SPRAY SCHEDULE FOR CONTROL OF PRINCIPAL ORCHARD DISEASES AND PESTS.

New Zealand Journal of Agriculture, Volume 54, Issue 1, 20 January 1937, Page 15

SPRAY SCHEDULE FOR CONTROL OF PRINCIPAL ORCHARD DISEASES AND PESTS.

W. K. Dallas,

Horticultural Division, Department of Agriculture.

Increased and more intensified research is being conducted into the problems of disease and pest control in all countries of the world, including this Dominion. The Department is keeping closely in touch with the results which are being obtained from the comprehensive trials which are being carried out here and overseas with a view to further improving the spray schedule. For the sake of clarity, in the following statement the treatment recommended for the principal pests and diseases will be dealt with in groups as far as practicable. Chewing Insects. For such chewing insects as codling moth, leaf-roller caterpillar, pear or cherry slug, and bronze beetle, lead arsenate at a dilution of 11 lb. to each 100 gallons water is recommended at the following periods :

For the satisfactory control of leaf-roller caterpillar the sprays require to be continued later into the season than it is customary to apply them. Tn localities where the caterpillar appears earlier than petal-fall spray at its first appearance. The foregoing programme has been compiled with a view to ensuring that an adequate coverage is maintained upon the fruit and foliage. It is the practice in some Nelson orchards to make as few as four applications of lead arsenate in the season. t

The -following analysis of results obtained in official experiments carried out in the Hawke's Bay District and at the Nelson research orchard indicates the value of spraying with lead arsenate i| lb. per 100 gallons spray for the control of codling moth, leaf-roller caterpillar,' and bronze beetle -

In the Hastings trial 2 gallons spray applied per tree. In the Nelson trial 2 J gallons spray applied per tree. Codling Moth is not difficult to keep under control where standard measures against it are adopted. Most injury is occasioned by stings or bites. Bandaging is a valuable supplementary means of capturing the codling grub. Bands should be applied to the trees by the middle of November, and should be removed carefully in the winter so that the grubs lodged against the bark of the tree will not be lost on the . ground. Chemically , treated bandages should be burnt, while sacking bandages should be carefully examined and all larvae found therein killed and the bandages replaced not later than mid-November. Rough bark and crevices should be examined for larvae. Other means of control are treatment of picking-cases, examination of packing-sheds and equipment for grubs —picking from the tree or gathering without undue delay fruits which have fallen to the ground, and destroying the grubs by feeding fruit to stock, submerging it in water for a day, or destroying it. As the result of thorough and timely spraying, together with these supplementary measures,' codling moth should not prove troublesome to combat. Leaf-roller Caterpillar.— The moth is usually in flight in November, December, January, and February period, and in some years into March. As the foregoing results show, spraying is effective against this pest on apple-trees. Where severe injury obtains it is probably due to absence of adequate coverage on the young growth and foliage and on the fruit, or to the discontinuing of the arsenate sprays too early. Bronze Beetle. — In addition to spraying, the land should be cultivated up to the orchard boundary, and, in addition, the soil about the trees should be stirred at “ petal-fall ” period : this latter measure is important where the beetle is troublesome.

Pear or Cherry Slug.— No trouble is experienced on pears where lead arsenate is applied to control the codling moth. On cherry trees one, but at the most two, applications of lead arsenate will control this pest.

Sucking Insects.

For sucking insects, such as red mite, scales, aphides, apple-leaf hopper, mealy bug, the schedule of spraying recommended is—-

