CLUB-ROOT IN TURNIPS.

New Zealand Journal of Agriculture, Volume XXX, Issue 4, 20 April 1925, Page 259

CLUB-ROOT IN TURNIPS.

TRIALS WITH “ DISEASE - RESISTANT ” VARIETIES IN

OTAGO AND SOUTHLAND

R. B. TENNENT,

N.D.D., Instructor in Agriculture, Dunedin

During the season 1923-24 field trials of several varieties of turnips claimed to be highly resistant to club-root were conducted in Otago and Southland. In the present article a brief description of the economic importance of this disease is . given, together with a record of the observations made in connection with the trials. The occurrence of dry-rot disease in the same plots is also recorded incidentally. Where the general term "turnip”.is used it is intended to include both soft and swede varieties. The turnip crop may be regarded as the most important cultivated crop, apart from grass, grown in Otago and Southland, approximately 205,000 acres having been grown there during the season 1923-24. The value of the crop to the southern farmer lies in the comparative ease with which it may be grown, coupled with its relatively high yield and great utility as a winter feed for stock. Such features give it a leading place in the farming practice of the South rivalled by no other crop. Consequently, when weather conditions, or the incidence of certain bacterial or fungoid • diseases, or the attack of insects, are such as to reduce the yield per acre, such a visitation is a most serious one for the farmer, seeing that the successful wintering of his stock is to a large measure regulated by the success or failure of his turnips. Turnip-growing was introduced into Otago and Southland by the early Scottish farmers who settled in that part of the Dominion. With increased settlement turnip-growing also increased, and each succeeding year saw larger areas laid down. With the increased acreages shorter rotations between turnip crops were evolved, this to a large measure accounting for the spread of various diseases. Also the common practice of purchasing turnipsa large portion of which are often infected with club-root —and feeding such roots on clean land is a common means whereby disease is spread from farm to farm. It is only by a realization of the danger of carrying out this practice that, the farmer can hope to prevent the introduction of disease on his property. The position to-day is that in certain localities of Otago and Southland turnip-growing is, to say the best, a most precarious undertaking. A large number of farmers find that they can only grow turnips with great difficulty, that failure is more often likely to accrue than success, and, in short, that they have been forced to abandon turnip - growing as a reliable farm practice, thus being forced into growing less satisfactory substitutes. . . The two chief diseases to which the turnip is susceptive in Otago and Southland are club-root or . finger-and-toe {Plasmidophora brassicas) and dry-rot (Phoma napo brassicas.) In this article, however, only minor reference is. made to the latter disease, the main observations being concerned with club-root.

No definite figures are available in regard to the annual loss experienced by farmers as a result of club-root infection, and it will be realized that such pecuniary loss will vary considerably with the seasons, being lower in a dry and higher in a wet one. Estimating the average yield of turnips over all classes of country in Otago and Southland as about 15 tons per acre, and giving those turnips a value of £1 per ton, it then follows that the gross value per acre works out at £15. According to official statistics 205,000 acres of turnips were grown in 1923-24 in those districts, thus representing a monetary value of approximately £3,075,000. Making a deduction from this sum of 15 per cent., estimated as the loss incurred by club-root infection — namely, £461,250 — it can at once be realized of what importance is the finding of some means of counteracting this disease. Including resultant losses directly due to the primary loss just indicated, the total amount would probably be brought well up to the million sterling mark. PLAN OF THE EXPERIMENTS. Seeds of the following varieties were submitted for trial: (1) Irvine’s Purple-top swede, (2) Irvine’s Green-top Yellow turnip, (3) Sutton’s Hardy White swede, (4) Mein’s Purple-top swede, (5) Mein’s Green-top Yellow turnip, (6) Mein’s Purple-top Yellow turnip, (7) Bangholm swede. . . In planning the experiments it was realized that, as the infection of the different fields varied considerably, an endeavour would have to be made to obtain the same intensity of infection by sowing the trial seed along with a control in various portions of the fields. Accordingly the ordinary turnip-ridger was employed, each drill of the ridger sowing different seed. For example, one drill would sow Bangholm seed, and the other a commercial . strain of . turnip similar in qualities to Bangholm swede. When the drilling was completed the field consisted of alternate rows of Bangholm and commercial swede, so that the variety under trial and the control were as nearly as practicable subjected to similar conditions in so far as soil infection was concerned. This method was adopted in the case of each variety of seed under trial, commercial seed being used as a control, this being selected to conform as nearly as possible with the type of turnip under trial. The __fields selected for k .trial were known to A be^infected with clubroof? When the crops were matured |-chain strips of adjacent rows of trial and control turnips were examined microscopically for club-root and dry-rot. These |-chain rows were also weighed. Double rows were taken in this manner at . varying places of the fields. ■ The results obtained from this preliminary investigation are given below, a commentary being made on each result : — irvine’s- purple-top swede. Three trials of this variety were carried out, two at Gore Experimental Area and one on the property of Mr. W. Scott, Mataura.

