length open, the irregular discs often flowing into a pseudo-disc; epithecium brown, paraphyses very slender, twisted. Spores four in each ascus, simple, ellipsoid, grumose-granulose, pale yellow; epispore thick, length .082 mm., breadth .04 mm. On rocks. Fig. 2. Discs of apothecia on verruca magnified 14 diameters. 2. a, Section of verruca magnified 14 diameters. 2. b, Four spores, with paraphyses, magnified 300 diameters. Lecidea littoralis, Knight. Thallus cinereo-albidus v. cinerasceus crassus continuus v. areolatus late expansus lævis. Apothecia adnata majuscula (latit. 2.65 mm.) sparsa atra pruinosa tenuiter marginata deinde tumidula et difformia, margine atro flexuoso v. lobato v. lobato inciso. Sporæ simplices ellipsoideæ, longit. .013 ad .018 mm., crassit. .006 mm. Hypothecium fuscum v. linea atra hypothecii latera et basim circumscribens. Ad saxa. Thallus ashy-white or grey, thick, continued or areolate, widely spread out, smooth. Apothecia adnate, rather large (2.65 mm. across), scattered, black, pruinose; margin thin, black, at length raised, deformed, flexuose or lobed or labato-incised. Spores simple, colourless, ellipsoid, length .013 ad .018 mm., breadth .006 mm. Hypothecium brown, or circumscribed at the sides and base by a black line. On rocks. Closely allied to Lecidea albo-cærulescens, Wulff, and L. contigua, Hoffm. Fig. 3 and 3 a, Apothecia magnified 14 diameters. 3 b and 3 c, Ascus, spores, and paraphyses, magnified 300 diameters. Lecidea subglobulata, Knight. Thallus cinerascens minute furfuraceo-diffractus v. squamuloso-areolatus, granulis gonimis viridibus. Apothecia immarginata interdum confluentia, disco atro convexo tandem hæmispherico v. subglobuloso. Sporæ in ascis ventricosiusculis simplices ellipsoideæ subhyalinæ tandem dilute luteæ, longit. .013 ad .022 mm., crassit. .007 mm. Hypothecium atrum v. fuscum. Ad saxa.

Thallus greyish, minutely furfuraceus, cracked or squamuloso-areolate, granula gonimia green. Apothecia immarginate, sometimes confluent, disc black convex, at length hemispherical or subglobose. Spores in subventricose asci, simple, ellipsoid, somewhat hyaline, at length yellowish, length .013 ad .022 mm., breadth .007 mm. Hypothecium black or brown, On rocks. Fig. 4. Section of apothecium (subhymeneal stratum), much too dark, magnified 14 diameters. 4. a, Ascus and spores magnified 300 diameters. 4. b, Gonimia magnified 300 diameters. Lecidea subargillacea, Knight. Thallus luteo-albus continuus. Apothecia subaggregata innata v. adnata concava fusca immarginata interdum difformia sæpe furfuracea. Sporæ in ascis cylindraceis grumoso-luteæ v. hyalinæ, longit. .016 mm., crassit. .008 mm. Hypothecium album. Ad terram argillaceam. Thallus yellowish-white, continued. Apothecia somewhat crowded, innate or adnate, concave, brown, immarginate, often furfuraceous. Spores in cylindrical ascus, grumose, yellowish or hyaline, length .016 mm., breadth .003 mm. Hypothecium white. On clay soil Syn. Lecidea meiospora, Nyl. (?) printed by mistake Lecanora meiospora, Nyl. (“Trans. N. Z. Inst.,” Vol. VII.) Page 359, No. X. Fig. 5. Section of apothecium magnified 14 diameters. 5. a, Ascus and spores " 300 " Lecidea atro-morio, Knight. Thallus nigro-cinerascens tenuis squamulosus, squamulis minutis rotundis planis rufescentibus nitidis ad ambitu plerumque minute furfuraceis. Apothecia atra parva plana ex hypothallo nigricante inter squamulas denudato oriunda, squamulas haud superantis, interdum margine thallino spurio e granulis minutissimis cincta. Sporæ minutæ ovoideæ v. globulae, longit. .0065 mm., crassit. .005 mm. Gonidia magna. Hypothecium fuscum. Ad saxa. Thallus dark grey, thin, scaly; scales minute, round, flat, reddish, shining, margin minutely furfuraceous. Apothecia black, small, flat, arising between the scales from the exposed hypothallus, not raised above