It is not advisable to apply oils until at least fourteen days have elapsed preceding or following sulphur or lime-sulphur sprays. If the trees are suffering from drought conditions the effects of applying an oil spray to the fruit will be to accentuate the lack of depth of colour in the fruit. In seasons of normal rainfall oil has the effect of enhancing the colour of the fruit. The application of tar-oil sprays should be confined to the “ dormant ” period. If this period has passed tar-oil should not be applied. Red Mite.— so far has been proved to be one of the most difficult pests to control. If over-wintering eggs are at. all prevalent, it is advisable to apply winter oil (preferably quickly breaking emulsion type) at bud-movement. Thorough spraying to cover the whole surface of the tree is essential to success. During early summer lime-sulphur sprays should keep mite reasonably under control. Towards the end of January and early February apply summer oil (1-80), two applications at a ten-day interval. If live mites are still in evidence, apply one further application. Autumn females lay a phenomenal number of overwintering eggs. . If oil sprays are applied at the correct period approximating the time the commencement of laying of over-wintering eggs which, by the way, varies from season to seasona complete kill can be obtained and no winter oil need be applied in the following spring. . Scales on pip and stone fruits in . carefully tended orchards give little “• 3(35.

Aphides. Tar-oils applied during dormancy have given good results as an ovicide against green-aphis infection on peach-trees in the Alexandra district. Woolly aphis during the past five to seven years has again become a troublesome pest in the late summer, necessitating the application of sprays to keep it in control due to late appearance in the season of the natural enemy (Aphelinus mall). Apple-leaf Hopper.— pest is readily controlled if control sprays are applied while the hopper is in the “ nymph ” stage. If, however, it is neglected and allowed to reach the winged stage it will devitalize the foliage and seriously arrest the growth of the immature fruits. The hopper, where established, makes its appearance at two periods, November-December, and March, which is usually the most severe infection. Mealy Bug.— pest is difficult to control, particularly on peartrees. Winter Nelis variety is particularly susceptible. Black Spot and Powdery Mildew. For black spot and powdery mildew the schedule of spraying recommended is—

Black Spot.— The first five sprays, are important in the control of both black spot and powdery mildew. The first and second are particularly important in black-spot control. On varieties susceptible to spray russet, Bordeaux should not be applied later than the green-tip period. To assist in minimizing ascospore infection in localities where black spot is prevalent, it is advisable to plough the land deeply in the autumn to bury the leaves, and to postpone further working of the soil until after petal-fall period. The summer (pepper spot) infection is particularly troublesome in some localities, and should not be neglected. Its appearance follows closely upon periods of increased rain or dews. .. i

The following analysis of results of official experiments carried out in the Nelson research orchard indicates the effectiveness of the base sprays :

In the Stoke area of the Nelson District blackening of the skin is experienced with Winter Nelis pears to which Bordeaux is applied while the young fruits are forming. It is believed that this trouble is due to Bordeaux injury, as on pears of Winter Nelis where reduced dilutions of Bordeaux are used the blackening is much less severe, and where lime-sulphur is applied the trouble is not in evidence. The following is a result of treatment of pears for control of scab :

Infection on treated plots was mostly summer infection. Powdery Mildew.— The following results of official experiments carried out in Hawke’s Bay and at Alexandra demonstrate the efficacy of the treatment recommended. The sprays were applied to Jonathan trees on the basis of the foregoing programme with the following results :

Similar results were obtained in the trials carried out in the Canterbury District. Peach Leaf-curl. For peach leaf-curl the treatment recommended is—

Peach leaf-curl may be completely controlled by one spray applied in the autumn or in the spring prior to green-tip of the most advanced leaf-buds. It is all-important to ensure that the spray is applied prior to the leaf-buds reaching the green-tip stage, which is too late to obtain satisfactory control. Care should be taken to see that the laterals, particularly the tips, are sprayed. The results of all our official experiments support the above. Brown Rot and Leaf Rust. For brown rot and leaf rust the treatment recommended is—•