In this trial, as will be noted, the infection of club-root in the ground was high. In the case of Plots A, B, and C, Irvine's seed showed superiority in club-root resistance over the commercial swede. In Plot D the position, however, was reversed. . The • infection of .the swedes by dry-rot was slight, being about equal , in both .varieties... ..

In this case, as in Trial i, Irvine’s swede showed superiority in regard to club-root resistance over the commercial strain in all but Plot F. Here the position was entirely reversed. On the whole, Irvine’s was less infected with dry-rot than the commercial strain.

In Plots A, B, and E . the commercial swede used showed less infection than Irvine’s This piece of ground was very badly infected with club-root, and a large number of misses occurred in the |-chain lengths. Whether those misses were accountable to club-root or not is problematical, but it would appear that in the majority-of instances such was the case. If so, a different result would most likely have been obtained, for it is noticeable that in the case of each plot a larger number of Irvine’s than commercial swedes were examined, thus rendering Irvine’s more likely of showing a higher percentage of infection. This crop was remarkably free from dry-rot infection. ! Summary. As a result of this trial, and taking into account the remarks made in connection with Trial 3 of this series, it would. appear that Irvine’s Purple-top swede shows a higher capability of resisting club-root than the commercial strains used. The same conclusion is arrived at in regard to its resistance to dry-rot. irvine’s green-top yellow turnip. Three trials of this variety of soft turnip were made, two at Gore Experimental Area and one on Mr. Raynbird’s farm, Otago Peninsula.

' The infection with club-root was very light in all plots but A. In the case of Plots A and D the infection with dry-rot was greater than on the other plots. As will be noted, Plots A and . B showed the greater percentage of infection with Irvine's turnip. The reverse was the case in Plots C and D. • The averages show a higher percentage of. club-root infection in the commercial turnip over . Irvine's turnip. This also is the case in regard to dry-rot infection.. It should be noted that the commercial turnips, despite the heavier infection,, gave a heavier yield per acre. •

In this case Irvine’s turnip showed a decided superiority in regard to club-root resistance, particularly where the incidence of infection in the soil was high. This also applies in the case of those turnips infected with dry-rot, with the exception of Plot F. As was the case in Trial 4, the commercial turnip gave the heavier yield per acre, notwithstanding its greater degree of infection. As will be seen in the averages, the incidence of disease in this trial was comparatively slight.

Club-root infection in this trial, also dry-rot infection, were distinctly more, pronounced in the case of the commercial turnip. Again, however, it is noticeable that the recorded yield per acre of commercial turnips was higher than that recorded for Irvine’s. Summary. From the three trials of this variety distinct indication is given that Irvine’s turnip has a greater degree of resistance to both clubroot and dry-rot than the commercial strains used. This is particularly noticeable in the case of Trials 5 and 6. The yield per acre of Irvine’s turnips was lower in each case when contrasted with the commercial turnip, but as the value of a turnip is to a large measure regulated by its keeping-quality it would appear that the disadvantage of a comparatively low yield in the case of . Irvine’s is more than compensated by the lesser percentage of infection throughout the crop. ' SUTTON’S hardy WHITE swede. Two trials of this variety were conducted, one at Gore Experimental Area, and. the other on Mr. Raynbird’s farm, Otago Peninsula.

