Philological Considerations on the Whence of the Maori.* * In this paper I am indebted for assistance to the following works, viz.:—Malagasi Grammar, by Griffiths; Tamil Grammar, by Rhenius; Tongan Grammar, by West; and Maori Grammar, by Williams; Malayan Dictionary, by Marsden; Tongan Dictionary, by Mariner; Maori Dictionary, by Williams; Vocabularies of the Indian Archipelago, by Wallace; also of the Kayan Language (Borneo), by Burns; of the Timor Language, by Windsor Earle; of the Silong Tribe, by Ed. O'Riley; and some collections of words, by J. R. Logan, in Journ. Indian Arch.

Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Volume 6, 1873, Page xxiv

Philological Considerations on the Whence of the Maori.* * In this paper I am indebted for assistance to the following works, viz.:—Malagasi Grammar, by Griffiths; Tamil Grammar, by Rhenius; Tongan Grammar, by West; and Maori Grammar, by Williams; Malayan Dictionary, by Marsden; Tongan Dictionary, by Mariner; Maori Dictionary, by Williams; Vocabularies of the Indian Archipelago, by Wallace; also of the Kayan Language (Borneo), by Burns; of the Timor Language, by Windsor Earle; of the Silong Tribe, by Ed. O'Riley; and some collections of words, by J. R. Logan, in Journ. Indian Arch. By J. T. Thomson, F.R.G.S. (Pl. I.-III.) [Read before the Otago Institute, 8th July, 1873.] In approaching the question our stand-point is naturally in New Zealand, from whence the subject must be traced (if possible) to its end. Having already dealt with the same from an ethnological point of view,† † See Trans. N.Z. Inst., Vol. IV., 1871, p. 23. I may remark that the study of words in tribes or nations has the same position in relation to the above science as the tracing of fossils has towards geology. One has its material as much imbedded in the people as the other has its in the earth—where one class is as much preserved for ages as the other is for epochs—and both may be dug out from their encasements and displayed to the present generation. The conclusions that we may draw from thence can only be stated after mature consideration. The subject divides itself into three headings, viz., Glossarial, Idiomatic, and Phonetic; and as the first forms the easiest approach to what may prove a tedious and difficult enquiry, I will commence with it. Primary words, i.e., those that express first wants in men in their infancy—and, equally so, tribes or nations in their infancy—are the most tenacious of existence. These are common nouns, pronouns, and verbs, but more particularly the first—such as man, woman, son, daughter, food, fruit, fish, etc.; or, I, you, he, we, etc.; or, go, come, give, kill, etc. In elucidating a subject such as this, therefore, we apply our enquiries to primary terms, which we may denominate as the fossils of the languages, so that we may, from their coincidence or approximations in different and distant communities, weigh the affinities of race or blood in the communities themselves. But while primary words are the most lasting, yet they even are subject to slow and gradual change as ages roll on. In English, Chaucer gives a ready example of this; and turning to the Portuguese, as one of the modern nations of Europe, who, more than any other, initiated the great spread of the

Caucasian families over the earth, I have observed this change more aptly illustrated in different copies of the Lisbon and Colombo Bible. But another process goes on, both in single and separate tribes, that tends to divergence, i.e., in their applying radical expressions to parallel and convertible ideas and objects; and confining ourselves to the regions over which this enquiry will extend, we give below some examples of such as have taken place amongst the various tribes scattered over the vast extent to which we are led. Thus, in Malay, bunga is the radical expression for flowers; by parallel it is applied to sparks—bunga api, the flower of fire; to rent bunga tannah, the flower of land. Again, in Malay, bua is the radical expression for fruit; by parallel it becomes cannon balls—bua meriam, the fruit of cannon; and by conversion it becomes flowers in Maori, viz., pua. Again, in Malay, lima signifies five; by conversion it becomes lima, the hand, in Salayer, Salibabo, Cajeli, and Lariki, tribes in the Moluccas; and by parallel it becomes penglima, an admiral, or hand of the sovereign. Finally, the word mata in Malay and several other languages, meaning the eye, has extensive application in this manner: thus, by parallel mata ayer means a fountain, or eye of water; mata wang means hard cash, or the eye of money; mata hari means the sun, or the eye of the day; while, by conversion, the same word (mata) in Maori becomes the face. It will be seen that these primitive people have dabbled a little in political economy, for, while they call bua wang (the fruit of money) profit, they call bunga wang (the flower of money) interest. Whether this be correct science or not I ask the followers of Adam Smith to answer. So also, as naturalists, while they call bua fruit, they call eggs by the same expression, i.e., the fruit of fowls—a hint that even Darwin might not take exception to. Some illustrations of the application of radical expressions applied to parallel or convertible ideas and objects:— Buah or bua, fruit; buah raga, football; buah pari, dice; buah chatur, draughtsman; buah pelu, testiculi; buah meriam, cannon balls; anak buah, dependents of a chief; buah permata, jewels; sa buah nigri, one town; sa buah ruma, one house; sa buah kapal, one ship; buah wang, profit, in Malay; pua, flowers; hua, eggs, in Maori. Bunga, flowers; bunga pala, mace; bunga karang, coral; bunga api, sparks; bunga wang, interest; bunga tannah, rent, in Malay; bunga nea, fruit, in Bolang-hitam. Kaki, feet; kaki, legs; debawah kaki, at your disposal, in Malay. Aallah, the Almighty; alah, to overcome, in Malay; ber allah, an idol, in Bajow. Hulu or ulu, the head of men or beasts, source of a river or of events, handle of a sword or knife, interior of a country; ulu-nian, aboriginal inhabitants; bulu, feathers, down, hair; bulu mata, eyelashes; buluh, bamboo cane; de hulu, before, in contradistinction to de blakang, behind; pengulu, a leader or chief on land, in Malay; huru huru, coarse hair; huru, brushwood, in Maori; huru, feathers, in Liang; bulu, feathers, and uhu, hair, in Salayer. Lima, five; penglima, a leader at sea (an admiral); lima, the hand, in Salayer, Salibabo, Cajeli, and Lariki; also, olima, in Bouton; rilma, in Menado; rima, in Bolanghitam,

Liang, and Saparua; lemnatia, in Amblaw; limaka, in Morella; limawa, in Batumerah; limamo, in Camarian; limacolo, in Teluti; niman, in Ahtiago; and limin, in Teor. Mata, the eye; mata ayer, a fountain; mata pisau, the blade of a knife; mata wang, hard cash; mata banda, property; mata jalan, advanced guard; mata mata, an overseer; mata hari, the sun (literally the eye of the day), in Malay; mata alo, the sun, in Salayer; also, mata roa, in Menado; ria mata, in Liang; lia mata, in Lariki, etc.; mata, face, in Maori. Muka, the face; muka papan, effrontery (literally, flat board-faced), in Malay. Rupa, face, in Salayer; rupa, likeness, in Malay. Angkat, to lift; mang kat, to die (applied only to princes); anak angkat, the adopted child; angkatan, an expedition by sea or land; angkas, ethereal space, in Malay. Panas, warm, in Malay; bahaha, in Cajeli; bafanat, in Ahtiago; mahana, the day, in Maori. Hangat, hot, in Malay; hangat, the sun, in Wayapo. Mata hari, the sun; and mata, the eye, in Malay. Mata alo, the sun; and mata, the eye, in Salayer. Ria mata, the sun; and mata, the eye, in Liang. Lia matei, the sun; and mata, the eye, in Morella. Lia mata, the sun; and mata, the eye, in Lariki. Riamatani, the sun; and mata, the eye, in Saparua. Liamatan, the sun; and matan, the eye, in Ahtiago. Matalon, the sun; and mata, the eye, in Bajow. Kom-aru, the sun; and karu, the eye, in Maori. The above are a few examples of the tendencies to divergency in languages by operations within themselves; but they are by no means so forcible as influences from without, caused by inroads of conquering tribes, mercantile communication, and the aptitude for borrowing expressions from more cultivated races, yet, notwithstanding, these primary terms in tropical, and indeed in other races, are all but irradicable, excepting by the extirpation of the people themselves. Of this fact most enquirers will have seen abundant proof. The nearest cognate race to the New Zealand Maori is that which inhabits the Tonga or Friendly Islands. This group is sub-divided into three well marked sub-groups, viz., Tongatabu, Haabai, and Haafuluhao. Whether the middle group—Haabai—be the Hawaiki of the Maoris, and Tongatabu be the roro, or gate thereto, spoken of in their traditions, I will leave others to decide; certain it is that the languages have a most remarkable affinity, when, after considering the above causes of deterioration, we find after the lapse of centuries of separation so much glossarial coincidence. Captain Cook properly remarks, “that they are but dialects of one tongue, having less divergence than many counties in Great Britain.” For the sake of comparison with the languages of the Indian Archipelago, I have adopted the same selection of words as is given by Mr. Wallace in his comparative vocabularies of that region, though there is some disadvantage in

this course, inasmuch as many objects are not known to the Polynesian races which are common in the archipelago, and some words do not express primary wants. On examination of the list of words below, it will appear that in allowing for differences in articulation which has caused the elision or transposition of vowels and consonants, there are sixty-six of the hundred-and-two words common to both. Thus we have in Maori and Tongan respectively, hua, fua, fruit; pai, mea, good; wera, vela, hot; rahi, lahi, large; wahine, fafine, woman; etc. But in this list fifteen words have no expression either in one dialect or both, owing to the object not being known to them, such as deer, monkey, etc. Thus the ratio of common words to the whole should be as 66:87. It may be noticed, in passing, that the word for pig in Maori, viz., poaka, being radically the same as the Tongan term, buaka, must have been either preserved by tradition or introduced by natives of Polynesia after the advent of the European. This word, in its various modifications, has extensive range, puaka, buaka, phua'a, etc., and is supposed by J. R. Logan to be of Asiatic origin, as phak, Thibet; phag, Bhutan, Limbu, etc.; wok, Kyen, Champang, etc.; wak, Magar; vak, Naga, Garu; piak, Chepang. Maori compared with 102 words in the Tongan Language. English. Maori. Tongan. Ant Poko-rua Lo — Loa-ta Ashes Punga-rehu Eefoo Bad Kino Covi Banana — Fooji Belly Kopu Gete Bird Manu Manoo Black Mangu Ooli-ooli Blood Toto Tawto Blue — Ooli ooli Boat Poti? (Canoe) Waka Vaca foccatoo Body Tinana Tangata Bone Iwi Hooi Bow — Acow fanna Box Pouaka? Booha? Butterfly Pepepe Pepe Cat Poti? Boosi? Child Potiki Bibigi Chopper — — Cocoanut — Nioo Cold Makariri Momoko Come Haere mai How my Day Ao Aho Deer — — Dog Kuri Gooli Door Tatau Matapa Ear Taringa Telinga Egg Hua Foi manoo Eye Kanohi Matta Eyeball — Kano-e-matta Face Mata Matta Father Matua-tane Tammy Feather Hou Fooloo English. Maori. Tongan. Finger Matihao Cow-nima Fire Ahi Afi Fish Ika Ica Flesh Kikokiko Cano Flower Pua Fooa Fly Ngaro Lango Foot Waewae Vae Fowl Heihei? Moa Fruit Hua Fooa Go Haere Aloo Gold Koura? — Good Pai Mea Hair Huru huru Low-ooloo Hand Ringaringa Low-nima Hard Pakeke Fefeca Head Upoko Ooloo Honey — — Hot Wera Vela House Whare Falle Husband Tahu Ohana Iron Rino? Oocummea? Island Motu — Knife Maripi Hele Large Rahi Lahi Leaf Rau Lo acow Little Iti Chi Louse Kutu Gootoo Man Tangata Tangata Mat Takapau Tacapow Monkey — — Moon Marama Mahina Mosquito Waeroa Namoo Mother Whaea Fae Mouth Mangai Gnootoo