. Brown rot is a rather difficult disease to control, particularly under moist and humid climatic conditions'. In such localities the only satisfactory way to overcome the trouble appears to be by way of securing, if possible, more resistant varieties. Under normal conditions, however, much can be done to reduce infection in addition to spraying. The following are rules of orchard hygiene —elimination of sources -of infection : (a) Prune out and destroy all diseased twigs and branches .at winter pruning and in the spring after blossoming, as these are a means of carrying the disease over to future years. (&) Pull off and ■destroy all “ mummies,” as they also carry over the infection, (c) Pick off all infected fruits during growing and ripening periods, as the fungus works from these into the wood of the trees. (d) Gather up and burn all prunings and mummies, (e) Cultivate at the “ pink ” period. Soil missed by the implements should be disturbed by hand implements. Every endeavour should be made to break up all compacted surface soil, particularly about the'trees. (/) Insects (flies, earwigs, &c.) play a prominent part in the distribution of brown' rot during the fruitripening period. Clean up all rubbish and litter and deprive them of a breeding-ground and a shelter. (g) Prune trees to admit , air and -sunlight; (A) Open up tall, close shelter-belts sufficiently to admit .sunlight and a free circulation of air throughout the orchard. • Fruit Thinning. —Thin the fruit so that no two fruits touch each ■other. Picking and Packing. —(a) Pick fruit carefully, and reject all fruits showing skin punctures and bruises.- (&) Great care should be taken to prevent infected fruits being sent into the packing-shed. (c) f In the orchard infected fruits should not be dropped on the ground, but put in a tin for the purpose containing sufficient liquid (lime-sulphur 1-180) to cover the fruits to prevent the spores' escaping. Bury the ocntents of the tin to a depth of at least 2 ft. (d) Pick: into boxes or tins in preference, to using the picking-bag, which is not recommended for stone-fruit harvesting. (e) Second-hand cases and trays should be .-sterilized. (/) Picking-tins should be sterilized daily. Immerse for a minute in boiling water, lime-sulphur solution (1-50), formalin solution (1-40), or bluestone solution (1-100). Do not treat tins with bluestone ..solution, as they will corrode. Cases must be dried before fruit is packed in them, (g). Clean and sterilize grading-tables thoroughly after each •day's work. This should not be neglected. (A) To minimize chances ■of infecting sound fruits while they are being picked and packed, those handling diseased fruits should be careful to clean their hands before (7) After packing, stack fruit in such a manner so that an air current handling sound fruits again, (f) Allow fruit to stand in a cool place, may pass between the cases so as to allow of the heat given off by the .fruit to quickly escape. . Treatment for Silver-leaf (Stereum purpureum). The fungus penetrates trees through wounds formed during pruning ■or ploughing, or through broken branches. It lives over from season to season on infected fruit-trees, silver birch, poplar, willow, and broom, .and produces its' fructifications on dead branches of these hosts. From

these, spores are spread which are capable of infecting wounds and reproducing the disease in healthy trees in the vicinity. Consequently to combat the disease it is necessary - (1) Remove and burn infected branches, preferably during the early summer, cutting well below the visible point of infection. Cut stubs and broken branches as close to the main branches as possible, and dress and smooth with a sharp knife so that the wounds may callus over rapidly. (2) Cover all wounded surfaces as soon as made with a protective cover, such as bitumen paint, coal-tar, or white-lead paint. Citrus Troubles. In the control of diseases and pests of citrus-trees the recommendation is—

Leaf-roller Caterpillar. Apply lead arsenate i|-100 when infection is anticipated, and repeat at three-weekly intervals. Thrifts. —If summer oils have not been applied to the trees, lime sulphur (1-40) may be used for the control of thrips at the times specified in the above schedule. Bark-blotch. — Remove infected tissues around the cankers. Treat the wounds with either(l) Bordeaux paste or (2) swab wounds with solution acidulated mercuric chloride, and, when dry, paint woundswith a protective covering such as bitumen paint, coal-tar, or whitelead paint. Brown Rot.— the control of this disease growers are recommended to remove all branches within 3 ft. of the ground, and to stir the soil during the summer months beneath the trees sufficiently frequently tomaintain a layer of dry soil about 3 in. in depth. In the autumn allow volunteer growth of herbage to grow or sow cover crop. Sprays are most effective against scales while this pest is in the- “ crawler ” stage. The emergence may commence as early as December.