the thallus, sometimes bound by a spurious thalline minutely granular margin. Spores minute, ovoid or globular, length .0065 mm., breadth .005 mm. Gonidia large. Hypothecium brown. On rocks. Fig. 6. Ascus and spores magnified 300 diameters. Lecidea sublapicida, Knight. Thallus granulosus indeterminatus cinereo-albus. Apothecia in thalli lacunis sæpissime confluentia adpressa aterrima nuda planiuscula v. concaviuscula, margine tenuissimo atro undulato, paraphysibus tenuis conglutinatis. Sporæ in ascis ventricoso-clavatis parvulæ ovoideæ simplices hyalinæ, longit. .005 mm., crassit. .004 mm. Stratum hypothecii subhymeniale atrum. Ad saxa. Thallus granular, indeterminate, greyish-white. Apothecia most frequently confluent in lacuna of the thallus, adpressed, very black, naked, flat, or a little concave; margin very thin, black, undulate; paraphyses slender, conglutinate. Spores in ventricose clavate asci, small, ovoid, simple, hyaline; length .005 mm., breadth .004 mm. Hymenial stratum of hypothecium black. On rocks. Fig. 7. Section of apothecium magnified 14 diameters. 7. a, Ascus and spores " 300 " Differs from L. lapicida in its smaller ovoid spores, much finer paraphyses, and black hypothecium. In L. lapicida the subhymenial stratum is slightly colored, and the inferior stratum forms a thin black line continued from the margin. Lecidea subcoarctata, Knight. Thallus cinereo-albus areolatus v. areolato-granulosus v. continuus. Apothecia conferta fusca v. atro-fusca adnata sat parva convexa, margine integerrimo pallido v. dilute fusco nudo demum evanido. Sporæ in ascis ventricoso-clavatis simplices ovoideæ incolores, longit. .011 mm., crassit. .007 mm. Hypothecium album. Ad saxa. Thallus greyish-white areolate or areolato-granulose or continuous. Apothecia crowded, brown or dark brown adnate, rather small, convex, margin quite entire, pallid or pale brown, naked, at length vanishing.

Spores in ventricose club-shaped asci, ovoid, colourless, length .011 mm., breadth .007 mm. Hypothecium white. On rocks. Fig. 8. Section of apothecium magnified 14 diameters. 8. a, Ascus and spores " 300 " Differs from L. coarctata in the much smaller ovoid spores, the ventricose ascus and white hypothecium. Lecidea subbadio-atra, Knight. Thallus fusco-cinereus rimulosus æqualis. Apothecia nigro-fusca parva convexa marginata, margine dilute concolore in statu juvenili prominenti demum obscurato. Sporæ fuscæ oblongæ curvatulæ 1-septatæ, longit. .025 mm., crassit. .01 mm. Lamina proligera hypothecio nigro duplici (strato intermedio fusco) enata. Ad saxa. Thallus brownish-grey, cracked, equal. Apothecia blackish-brown, convex, margined, margin faintly coloured, in the young state prominent, at length obscure. Spores brown, oblong, somewhat curved, 1-septate, length .025 mm., breadth .01 mm. The lamina proligera sprung from a black double hypothecium, the intermediate stratum brown. On rocks. Fig. 9. Section of apothecium magnified 14 diameters. 9. a and b, Ascus and spores " 300 " Lecidea whakatipa, Knight. Thallus albus parum visibilis v. obsolete indicatus. Apothecia parva atra juniora plana et tenuiter marginata deinde convexa v. suborbiculata immarginata. Sporæ fuscæ ellipticæ 1-septatæ, longit. .013 mm., crassit. .006 mm. Hypothecium atrum. Ad. saxa. Thallus white or obsolete or scarcely visible. Apothecia small, black, the younger flat and slightly margined, them convex or suborbiculate, immarginate. Spores brown elliptic 1-septate, length .013 mm., breadth .006 mm. Hypothecium black. On rocks. Fig. 9. (1), Section of apothecium magnified 14 diameters. 9. (1), a and b, Ascus and spores " 300 "