In all plots but one, Sutton’s seed here showed a slight superiorityover the commercial seed in so far as club-root, infection was concerned. The reverse was the case in regard to dry-rot. infection. Both varieties were badly infected by club-root and showed little resistance to the disease.

As in Trial 7, both varieties were heavily infected with club-root, Sutton’s swede, if anything, the more so. The percentage of dry-rot present was comparatively low, showing in favour of Sutton’s swede. The yield per acre in this case was practically equal for both varieties.

Summary.

On viewing the results of this trial one is forced to conclude that Sutton's variety has no claim to be resistant to club-root disease. Plot .B of Trial 8 showed that where the disease was severe in the field this swede became badly infected. mein’s purple-top swede. One trial , only was made with this variety— at Gore Experimental Area, as follows :—

Mein’s seed showed a superiority in regard to disease-resistance in so far as club-root disease was concerned. In regard to dry-rot the results were variable, in some instances the control swedes proving superior. Neither variety showed a . high degree of resistance, and the claim made in connection with Mein’s seed cannot be regarded as fully substantiated from the observations made in this trial." mein’s green-top yellow turnip. ' A single trial of this variety was conducted on Mr. Irvine Martin’s farm, Gore, results being as follows—

As will be noted, Mein's turnip showed no superiority over the commercial variety. The percentage of club-root infection in the field was low, and consequently the information tabulated is a poor index of the probability of this turnip’s disease-resistant properties. It is particularly to be noted that none of the commercial turnips was infected with club-root, whereas 6-i per cent of Mein’s showed infection. In regard to dry-rot resistance both varieties showed equal infection.. mein’s purple-top yellow turnip. ' . This variety was tested at the Gore Experimental Area, .with results as tabulated :—

The. commercial strain in this trial showed superiority in regard to club-root and dry-rot disease-resistance. BANGHOLM SWEDE. A trial of Bangholm swede was conducted at Gore Experimental Area on land known to be heavily infected with club-root. Three years previous to this trial the land had been limed with different quantities of burnt lime per . acre, one strip being left as a control. Previous observations made on this block had indicated that as a means of control lime was of no great value. The following information is consequently of value not only in indicating the club-root resistant properties of Bangholm swede, but also in showing the effect of lime in relation to the disease. The tabulated statements explain the scheme of laying out the plots.

It will be noted that Bangholm swede showed a fair degree of disease-resistance in contrast with the commercial variety. The effect of the various applications of burnt lime .appears to be negligible, and only emphasises the fact, as already stated in previous reports, that lime is. not an efficacious remedy for the control of club-root. GENERAL SUMMARY OF TRIALS. (i.) The results so far obtained serve to pave the way for further experimentation, and indicate .that where this class of work is being performed , a large number of observations will have to be made to obviate the great' variations which occur.

(2.) Insufficient roots were examined to eliminate any probable error in regard to the experiments. (3.) Of the turnips submitted for trial none were immune to clubroot. disease. ... (4.) Although a number of varieties showed a higher degree of resistance to club-root and dry-rot than the commercial varieties with which they were compared, it cannot be claimed that these varieties warrant the name of “disease-resistant” —all being fairly heavily infected. ' . (5.) Two varieties showed promise of being worthy of further trial under more exacting conditions, these being Bangholm swede and Irvine’s Green-top Yellow turnip. Thanks are due to those farmers who co-operated in carrying out the experiments. Mr. R. McGillivray and Mr. T. Pattinson, of this Department, both rendered valuable assistance in gathering the information. .

A SIMPLE METHOD OF MAKING CONCRETE POSTS.

A Fairlie correspondent (R. E. G.) writes to the Editor as follows

“ In your February issue there is an article on ‘ making concrete posts for farm-work in which the writer gives particulars for making the boxes, &c. Another method, which perhaps does not make such a neat post, but which answers very well, is as follows Select a spot of old pasture with a good, firm sole of grass and solid subsoila patch of old twitch does very well. With a very sharp spade dig out a trench the size of the post required. If the ground is firm the sides will stand all right without boards or support. Then line the trench with stout tarred paper, old clean sacking, or . other material to keep the concrete from the soil. Mix the concrete as directed, and put in the reinforcements as necessary. Before putting in the concrete I lay two or three pieces of No. 8 wire across the trench, and bend them to the sides as close as possible, leaving about 18 in. of wire projecting above the trench on each side. After the posts are made, , cover , with a wet sack or straw, or any waste material, to keep the sun and frost away, and leave for a month or more to mature. When the posts are ready the wires are brought together, twisted, and a crowbar or .the like passed underneath. A couple of men can. then lift the post out into a dray or cart. By leaving the posts in the ground they are kept , damp and do not dry too fast in the sun or wind. Most farms have a creek or stream running through them, and there is generally good, old, firm ground on the banks that has not been ploughed. Often (as in my case) the shingle is in . the creek and has been well washed ready for use.”