English. Maori. Tongan. Mouthful — Maanga Nail (finger) Maikuku Gnedji nima Night Po Bo-ooli Nose Ihu Ihoo Oil Hinu Lolo Pig Poaka? Booaca? Post Pou Bo Prawn (crayfish) Koura Oo-o Rain Ua, Awha Ooha Rat Kiore Gooma Red Makurakura Coola-coola Rice — — River Awa Vy-oota Road Ara Halla Root Aka-aka Aca Saliva Huare Anoo Salt Tote? Masima Sea Tai Tahi Moana Mooana English. Maori. Tongan. Silver — — Skin Kiri Gili Smoke Au Ahoo Snake Neke? Toge Soft Ata Moloo Sour I Mahe-mahe Spear Tao Tao Star Whetu Fetoo Sun Rah Laa Sweet Reka Hooo melie Tongue Arero Elelo Tooth Niho Nifo Water Wai Vy Wax — — White Ma Hinahina Wife Hoa Ohaua Wing Pakau Capacow Woman Wahine Fafine Wood Rakau Acow Yellow Punga punga Mello N.B.—Mariner's “Vocabulary of the Tongan Language” has been followed here, and as it is in the old system of spelling, oo stands in it for u, ow for au, c for k, y for ai, etc. In copying the words from the above we have altered the orthography to the new system, though they stand here as given by their author. We now come to a comparison between the glossaries of the Maori and those of the Indian Archipelago. A list is given below of nine English words, against which are put the various expressions in Maori; and after the latter are placed equivalents found amongst fifty-nine languages of the Indian Archipelago. It will be seen that in every case they have one, two, or more equivalents, even though the expressions vary. Thus, in the various expressions in Maori for the word “small,” three were found in the archipelago—iti, riki, moroiti; and the words for fire, ahi, and water, wai, have very extensive range under various modifications. Of the following nine words, four only are Malay. Maori compared with nine words in fifty-nine languages of the Indian Archipelago. * ? is appended when word is derived from modern European language. English. Maori. — 1. Black mangu (manga, Malagasi) pango ngoa, Batchian; ngeo, Rotti 2. Fire ahi api, Malay and thirteen other languages; ahu, Cajeli; afu, Amblaw; uku, Ternati and two others; whu, Sahoe; aow, Liang and seven other languages; hao, Saparua and Camarian; yafo, Teluti; yaf, Ahtiago; aif, Gah; hai, Goram and three others; ai, Brissi and Savu kapura voor, Dorey hatete kanaka mapura puro, Bolang-hitam kora maute ngiha pahunu

3. Large nui naaik, Brissi; naiki, Vaiqueno rahi ilahe, Awaiya; ilahil, Saparua tetere 4. Nose ihu iru, Lariki; iri, Saparua; ino, Vaiqueno; inur, Teto E.; niru, Allor; irung, Sulor; nirun, Ké Islands; irun, Ratahan; irong, Javanese; idong, Malay and three others 5. Small nohinohi iti ki-iti, Wahai; ichi-ichi, Ternati; kitchil, Malay paku riki didiki, Bajau hakahaka moroiti mo-roit-i, Wayapo pokeke tupakipaki mahake makari mero meroiti wheto whetau 6. Tongue arero kelo, Goram; weo, Savu 7. Tooth niho nio, Saparua; nifoa, Matabello; nifan, Ahtiago rei 8. Water wai wai, Salibabo and seven others; woya, Kaioa; waiyr, Gani and Mysol; wehr, Morella and four others; wehl, Batumerah, and three others; waeli, Awaiya and Camarian; welo, Teluti; waiin, Ahtiago; waar, Dorey; ve, Teto; hoi, Vaiqueno; oii, Brissi; oee, Rotti; we, Allor; boi, Bajau; aer, Salayer; aie, Sasak; ayer, Malay honu manu, Bouton and Tomore katao mote ngongi 9. White ma ma-puti, Bugis and three others; ma-wuroh, Ratahan and two others; ma-bidah, Kemah and Bantik. The next list, as given below, contains 102 English words with their various expressions in Maori, to which are appended their equivalents as found amongst thirty-three languages of the Indian Archipelago. On examination it will be seen that, with the exception of sixteen words, all others have one or more of the several Maori terms displayed in some of these languages. Thus, the two expressions for rain in Maori are ua and awha; the former is found in various languages as uan, huya, ulah, hura, hulan, and the latter as oha and wao. The approximations are too close (that is when not actually the same), and the divergences too gradual, to admit a doubt as to common origin. The sixteen words that have not their equivalents consist principally of articles and objects not known in New Zealand prior to the coming of the European, such as banana, chopper, cocoanut, honey, etc. Thus eighty-six words out of 102 are common between Maori and the languages of the Indian Archipelago, as against sixty-six words out of the same, common between Maori and Tongan. Then, as the latter are dialects of admittedly one language, the affinity of Maori glossaries to more distant races has forcible exposition, and

it should not escape remark that of the 102 words compared, nineteen of these only are Malay, the great majority belonging to the groups of Molucca, Ceram, and Timor, situated at the east end of the archipelago. Hence a glossarial link is clearly proved viâ Tongatabu, expressively called in Maori tradition the roro, or gate to Hawaiki, their home country, wherever that had been. Maori compared with 102 words in thirty-three languages of the Indian Archipelago.* ?is appended when derived from modern European language. English. Maori. — Ant pokorua Ashes pungarehu orapu, Bouton Bad kino hina, (low) Malay Banana Belly kopu kompo, Bouton manawa takapu riu Bird manu manu, Menado and five others; manok, Javanese and eight others; manui, Cajeli and Awaiya; manuti, Wayapo and Massaratty; manik, Gani; malok, Wahai topatopa Black mangu manga, Malagasi pango Blood toto Blue Boat poti? oti, Tidore; lopi, Salayer; owe, Mysol Body tinana nanau, Amblaw; nana-ka, Liang; anana, Lariki Bone iwi hoi, Sula; riri, Saparua; nili, Camarian wheua Bow Box pouaka? Butterfly pepepe pepe-ul, Morella Cat poti? ngeru tori ngeau, Bolang-hitam tori Child potiki tamaiti kohungahunga tahake Chopper Cocoanut Cold makariri makariki, Ahtiago; mariri, Wahai; giridin, Mysol; aridin, Matabello; periki, Liang and Morella matao matoke hotoke anu hauaitu hoto hoto kopeke korohawini kowanu kuiki kutao maeke Come haere mai mai, Lariki and six others; mari, Malay ahu mai omai, Cajeli and Batumerah; ikomai, Wayapo; gumahi, Massaratty; uimai, Liang; oimai, Morella

Day ao ao-aaoa, Lariki; heo, Bouton; allo, Salayer mahana ra rau, Menado; lau, Bajow Deer Dog kirehe kuri nane peropero Door tatau Door-post tuturu metouru, Lariki; metoro, Saparua Ear taringa talinga, Malay and four others; telilan, Cajeli; linga-nami, Massaratty; terina, Liang and four others Egg hua munte-loa, Batumerah; mantir-hui, Morella Eye kanohi karu lau, Tidore Face mata mata-lalin, Wahai; mati-noin, Teor; muti-no, Masol kanohi Father pa papa bapa, Malay and Gani, baba, Javanese and Tidore matua tane tua (elder) Malay Feather hou owhu, Bouton; huru, Liang raukura Finger matihao matikara koikara kokowa-na, Sula; kukur, Wahai Fire ahi ahu, Cajeli; efi, Matabello; api, Malay and three others; yaf, Teor; yap, Mysol; hao, Saparua Fish ika ikan, Malay and five others; iyan, Liang and nine others; ein, Mysol ngohi Flesh kikokiko Flower puawai buah (fruit), Malay pua puaka Fly ngaro rango rango, Bolang-hitam; lango, Sanguir; langow, Bajow; ralngoh, Menado hurangi Foot waewae oei, Bouton; raedai, Menado; laidi, Sanguir; wed, Gani; aiva, Batumerah; ai, Lariki and six others; matwey, Mysol Fowl heihei? te kaokao tekay-ap, Mysol Fruit hua hua, Liang and two others; ai-hua, Lariki; huwai, Camarian; huan, Teluti; vuan, Tobo; phuin, Teor; bua, Malay and five others; wowoan, Javanese; fuan, Wayapo and Massaratty; buani, Amblaw; aihuwana, Batumerah Go haere ai, Saparua ngawi awai, Batumerah tiki takek, Teor whiu aeo, Awaiya and Camarian whana fanow, Matabello Gold koura? Good pai bai, Malay; baji, Salayer; pia, Sula; parei, Amblaw; fiar, Gani; ia, Liang and two others; mai, Lariki and Camarian; fei, Mysol purotu Hair huruhuru uhu, Salayer; hutu, Tidore and Galela; uwohoh, Saparua; ulufuim, Ahtiago makawe mahunga whakahipa

Hand ringaringa Handful kutanga Tongan, Malay, and two others, for hand Hard maro muru-goso, Bolang-hitam pakeke pakari kras, Malay and two others pahohea papa totoka utonga Head upoko oyuko, Teluti; obaku, Bouton; uruka, Liang and Morella matenga mahunga karu kahutu, Myson; uru, Saparua and Awaiya anga anga nganga-sahi, Galela karaua nhoto pane pareho parihirihi whakahipa Honey Hot wera pelah, Mysol pawera pakakinakina House whare balry, Menado; boré, Bolang-hitam wharepuni koropu Husband tahu tau, Sula; nau, Tidore tane Iron rino? maitai? Island motu li-wuto, Bouton; ri-wuto, Bolang-hitam maheno Knife maripi iliti, Cajeli mikara kota Large nui moughi, Boton rahi lehai, Cajeli; ilahe, Awaiya tetere Leaf rau laun, Saprua; ai-rawi, Lariki; daun, Malay, and four others pakawha Little nohinohi iti ki-iti, Wahai; kidik-idi, Bouton; ro-it, Wayapo paku Louse kuku kutu, Malay and nine others; kota, Sula; koto, Wayapo and Massaratty; uru and utu, Amblaw and nine others; hut, Teor; ut and uti, Mysol Man tangata tau-mata, Menado; tomata, Salibabo; tumata, Saparua and two others Mat takapau tapau tepoh, Bajow; tupur, Salayer wharariki koaka tienga Monkey? Moon marama ora, Tidore Mosquito waeoa owei, Mysol Mother matua-whine ma (mother), tua (old), bini (wife), Malay whaea yaiya, Tidore koka whaerere

Mouth mangai nanga, Bouton; nganga, Bolang-hitam waha bawa, Salayer mawhera Nail(finger) maikuku kuku, Malay and three others; kanuka or kanuko, Menado and three others; wuku, Gah Night po po-tu, Saparua; po-tuun, Ahtiago kengo Nose ihu iru, Lariki Oil hinu mina, Bouton Pig poaka? kuhukuhu hahu, Morella and five others Post pou fao-lnim, Ahtiago turupou Prawn crayfish? koura uran, Javanese and three others waerau Rain ua uan, Gah; oha, Bolang-hitam; huya, Sula; ulah, Amblaw; hura, Galela; hulan, Liang; huran, Bajow; ujan, Malay awha wao, Bouton Rat kiore karufei, Gah maungarua fud-arua, Teor inamoki riroi Red whero merah, Malay and four others kura makurakura paka kao, Liang and five others pakaka ngangana pakurakura towhero Rice? River awa uve, Bouton; sawan, Sanguir Road ara dara, Bouton; lora, Bolang-hitam; aya, Sula; lalan, Morella and three others; lahan, Liang; laran, Matabello; jalan, Malay huarahi huanui Root aka-aka akar, Malay and three others; wa-ata, Liang; ai-aha, Mataello weri hai-waari, Camarian Saliva hauare huare Salt tote? Sea moana tahi, Matabello; tasi, Ahtiago Silver? Skin hiako oko-nen, Massaratty kiri kine, Mysol Smoke paoa au aow-pot, Lariki; aowaht, Morella auahi yaphoi, Mysol Snake neke? nakahe? Soft ata mariri Sour I kawa tangeo