Lecidea stellulata, Tayl. (descrip. amend.) Thallus albus v. cinereus tenuissimus minutissime areolatus v. granulosus hypothallo atro limitatus, sæpius in agellos a hypothallo denudato metatus. Apothecia parva subinnata confluentia atra plana tenuiter marginata, margine sæpe a granulis effuso. Sporæ in ascis ventricoso-clavatis, ovatæ fuscæ 1-septatae, longit. .012 mm., crassit. .006 mm. Hypothecium atro-fuscum. Ad saxa. Thallus white or greyish, very thin, minutely areolate or granular, bound by a black hypothallus, often marked off into small areas by the exposed hypothallus. Apothecia small, subinnate, confluent, black, flat, margin thin, often sprinkled with granules. Spores in ventricose club shaped ascus, ovate, brown, 1-septate, length .012 mm., breadth .006 mm. Hypothecium dark brown. On rocks. Lecidea petrœa, Flow., v. Neo-zealandica, Knight. Thallus cinereo-plumbeus minute granulosus, hypothallo nigricante inter granula denudato enatus. Apothecia sat parva plana crebra, disco aterrimo nudo elevato-marginato, margine primum e granulis minutis suffusis—tandem fusco-atro. Sporæ in ascis ventricosis 3–5-septatae, et septa transversa septulis longitudinalibus v. obliquis juncta, subhyalinae tandem dilute fuscae, longit. .023 mm., crassit. .009 mm. Hypothecium fusco-nigrum. Ad muros. Thallus greyish-lead colour, minutely granulose sprung from a black hypothallus denuded between the granules. Apothecia somewhat small, flat, numerous, disk very black, naked, margin, raised, at first suffused with minute granules, at length brownish-black. Spores in a ventricose ascus, 3–5 septate, the septa joined longitudinally or obliquely by short septa, length .023 mm., breadth .009 mm. Hypothecium brownish-black. On walls. Fig. 10. Section of apothecium magnified 14 diameters. 10. a and b, Ascus and spores " 300 " Lecidea petrœa, Flot., v. violacea. Thallus minute tuberculosus, tubercula violaces, hypothallo nigricante. Apothecia parva creberrima nigra innata v. adnata concaviuscula immarginata. Sporæ fuscae 5-septatae, septa transversa septulis longitudinalibus v.

obliquis juncta, longit. .027 mm., crassit. .01 mm. Hypothecium atrum. Ad saxa. Thallus minutely tubercular, the tubercles violet; hypothallus blackish. Apothecia small, very numerous, black, innate or adnate, somewhat concave, immarginate. Spores brown, 5-septate, the transverse septa joined longitudinally or obliquely by short septa, length .027 mm., breadth .01 mm. On rocks. Fig. 11. Section of apothecium magnified 14 diameters. 11. a, Two spores " 300 " Lecidea tubulata, Knight. Thallus granuloso-diffractus albo-cinerascens indeterminatus. Apothecia nigra marginata, disco plano pruinoso, margine atro elevato. Sporæ in ascis clavatis fuscæ biloculares, loculis tubulo brevi junctis, longit. .018 mm., crassit. .011 mm. Hypothecium atrum. Hypothallus albus. Ad saxa. Thallus granulose, cracked, whitish-grey, indeterminate. Apothecia black, margined; disc flat, pruinose, margin black, elevated. Spores in club-shaped asci, brown, bilocular, the cells joined by a short tube, length .018 mm., breadth .011 mm. Hypothecium black. Hypothallus white. On rocks. Fig. 12. Section of apothecium magnified 14 diameters. 12. a and b, Ascus and spores " 300 " Lecidea subfarinosa, Knight. Thallus albus effusus rugulosus. Apothecia (latit. .8 mm. v. minora) albo-pruinosa rotundato-difformia elevato-sessilia tenuiter marginata, margine sæpe flexuoso, paraphysibus superne fusceacentibus concretis, disco concavo v. plano v. convexo. Sporæ 4–6-septatæ aciculari-fusiformes incolores v. tandem dilute lutescentes, longit. .034 mm., crassit. .005 mm. Ad cortices arborum. Thallus white, effuse, rugulose. Apothecia (.8 mm. or less in diam.) white-pruinose, rotundato-difformed, elevato-sessile; margin thin, often flexuose; paraphyses brown above, concrete; disc concave, flat, or convex. Spores 4–6-septate, aciculari-fusiform, colourless or dilute yellow, length .034 mm., breadth .005 mm. On bark of trees.