. London Market for Peas and- Beans.— following advice was cabled by the High Commissioner on 4th April : — Peas— Market dull. Partridge : New Zealand No. 1. sold at 65s. per 504 lb. ex store ; Tasmanian quoted at 75s. to 82s. 6d. ex store, according to quality; English, good average, offered at 48s. to 50s. Blue : Dutch pressed for sale at low prices ; nd demand for. New Zealand or Tasmanian. Nominal values are £16 and £18 per ton ex store respectively. Beans— Market dull. Good English spring offered at 53s. and winter at 47s. 6d. Chinese horse, spot, quoted at £10 ios. per ton ex store; new crop, July-September shipment, <9 17s. 6d. ■ ' ‘

Plot. . Variety. ' . . . Number of Roots examined. Number of Roots infected with , Percentage of Roots : infected with Weight of Roots l examined. Club- , root. . Dryrot. Clubroot. Dryrot. ... lb. A Irvine's Purple-top swede. . ■ 49 29 . 72’5 4 10-0 lb. 114 Commercial swede 37 37 100-0 . I 2-7 101 B Irvine's Turple-top - . . 32 17 53-i I 3-i III Commercial . . . . 39 32 82-0 4 IO-2 120 C Irvine’s Purple-top . . 35 21 6o-o 5 14'3 119 Commercial 42 - 32 76-2 ■ 4 9’5 112 D Irvine’s Purple-top 45 19 42-2 2 " 4'4 . ■ III Commercial' . . 42 11 26-2; 2'. 4’7 1 8.9' •• • Ao.- ■ Average Yield per Averages of Plots. Acre. Tons cwt. Irvine’s Purple-top iges of 152:. Plots. 86 12 56-5 7-9 Average Yield per Acre. Tons cwt. 28 13 Commercial ... . . 160 112 11 70-0 6-2 26 13

Trial 1. Gore Experimental Area.

Plot. Variety.. Number of Roots examined. Number of Roots infected with Percentage of Roots infected with Weight of Roots. i examined.. Clubroot. ■ Dryrot. Clubroot. Dryrot. A Irvine’s Purple-top swede 23 II .47-8 lb. 1 56 ,'j. Commercial swede 35 24 I 68-5 4-1 8 5; . B Irvine’s Purple-top . . ■ 39 16 2 41-0 5.1 96 * Commercial . . 38 23 IO 60-5 26-3 60 C Irvine’s Purple-top ... 49 . • 26 ■ 2.-53-o 4-0 132 Commercial . . . .' 48 33 3 68-7 6-2 115 D Irvine's Purple-top 40 . 15 I 37’5 2-5 no Commercial .. . . 49 29 5 59-o. 10-0 106 • E ■ Irvine’s Purple-top 38. 15 3 39-4 . 7-8 118 . Commercial .... 39 21 . 2 . 53-8, 5-x 95 -iF . Irvine’s Purple-top ■ 45 22 2 . 48-8 3-3 108 . Commercial .. ... 42 9 2 21 -4 4.7 ii5 Averages of Irvine’s Purple-top . . . 1 234 ages of Plots. 234 105 Plots. 105 . IO IO . 44'8 . 44’8. 4'2 Average Yield per Acre. Tons cwt. . .4-2 26 3 Average Yield per Acre. Tons cwt. 26 3 Commercial .. 251 139 23 55 9-1 23 7