It is inadvisable to apply oils to citrus trees later than the end of April and to apply “ winter ” oils to the trees.

Russet on Apples.

Russet is a matter of serious concern to apple-growers on account of the depreciation it causes to the appearance of the fruits. As tree impoverishment greatly influences russeting, it may be considerably reduced by giving the orchard good care and maintaining the trees in a vigorous, healthy condition. Much investigational work has already been done, and workers are still endeavouring to discover a method of reducing the amount of this type of blemish. It is not an easy problem to solve, on account of the number of factors involved. Briefly, the principal factors which, either singly or a combination of two or more, influence russeting are —(i) Unthrifty condition of trees due to various causes. Fruit produced on vigorous trees is less susceptible to russet : (2) Unsuitable climatic conditions, including wind, frost, &c. : (3) Unsuitable soil conditions : (4) Disease (powdery mildew) : (5) Spraying : (a) Application of sprays which are too caustic to newly-formed fruits ; (b) Application of sprays in excess volume ; (c) Retention of sprays in liquid condition on the surface of fruits for indefinite periods. (Late evening applications under high relative humidity are very liable to cause russeting); (d) Sprays containing gritty materials. The sprays in common use which cause russet on apples are —- (1) Bordeaux mixture when applied to certain varieties such as Sturmer Pippin later than the. “green-tip” period. On other varieties this spray may be applied as late as the “ tight-cluster ” period with safety : (2) Strong lime-sulphur sprays : (3) Lime-sulphur - lead-arsenate combination is a source of . much injury if incorrectly prepared. To reduce spray injury(l) Prepare the mixture as follows : Lime sulphur and lead arsenate.—Fill the tank with water, and to this add the required volume of lime-sulphur. To the required quantity of lead arsenate add three times its weight of hydrated lime, mix with water to form a thin paste, and pour it into the spray-tank while the agitator is running. Apply as rapidly as possible after mixing. It is advisable to confine the quantity of the respective mixings to such quantity as may be discharged within one hour : (2) Prepare sprays carefully : (3) Cover trees thoroughly with a film of spray, but do not overspray them : (4) Care and judgment should be used in applying this combination spray. Avoid as far as practicable applying lime-sulphur-lead-arsenate combination spray when the surface of the fruit is liable to remain wet with spray for several hours. Also care should be used in applying this spray during periods when high temperature and high relative humidity prevail: (5) In localities, exposed to winds off the sea, as long a period as possible following such winds should be allowed to elapse before a sulphur spray is applied, on account of the saline deposit which these winds leave on fruit and foliage. In conclusion the following points are important :- (1) While the schedules given are designed to cover seasons of maximum infection of diseases and pests, it is important that growers should bear in mind that under different climatic conditions the times of sprayings and the number of sprayings and dilutions may require to be varied to some extent to meet local seasonal conditions. For advice on such matters growers are advised to interview the Orchard Instructor for the district, who will be pleased to give full information.