L. farinosa, Ach., L. Dilleniana, Ach., L. abietina, Ach., L. premnea, Ach., and the above Lichen are very closely allied. The New Zealand Lichen approaches closely L. abietina, Ach., from which it differs principally in the greater number of septæ in the spores and the smaller apothecia. Fig. 13. Section of apothecium magnified 14 diameters. 13. a, Three spores " 300 " Lecidea schistacea, Knight. Thallus schistaceus determinatus tenuis squamulosus, squamulis rotundis adpressis minutissimis pruinis, hypothallo nigro. Apothecia nigra mediocria v. parva squamulas superantia marginata, disco plano, margine prominenti interdum undulato. Sporæ minutæ ellipsoideæ incolores, longit. .008 mm., crassit. .004 mm. Hypothecium nigrum. Ad saxa. Thallus slate-grey, determinate, thin, scaly; scales round, adpressed, very minute, pruinose; hypothallus black. Apothecia black, mediocre or small, elevated above the scales, margined, disc flat, margin prominent, sometimes undulate. Spores minute, colourless, ellipsoid, length .008 mm., breadth, .004 mm. Hypothecium black. On rocks. Fig. 25. Section of apothecium, magnified 14 diameters. 25. a and b, Ascus and spores " 300 " Lecanora parella v. implicata, Stirton. Dr. Stirton, in his additions to the Lichen Flora of New Zealand, published in the “Journal of the Linnean Society,” has transferred Lecanora implicata to the genus Lecidea. The Lichen, however, is a true Lecanora, and a variety only of Lecanora parella, as I pointed out in a paper published in the “Trans. N. Z. Inst.,” Vol., VII., p. 357. Porina endochrysa, Mont. Thallus late effusus tenuis fragilis colliculosus glauco-cinereus subtus bullatus. Apothecia immersa, perithecio flavescente integro normaliter globoso, ostiolo fusco depresso primum occluso demum aperto, nucleo, fusco, paraphysibus filiformibus. Sporæ 8-næ incolores cymbiformes murali-divisæ, longit. .09 ad .15 mm., crassit. .025 ad .04 mm., episporio crasso. Ad cortices arborum. Thallus widely spread, thin, brittle, raised in mounds, glaucous-grey, beneath bullate. Apothecia immersed, perithecium yellowish, entire, normally

globose; ostiole brown, depressed, at first closed, then open; nucleus brown; paraphyses filiform. Spores 8, colourless, boat-shaped, murali-divided, length .09 ad. .15 mm., breadth .025 ad. .04 mm., epispore thick. On bark of trees. Syn. Thelenella Wellingtonii, Stirton (“Jour. Linn. Soc., Vol. XIV., p. 473.) Fig. 14. Section of apothecium (too dark, nucleus diaphonores, but becoming light brown from age.) 14. a and b, Ascus and spores magnified 300 diameters. Chiodecton (Platygrapha) inconspicua, Knight and Mitten. Thallus crustaceus cinereo-violaceus verrucæformis, verrucis dilute concoloribus. Apothecia minuta normaliter globosa, in verrucis thallinis rotundatis v. flexuoso-elongatis supra planiusculis immersa—(passim confluentia)—plura in quavis verruca unumquidque atro-fusco toro oriens, disco rotundo v. oblongo v. attenuato-oblongo nigro. Sporae oblongo-fusiformes curvatulae 3-septatae incolores, longit. .05 mm., crassit. .004 mm. Ad cortices arborum. Syn. Chiodecton conchyliatum, Stirton, C. moniliatum, Stirt., et C. sinuosum, Stirt. Thallus crustaceous, ashy-violet, verrucoid; verrucae lighter colour. Apothecia minute, normally globose, immersed in roundish or flexuose elongated thalline verrucae—(here and there confluent)—several in each verruca, each arising from a blackish-brown torus, disc black, round or oblong or tapering. Spores oblongo-fusiform somewhat curved, 3-septate, colourless, length .05 mm., breadth .004 mm. On bark of trees. The genera latygrapha and Chiodecton are very closely allied. The apothecia arise from a brown torus, and are surrounded by a spurious thallodal margin, which, in Chiodecton, assumes a verrucoid appearance from the confluence of a number of apothecia. Fig. 15. (1), Section of apothecium magnified 14 diameters. 15. (1) a, Spore " 300 " Opegrapha saxicola, Ach. Thallus obliteratus. Apothecia atra lirellaeformia saepe flexuosa rarius rotundo-difformia, epithecio pliciformi v. rimiformi, marginibus parallelis v.