Spear matia tao taha, Liang kokiri hoata kaukau timata Star whetu bituy, Menado; fatui, Sula; betol; Gani; toi, Ahtiago Sun ra ria-mata, Liang; matarou, Menado; lia, Massaratty mamaru komaru Sweet reka Tongue arero arau, Mysol Tooth niho nio, Saparua; nifoa, Matabello rei Water wai wai, Ahtiago, Tobo, and six others; wai-im, Ahtiago, Alfuras; waili, Cajeli and two others; wayr, Mysol; ayer, Malay honu katao mote ngongi Wax? White ma mabida, Menado Wife wahine wewina, Teor; babineh, Salibabo; pipina, Saparua; invina, Ahtiago; bini, Malay hoa foya, Tidore Wing parirau pani-dey, Menado; pori-pikia, Bolang-hitam; fanik, Teor pakau pakakau paihau Woman wahine bawine, Bouton; mahoweni, Sanguir; mahina, Liang and four others; mewina, Teor; vina, Ahtiago Wood rakau okao, Bouton; kao, Sula and three others; kai, Teor; kayu, Malay and three others; kaju, Salayer Yellow punga-punga. Being thus done with the Malayo-Polynesian glossarial connection, before we proceed in our enquiries it is necessary to mention that the Silong tribe of the islands of Mergui, near Burmah, are the furthest north-westward having distinct affinity with the above families. The negro islanders of Andaman are known to be ideologically connected, but their language, as far as I have gathered, has been too slightly investigated for final opinion. At Mergui, therefore, practically ends the influence of the peculiar phase of fossil words that we have been considering. Beyond this point the vast area of South Asia is met with, where now, at this period, Thibetan, Arian, and Semitic languages cover the space; and it is not till we come to the great island of Madagascar that we find traces of the material of which we are in search. Captain Cook, the renowned navigator, indicates this fact as a circumstance known at his time. After him Humboldt supports the hypothesis of the language of Madagascar being identical in construction with those of the Indian Archipelago, but how far that great authority had analysed the languages is unknown to me. The bare fact of his support is all the information that I have been able

to gain. Subsequent writers discourage the idea, and the latest that I have been able to consult (Griffiths) says the following of the connection :—“The Malagasi bears some analogy to the Malay and the Arabic in the sound and signification of many of the words, and in the inflection of certain verbs; but to say that on this account it is a dialect of either the Malay or the Arabic would be as unreasonable as to say that the Arabic is a dialect of Hebrew, or the Hebrew a dialect of the Arabic.” On reading this opinion the thought struck me that, as from my own personal knowledge the Malay has no affinity to Arabic, the author in comparing Malagasi to two dissimilar things might not have investigated either with the completeness necessary; so, in taking up Ellis' “Madagascar Revisited” and opening its pages at random, I was struck with the strong resemblance of the beautiful woodcut giving the portrait of a native, to the common cast of countenance found in the Indian Archipelago amongst the Bajow, or Sea Malays. A copy of this (Pl. I.) I am enabled to show to the Society through the skill of Mr. Alexander McColl, who has transferred it by the photo-lithographic process. Dipping further into the work I found almost every fifth word to have Malayan affinities, and coming to the capital, which I may take by way of example, I found it called Antananarivo, or the City of a Thousand Towns or Villages. Now, allowing for the differences of articulation, this is precisely the same as the Malay word Tana-saribu; the word tanana in Malagasi, denuded of the prefix, being used in a more restricted sense than it is generally in Malay—though even here a Malay uses the word in a very restricted sense occasionally, as when he talks of his tana bindang, or rice plot; tana campong, his village area, etc. Thus led on, I was induced to proceed with picking out the word fossils of the language, i.e., so far as the excellent grammar of the Rev. Mr. Griffiths afforded material. Out of this work I collected 146 words, as given below, ninety-five of which proved to be Malayan, and eighty Malayo-Polynesian. Of the list of words twenty-nine only had no equivalents. Of course it would be improper were I not to remark that primary words alone were selected, and not the secondary or tertiary that are given in all dictionaries. Again, comparing the Malagasi words given below that are also found in Wallace's and Earle's comparative vocabularies of the Indian Archipelago, I found that of forty-seven words forty-two had their equivalents in one or other, or several, of the dialects and languages. Thus in the primary words—in the bases of their languages—close affinity is clearly indicated. Instancing particular words in Malagasi, it is interesting to examine their dispersion. Thus the word vorona, bird, is found in the Indian Archipelago slightly altered to burong, urong, etc., but the most usual term is manok, manu, manik, mano, etc. The former term is African, the other Asian; and in examining the various vocabularies we see that one seems to have striven to

Rainitsontsoraka. Christian Martyr.

displace the other, the Asian one being the more victorious. The word volo, hair, is found nearly perfectly preserved at Massaratty and Wayapo, near Ceram, as olofolo and folo respectively. In Tonga it is fulu; in New Zealand, huru; and in Malay, bulu; in Africa, vulu; and in Asia (Thibet), pul. The two words vava and mur, the mouth, have each their preservers—(1st) in New Zealand, waha; in Viti (Feejee), fafa; in Bouton, bawa; in Wokan (Arru), fafahi; (2nd) in Kaffraria (Africa), mlumu; and in Malaya, mulut. Lastly, the words nif, nifo, tooth, have been nearly extirpated in the Indian Archipelago, but are preserved in New Zealand, as niho; in Tonga, as nifo; in Matabello, near Keh Islands, as nifoa; etc. One hundred and forty-six words of Malagasi compared with Malayan, Maori, and Tongan Dictionaries, to which are added some African and East Indian cognations. English. Malagasi. Malay. — Answer valy bali jawab Axe famaky, vilahy, famatsika bliung (adze) Anger tezitra stru (enmity) aritarita, Maori Abuse ompa ompat Beast biby babi (swine) Black munga — munga, Maori Blood ra, rany dara ra'aru, Kissa Belly kibo — kopu, Maori; kabin, Teor Bird vorona burong burong, Salayer and Batumerah; urong, Sunda Bad ratay — ahati, Wahai; rahat, Bajow and Matabello Bone toalana tulang Body vatang badan (body) batang(trunk) watan, Matabello; fatan, Wayapo; badan, Sanguir; padan, Mysol Cattle omby aombe, fiary domba (sheep) lombe, gnombai, Sauhili (Africa); ‘gombi, Kwillimani Child angumbi zanaka anak anak, Javanese and five others anaka Cloth lamba — sembo, siky Cry aloud minene menyeni (sing) Charm ody obat oeoe, Tongan oly Change ova uba Cow angumbe — Done efa — Day andro — ao, Maori; aho, Tongan; allo, Salayer; dowa, Wayapo; rou, Menado Dead maty mati mate, Maori and Tongan; maki, Kissa Drink sotro minum inu, Maori and Tongan; nomon, Kissa minona Dung vela bera wairakau, Maori Dog amboa — kirehe, Maori; muntoa, Bouton; ahua, kivahy, fandroaka Kissa; yahoa, Keh; ambua, African; aai, Silong Note.—y in Malagasi terminations has same sound as i in other words.

English. Malagasi. Malay. —-- Earth tany tana one-one, Maori; tana, Kayan Ear talinhe telinga taringa, Maori Eye maso mata mata, Tongan; moto, Javanese; macho, Sauhili (African) Fire afo api ahi, Maori; afi, Tongan; afu, Amblaw; aow, Liang and five others; apoi, Silong Forest ala — Fish loaka ikan ika, Maori and Tongan; iwak, Indonesia. (Roots: ka, Siam; in, Teochew) akan, Silong Food hanina makanin Full feno puno peno, Kissa Filth loto kotor Fruit voa boa hua, Maori; fua, Tongan; vuan, Ahtiago; woya, Gah; fuan, Wayapo Flowers vony bunga woini, Kissa Feet tongon tangan (hand) Father ray — hunarei, Maori; amay, Kayan Friend sakaiza — longo Fear tahotra takutan mataku, Maori Good tsara — ala, Bajow; laha, Tidore; saya, Kayan Growth tombo tumbo-an tupu, Maori; tubu, Tongan Great lehibe libeh (more) lahi, Tongan; lalahap, Kissa Grass ahitra — Goat osy — House trano — High avo — mow, Tongan; bo, Kayan Heaven lanitra langit rangi, Maori; langi, Tongan Hang hantona gantong tarona, Maori Hole lavaka lobang poka, Maori; luoava, Tongan Hand tanana tangan tangana fandromby Husband vady swami valy Head loha ulu loha, alo, lua, kulu, African kabosa Horns tandrok tandok tanro, tando, African; tang, Thibetan Horses soavaly — sowar, Hindee Hot hafana panas umpana, Amblaw; bafanat, Ahtiago; buhaha, Sula; mana, Kissa Hundred zato ratus Hair volo bulu huru, Maori; fulu, Tongan; olofolo, maromanana Massaratty; folo, Wayapo; vulu, African; pul, Thibet He izy dya or iya ia, Maori and Tongan Iron vy bisi awi, Amblaw I aho aku ahau, Maori; au, Tongan Island nosy — nusa, Javanese and eleven others Knot tohy — Kill vono buno Know mahafantra — Low eva debawa Life aina — Lightning helatra kelat uhila, Tongan Liver aty ati ate, Maori and Tongan Mocking eso — Many maro — waha, Maori

Mouth vava — fafa, Viti; bawa, Bouton; suara, Batumerah; fafahi, Wokan mur, mamu mulut mlumu, Kafir (African) Man alona orong malona, Liang and two others; kolonan, Kayan Male lahi laki Mother reny — inai, Ahtiago; inany, Menado; inei, Kayan Mind saina — anga, Tongan Money vola — Net vovo — Neck vozona — No tsia ta, tida Nose uru, orong idong ihu, Maori and Tongan; uroh, Bajow; oanu, Bouton; irong, Javanese; iru, Lariki; urong, Kayan Old antitra — Passing lalu lalu alu, Tongan Press terena — Power zaka gaga Pregnant vohoka — Pig lambu limbu (cow) burui Sauhili (Africa); burum, Erob (Torres Strait); inverse form of Malagasi term Rotten lo buso bopo, Tongan Root faka akar aka-aka, Maori and Tongan Rent hofa upa Rope tady tali Roof tafo atap ato, Maori Road lalana jalan hala, Tongan River ony songi uve, Bouton; ongagu, Bolang-hitam Raise manangana menangong (support) Rice vary padi halai, Cajeli; allai, Batumerah; pary, Kayan Ripe masaka masak maoa, Maori Raw manta manta mata, Maori; awta, Tongan Silly gegy — Sheep ondry — Span zehy — Small kely kitchi Sing mihira menyeni hihi, Maori; hiva, Tongan; nahinari, Kissa Spider hala laba Swine kisoa — suar, Hindee; soho, Tidore Slave andevo — Sweet mamy manis mameko, Bouton; mami, Tidore; may, Kayan Strong mahery — malohi, Tongan Speak mitemy — See mivarotra — mumata, Tongan Sea rano masina ayer masing (sea water) Spear lifona — leisanum, Ahtiago saloy, saboa Sun maso andro mata ari ra, Maori; mata alo, Salayer; matin fanjavabe, maheny dow, Kayan Shallow marivo — Sharpen manasa asa oro, Maori Sand fasina pasir Skin hoditra kulit holit, Teor; kurito, Bolang-hitam Tie fehi —

Truth to tunto (certain) Trees hazo — rakau, Maori Thousand arivo saribu afe, Tongan This ity ini koini, Tongan These treto itu (those) Thou hiano angkau Teach mampianatra — To-day anio hiany ini hari inaianei, Maori Toddy toaka tuwak Teeth nif, nifo — niho, Maori; nifo, Tongan; nifoa, Matabello; nifin, Teor; nio, Saparua Worm kankana —- ngunu, Maori olitra ulat Wink py — Way aleha alaman ara, Maori; hala, Tongan Waves alona lomba gnalu, Tongan Work asa gara Write soratra surat White fotsy puti boti, Sula and two others; umpoti, Cajeli; maphuti, Matabello Washing sasa basa Wages tamby — Weft tenona tanun Walk mandeha — eva, Tongan; malaha, Kissa Water rano — manu, Bouton; oira, Kissa Woman vehivavy — wahine, Maori; vina, Ahtiago; fele pisafe lara, Matabello Wise hendry — Wonderful mahagaga maha (great) maharo, Maori gaga (mighty) Wet lena — Whisper bitsikia bisik Wind rivotra ribut Yams ovi ubi uwhikaho, Maori; ufi, Tongan; uwi, Kissa Year taona taun tau, Maori and Tongan. Having thus completed the Glossarial branch of the inquiry in as far as materials and space will allow, I now proceed to the second branch, viz., the Idiomatic, and in this I will pursue the same course as in the other, viz., from New Zealand north and westward, making the Malay language the link of comparison, it being the representative one amongst many others at the west end of the Indian Archipelago and best known to Europeans, and consequently best illustrated in literature. First, then, we commence with Maori and Malay, as follows:— Idiomatic Comparison. The alphabet is composed of thirteen letters, viz., five vowels, a, e, i, o, u, and eight consonants—h, k, m, n, p, r, t, w. The New Zealanders had no literature before the advent of Europeans. When Roman characters are used the alphabet is composed of twenty-one letters, viz., five vowels and eighteen consonants— i.e., counting h soft and h hard as separate consonants. A great portion of both languages can be traced to monosyllables and dissyllables, some consisting of the root only, and others of a root and a prefixed syllable.