(2) While orchard sanitation (elimination of sources of infection) will in itself not completely eradicate diseases and pests, it should be practised in every orchard.. The following measures are recommended : (a) Clean up and destroy all rubbish and litter in and about the orchard, as they provide a breeding-ground and shelter for diseases and . pests. (b) Prune out from time to time as it appears, and destroy dead and dying wood. (c) ' Gather and destroy diseased' fruits and mummies, windfalls and dropped fruit, and cull fruit without undue delay. (tZ) Cultivate the soil at appropriate periods calculated to prevent the development and dissemination of spores from organisms carried over in the soil, (e) Prune trees sufficiently so as to admit sunlight. (/) Thin the fruits'judicially. (g) Reduce in height and open up tall and close shelter-belts in order to admit sunlight and a free circulation of air throughout the orchard. (A) Bandage trees to trap codling moth larvae, and examine crevices in bark for larvae. Remove any rough bark which may be present. (Z) During picking and packing take every care and precaution to avoid infection of sound fruits with fungous diseases. ' ; ' . - (3) Thoroughness of application is very advisable. Special attention should be given to the inside as well as the outside of the tree, and to the tops and bottoms as well as the middle portions of the tree to ensure that all fruits receive a complete . coating of spray. Careful spraying .is necessary' to receive maximum protection and to ’ avoid over-spraying and spending more time than is necessary. To insufficiently spray trees is both a waste of materials and time. This fault is much more common than it should be, and growers who fail in this respect are ready to blame the materials, the dilution, the schedule, the season, and the . advice given for their failure to control diseases and pests. A study of the reports of Instructors conducting spraying experiments indicates that it takes approximately 3 gallons of spray to cover adequately an average-sized tree in foliage, while larger trees require increased quantities , according to the size and density of foliage. The pump should be capable of delivering 3 gallons per minute at a pump pressure of upward of 250 lb. to the square inch. A spray-rod fitted with an angle nozzle or two in combination should be used in preference to a spray-gun, particularly for the “ calyx ” spray and for spraying the bottoms of the trees. ' Spraying followed by rain within twenty-four hours should be repeated. ■ (4) Timeliness of application contributes greatly to - success. To the neglect of this can be traced the failure of many orchardists to control diseases. Orchardists whose results from spraying are not satisfactory are invited to discuss their schedule with the local Instructor, with a view to the modification of the times at which it is proposed to apply sprays, dilutions, &c., to .meet the local requirements. (5) Use of tried specifics is advisable. There is a distinct trend on the part of overseas manufacturers to bring forward numerous new brands of orchard sprays or spraying-materials. These should be regarded with caution until their, efficacy has been demonstrated. (6) Want of care does more harm than want of knowledge. In other words, better crops are not obtained because sufficient care is not given to cultivation, manuring, orchard hygiene, application of sprays, , thinning, &c. The amount of harm this lack of care does will never be : realized until the ;necessary attention is given to carrying out orchard practices properly. ■ . 1

Note.—For mealy-bug control nicotine sulphate 1-800 should be added to summer-oil sprays

Note.Lime-sulphur dilution refers to specific containing 15 per cent, polysulphide content, calculated on basis of weight. ' .

Note.-Lime-sulphur in above table refers to a specific containing 19 per cent, polysulphide content, calculated on the basis of weight.

Notes.Lime-sulphur refers to a specific containing 15 per cent, of polysulphide content, calculated on the basis of weight. It is not advisable to apply sulphur sprays to apricot-trees while fruit is upon them.

* This application recommended for certain years when young red scales are hatching freely at this period.

• Period of Treatment. Codling Moth. Leaf-roller Caterpillar. ■ ■ Pear or CherrySlug. ■ Bronze Beetle. .About i st November Petal - f a 11—75 per cent; petals fallen Petal-fall When slug makes • its appearance Petal-fall. About 10th November 10 days later 10 days later Repeat if necessary 14-21 days later 10 days later. About 28th November 14 - 18 days later 14 - 18 days later 14 - 18 days later. About 16th December Ditto Ditto Ditto. About 4th January . . 14 - 21 days later 14 - 21 days later About 5th January Ditto Ditto Continue on mid- season and late varieties in localities where late infection may be expected Ditto Ditto About end February Ditto . .

District. Lead Arsenate : Number of Applications. Wormy Apples. Stings. Leafroller. Bronze Beetle. Variety. Per Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent. Hastings Check, Nil . . 16-9 1-4 14-9. 8’5 Cox’s. Test, 6 . . o • 6 76 o-3 -. Nil '■ Nelson . . ' Check, Nil . . 5’5 9’9 41-0 No Sturmer. Test, 5 . 0-05 o-8 2-6 record