medis paullulim distentis. Sporae lineari-oblongae v. lineari-clavatae 3-septatae dilute luteae, longit. .017 mm., crassit. .006 mm. Ad saxa Thallus obliterated, lirellaeform, often flexuose (rarely round, deformed), margins parallel or a little distended in the middle; epithecium pliciform or rimiform. Spores linear-oblong or linear-clavate, 3-septate, light yellow, length .017 mm., breadth .006 mm. On rocks. Fig. 16. Section of apothecium magnified 14 diameters. 16. a, Ascus and spores " 300 " 16. b, c, Spores " 300 " Fissurina novœ-zealandiœ, Knight. Thallus crustaceus laevigatus ochraceus tenuiter areolatus. Apothecia immersa flexuosa lineari-elongata, fissuris a thallo marginatis conniventibus tumidulis, excipulo atro-fusco crasso a thallo insuper tecto infra subito evanescente. Sporae in ascis clavatis 5-septatae ellipsoideae incolores, longit. .02 mm., crassit. .01 mm. Ad saxa. Thallus crustaceous, smooth, ochraceus, finely areolate. Apothecia immersed, flexuose, linear-elongate; fissures margined by the thallus, connivent, swollen; excipule blackish-brown, above thick, covered by the thallus, below suddenly evanescent. Spores in a club-shaped ascus, ellipsoid, colourless, 5-septate, length .02 mm., breadth .01 mm. On rocks. Fig. 17. Section of apothecium magnified 14 diameters. 17. a and b, Ascus and spores " 300 " Astrothelium pyrenastroides, Knight. Thallus effusus glauco-albescens v. cinereo-olivaceus v. ochraceus rimulosus. Apothecia convexa a thallo plus minus velata demum denudata carbonacea, loculis 2–5, ostiolis convergentibus in os commune sæpissimé desinentibus, ore ochraceo, paraphysibus tenerrimis rectis v. subtortilis. Sporæ in ascis elongato-cylindraceis incolores demum dilute fuscæ fusiformes 5–8-septatæ—(vix unquam 3–4-septatæ)—v. sæpius murali-divisæ v. interdum locellis medianis a septulis longitudinalibus divisis, longit. .038 mm., crassit. .012 mm. Ad cortices arborum.