Adjectives and verbs are modified, both in form and meaning, by the reduplication of one or both of the syllables of the root. An adjective with the first syllable of the root doubled becomes plural, thus he rakau pai—a good tree; he rakau pai pai—good trees. It is to be observed, however, that the simple form is used both as singular and plural. The effect of doubling both syllables of the root is to diminish the intensity of the meaning of the adjective, thus: mate—sick; mate mate, sickly. In the case of verbs, the effect of the two kinds of reduplication is somewhat different. Thus, kimo denotes winking of the eyes; kikimo—closed and kept so; kimo kimo, frequent winking. Nouns and adjectives and verbs may all have a prefix—whaka or wha—the effect of which is to make a causal verb; thus whakatangata signifies to make a man or treat as a man; whakanoho—to cause to sit; whakamohio—to cause to know. The usual passive terminations of verbs are a, ia, hia, kia, mia, ngia, ria, tia, whia, na, ina, and whina. Thus Poro becomes porou Waru " waruhia Horo " horomia Intransitive, as well as transitive, verbs have a passive voice requiring the addition of a preposition in English to make the sense complete. Thus: noho—sit; nohia— be sat upon. Nouns of circumstance are derived from adjectives, participles, or verbs by the following suffixes:—Nga, anga, hanga, manga, ranga, tanga, inga, the choice of termination being somewhat arbitrary. Thus: Mahi makes mahinga Noho " nohoanga Titiro " tirohanga Numerals have certain prefixes—e, ko, toko, hoko, and taki. Passive verbs sometimes have the suffix tanga. The force of the same is difficult to determine, sometimes having the same effect as ana, thus: hiko tonu ia ki nga ngarehu, apuatanga—he immediately snatched up the burning coals, and crammed them into his mouth. The syllable nge is sometimes prefixed to personal or possessive pronouns, as nge-au, nge-ona; and sometimes it appears as a suffix to the adverbs pea and koa, thus: peange, koange, but not affecting the meaning thereof. Well-known words may sometimes be met with in such a disguise that it is difficult, at first sight, to recognise them at all. Reduplication of adverbs, nouns, and verbs has an intensitive as well as a multiple effect; the doubling of an adjective does not pluralise the noun, but the doubling of the noun itself does so, as sa poko bai—a good tree; poko poko bai —good trees. Also the simple form without the article prefixed may be singular or plural. The effect of doubling the syllables of the root is to intensify the meaning of the adjective, as sakit, sick; sakit sakit, very sick. Here kejap signifies to wink; kejap kejap—to wink continuously; but tutup mata signifies to close the eyes. Here the prefixes bekan or boat are used in nearly a similar manner, as bekan betul —straighten; boat gila—pretend madness. Verbs, active or passive, have properly no inflections, and are expressed as follows:—- Habes becomes habes ulih ku Chukur " chukur ulih ku Anchor " anchor ulih nia Here the distinctions are made as follows: bunoh—to kill; ter bunoh—to be killed; the passive voice being here rendered by a prefix. Here the same principle is carried out by the suffix an. Thus: Kreja makes kreja-an Dudu " dudu-an Tingo " tingo-an Numerals have no prefixes. Expression by passive verbs is very common in the written language, the preposition ulih being used after the verb. Thus: Arang berniala sabintur de sintak ulih nia dan masokan mulut nia—burning charcoal was immediately snatched by him, and crammed into his mouth. Here it does not have an equivalent. In the search for camphor the Malays disguise the words by inversion, in order to propitiate the hautus, or spirits, whose

One of the causes of this is the possibility of trouble arising from the accidental resemblance of the word to the name of some chief. The mere fact of his name, or a word similar to it, being used in a manner considered disrespectful, might be the cause of a quarrel. The following may serve as an illustration of this:—Some years ago the child of a chief of the Ngatiporou tribe received the name of Te Wairama, In consequence of this the word honu came into common use for water, and the usual word (wai) was avoided for fear of giving offence. The same word may at different times assume functions of several parts of speech. Thus, nouns are frequently used as adjectives to denote the material of which the thing is made. Thus: he whare raupo—a house built of raupo; he roto tuna--a lake in which eels abound. The accent is on the first syllable as a general rule. Scheme of a Maori Verb. Karanga—call. assistance they invoke. The word sungei, a river, is a term of opprobrium in Jambi, where the word moara is used instead. Any Scotchman so unfortunate as to have the name of McIntyre is a great cause of difficulty to the Malays, who will, in wellbred circles, not pronounce his name on any account. Here we have the same principle, as: Sa ruma atap—a house made of thatch; lahar ikan mati—a pool of dead fish. This obtains in Malay. Scheme of a Malay Verb. Pangil—call. I. Indicative. 1. Inceptive—Past or Future. Ka karanga ia—he called or began to call; he will call or will begin to call. Kahore ia e karanga—he began or will begin not to call. De pangil nia—he called or began to call. Mau pangil nia—he will call or will begin to call. Tida pangil pun mulai dya—he began, etc. Tida mau pangil pun mulai dya—he will, etc. 2. Imperfect—Past, Present, or Future. He karanga ana ai—he was, is, or will be calling. Kahore ia e karanga ana—he was not, is not, or will not be calling. Dya ada pangil—he is calling. Dya suda ada pangil—he was, etc. Dya nanti pangil—he will, etc. Dya tida pangil—he was or is not calling. Dya tida nanti pangil, or he will not, etc. Tida nanti de pangil ulih nia 3. Perfect—Past, Present, or Future. Kua karanga ia—he had, has, or will have called. Kahore ia kia karanga—he had not, has not, or will not have called. Suda ada de pangil—he had or has, etc. Nanti suda de pangil—he will, etc. Tida suda de pangil—-he had not, etc. Tida suda nanti de pangil—he will not, etc. 4. Indefinite Past. I karanga ia—he called. kihai ia i karanga—he did not call. Dya pangil, or pangil ulih nia—he called. Tida de pangil ulih nia—he did not, etc. 5. Indefinite Future. E karanga ia—he will call. E kore ia e karanga—he will not call. Dya mau pangil—he will, etc. Dya tida mau pangil—he will not, etc. 6. Narrative Form. Karanga ana ia—he called. Dya suda (or ada) pangil—he called. II. Imperative. Karanga—call. Kaua e karanga—do not call. Pangil—call. Jangan pangil—do not call. III. Optative. Kia karanga ia—that he should call. Sebab de pangil ulih nia—that he, etc. IV. Subjunctive. Me e karanga ana ia—If he were calling. Kalau ada de pangil—If he, etc. V. Infinitive. He karanga—to call. Ber-pangil—to call.

As we have a more extended grammar than the above of the Tongan (or Tonguese), with which the Maori may be considered to be intimately connected, both being dialects of the same Polynesian language that extends from the Samoa group, or Navigator Islands, over the Society, Marquesas, and Sandwich groups, a few comparisons with it will not be inappropriate, seeing that there are some constructive and glossarial differences. The alphabet consists of seventeen letters, five of which are vowels and twelve of which are consonants, viz., a, e, i, o, u, and b, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, s, t, v respectively. Duplication of words takes place, as in Malay and Maori, under very similar conditions, thus: toji, to peck, when doubled (tojitoji) means to peck repeatedly; noko, the hip, when doubled (nokonoko) means a large hip. Of this class of words there are many examples. In other cases no new idea is suggested in connection with the primitive term, as in the above examples; but its meaning is made emphatic or becomes intensified. Thus the word niji, vain or vanity, when doubled means the same thing in a strong or superlative sense. There are, however, exceptions to the above rule which need not be entered into here. There are two classes of articles: (1st) those which precede common nouns—koe, ae, he, and the indefinite article ha; (2nd) those which are only used before proper nouns, viz., ko and a. The masculine and feminine genders are formed by the words tangata (male) and fafine (female) following the noun, of which there are parallel examples in Malay and Maori. The plural signs are gaahi, kau, tunga, faga, otu, and fuifui. The uses of these are various. Our space will allow of only one or two examples by way of comparison. Gaue—work. Kaugaue—fellow workmen. Mate—death. Kaumate—dead people. Kreja—work. Kaun-kreja, or Kaun ber kreja fellow workmen. Mati—death. Kamatian—a corpse. In the declension of nouns there are no inflections, which is also the case in Malay. Adjectives follow the noun in Tongan, with few exceptions, which also holds good in Malay. The personal pronouns form a class of words in the Tongan and the Polynesian dialects generally more numerous than in most other languages, and they are always used with peculiar precision. They have also the power of indicating, by different prefixial and terminal particles or letters, the inclusive and exclusive sense in the dual and plural numbers of the first person only. From the above cause the declensions of these pronouns are more elaborate, of which an example is given below :— First Person. Nom. Ko au—I, or me. Ko kita—(familiar only) A au. Gen. Ooku—of, or belonging to me. Aaku. Mooku.—for me. Maaku. Dat. Kiate au—to me. Kia au. Iate au—in me. Ia au. The personal pronouns have great variety, and in their uses nicety of meaning, thus :— First Person—I. Aku. used in literature principally. Ku Mu Beta Saya—used indifferently. Goh used vulgarly. Kita Hamba tuan used by inferiors in speaking to superiors. Patek Second Person—Thou. Angkau used in literature principally. Kau Lu—used by superiors in speaking to inferiors. Inchi used between equals. Che Awa It is considered to be rude to use the pronoun when speaking to masters, fathers, grandfathers, mothers, or grandmothers, thus tuan, pa, to or dato, ma or ma nenek

Abl. E au—by me. Meiate au—from me. Meia au. Iate au. Ia au. The form and changes of the verb in Tongan are exceedingly simple. In fact, it may be said that there is but one conjugation for the regular verbs of every description; but the auxiliary signs of the verb vary in the past and future tenses. Euphonic terminations are a or i, and ekina, eina, aki, hia, atu, and age; as oku ou tabu'i koe. With slight exceptions verbal roots undergo no changes in conjugation; they are destitute of those inflexions which indicate moods, tenses, number, or person. The conjugation of the Tongan verb is therefore accomplished by the use of certain auxiliary signs, particles, and words. Example: are used under such circumstances respectively. Third Person—He. Dya, before a verb used indifferently. Nia, after a verb The same sentiment prevails when speaking of masters, fathers, etc.; and the same rule applies in the third person. By the proper use of the pronouns I have seen the key to the goodwill of the villagers effectually used. By a critical knowledge in these, courtesy, contempt, arrogance, love, candour, dissimulation, etc., can be indicated. The natives have a keen perception of the various shades of meaning. This is also the case with Malay verbs. Euphonic terminations occur in tau, taui —to know; ajar, ajari—to learn; etc. The other principal suffixes are kan and an, as boat, boat-kan—to do. These remarks also apply to Malay, as below: Conjugation of a Regular Verb. Alu—to go. Purgi—to go. 1. Affirmative Form. Singular. Oku au alu—I go, or am going. Aku ada purgi—go, etc. Dual. Oku ma alu we two go (exclusive) Oku ta alu (inclusive) Kita dua purgi—we two, etc. Plural. Oku mau alu—we go (ex.) Oku tau alu— (in.) Kita purgi—we go. 2. Negative Form. Singular. Oku ikai teu alu—I go not. Aku tida purgi—I go, etc. Dual. Oku ikai te ma alu—we two go not. Kita dua purgi—we two, etc. Plural. Oku ikai te ma alu—we go not. Kita tida purgi—we go, etc. Past or Imperfect Tense. Singular. Neu alu—I went. Aku suda purgi—I went. Dual. Naa ma alu—we two went. Kita dua suda purgi—we two went. Plural. Naa mau alu—we went. Kita suda purgi—we went. Perfect and Pluperfect. Singular. Kuou alu—I have gone. Aku suda ada purgi—I have, etc. Dual. Kuo ma alu—we two have gone. Kita dua suda ada purgi—we two, etc. Plural. Kuo mau alu—we have gone. Kita suda ada purgi—we have, etc.