2. Gove Experimental Area.

Plot. Variety. Number of Roots examined. Number of Roots infected with Percentage of Roots infected ■ with Weight of Roots examined. Clubroot. Dryrot. Clubroot. Dryrot. A' Irvine’s Purple-top swede rvine’s Purple-top swede 47 47 II II 23'4 lb. 23’4 32 lb. 32 Commercial swede 14 3 21-4 18 B Irvine’s purple-top . . 5° 35 70-0 30 Commercial .. 27 13 48-1 20 • 20 C Irvine’s Purple-top 37 30 8i-o 25 Commercial .. ' 38 34 I 89-5 2-6 25 D Irvine’s Purple-top 42 37 88-o 30 Commercial 24 ! 23 95-8 14 E Irvine’s Purple-top 45 35 77’8 26 Commercial 17 11 64-7 l6 Aver Irvine’s Purple-top ages of 221 Plots. 148 67 Average Yield per Acre. Tons cwt. 7 4 Commercial .. 120 , 84 I 70 o-8 4 13

3. T. Scott’s Farm, Matauva.

Plot. Variety. Number of Roots examined. N umber of Roots infected with Percentage of Roots infected with • Weight of Roots . examined. Clubroot. Dryrot. Club- . root. Dryrot. A Irvine’s Green-top Yellow 36 17 4 47-2 11-I lb. •' 69.. turnip Commercial turnip 42 26 8 61-9 19'0 105 B Irvine’s Green-top Yellow 32 ' 3 9’3 68 Commercial .. 47 2 4 4 4’2 4’2 ' 8-5 8-5 121 121 C Irvine’s Green-top Yellow 36 4 6 11-i 16-6 98 Commercial .. .. 36 2. 5:5 59 D Irvine’s Green-top Yellow \ 40 3-/ 7’5 70 Commercial 35 5 14 14-3 20-0 ' • 113 / Average Yield per Averages of Plots. Tons cwt. Irvine’s Green-top Yellow ages of 144 Plots. : 24 ■ 13 16-6 9-o Average Yield per Acre. Tons cwt. 19 4 Commercial 160 35 26 21'8 16-2 25 2

4. Gore Experimental Area

Plot. Variety. Number of Roots examined. Number of Roots infected with Percentage of Roots infected with Weight of. Roots ' examined. Clubroot. Dryrot. Clubroot. Dryrot. A Irvine's Green-top Yellow 40 I I ’ 2-5 • 2’5 lb. 57 ' turnip - Commercial turnip 57 0 IO ■ 3’5 17-5 • 106 B Irvine’s Green-top Yellow 30 74 . Commercial .. ' 36 7 19-4 105 C Irvine’s Green-top Yellow 33 3 1 9’1 3-° 50 Commercial . . 44 13 4 ■ 29-5 9-i 76 D Irvine’s Green-top Yellow 35 3 3 8-6 ■ 8-6 45 Commercial .. 46 ■ 10 ■ 6 ' 21-7 13-0 90 E Irvine’s Green-top Yellow 38 2 5‘3 55 Commercial . . ' 4 1 9 4 22-0 97 70 ■ ■ F Irvine’s Green-top Yellow 33 1 1 3’0 3'° 32 Commercial 38 9 I 24-0 2’6 98 . Averages of “ 1 Irvine’s Green-top Yellow 1 , 209 Averages of Plots. Irvine’s Green-top Yellow 1 209 IO Plots. IO 9 9 4’3 4’3 4-1 Average Yield per Acre. Tons cwt4’1 13 2 Average Yield per Acre. Tons cwt13 2 Commercial .. ’ .. 262 43 33’ 16-4 12-6 22 19

5. Gore Experimental Area

Plot. Variety. Number of Roots examined. Number of Roots infected with Percentage of Roots infected' with Weight'of roots! examined. Clubroot. ■ Dry- ■ rot. Clubroot. - Dryrot. A Irvine’s Green-top Yellow 19 ■ ■ lb. 54 turnip Commercial turnip 36 4 . 4 II-I II-I 67 B Irvine’s Green-top Yellow 43 • 53 Commercial .. .. . .45 . 2 3 4’4 6-6 59 C Irvine’s Green-top Yellow 41 2 2 4-8 4-8 50 Commercial . . . . . 26 IO 13 38-4 5-o 42 ' Averages of Plots.. Average ' Yield per Acre. . Tons cwt*’ Irvine’s Green-top Yellow ages of 103 Plots. 2 2 ■ i-9 1-9. Average Yield per Acre. Tons cwt13 ' 2 Commercial . . . . 107 16 ■ ■ 20 15-0 18-7 14 ■ 3