Syn. Trypethelium pyrenuloides, Mont. (?) " Cumingii, Fee. (?) " astroidea, Fee. (?) “Haud non differt a T. pyrenuloide.” (Mont.) Verrucaria pyrenastroides, Kn. (“Trans. Linn. Soc.,” Vol. XXIII., Tab. 11, p. 100.) Astrothelium prostratum, Stirt. (“Journ. Linn. Soc.,” Vol. XIV., p. 473.) Astrothelium ochrocleistum, Nyl., in litt. Thallus effuse, glaucous, white, or greyish-olive, or ochraceus, rimulose. Apothecia convex, more or less veiled by thallus, at length uncovered, carbonaceous, cells 2–5, ostioles most frequently converging into a common opening; paraphyses very slender, straight or somewhat twisted. Spores in elongated ascus, colourless, at length pale brown, fusiform, 5–8-septate—(rarely 3—4-septate)—more frequently murali-divided, or sometimes median cells divided by short longitudinal septæ, length .038 mm., breadth .012 mm. On bark of trees. Fig. 18. Section of apothecium, showing the ostioles of adjoining apothecio opening into common canal, magnified 14 diameters. 18. a, b, and c, Ascus and spores, magnified 300 diameters. Verrucaria gemellipara, Knight. Thallus cerino-umbrinus tenuissimus glaber linea nigra limitatus. Apothecia parva parum prominula, ambitu applanato, dimidiatim nigra, basi amplificata, poro pertuso instructa, paraphysibus distinctis. Sporæ uniseptatæ in medio subconstrictæ incolores, longit. .017 mm., crassit. .006 mm. Ad cortices arborum. Syn. V. circumpressa, Nyl., in litt. V. epidermidis v. gemellipara, Knight. Thallus yellowish-brown, very thin, smooth, limited by a dark line. Apothecia small, slightly prominent, flattened round the border, dimidiate, black, base enlarged, opening by a pore, paraphyses distinct. Spores uniseptate, somewhat constricted in the middle, colourless, length .017 mm., crassit. .006 mm. On bark of trees. Fig. 19. Section of apothecium magnified 14 diameters. 19. a, Spores " 300

Verrucaria minutissima, Knight. Thallus atro-cinerascens tenuissimus. Apothecia contigua minutissima prominula dimidiatim nigra, poro pertuso instructa, paraphysibus distinctis. Sporæ dilute fuscæ, uniseptatæ (an interdum 3-septatæ?) in medio sub-constrictæ, cellula superiore majore, longit. .018 mm., crassit. .005 mm. Ad cortices arborum. Thallus dark grey, very thin. Apothecia contiguous, very minute, somewhat prominent, dimidiate, black, with an open pore, paraphyses distinct. Spores light brown, 1-septate, (sometimes 3-septate?) constricted in the middle, the upper cell larger, length .018 mm., breadth .005 mm. On bark of trees. The spores have much the appearance of a sphæria. Except the bright colour, not unlike those of Verrucaria conferta, Tayl. (Leight. Angios. Lich.) Fig. 20. Section of apothecium magnified 14 diameters. 20. a, Spores " 300 " Verrucaria dealbata, Knight. Thallus albescens tenuis effusus glaber. Apothecia nigra hæmispherico-conoidea parva dimidiata, paraphysibus distinctis. Sporæ in ascis cylindraceis dilute fuscæ ellipsoideæ 3–5-septatae, longit. .023 mm., crassit. .008 mm. Ad cortices arborum. Thallus whitish, thin, effuse, smooth. Apothecia black, haemisphericoconoid, small, dimidiate; paraphysis distinct. Spores in cylindrical ascus, faint brown, ellipsoid, 3–5-septate, length .023 mm., breadth .008 mm. On bark of trees. Fig. 21. Section of apothecium magnified 14 diameters. 21. a, Spores " 300 " Verrucaria saxicola, Knight. Thallus luteo-olivaceus tenuissimus v. nullus. Apothecia parvula haemispherica, perithecio carbonaceo integro, ostiolo inconspicuo, nucleo subgloboso hyalino, paraphysibus capillaribus farcto. Sporae in ascis elongato-cylindraceis incolores fusiformes, 7–8-septatae, longit. .032 mm., crassit. .005 mm. Ad saxa. Thallus yellowish-olive, very thin or none. Apothecia rather small,