Future Tense. Singular. Teu and keu alu—I shall or will go. Ahu mau purgi—I shall, etc. Dual. Te or ke ma alu—we two shall or will go. Kita dua mau purgi—we two, etc. Plural. Te or ke mau alu—we shall or will go. Kita mau purgi—we shall, etc. Imperative Mood. Singular. Alu koe—go thou. Purgi angkau—go thou. Dual. Alu akimoua—go you two. Purgi angkau dua—go you two. Plural. Alu akimoutolu—go ye. Purgi kamu—go ye. Infinitive Mood. Alu or ke alu—to go. Purgi—to go. Of adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections, no remarks are called for further than that there are some words, or nearly similar words, common to both languages. General remarks on the above branch will be better left till near the conclusion of this paper. I will therefore proceed to the next step, viz., a consideration of the idioms of the Malagasi and Malayan tongues, as follows :— Idiomatic Comparison. Emphasis. The emphasis is placed on the penultimate of dissyllables, and on the anti-penultimate of trisyllables and polysyllables, as in— Voninàhitra—glory. Fanjàkana—kingdom. The emphasis is placed on the penultimate of dissyllables, as ia— Bàwang—onions. Ùtan—forest. But in the case of tri- and poly-syllables, accent varies with the terminations, as in— Saràwak—Seawàk Perampùan—woman Bàgian—gift. Hàbeskan—finish. Orthography. Having no literature, when Roman letters are used twenty-one suffice, sixteen of which are consonants and five are vowels, viz., a, b, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, v, y, z. Having no known primitive literature, its alphabet is borrowed from the Arabs, composed of thirty-six letters, thirty-two of which are consonants and four of which are vowels; but when the Roman alphabet is used twenty-three letters suffice, eighteen of which are consonants and five of which are vowels, viz., a, b, t, j, d, r, z, s, f, p, h, k, g, l, m, n, u, o, w, h (soft), i, e, y. Etymology. A great portion of the roots of both languages can be traced to monosyllables and dissyllables, as— Lo—corrupt. Hataka—request. Roots, in general, are nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. When they are common substantives or adjectives they become verbs by adding a vowel or syllable, or by changing the last syllable, as: sotro—drink; Busso—rotten. Mintak—ask. Roots may be nouns, adjectives, or verbs. When the former they become verbs by prefixing a syllable, and sometimes by suffixing a vowel, as: mula—beginning; memula or mula-i—to commence. When the Note.—y in the Malagasi vocabulary, when used as a termination to a word, has the same sound as i on the Continent of Europe or e in English.

sotroy—let it be drunk; hanina—food; hano—eat, or let it be eaten. There are also certain prefixes added to roots of derivative nouns, such as fi, faha, etc., and suffixes, as ana, na, vana, etc., which affect the initial and ultimate letters of each word, a few examples of which are given below by way of illustration :— Faoka, s. Clearing off Mamoaka, v. To clear off Fara, s. Anything rubbed Mamara, v. To rub or scrape Farana, ad. Level Mamarana, v. To level Feno, ad. Full Mameno, v. To fill Fody, s. Returning home Mamody, v. To return home Fono, s. Shrouded like a corpse Mamono, v. To kill Fotsy, ad. White Mamotsy, v. To Whiten Hahy, s. The dried by fire Mamahy, v. To dry by fire Hay, s. Knowledge Mahay, v. To know Hantona, s. Hanging Menantona, v. To hang Hariva, s. Evening. Hataka, s. A petition Mangataka, v. To beg Hatona, s. Approach Mamatona, v. To approach Havokavoka, s. Beating Manavokavoka, v. To beat Helatra, s. Lightning Manelatra, v. To flash Heloka, s. Iniquity Manameloka, v. To condemn Hevitra, s. Thought Mihievitra, v. To think Hinaka, s. Pomelling Maninaka, v. To beat Hofa, s. Rent Manofa, v. To pay rent Hombo, s. Nail Manombo, v. To cause to grow Hozona, s. Shaking Manozongozona, v. To shake Kekitra, s. A bite Manekitra, v. To bite Lalo, s. A passing by Mandalo, v. To pass by Lama, s. Slipperiness Mandama, v. To lubricate Lanto, s. The act of arranging Mandanto, v. To arrange root is a verb, the word becomes a substantive by a suffix, as: makan—to eat; makanan—food. The prefixes to roots are me, men, meng, pe, pel, pen, ber, etc.; and the suffixes are an, kan, i, etc., the former of which sometimes affect the initial letters, either by elision or substitution. Thus, surat—writing, becomes meniurat—to write. Other examples are below :— Buka, s. Clearing off (as of forest) Membuka, v. To clear off Tara, s. A rub Meniara, v. To rub or scrape Rata, ad. Level Memratakan, v. To level Peno, ad. Full Memeno, v. To fill Mudy, v. To go up a stream Memudy, v. Ditto; a common mode of travelling in Malaya Buno, v. To kill Pembuno, s. A murderer Pembunohan, s. An execution Memuno, v. To kill Iambuno, s. The kill Perbunohan, s. A place of execution Putih, ad. White Memuti, v. To whiten Api, s. Fire Taro de api, v. Dry it Panday, ad. Clever. Pandian, s. Clever[ness] Berpanday, v. To be clever Gantongan, s. Act of hanging Memantong, v. To hang; but gantong in general use Hari suda pitang, s. Evening Mintakan, s. The act of begging Memintakan, v. To beg Dataugan, s. The act of approaching Menatang, v. To approach Pukulan, s. A beating Memukul, v. To beat Halilintar, s. Thunderbolt Berkilat, v. To flash Chelaka, s. Misfortune. Berchelaka, v. To cause misfortune Fikiran, s. Thought Memikir, v. To think (fikir usually) Gasa, s. A beatin Meniasa, v. To beat Upa, s. Hire Meniupa, v. To hire Tumbo, s. A sprout or spike Menumbo, v. To sprout Goyangan, s. Shaking Bergoyang-goyang, v. To shake Bakiran, s. Cut, as with a file Bukikir, v. To file Lalu-an, s. A passing by Menialu, v. To pass by Lema limbut, ad. Softly Ber-limbutkan, v. To smooth Ator-an, s. The act of arranging Berator, v. To arrange

Latsa-bato, s. Dropping a stone Mandatsaka, v. To drop Lavaka, s. Hole Mandavaka, v. To make a hole Lemy, s. Softness Malemy, v. To be soft Loto, s. Filth Maloto, v. To be dirty Mandoto, v. To make dirty Safo, s. The act of caressing Manafo, v. To caress Sara, s. Hire of a canoe, etc. Manara, v. To hire Sasa, s. The act of washing Manasa, v. To wash Setra, s. Obstruction Manetra, v. To face opposition Soratra, s. Writing Manoratra, v. To write Tady, s. A rope Manady, v. To make rope Taingina, s. Act of mounting Manaingina, v. To raise up Takalo, s. Barter Manakalo, v. To barter Tambatra, s. Heap Manambatra, v. To heap Tanty, s. A basket Mananty, v. To endure Taranaka, s. Generation Manaranaka, v. To produce the same species Tenona, s. Weft Manenona, v. To weave To, s. Truth Mankato, v. To follow truth Tondro, s. Pointer Manondro, v. To point Vala, s. A small rice field embankment Mamala, v. To partition Valy, s. An answer Marmaly, v. To reply Vela, s. Dung Mamela, v. To leave Voa, s. Fruit Mamoa, v. To bear fruit Vono. See Fono Zaitra, s. Needlework Manjaitra, v. To sew Zaka, s. Strength Manjaka, v. To rule A compound word is formed either by repeating the same, or by uniting others to it, as: kely—small; kelikely—rather small; sain'olona—human mind, from saina, mind, and olona, man. The succeeding word in a compound expresses the quality of the preceding, as: zanaka-lahy—son or sons, from zanaka, child, and lahy, male; tanan'ankavanana—right hand. Lattakan-batu, s. Dropping a stone Melatta, v. To drop Lobang, s. A hole Bekan-lobang, v. To make a hole Lema, s. Soft Berlema, v. To soften Kotor, s. Filth Berkotor, v. To be dirty Meniotor, v. To make dirty Sapu-an, s. The act of cleaning with the hand, etc. Meniapu, v. To clean Sewa, s. Hire of anything Meniewa, v. To hire or rent Basa, s. The washing of one's hands Memasa, v. To wash Stru, ad. Unfriendly Ber stru, v. To be unfriendly Suratan, s. Writing Meniurat, v, To write Taly, s. A rope Memboat taly, v. To make ropes Naikan, s. The act of mounting Menaikan, v. To get up Tukuran, s. Barter Ber tukar, v. To barter Tambahan, s. A heap Menambah, v. To heap Menanti, v. To wait Anak anak, s. Offspring Per-anakan, v. To beget Tanunan, s. Weft Bertanun, v. To weave (usually tanun only) Tunto, ad. Certain Bekan tunto, v. To make certain Tunju-an, s. Pointer Menunju, v. To point Batas, s. A rice field embankment, or small dam Mematas, v. To embank Bali-an, s. A return Membalas jawab, v. To reply Berah, s. Dung Memberah, v. To stool (usually berah only) Ber-berah Bua, s. Fruit Ber-bua, v. To bear fruit Jaitan, s. Needlework Menjait, v. To sew Gaga-an, s. The act of applying force Bergaga, v. To strive. So, also, we have kitchi—small; kitchi-kitchi—very small; and s'orong—one man, from sa, one, and orong, a man. So, also, we have anak-laki—son or sons; tangan-kanan—right hand.

When there is an elision of a vowel it is specified by an apostrophe, as: tanan'olona—human hand; or otherwise, as in masoandro—sun, from maso, eye, and andro, day. There are three definite articles—i, ra, and ny; i and ra are prefixed to names of persons to distinguish them from common terms; i is prefixed only to proper names of places. The article ny is applied to nouns, and is definite. Verbal nouns are derived from verbs, and are formed by changing m into mp and f, as: manoratra—to write; mpanoratra—writer; fanoratra—mode of writing; fanoratana—things used for writing. Nouns have three numbers—singular, dual, and plural. Singular. Omby iray—a bullock. Dual. Anabavy—a brother and sister; kambana—twins; izy roa lahy—the two men. Plural. Olona maro—many people; omby ireo—these cattle; tranon-tsikia—our house. The above are only a very few examples. Gender.—The masculine and feminine genders are distinguished by different words, or by adding the words lahy and vavy—male and female. Tompokolahy—a lord. Tompokovavy—a lady. Lahinomby—a bull. Ombivavy—a cow. Zanakalahy—a son. Zanakavavy—a daughter. Case.—The nominative precedes the verb when the agent is the most emphatic word; but it follows when the opposite, as: miteny aho—I speak; mitoetra aho—I stay. Nouns in the possessive case are expressed as follows: tanan' olona—a man's hand; tendrok' omby—a bullock's horn. Nouns in the objective case are thus placed: manoraty ny taratsy ny zazalahy—the boys write the copies. So, also, have we di'orong—they, from dya, these, and orong, men; again, matahari—the sun, from mata, eye, and hari, day. Definition is effected by the use of the words di and itu, as: di orong—the men; itu orong—these men. There is no indefinite article, but the word si is sometimes used in place thereof, as: si-anu—a person, or so-and-so. And here we have surat or meniurat—to write; peniurat—a writer; meniuratan—mode of writing; per-suratan—things used for writing. The numbers do not take so elaborate a form, but yet they have exposition, thus: Singular. Domba satu—a sheep. Dual. Ade-brade—Brother and sister; kambari—twins. Plural. Orong baniak—many people; domba itu—these sheep; ruma-kita—our house. Here we have laki and bini, as applied to man and wife; and jantan and betina, as generally applied to beasts. Limbu jantan—a bull. Limbu betina—a cow. Anak laki—a son. Anak betina or perampuan—a daughter. The noun both precedes and follows the verb, the latter the more so in the written language, as: aku kata or kata ku—I speak; minanti ku or aku minanti—I wait. The possessive case takes a similar position, as: tangan orang—a man's hand; tundok limbu—a bullock's horn. Here: meniuratan turut-i ulih anak laki—the boys follow the writing. Adjectives. An adjective follows the noun when the latter is the most emphatic word, as: lehi-lahy hendry—wise man; but when the contrary, so the position is altered, as: hendry ny lehilahy. The system is doubtful, both positions being in force, as: laki bijak—a man wise; and busoh nama—a bad name. These are transposable by the context. Numbers. Up to ten have already been described (see Trans. N.Z. Inst., Vol. V.). The teens are differently constructed from the Malay, but twenty, thirty, forty, etc., are precisely similar. Zato—one hundred. Arivo—one thousand. The Malagasi numbers being more similar to those of other races in the Indian Archipelago than to the Malay, one or two examples are here only given. Sa ratus—one hundred. Saribu—one thousand.