Period of Treatment. Red Mite; Mealy Bug. . Scales. . Aphides. Apple-leaf • Hopper. Dormant (July) ' .. . On stone - fruits : Tar-oil emulsion (I-I5) Bud movement Winter oil, 3 per Winter oil, 3 per Tar-oil emulsion (i-i5) ' Pip-fruits : Winter (about roth SepJ- tember) . J. Winter oil, 3 per cent. Winter oil, 3 per . cent. (San Jose scale, 5 per cent.) Pip-fruits : Winter oil, 3 per cent, against woolly aphis Early summer . .. Lime - sulphur at Lime - sulphur at Lime - sulphur at Add nicotine sulappropriate diluLime - sulphur at appropriate diluLime - sulphur at appropriate diluAdd nicotine sulphate 1-800 to *• ' tions ’ . appropriate dilutions tions when craw- ... appropriate dilutions when craw- . tions (nicotine phate 1-800 to spray should ■ lers on move . ' tions (nicotine sulphate 1-800 may be added) spray should 'nymphs appear. . Repeat 18-21 days later. January and Feb- . Summer oil,. 1-5 per Summer oil, 1'5 per ■ Summer oil, 1 per. days later. Summer oil, 1-5 per ruary cent. cent. cent., plus nicocent., plus nicotine sulphate (1-800) cent., plus nicotine sulphate (1-800). io days later Ditto .. Ditto .. tine _ sulphate : (1-800) . Ditto .. . ,. tine sulphate ■ (1-800). .. . Ditto. Repeat if necessary Repeat if necessary Repeat if necessary Repeat if necessary.

Period of Treatment. . ' Spray. ■ ' . Green-tip (about second week in September) Tight-cluster . . . .• Pink . . . . . . Petal-fall (about ist November) io days later . . . . 14-18 days later (about 28th November) ., 14-18 days later . . . . ■ 14-21 days later (about 4th January 14-21 days later . . . . Continue if necessary. .. Bordeaux mixture (5-4-50) or lime-sulphur (1-30). Lime-sulphur (1-75). Lime-sulphur (1-150). Lime-sulphur (1-150) plus colloidal sulphur (2-100). Lime-sulphur (1-150) plus colloidal sulphur (2-100). Lime-sulphur (1-150) plus colloidal sulphur (2-100). Lime-sulphur (1-150) plus colloidal sulphur (2-100). Lime-sulphur (1-180) plus colloidal sulphur (2-100). Lime-sulphur (1-180) plus colloidal sulphur (2-100.)

Treatment. Dates of Application. i Percentage of Fruit affected with Black Spot. Cox’s Orange Check Nil . . Lime-sulphur— 71’44 1-28 . . . . 29 Sept. . . . . " 1-56 1-170 . . 12 Oct. 23 Oct., 9 Nov., 25 Nov., 1’58 28 Dec. Dunn’s — Check, Nil . . . . Lime-sulphur 79-21 1-28 29 Sept. . . . . 1-56 12 Oct. 3-78 1-170 . . . . 23 Oct., 9 Nov., 25 Nov., f 28 Dec. Delicious 29 Sept. . . . . 12 Oct. . . . . 1 23 Oct., 9 Nov., 25 Nov., f 28 Dec. J 29 Sept. . . . . "I 12 Oct. .. ' . . [ 23 Oct., 9 Nov., 25 Nov., ( 28 Dec. J 1’58 79'21 3-78 Check, Nil 78-83 Bordeaux 5-4-50 and 3-4-50 . . 29 Sept., 13 Oct. 8-83 Bordeaux 5-4-50 and 3-4-50, fol24 Sept., 13 Oct., 27 o-86 lowed by lime-sulphur 1-170 Oct., 10 Nov., 27 Nov., plus colloidal sulphur 2-100 29 Dec. Sturmer 29 Sept., 13 Oct. 24 Sept., 13 Oct., 27 Oct., to Nov., 27 Nov., 29 Dec. 78-83 8-83 o-86 Check, Nil . . 51-62 Bordeaux 5-4-50 and 3-4-50 25 Sept., 13 Oct. 6-19 Bordeaux 5-4-50 and 3-4-50, fol29 Sept., 13 Oct., 27 Oct., 0-09 lowed by lime-sulphur 1-170 10 Nov., 27 Nov., 29 plus colloidal sulphur (2-100) 25 Sept., 13 Oct. 29 Sept., 13 Oct., 27 Oct., 10 Nov., 27 Nov., 29 Dec. 51-62 6-19 0-09