haemispherical; perithecium carbonaceous, entire; ostiole inconspicuous; nucleus subglobose, hyaline, filled with capillary paraphyses. Spores in elongate cylindrical ascus, colourless, fusiform, 7–8-septate, length .032 mm., breadth .005 mm. On rocks. Fig. 22. Section of apothecium magnified 38 diameters. 22. a and b, Ascus, spores, and paraphyses magnified 300 diameters. Verrucaria micromma, Mont. Thallus ochraceo-albus granuloso-colliculosus irregulariter plicato-rugulosus plus minus rimosus effusus. Apothecia nigra integra globosa in verrucis thalli confluentibus penitus abdita, canaliculis ad sporas mittendas in verrucas thalli productis, ostiolis nigris minutissimis instructa, paraphysibus distinctis capillaribus. Sporae in ascis elongato-cylindraceis ellipsoideae 3-septatae dilute fuscae, longit. .016 mm., crassit. .006 mm. Ad cortices arborum. Thallus yellowish-white, granuloso-colliculose, irregularly plicato-rugulose, more or less rimose, effuse. Apothecia black, entire, globose, completely hidden in the confluent thalline verrucae, the channels for emission of spores extending through the thalline verrucae, apertures very minute, black, paraphyses distinct, capillary. Spores in elongated cylindrical asci, ellipsoid, 3-septate, dilute brown, length .016 mm., crassit. .006 mm. On bark of trees. Fig. 22. (1), Section of apothecium magnified 14 diameters. 22. (1), a, Spores " 300 " Verrucaria astata, Knight. Thallus tenuis fulvo-fuscus v. cinereo-fuscus opacus continuus indeterminatus. Apothecia nigra prominula—madefacta sæpe innata—hæmispherica, integra, paraphysibus capillaribus tenerrimis distinctis. Sporæ in ascis elongato-cylindraceis ovoideæ fuscæ 3-septatæ, longit. .014 mm.; crassit. .009 mm. Ad cortices arborum. Thallus thin, yellowish-brown or greyish-brown, dull, continuous indeterminate. Apothecia black, somewhat prominent, often innate when moistened—hemispherical, entire, paraphyses capillary, very slender, distinct.

Spores in elongated cylindrical asci, ovoid, brown, 3-septate; length, .014 mm.; breadth, .009 mm. On bark of trees. Dr. Nylander (in litt.) has determined this lichen as V. aspitea, Ach. There is some confusion about Acharuis's plant. Nylander has remarked, “Esse videtur modo V. nitida minor, sporis minoribus.” Montaigne describes V. aspitea, Ach., with “sporis magnis ellipticis 16-annulates, annulis pauci-cellulosis.” He adds that V. aspitea, of Eschw. is incorrectly named. He has, therefore, named Eschweilei's plant V. eschweileri, with “spora binucleolata.” Acharius describes his plant as having polished yellowish thallus, limited by a black line. In these and other characters it differs from the New Zealand lichen. Fig. 22. (2), Section of apothecium magnified 14 diameters. 22. (2), a and b, Ascus and spores " 300 " Verrucaria sub-biformis, Knight. Thallus albus effusus inæqualis rimosus. Apothecia subminuta prominentia (madefacta innata) nigra subglobosa integra, paraphysibus capullaribus confertis. Sporæ in ascis cylindraceis oblongæ, 1-septatae incolores, longit. .02 mm.; crassit. .007 mm. Ad cortices arborum. Thallus white, effuse, unequal, rimose. Apothecia subminute, prominent (innate when moistened) black, subglobose, entire; paraphyses capillary, closely-packed. Spores in cylindrical asci, oblong, 1-septate, colourless; length, .02 mm.; breadth, .007 mm. On bark of trees. Fig. 22. (3), Section of apothecium magnified 14 diameters. 22. (3), a, Ascus and spores " 300 " Verrucaria pruino-gricea, Knight. Thallus effusus tenuis plus minus pseudo-farinaceus griceus. Apothecia minutissima dimidiata patentia. Sporæ in ascis clavatis incoloratae tandem fuscæ lineari-oblongæ, 1-septatæ v. sæpissime interrupte-quadrinu-cleolatae, longit. .02 mm. crassit. .006 mm. Ad cortices arborum. Thallus effuse, thin, more or less pseudo-farinaceous, grey. Apothecia very minute, dimidiate, spreading. Spores in club-shaped asci, colourless,