Faha roa—the second. Faha dimy—the fifth. Faha zato—the hundredth. The possessive pronouns are ko, nao, ny—my, thy, his or her; and nay, ntsikia, or tsikia, nareo, ny, or njareo or jareo—our, your, their. The demonstrative adjectives have various forms, the primary ones of which are-given, as under: Singular. Plural. Ity—this. Irety—these. Iroa—that. Iretoana—those. They precede and follow the words, thus: ity lamba ity—this cloth; ireo zaza ireo— —these children. Participial adjectives are derived from verbs: mividy—buying; nividy—bought; hividy—about to buy; voavidy—bought: Compound adjectives are formed of two simple words or more with hyphen between, as: fotsi-volo—white haired. Conditional adjectives are formed by adding koa raha, as: tsara koa raha tsara—better if there be any one good. The superlative degree is used when the quality of one thing exceeds that of two or more. Tsara. Tsara noho. Tsara indrindra. Good. Better. Best. Ratsy. Ratsy kokoa noho. Ratsy indrindra Bad. Worse. Worst. The pronominal affixes ko, nao, ny—singular; nay, ntsikia, nareo, ny, or njareo—plural, have the same power and signification, when joined to verbs in the passive voice, with that of the personal pronoun in the nominative case with verbs in the active voice, as: manoratra aho—I write; soratako—written by me, i.e., I write. The relative pronouns are ilehy or lehy—that; izay—that which, etc., as: ny omby izay no vonoiny ny olona—the bullocks which were killed by the people. Examples of reflective pronouns are as follows: izaho tena hiany—I my own self alone; izaho tena mahafantatra—I my own self know. Ka dua—the second. Ka lima—the fifth. Ka ratus—the hundredth. After nouns, possessives are ku, kau, and nia—my, thy, his or her; and kami, kamu, and diorang—ours, yours, theirs. Before nouns, punia is interplaced, as: aku-punia—my or mine. The forms are as follow: Singular. Plural. Ini—this. Ini—these. Itu—that. Itu—those. The plural being denoted by baniak (many) after the words, thus: ini kain—this cloth; ini anak baniak— these children. Membili—buying; suda bili—bought; na bili—about to buy. Bulu (feather) putih (white)—white feathers or down. Here by adding kalau ada, as: libih baik kalau ada baik—better if there be any good. Here the form is: Baik—good. Libih baik—better. Ter libih baik or baik sakali—best. Korang — bad. Libih korang — worse. Ter libih korang or korang sakali—worst. The same forms are used, according to contexts, as: aku meniurat or meniurat aku—I write; surat ku or surat ulih ku—written by me. The relative pronouns are itu—that; eiya itu—that which, etc., as: limbu itu iang de buno ulih orang. Here: aku sorong kindiri—I alone, myself; aku kindiri mengatau-i—my own self know. Verbs. The verbs in their various phases are so elaborate that salient points can only be noticed. They are simple and reduplicative, as: mandehandeha—to walk often about, the simple verb being mandeha; miteny—to talk; miteniteny—to be talkative. In their moods there are peculiar inflections, according to the terminal consonants, Reduplication also takes place, thus: ber jalan—to walk; ber jalan-jalan—to be walking continuously; ber-chakup—to speak; ber-chakupchakup—to hold conversation. There are properly no inflections, but incipient indications may be noted in the Note.—k and h final are not sounded in Malay.

the list of which is too long to copy and which also are very intricate and artificial, as, in the imperative: B, ba, be, by; beaza, baza, boa; bao, beazo, boy. Ex.—To bathe—mandro, mandroa, androy. The auxiliaries consist of verbs, as: efa—done; voa—shot; tafa—past; mahay—able; avelao—let be. Adjectives.—Tokony — expedient; and mendrikia — proper. Adverbs. — Aza — let not; aoka—enough; mainkia—rather; etc. words: bermula, bermulai—to begin; ajar, ajari—to teach; tau, taui—to know; lalu, lalui—to pass. The auxiliaries consist of verbs, as: suda — done; ber—let; bri — give; etc. Adjectives.—Patut—expedient; baik—proper; etc. Adverbs.—Suda—enough; hales—finished; etc. Example.—First Conjugation. Indicative Mood — Present Tense. Singular. 1st person. Mampianatra aho—I teach. 2nd person. Mampianatra hiano — Thou teachest. 3rd person. Mampianatra izy—He teaches. Singular. 1st person. Meng-ajar ku or aku—I teach. 2nd person. Meng-ajar kau or angkau—Thou teachest. 3rd person. Meng-ajar nia or dya—He teaches. Plural. 1st person. Mampianatra izahey—We teach. 2nd person. Mampianatra hianareo—You teach. 3rd person. Mampianatra izareo—They teach. Plural. 1st person. Meng-ajar kami—We teach. 2nd person. Meng-ajar kamu—You teach. 3rd person. Meng-ajar diorang—They teach. Perfect. 1. Nampianatra aho—I taught. 1. Ada meng-ajar ku. Future. 1. Hampianatra aho—I shall or will teach. 1. Nanti meng-ajar ku. Present Perfect. 1. Efa mampianatra aho—I have taught. 1. Suda meng-ajar ku. Pluperfect. 1. Efa nampianatra aho—I had taught. 1. Suda ada meng-ajar ku. Future Perfect. 1. Efa hampianatra aho—I shall or will have taught. 1. Suda aku habis ajar. Emphatic Form. 1. Izaho mampianatra—I teach. 1. Aku meng-ajar. Exclusive Form. 1. Izaho no mampianatra—It is I that teaches. 1. Aku lah iang meng-ajar. Imperative Mood. 1. Aoka hampianatra aho—Let me teach. 1. Berkan meng-ajar ku. Subjunctive Mood. 1. Raha mampianatra aho—If I teach. 1. Kalau meng-ajar ku. Potential Mood. 1. Mahampianatra aho—I can teach. 1. Bulih meng-ajar ku. Infinitive Mood. Present. Mampianatra—to teach, or teaching. Present. Meng-ajar kan. Verbal Nouns. Mpampianatra—a teacher. Peng-ajar. Second Conjugation. The Simple Passive.—Indicative Mood. 1. Ampianarina aho—I am taught. 1. Ada bel-ajar ku. Imperative Mood. 1. Aoka hampianarina aho—Let me be taught. 1. Ber-aku bel-ajar. Subjunctive Mood. 1. Raha ampianarina aho—If I be taught. 1. Kalau bel-ajar ulih mu.

Potential Mood. 1. Ahampianarina aho—I can be taught. 1. Bulih aku bel-ajar. Potentative Verb.—Passive Voice. Subjunctive Mood. 1. Raha ahampianarina aho—If I can be taught. 1. Kalau aku bulih bel-ajar-i. Third Conjugation. The Pronominal Adjunctive.—Indicative Mood. 1. Ampianariko ny ankizy—the children are taught by me. 1. Belajarkan anak ulih ku. Subjunctive Mood. 1. Raha ampianariko anareo—If you be taught by me. 1. Kalau bel-ajarkan angkau ulih ku. Imperative Mood. 1. Aoka hampianariko anareo—Let you be taught by me. Ber ajar-kan angkau ulih ku. Potential Mood. 1. Ahampianariko anareo—You can be taught by me. Buli-lah angkau de ajari ulih ku. Adverbs. Of Number. Cardinal. Iray monja—only one. Ordinal. Indroa—twice. Cardinal. Satu sejak—only one. Ordinal. Dua kali—twice. Of Time. Anio—to-day; anio hiany—this very day; miarakaminizay—instantly; sahady—already; rahateo—before-hand; taloha—before; omaly—yesterday; afak'omaly—before yesterday; hiara kaminizay—immediately; ampitzo—to-morrow; isam bolana—monthly; isan-taona—yearly; tsia—no. Ini hari—to-day; hari ini—this very day; sakarang ini—instantly; sadiah—already; hadapan—before-hand; dehulu—before; kalamarin—yesterday; kalamarin dehulu—before yesterday; sakarang ini—immediately; beso—to-morrow; ber-bulan—monthly; ber-taun—yearly; tida—no. Of Place. Ety—here; tany—there; manodidina—around; na ato na eny—whether here or there. Sini — here; sana — there; koliling—around; sini atau sana—here or there. Of Quantity. Be—much; avokoa—all. Be brapa—how much; samomoa—all. Of Quality. Malakilaky—speedily; tsia—no. Lakas lakas—be very quick; tida—no. Of conjunctions, interjections, and repletives, there are no close affinities between the two languages. Syntax. Articles. The article I is prefixed to the names of places, towns, and villages, and also to the names of persons, as: Iambohipeno—the village called Ambohipeno; Ifaralahy—the name of a man. The article Ra is only prefixed to the names of persons when they are addressed with respect or with a consideration of superiority, as: Ra-lahimatoa—the name of a man Ramatoa. The article Si is prefixed to villages, as: Si-rangun—the village of Rangun; and to persons, as: Si-japar—the man called Japar. The article Tun or Tuan is prefixed to the names of Europeans and Arabs by way of special consideration, and as a mark of superiority, as: Tuan Smith or Tun Hajee. Adjectives. The adjective is generally placed after the noun, as: lehilahy antitra—an old man. The same adjective precedes and follows the noun, as: ity lehilahy ity—this man; ity vato ity—this stone; ireo olona ereo—these people. The pronominal affix of a noun governs the possessive or genitive cases, i.e., the The adjectives follow or precede the nouns according to context, as: laki laki tua—an old man; baik rupa nia—good appearance. The adjective is not repeated, as: laki laki itu.—this man; itu batu—this stone; orang itu—these people. Here the phrase is wang orang, or wang de orang—the money of the people; or

noun that follows it is put in apposition: volony ny olona—the people's money, or the money of the people. The pronominal affixes that are joined to nouns have the same signification with the English adjective pronouns of the possessive kind. orang punia wang—the people's own money. Here the same rule applies, as below:— Singular. Tranoko—my house, i.e., house of me. Volunao—thy money, i.e., money of thee. Ombiny—his cattle, i.e., cattle of him. Singular. Ruma ku—my house, etc. Wang kau—thy money, etc. Limbu nia—his cattle, etc. Verbs. One verb governs another in the infinitive mood, as: mikiasa hanotra aho—I intended to write. The transitive passive with the pronominal affixes govern nouns and pronouns in the objective case. Soatako ny taratasy—the letter is written by me, i.e., I write the letter. Here: handak meniurat ku—I intend to write. Here we have this example: Surat ter surat ulih ku—the letter is written by me, etc. Adverbs. The adverb qualifies the verb, as: mano-ratra tsara izy—he writes well. Here: Meniurat baik dya—he writes well. Conjunctions. Conjunctions connect words in the following manner: tany sy lanitra—earth and heaven; nandeha izahay fa nitoetra hianareo—we went away, but you remained. The copulative conjunction dia connects words that are put in apposition and verbs, as: Izaho mivavaka aminy Iehovah dia Andriamanitra Tompony ny lanitra sy ny tany—I worship Jehovah, even God the Lord of heaven and earth. Here: Tana* In terminations h and k are used unnecessarily by following the Arab orthography. dan langit—earth and sky; pigilah kita tingal-lah angkau—we went, etc. Here it is: iya itu, as, aku memuji pada Yahowah iya itu Alat Allah iang ada Tuhan de surga dun bumi (The terms langit dan tana—sky and earth—would not convey the correct idea to the Malay as it seems to do in Malagasi.) Interjections. Interjections are placed before personal pronouns, as: lozako re—woe is me. The interrogative repletives moa and va, are placed before nouns and pronouns, and often verbs and adjectives, as: tezitra va ny olona?—are the people angry? Here the expression is: rosakan saya—woe is me, or destruction is upon me. Here the expression is ka; thus: satru-ka di orang?—are the people at enmity? Prosody. The accent is placed on the first of dissyllables, on the second of trisyllables, and on the antipenultimate of polysyllables. Màro—many. Lèna—wet. Mandìha—to walk. Mivìdy—to buy. Mangàtaka—to ask. Mivàrotra—to see. Rùma—a house. Bàsa—wet. Berjàlan—to walk. Membìly—to buy. Mengàtakan—to say. Menìngohkan—to see. Refraining from remarks on the above till we reach near the conclusion of this paper, I now proceed to the last branch, viz., Phonetic Comparison, commencing with the Maori, as previously done. Phonetic Comparison. Vowels are simple sounds properly, and consonants articulations; by the junction of these the illimitable expressions of all languages are recordable.

But in this branch of the enquiry we have more to do with the mode of creating the sounds and articulations. This is, for the most part, effected by a slightly opened mouth, by the breath, the tongue, and the lips. As the vowels are expressed by the simply opened mouth, they have no other designation; but it is otherwise with the consonants. In the languages under review consonants are divided into labial, sibilant, palatal, dental, aspirate, and compound articulations, viz., dento-labial and dento-palatal, and also, in a small degree, palato-nasal. Neither the intonations of the Chinese, the deep gutturals of the Hindustanee, the rolling vibrations of the Tamil, nor the harsh sibilants of the Arab have existence. Now, it may be surmised that this principle prevails with primitive tribes as it does with single beings in their infancy—that the more primitive or infantile they are the fewer will be their articulations, the less their known wants, the less elaborate their modes of expression. Thus, in the manner that water finds its own level, the first outpourings travelling furthest, so we find in tribes and languages that a parallel exists. I have already stated some cases of this in my former paper, and I need only here allude to the furthest travelled of the Polynesian tribes, viz., the Sandwich Islanders, who have only six consonants in their alphabet. The particular tribes that we now have to do with, have, as regards the Maori, only eight consonants, and as regards the Tongan, only twelve. In observing children of any nation commencing to articulate, it will have been noticed by most of you that labials are first mastered, as in pa and ma; probably next aspirates, and then dentals, then others according to the chapter of happy accidents that make nature's operations so varied and interesting. Thus, in the word “ship,” one child may fall on a dental for the first consonant and another on an aspirate; or for the word “food,” one may choose a labial, another a palatal. Hence we see a clue to the great variety of articulation of the same word fossilized or preserved in different and distant tribes who have parted in past ages. As an example of this principle I may mention the case of a country-born lady in India, who had never left her native country, telling us that “she was dirty, but her husband was dirty more,” meaning that “she was thirty, but her husband was more than thirty.” In thus speaking she merely used the articulation and idiom of her native country. So much seems necessary, by way of preface, before we commence at New Zealand, and institute a phonetic comparison between the Maori and Tongan; but before doing so I must also remark on the common transmutation of vowels—many cases may be quoted in our English tongue—but confining our examples to the languages under review, I may state that the Malay of Menangkabau terminates his words with o, while the Malay of Malacca does so with a, as sayo, saya. Again, in other dialects, i is transmuted into e, and a, into u, yet the words so altered may be from one root.