Number of Percentage of Treatment. Remarks (Dates of Spray Number of Applications. Percentage of Fruit affected. Remarks (Dates of Spray Applications, &c.). Check , . .. 58-53 Spring and summer infection. Bordeaux (5-5-50). (3-5-50), 4 2-00 8 Sept., 18 Sept., 2 Oct., (11-5-50), (14-5-50) 16 Oct. Bordeaux (5-5-50), (1-J-5-50), 4 o-35 8 Sept., 18 Sept., 2 Oct., (14-5-50), (14-5-50) 16 Oct. Check . . . . . 90-85 Spring and summer infection. Lime-sulphur 1 per cent., 0-2 4 14’33 8 Sept., 18 Sept., 2 Oct., per cent., o-i and colloidal 16 Oct. sulphur o-i and colloidal sul4 4 4 58-53 2-00 o-35 90-85 . 14'33 Spring, and summer infection. 8 Sept., 18 Sept., 2 Oct., 16 Oct. 8 Sept., 18 Sept., 2 Oct., 16 Oct. Spring and summer infection. 8 Sept., 18 Sept., 2 Oct., 16 Oct. . phur 2-100 Lime-sulphur 0-083 P er cent., 4 11-87 8 Sept., 18 Sept., 2 Oct., 0-083 and colloidal sulphur 16 Oct. 2-100, 0-083 pl us colloidal sulphur 2—too 4 11 '87 8 Sept., 18 Sept., 2 Oct., 16 Oct. —

Result of Treatment for Pear-scab Control on Winter Nelis Pears.

District. Check Plot. Treated Plot. > Hawke’s Bay . . No control of powdery mildew. Leaves curled and browned at edges Very good control. Clean, healthy foliage, which was of a dark-green tone. Foliage remained free of mildew throughout season. Preblossom sprays prevented initial infection. Alexandra No control. Early part of season moderate infection which as season advanced became heavy on foliage, shoots, and buds Very good control. Infection was very light on foliage and tips of shoots and spurs. Most infection will be removed at pruning-time.

.. Period of Application. Treatment. Autumn or early bud-movement of blossom-buds . . Bordeaux 5-4—50. Early pink . . . . . . Bordeaux 5-4-50, Bordeaux 3-4-50.

Period of Application. Brown Rot. Leaf Rust. Early pink Pink . . Petal-fall 1 month later . . 7 weeks later . . 5 weeks prior to anticipated first picking 2 to 3 weeks later Bordeaux 3-4-50 or limesulphur 1-75 Lime-sulphur 1-150 Lime-sulphur 1—180 plus colloidal sulphur 2—100 Ditto Lime-sulphur 1-800 plus colloidal sulphur 2-100. Ditto.

Period of Treatment. Verrucosis, Greyscab. Scales. Thrips. Brown. Red and White Wax. Opening of earliest blossoms (October) Bordeaux (3-4-50) Blossom-fall of main crop (November) Bordeaux (3-4-50) Nicotine sulphate 1-800. Combine with bordeaux spray. During DecemberBordeaux (3-4-50) Bordeaux (3-4-50) Summer oil (1-60) Summer oil Nicotine sulphate 1-800. Combine with bordeaux spray. January Summer oil (1-60) Summer oil (i-33)* During late Feb-(i-33)* Ditto Summer oil (r-60)' ruary Ditto Summer oil (1-60)' plus nicotine sulphate (1-800). Towards end March plus nicotine sulphate (1-800). Repeat when necessary. Blossom-fall of autumn crop (March-April) Bordeaux (3-4-50) Ditto. During mid-April .. Bordeaux (3-4-50) Summer oil (1-33) sary. Ditto. if necessary >>