at length brown, linear oblong, 1-septate, very often interruptedly quadri-nucleolate; length, .02 mm.; breadth, .006 mm. Fig. 22. (4), Section of apothecium magnified 14 diameters. 22. (4), a, b, c, Ascus and spores " 300 " Thelotrema saœatilis, Knight. Thallus albidus v. cinereo-albidus continuus granulosus indeterminatus, tenuis. Apothecia normaliter globosa in verrucis thallinis rotundatis supra planis immersa, aperturis rotundatis depressis excipulo proprio instructa, paraphysibus capillaribus. Ascus monosporus. Sporae dilute fuscae tandem fusco-nigricantes fusiformes murali-divisae longit. .16 mm.; crassit. .038 mm. Ad saxa Thallus whitish, or grey-white, continuous, granulose, indeterminate, thin. Apothecia normally globose, immersed in thalline verrucae, round, flat above; opening round, depressed; furnished with a proper excipulum; paraphyses capillary. Ascus with one spore. Spores dilute brown, at length brownish-black, fusiform, murali-divided, length, .16 mm.; breadth, .038 mm. On rocks. Fig. 27. Section of apothecium magnified 14 diameters. 27. a, Spores and paraphyses " 300 " Thelotrema monosporum, Nyl. v. patulum, Knight. Thallus luteo-albus diffractus crassus. Apothecia verrucaeformia excipulo duplici instructa, interiore membranaceo tandem lacero-dehiscente, nucleo madefacto expanso-discoideo, ascus monosporus interdum disporus (ex ea re sporæ minores). Sporæ fuscae fusiformes murali-divisae, longit. .05 ad .10 mm,; crassit. .015 ad .03 mm. Ad cortices arborum. Syn. Thelotrema monosporum v. patulum, Nyl. in litt. Thallus cream colour, broken, thick. Apothecia verrucaeform, with a double excipulum—the interior membranaceous, at length torn, gaping—-nucleus moistened expands with a broader disc. Ascus one-spored, sometimes two-spored (then spores smaller). Spores brown fusiform, murali-divided, length, .05 ad .1 mm.; breadth, .015 ad .03 mm. On bark of trees. Fig. 26. Section of apothecium magnified 26 diameters. 26. a and b, Spores " 240 "

Baggliettoa map (?) ocellata, Knight. Thallus fusco-cinereus continuus tenuis subglaber, gonidia magna. Apothecia in verrucis prominulis immersa interdum, 2–4 confluentia, excipulo proprio carbonaceo instructa, primo punctiformia dein aperta, margine thallino albo sculpto-angulari v. sculpto-subrotundo v. irregulariter dehiscente. Nucleus globosus verrucoideus, amphithecio grumoso oriundus, paraphysibus crassis mucoso-diffluxis farctus. Sporae in ascis curvatulis fusiformis ellipsoideae incolores v. luteo-grumosae, longit. .028 mm.; crassit. .012 mm. Ad saxa. Thallus brownish-grey, continuous, thin, somewhat smooth, gonidia large. Apothecia immersed in somewhat prominent warts, sometimes 2–4 confluent, furnished with proper carbonaceus excipulum, at first punctiform, then open, margin white, cut sharply angular or roundish, or gaping irregularly. Nucleus globose, verrucoid, arising from a grumose amphithecium, filled with thick entangled mucous-like paraphyses. Spores in curved spindle-shaped asci, ellipsoid, colourless, or yellowish grumose; length, .028 mm.; breadth, .012 mm. On rocks. Fig. 23. Section of apothecium magnified 60 diameters. 23. a, Ascus and spores " 300 " 23. b, Gonidea " 300 " Platysma novœ-zealandiœ. Thallus glaucescens v. glauco-pallescens membranosus (latit. 2–3 pollicaris) substipitatus lobato-laciniatus subcaniculatus, lobis expansis laevibus, subtus pallide albus nudus. Apothecia rufa (latit. 2. mm.) conferta marginalia, margine thallino pallido tenui undulato subtiliter granuluso. Sporae hyalinæ ellipsoideæ v. fere sphæroideæ, longit. .015 ad .0175 mm., crassit. (v. diam.) .009 ad .012. Ad cortices arborum. Thallus glaucous or pale glaucous, membranaceous, (2–3 inches broad) substipitate, laciniate, somewhat channeled, spread out, smooth, beneath pale, white, naked. Apothecia red, (2. mm. wide) crowded, margined; thalline margin pale, thin, undulate, finely granular. Spores hyaline, ellipsoid, or almost spherical, length .015 ad .0175 mm., breadth (or diameter) .009 ad .012 mm. On bark of trees. Fig. 24 and 24 a, Ascus and spores magnified 300 diameters. * Erratum.—Page 359, No. X., “Trans. N.Z. Inst.,” Vol. VII., delete “Lecanora,” and insert “Lecidea.”