Maori and Tongan. Each language, or more properly dialect, of the great Polynesian language, has five vowels, but, as stated before, the Maori has only eight consonants, while the Tongan has twelve. Each have two labials, m being common to both. Maori has no sibilants, Tongan only one. Maori has only one palatal, Tongan two. Each have only one dental. Maori has two aspirates, Tongan one. Maori has no dento-labials, Tongan two; and Maori has two dento-palatals, Tongan three, as shown below:— Labial. Sibilant. Palatal. Dental. Aspirate. Dento-Iabial. Dento-palatal. Maori p, m — k t h, w — n, r Tongan b, m s k, g t h f, v j, n, l Now, looking at the influence of this selection of their articulations in their respective dialects, we will see the effects on their phonologies in the following words:— Potiki, a child, in Maori, becomes bibigi in Tongan. Kuri, a dog, in Maori, becomes guli in Tongan. Taringa, the ear, in Maori, becomes telinga in Tongan. Ahi, fire, in Maori, becomes aft in Tongan. Pua, a flower, in Maori, becomes fua in Tongan. Ngaro, a fly, in Maori, becomes lango in Tongan. Wera, hot, in Maori, becomes vela in Tongan. Puaka, a pig, in Maori, becomes buaka in Tongan. and so on. Thus we see how, in a closely allied dialect, divergences commence by the simple, unregulated action of the tongue on different parts of the mouth; also by one tribe having, in process of time or by contact with more highly developed languages, gained and adopted more. Again, by reducing both dialects to one system of spelling, we find that by taking several sentences of twenty words each, at random, the Maori has 100 vowels for every sixty-three consonants, while the Tongan has 100 vowels for every sixty-two consonants; thus, though differing in the number of consonants in their respective alphabets, they may be said to be nearly equally soft or vocalic in their speech. Maori and Malay. Proceeding on the same principle, we come now to compare Maori and Malay phonetically. The Malay alphabet, as stated before, has five vowels and eighteen consonants, i.e., if we allow h soft and h hard to count as two; but, as I doubt the propriety of this, I may suggest that there should be only seventeen consonants. The h soft phonetically really has no existence, and has been adopted by European writers who blindly follow the Arabic system, where the paucity of vowel characters has necessitated the introduction of the final letter “ha” to many words actually ending in a, e, i, o, or u. It will be seen below that Malay has three labials to the Maori two, two sibilants to the Maori none, two palatals and dentals to the Maori one, three

aspirates to the Maori two, one dento-labial to the Maori none, and four dento-palatals to the Maori two. Labial. Sibilant. Palatal. Dental. Aspirate. Dento-labial. Dento-palatal. Malay b, p, m s, z k, g d, t h, w, y f j, n, l, r Maori p, m — k t h, w— n, r The effects of this on the languages will be seen by the following examples:— Huka, agree, in Maori, becomes suka in Malay. Ahi, fire, in Maori, becomes api in Malay. Hua, fruit, in Maori, becomes bua in Malay. Huruhuru, hair, in Maori, becomes bulubulu in Malay. Kohatu, stone, in Maori, becomes batu in Malay. Mahana, warm, in Maori, becomes panas in Malay. Ngahuru, ten, in Maori, becomes sapulu in Malay. Rima, five, in Maori, becomes lima in Malay. Tokutohu, direct, in Maori, becomes tuju in Malay. and so on. Thus, with a knowledge of the bases of orthography in different languages, one radical may be traced (even though it may assume a different form) to great distances. The cause is seen in the result, so, because the Maoris have no letter b, they pronounce bua as hua, etc., yet the radical, wherever it germinated, was common to both. Again, by comparing several sentences in each language, we find that in Malay vowels are to consonants as 100: 122, against 100: 63 in Maori. This indicates a wide difference in articulation, due no doubt to the approach of the Malay to the consonantal languages of Asia, from whence they borrowed. Hence Malay is phonetically more forcible in expression than the languages of Polynesia. Malagasi and Malay. The Malagasi language, as stated before, has five vowels and sixteen consonants. Comparing the latter with Malay, each have three labials, two sibilants, two palatals, and two dentals; the Malagasi has one aspirate to three in the Malay, two dento-labials for one of Malay, each having four dento-palatals. Thus, their orthography rests on a nearly equal basis, as below:— Labial. Sibilant. Palatal. Dental. Aspirate. Dento-labial. Dento-palatal. Malay b, p, m s, z k, g d, t h, w, y f j, n, l, r Maori b, p, m s, z k, g d, t h f, v j, n, l, r The effects of this will be seen in the phonology, thus:— Toaka, toddy, in Malagasi, becomes tuwak in Malay. Ova, change, in Malagasi, becomes ubah in Malay. Ovy, yam, in Malagasi, becomes ubi in Malay. Vono, kill, in Malagasi, becomes buno in Malay. Voa, fruit, in Malagasi, becomes bua in Malay. Rivotra, wind, in Malagasi, becomes ribut in Malay. and so on. Hence the same original expressions are clothed in the articulation peculiar to each language, so as to conceal their identity until the principle of their construction is set forth.

Now, comparing several sentences in each language, we find that in Malagasi the vowels are to the consonants as 100: 92, against 100: 122 in Malay. Thus, as the consonantal languages of Asia are departed from, the speech becomes more soft and vocalic—a principle which we have seen has, had more extended effect in the spread of the cognate tongues easterly, i.e., over Polynesia. Reverting, then, to the glossarial branch of the subject, in order to fairly weigh the respective affinities of the different races under review, as read by language, I must recall your attention to the fact stated in my former paper as to the relative number of primary words retained by an European language after eight hundred years of disconnection; these amount to only about one twenty-sixth of the whole. Mr. John Crawford, by his investigations, has declared that one fifty-seventh of the Malagasi and one-fiftieth of the Maori dictionaries were Malay, thus proving a connection whose intimacy on European experience can be approximately calculated. But I may venture to remark, from my own enquiries on the same subject, that had the above ethnographer or myself had the advantage of a critical knowledge of both or all languages, instead of only one (the Malay), double the equivalents might be found, and the approaches thus drawn nearer by half. Thus, Crawford states that out of 8,000 Malagasi words he detected only 140 Malayan; while I, out of Griffiths' grammar, containing certainly not more than 500 words, detected eighty, in words that have had preservation throughout the whole region. The effects of peculiar articulation are shown in the following examples:— English. Malagasi. Malay. Tongan. Maori. Fruit voa bua pua hua. Hair volo bulu fulu huru. and so forth. Then, as to idiomatic comparison, it will be seen that Malay, Maori, and Tongan are virtually the same, the divergences in structure being slight. In the declension of nouns, or the conjugations of verbs, there are virtually no inflections. The duplication of words, to weaken or intensify their meanings, are common to the three dialects or languages, and the curious elaboration of the pronouns has more or less existence. The relative position of adverbs, verbs, nouns, and pronouns, in the construction of their sentences, also follows one plan. The parallel is remarkably carried through to Madagascar, excepting in the formation of moods and tenses of verbs, where inflection takes place; and in this respect the Malagasi imitates the Tamil of South India, though their glossaries have no relation to each other. In this latter language, as with Malagasi, the tenses are formed by the aid of certain particles called “words standing in the middle,” which are inserted between the root and the pronominal affixes, subject to various changes required by their rules of

grammar. As the pronominal affixes are the same in all tenses, these middle words become the characteristics by which each tense is distinguished. Thus, in this portion of idiom the Malagasi has strong Tamilian affinities, due (if the theory I formerly enunciated be admitted) to the archaic connection with South Hindustan or Barata, and not, in any way, to its more distant connection by relation with Malayo-Polynesia. In phonetic comparison it will have been noticed that Malay is nearer to Malagasi than to Tongan or Maori, the number of consonants being seventeen to sixteen respectively, the letter v being absent in the former, and w and y in the latter. Yet the Malagasi is much more vocalic than Malay. It may be here stated that there are three dialects spoken in Madagascar—the Ankova, the Betsimisaraka, and Sakalava. The former is by far the most copious, regular, and extensive, and is the only one as yet in which anything has been written or printed. Mr Griffiths characterizes the language as mellifluous and soft, and, equally with the students of Malay in the Indian Archipelago, he panegyrizes it as the Italian of the South. I could never see this, though I have often heard the same sentiment expatiated on. If softness be admirable, then we have it advancing to extreme weakness in the eastern and southern parts of Polynesia, where six to eight consonants are all that are possessed by cognate tribes. Taking Malay as the middle tongue, it is more masculine than the Maori or Tongan, and less vibratory than the Malagasi; thus— Langit, sky, in Malay, becomes lanitra in Malagasi. Kilat, lightning, in Malay, becomes helatra in Malagasi. Kulit, skin, in Malay, becomes hoditra in Malagasi. Here the Malay expressions have abrupt terminations, while those of the Malagasi vibrate at the end. In this characteristic the phonology of South Hindustan indicates its influence. Embracing the whole subject then, we have this fact made patent to us: that confined within fifteen degrees of the equator we have one family of languages spreading from Madagascar to New Guinea, and thence easterly to the extremes of Polynesia, New Zealand inclusive; but a breach in which, in this present era, occurs by the breadth of the Indian Ocean. The two portions of the one family situated on the borders of the breach are glossarially and phonetically closer to each other than either of these are to those portions stretching into Polynesia; while, idiomatically, the portion on the west side of the breach—that is Madagascar—shows Tamilian or South Indian affinities. What does this view indicate? That they all are parts of one original family there can be no question, for when we advance beyond the limit above assigned, as shown before, we meet with Asiatic or Australian nations and tribes, whose languages are of entirely different genius. I have already brought to your notice the

ethnological considerations; these, therefore, should be touched on here as slightly as possible. I will consequently only trouble you in this direction by stating that one author suggests the populating of Madagascar by storm-driven. Malay proas; but physical geography is entirely against this theory. Another suggests the sinking of the earth's surface, so that what was once dry land is now the deep ocean; but the teachings of geology forbid this within the period required, for the deltas of the Ganges, Indus, Euphrates, and Zambesi prove that practical quiescence has reigned for these last 100,000 years, while much under that period is abundance for the displacement or movement of races that we have to enquire into. In primitive races slave-hunting is the first necessity, for by it they obtain ministers to their ease and lust; mercantile adventure follows. Archaic Hindustan, as one of the most prolific nurseries of the human race, would soon have recourse to these great causes of migration and conquest. Lesser ranges than that shown in Plate III. existed in full force up to within very recent times, and yet in a curtailed manner exist, viz., in the Indian Archipelago, whose basis is in Mindanao, and on the east coast of Africa, whose basis is in Yemen. That the Malagasi migration had taken place from archaic India before the age of letters, their want of literature proves; for we may accept it as an axiom that letters once attained to by a race are never lost. Thus two or more small tribes in Sumatra have letters peculiar to themselves, and the small island of Bali, near Java, has preserved for ages not only a Hindu literature, but a dead language—this against the assaults of Mahommedan zeal and Christian power. Then, if the migration from South Hindustan to Madagascar took place before the age of letters, we have an indication of its antiquity by the cuneiform letters and hieroglyphics of Assyria and Egypt, whose crude attempts at recording words or deeds date not beyond 3,400 years. At that time South India, or Hindustan, would be extending her expeditions east and west, she being the great centre of trade, and, having the necessities, would also at the same time acquire letters of her own, or borrow them from those close neighbours. That her trade expanded, we may judge by the date of the foundation of Tyre by those great East Indian merchants, the Phœnicians, 3,120 years ago; and that the powerful and wealthy partook of or used their merchandize we may judge of by the Song of Solomon, which, 2,900 years ago, celebrated the camphire of Sumatra and the cinnamon of Ceylon, whose chief marts were South India.* Vasco da Gama, the first direct European trader to India, at the end of the fifteenth century found the stores of Cannanor, Calicut, and Cochin filled with pepper, ginger, nutmegs, cloves, etc., the produce of South India, as well as of Sumatra, Java, the Moluccas, etc. He also found a Hindoo trader on the coast of Africa, as far south as Sofola. This, in a measure, indicates the influence of ancient India, and proves her the centre of great movements. Thus the fossil words of Barata were planted westward

in Madagascar over 3,400 years ago. The date of their migration eastward must rest on other grounds than history. That it was very much more remote in past ages than that to Madagascar may be inferred from the incomplete articulations of the Polynesians, who, as the first outpourings, bore away only the first and earlier attempts of a primitive people to express their circumscribed wants in language. When, or at what time, these wonderful people—the Barata—were themselves extruded and obliterated from their original seat by the Thibetan and Arian incursions on Hindustan, we need not now surmise. We may only so far remark that the physiognomy of the modern Malagasi is more Thibetan than Arian. But, returning to the more immediate object of this paper, it may be truly said that there is no example of a tribe or nation accepting foreign words for their own primary ones. Take, for instance, our own English words for our near relations, the parts of the body, such as head, ears, nose, mouth, etc., or for common objects, such as cow, horse, pig, corn, etc.; all these Teutonic fossil words are indelibly fixed in our language, notwithstanding all its present high culture and the acceptation of French, Latin, and Greek exotics. So it is with the family of languages or dialects under review. The Maori, Malay, and Malagasi, by their fossil-primary words, prove the common origin of their races, i.e., emanation from one focus of dispersion. Again, philology supports our previous ethnological reasons, not only by the above data, but by common idiomatic structure and phonology; and the Tamilian affinities of the Malagasi, disclosed in this enquiry, add evidence to the theory that that focus was in South Hindustan. Another circumstance may be mentioned, but I do not give great weight to it, viz.: in races so nearly allied by name—the Malayala of South India, the Malaya of Sumatra, and the Malagasi of Madagascar—having each their seats in the mountains of their respective countries, similar conditions may have promoted the migrations, and similar conditions preserved the remnants. Thus, had Madagascar not existed, or had it not been populated by its present race, our search for the whence of the Maori, as we proceeded westward, might have stopped at the Silong tribe of Mergui, on the eastern shores of the Bay of Bengal; but the above circumstances we have set forth force us to proceed across the bay, and point out, as I did in my former paper, that peninsula, fecund of people, viz., South Hindustan, alone commanding all possible eastern or western maritime migrations, as the only possible “whence” of the Maori.