6. Mr. Raynbird's Farm, Otago Peninsula.

■Plot. Variety.. Number of Roots ex- ‘ ■■ . amined. Number of Roots infected with Percentage of Roots infected with Weight of Roots examined. Clubroot. Dryrot. Clubroot. Dryrot. ■ Number of Roots examined. Number of Roots infected with Percentage of Roots infected with Weight of Roots examined. Clubroot. Dry-' rot. Clubroot. Dryrot, A Sutton’s Hardy White swede 33 II 3 33’3 9‘i, lb. 53 Commercial swede 30 •19 . 63-3 30 B Sutton’s Hardy White 31 4 3 12-9 9-7 63 Commercial .. 1 32 22 2 68-7 6-2 67 C Sutton’s Hardy White 35 7 6 20-0 - 17-1 68 . Commercial 38 27 3 71-0 7'9 72 D Sutton’s Hardy White 45 38 4 84-4 8-8 60 Commercial - .. • 42 36 3 857 7-1 58 E Sutton’s Hardy White 29 24 3 82-8 10-3 45 Commercial 23 22 4 95'7 17-4 22 Average Yield per Acre. Averages of Tons cwt. ■ • •' Averages of Plots. .. Sutton’s Hardy White . . I 173 Plots. ;i 73 84 ■ 84 19 19 48-6 48-6 n-o Average Yield per Acre. Tons cwt. II-O 14 IO 14 IO . Commercial 163 127 . 12 77’9 7’3 12 IO

7. Gore Experimental Area.

Plot. Variety. Number of Roots examined. Number of Roots infected with ■ Percentage of Roots infected with Weight of Roots . examined. Clubroot. Dryrot. .Clubroot. ■ Dry- , rot. . ■ v Number of Roots examined. Number of Roots infected with Percentage of Roots infected with Weight of Roots examined. ■ Clubroot. Dryrot. Clubroot. Dryrot. lb. A Sutton’s Hardy White swede 30 16 53-3 lb. ' 50 Commercial swede 33 15 I 45-5 3-0 ' 48 B Sutton’s Hardy White 25 23 I 92-0 4-0 68 Commercial ... ■,. .. 27 25 . 4 92-6 14-4 67 C Sutton’s Hardy White 32 17 2 53-i 6-2 ■ 52 Commercial .. . . . 4' 19 6 46-3 14-6 •' 56 Average ■ Yield per A 1/ r* T 1 -I ' T>7 -.4 Averages of Tons cwt. Suttod’s Hardy White .. 1 87 Plots. 87 56 563 3 64-3 64-3 4'4 Average Yield per Acre. Tons cwt. 4-4 14 5 14 5 Commercial ■ IOI 59 11 58-4 10-9 14 8

8. Mr. Raynbird’s Farm, Otago Peninsula.

Plot. ; Variety. Number of Roots examined. Number of Roots infected with Percentage of Roots infected • with Weight of Roots examined. Clubroot. Dryrot. Clubroot. Dryrot. lb. • A Mein’s Purple-top swede .. 34 23 4 67-6 II-8 lb. 75 Commercial swede 34 30 3 88-2 8-8 72 B Mein’s Purple-top Commercial i 36 19 5 52-7 13'8 94 35 34 11 97’4 3i-4 72 C 35 34. II - 97-4 31-4 72 Mein’s Purple-top 33 20 6 6o-6 18-2 85 Commercial 4 1 37 6 90-2 14-9 72 ■ D Mein’s Purple top 37 . 21 2 56-7 5’4 67 Commercial . . 42 38 4 90-5 9’5 76 E Mein’s Purple-top 28 16 1 57’ 1 3’5 75 Commercial . . 3i . 27 2 87-1 6-4 66 Average Yield per Averages of Plots. Acre. Tons cwt. Mein’s Purple-top ages of 168 Plots. 99 18 58-9 10-7 Average Yield per Acre. Tons cwt. 20 19 Commercial . . .. 183 166 26 90-7 14-2 18 I