Appendix I. List of Malay words found in Williams' New Zealand Dictionary. English. Maori. Malay. Remarks. Fire ahi api What aha apa I ahau aku Resemble ahuka huka sarupa rupa Warm ahuru suh To warm whaka ahuru bekan suh bekan is a causative auxiliary verb, not much used, of the same signification as boat or ber, and is the nearest approach to the whaka of the Maori Fibrous root aka aka akar akar Onwards ake akhir last in time To-day aianei ari ini Sickness aitu sakit pait literally—sick, deadly Thin roots aka akar Learn ako ajar To teach whaka ako bekan ajar literally—make learn My aku aku punia Swell on sea amai omba There ana sana Here anei sini Light air angi angin wind generally Put together apiti apit close Day time ao ari Path ara aras direction Liberal atamai ati bai literally—heart good Follow aru turut Chase aruaru alau Liver ate ati Thatch ato atap Away atu situ thereaway, as pointed by speaker First atua satu one Smoke auahi awap api literally—vapour of fire Eddy auhoki aru River awa aier stream Valley awa awa debawa below Pay for whakaea bekan beiar literally—make pay Disgusting eti eti tei filth Breathe whakaha bekan hawa literally—make breath (not in use) Come haere mari Scrape hakuku kuku nails of fingers Consumed hama habes finished Oven hangi hangat hot Thing hanga barang Encompass hao bawah bring Pregnant hapu amput copulate Dance hari tari Fetid haruru busu Wind hau hawa breath Desire hia saiang Gather hiapo impun Collect whaka hiapo bekan impun Tail hiku ekor Girl hine bine wife Belly hopara prut Note.—Roots, where necessary, are given in italics, and the Malay words here are spelt independent of Arabic orthography, which is usually and improperly followed.

English. Magri. Malay. Remarks. Feather hou bulu New hou baru Mud hu silut Fruit hua bua Open huaki buka Hail huka whatu ujan batu literally—rain-stone Grasping huiropa rapas ambil to take forcibly Trembling hungoingoi goiangoiang Conceal huna simbuni Coarse hair huru huru bulu bulu He ia dia, or eia That ia ia, or eia Fish ika ikan Nose ihu idong To-day inaianei ari ini Drink inu minum Small iti kitchil Raft kahupapa kayu papan literally—wood boards Eat kai makan Food kai makanan Tree kai kaiu generally wood, but used thus—poko kaiu, trees To eat kame makan inverted, as the basa cappor Call karanga pangil Old man karana katua the elders Stone of fruit karihi biji Dig for kari kori All katoa samou Shut kati katop Full-grown katua tua old Carry kawe bawa Dig keri kori Extinguished keto katup closed Think ki pikir Evil kino hina Pronounced bad whaka hino bekan hina seldom used Thin kohoi kurus or kurui in Kedda Watery kopu wai punoh aier literally—full of water Full kopu punoh Not kore korang as in korang bai—not good Old man karaua orong tua Split kotata tita to cleave North wind kotiu tiup to blow with the mouth To split open kowha bla Select kowhiri pili Nip kuku kuku finger nails Louse kutu kutu Maggots kutu kutu kutu kutu many lice Handful kutanga sa tangan Many maha maha great Warm mahana panas Wonder miharo heiran Dimly makaro kabus Distant mamao jao For me maku ku I, or me To show respect mana aki menaiki to raise, as with respect Point mata mata mata Raw mata manta Eye mata mata Wind matangi angin Be afraid mataku bakut To terrify whaka mataku bekan takut

Know matau tau To teach whaka matau bekan tau seldom used Gape matata tita split Fountain mata wai mata aier Filled with tears mata waia mata ber aier literally—eyes watering Dead mate mati Put to death whaka mate bekan mati not used Three matengi tiga Parent matua tua old Nail of finger mati kuku kuku Carry mau bau shoulder Wonder at miharo berheiran Desire minaka mintak to beg Front mua muka Tie niko nika to marry Ten ngahuru sapulu Cry of distress ngangi tangis Split ngatata tita cut Shake whaka oioi bekan goiang Six ono anam Make good whaka pai bekan bai Adorn whaka pai pai bekan bai bai Good pai bai Garment pakikau pakian Fruitful papua ber bua Cheek paparinga pipi Flat roofed paparu papan board, or flat as a stone Crack pato pata broken Carry pikau pikul Open poaha buka Small pokike kichi Short poto si potong a bit cut off Stone powhatu batu Old person poua tua or, orong tua Cut off pouto potong Flower pua bua fruit Glow puhana ber panas Hill puke bukit Pubes puke puke Begin to rise whakapuke naik bukit Rotten wood pukorukoru phun buru buru literally—tree rotten Handle puritanga tangan hand Here raina sana Sky rangi langit To be raised rangui angkat Sole of foot raparapa tapa Cluster rapoi rapat close Same rata rata as smooth and level Leaf rau daun Hundred rau ratus Small riki kichi In fragments rikiriki kichi kichi Five rima lima Two rua dua Old woman ru wahine tua bini properly bini tua (wife old) Naked tahanga terlanjan Sea shore taha tai tepi tasi shore of lake Sea tai tasi lake Husband tahu tua head of family Canoe balingplace taingawai toang-aier pour water Slack water tai mate tasi mati not used, but aier mati is the phrase

Trample takahi takan to press down Mat to sleep upon takupau tekar Root take akar Sea coast takut ai dekat aier near water Bury tanu tanum Assembled tanga datang come Cry tangi tangis Loose tangara lungar Margin tapa tepe Basket tapa kuri timbakul Sea shore tapa tai tepi tasi near lake Thatch tapatu atap Ear taringa telinga Year tau taun Light tau tau-an knowledge Cause to light whakatau bekan tau cause to know Strange land tau whenua benua land Jeer tawai tawa laugh White tea putè Here tenei sini There tena sana False tipatipa tipu to deceive Axe titaha titahan an instrument to cut with Stone toka toko bisi a hammer or iron stone Thrust toro tola Push forth whaka toro bekan tola not used My lady tua wahine tua bini properly bini tua—first wife, who is always the highest in rank Mainland tua whenua tua benua old country—properly benua tua Draw turi tulis Write tuhi tuhi tulis tulisan many writings Grow tupu tubo body Growth tupu tumbu Cause to grow whakatupu bekan tumbu doubtful if used Deaf turi tuli Kneel tuturu lutut knee Spy tutei intei to peep Dung tutae tae Rain ua ujan Heart of tree uho tubo Yam uwhikaho ubi kaiu literally—yams of wood, or woody yams; applied in Malay to tapioca Accuse whakawa bekan dawa Woman wahine bini wife Flood wai puke aier bukit water of hills Manure wai rakau bajan Four wha ampat Elevate whata atas above Milk waiu susu in Maori the root is u, in Malay su, the former being composed of two words—wai and u, i.e., water of pap, the latter, being merely a duplication Sit noho dudu the root is o, converted in Malay to u. Both words are mere duplications. d not being pronounceable in Maori, n and h have been taken instead People hunga orung the root is un, the Maori having the usual suffix, the Malay a prefix

Age tau tua by transposition of vowels Argue totohe tutur to commune. Vowels convertible Artist tohunga tokung Malay has no suffix Heap ahu apus covered To charge or rush amo amo to charge fiercely with bloody intent Abundant nanea banea To collect puhangaiti pungut To boast whaka ranga ranga bekan garang to simulate boldness These enei anu Demigod atua antu spirits Hail whatu batu literally—stone; hail in Malay being called batu ujan, or stone rain Country whenua benua Thirsty wheinu na-minum On referring to Crawfurd's investigation of this subject, it will be seen that he states (see Trans. N.Z. Inst., Vol. IV., p. 28) that in a Maori dictionary of 5,500 words he found 107 that were Malay, i.e. one fifty-first part, or about twenty to the 1,000. In the above list it will be seen that I have detected 235 Malay words in a Maori dictionary containing about 6,000, i.e., one twenty-fifth part, or about thirty-nine words to the 1,000. I have no doubt that a person familiar with both languages, instead of with only one, would detect double the words that I have; at the same time I must remark that of the 235 words sixteen are compounds, and thus mere repetitions, but this is also greatly the case with the dictionary itself, which goes a long way to swell its volume. The ratio I have given may therefore not be considered unfair. In as far as I had opportunity to compare the glossaries thoughout, from Madagascar to New Zealand, it is my opinion that Malay is nearer to Malagasi than it is to Maori, and I may venture the suggestion that some of the languages of the Molucca group or of Ceram—such as the Lariki or Ahtiago—will be found very much nearer to Maori than Malay is. In looking over the above list it should be borne in mind that the articulation of the Maori, as compared with Malay, is imperfect, the former having only the following eight consonants, viz.: h, k, m, n, p, r, t, w. Thus the greater comprehensiveness or elaboration of the Malay will be found in the following comparison :— Malay api aku akhir ajar aras alau satu aier ikan Maori ahi ahau ake ako ara aru atua wai ika Malay bulu idong minum kitchi biji bau ratus Maori huru ihu inu iti ihi mau rau Thus, in most instances, the causes of difference are to be seen in the imperfect articulation in the Maori, or want of the required consonants to give the words the full character, not in any radical divergence of sound.

I have not alluded to the Maorioris of New Zealand in this paper, as I have been unable to obtain a vocabulary of their dialect or language. I would suggest that in the interest of philology this should be obtained from the Chatham Islands, where a remnant of the race yet exists. Appendix II. Comparative Vocabulary of Maori words (peculiar to the Murihiku dialect, Southland) and dialects of the Malay Archipelago. English. Maori (Murihiku Dialect). Malay Archipelago. Ant upokorua Belly puku poko, Galela Blue pako Boat (canoe) waka waga, Waiapo, etc. Body tina ina-wallah, Saparua Bow pakete papite, Salibabo. Butterfly mo-kara-kara kala-bubun, Mysol Cat naki Chopper tuki-tuki toko (hammer), Malay Come nou Door roro ngora, Galela Father hakoro am-akolo, Teluti Feather huru-huru huru, Liang Fly rako rango, Bolang-hitam Husband (companion) hoa koan (companion), Malay Island moutere Leaf rauwha ai-rawi, Lariki Mat tiaka tikar, Malay Mosquito keroa Mother hakui Rat pouhawaiki Root mure ala-muti, Cajeli puhaka puhn-akar, Malay Sour mokohi a-moki-nimo, Batumerah Wing pakihau ni-fako, Gani Yellow whero mera (red), Malay. The numerals of the Murihiku Maori are distinguished by prefixes, viz., ko in the first, and e in the rest. This principle is developed in Polynesia and the islands of and near Timorlaut. Note.—The Rev. I. F. H. Wohlers, of Ruapuke Island, Foveaux Straits, was so good as to compare Wallace's 117 words belonging to thirty-three dialects of the Malay Archipelago with the Murihiku Maori, and to send me a list of the same. The above extract of it represents the variations and differences from the North Island dialects as given in Williams' dictionary.