9. Gore Experimental Area.

Plot. Variety. Number of Roots examined. Number of Roots infected with Percentage of Roots infected with Weight of roots ■ examined. Clubroot. Dryrot. ' Clubroot. Dryrot. A Mein’s Green-top Yellow 44 2 2 4’5 4’5 lb. 40 turnip Commercial turnip 43 2 4-6 46

10. Mr. Irvin Martin’s Farm, Gore.

Plot. Variety.' Number of Roots examined. Number of Roots infected with , Percentage of Roots infected with Weight of Roots examined. Clubroot. Dryrot. Clubroot. Dryrot. B Mein’s Green-top Yellow . . 45 6 4 13'3 8-8 ■ lb. • 36 Commercial 4 1 40 C . Mein’s Green-top'Yellow . . ’ 42 2 0 4’7 47 28 Commercial' . . ' 27 3 ii-i 22 ' D Mein’s Green-top Yellow . . 48 I 2 2-1 4-2 36 Commercial 35 ' 3 8-5 26, . Aver Mein’s Green-top Yellow . . ages of 179 Plots. II id 6-i 5-6 Average Yield per Acre. Tons cwt. 8 9 Commercial .. 146 8 5’5 8 16

Trial 10 —continued.

Plot. Variety. Number ' of • Roots Number of Roots infected with Percentage of Roots infected with. Weight of Roots examined. Number of Roots infected with Percentage of Roots infected with Weight of Roots ' Club- ■ examined. Club- DryClub- ' Dryexamined. root. Dryrot. Clubroot. Dryrot. lb. A Mein's Purple-top Yellow 54 8 5 14-8 9-3 lb. .41 turnip Commercial turnip . 37 2 3 5’4 8-i 32 B . Mein’s Purple-top Yellow 45 4 1 8-8 2-2 • 40. Commercial .. . . 36 3 1 8-3 2-8 - ■ 32C Mein’s Purple-top Yellow 42 8 2 19-0 4’7 32 Commercial 34 2 5’9 32 D Mein’s Purple-top Yellow . 5i 6 4 u-7 7-8 41 Commercial 39 1 1 2-5 2'5 40 Average Yield per Averages of Plots. Acre. Tons cwt. Mein's Purple-top Yellow 192 Plots. 192 26 26 ■ 12 12 13-5 13-5 6’5 Average Yield per Acre. Tons cwt. 6’5 I 9 14 9 14 Commercial . . . . 146 6 7 4-1 4-8 7 49

11. Gore Experimental, Area .

Plot. Variety. , . 4 Tons x Burnt Lime per Acre. 8 Tons Burnt Lime, per Acre. Control 16 Tons Burnt Lime per Acre. 2 Tons Burnt Lime per Acre. Clubrooted. Sound. Clubrooted. Sound. Clubrooted. Sound. Clubrooted. • nJ . d ■d - . 0 tn Clubrooted. Sound. ■ A Bangholm swede 6 15 II 21 13 23 12 23 IO ' 14 Commercial swede .. 14 I 10 I 31 / 0 13 4 20 > . I B Bangholm .. . ■ .. 3 ■ 18 2 17 . 4 . 33 2 26 7 10 Commercial- ... 20 4 16 15 46 0 29 6 24 0 • C Bangholm .. ... 8 ’ 15 18 20 10 19 ■ ' *8 • 22 . 10 15 Commercial 24. 3 . 26 ■ ■ 5 34 - I 29 I 26 I D. Bangholm .. .. 9 21 13 26 14 16 13 27 19 18 Commercial 24 II ■ 25 10 34 10 25 24 26 2

12. Gore Experimental Area

Bangholm Commercial .. Variety. 00 CA Clubrooted. Tons Burnt 4 Acre. Sound. vo CO Sound. to VO • Percentage of Clubrooted. Tons Lime per Acre. 00 Sound. Lime per Acre. vr co CO CO Percentage of Infection. £ H Clubrooted. H H Sound. o co CO H d 6 Percentage of Infection. CO Clubrooted. 16 Tons Burnt co o On 00 Sound. Lime per Acre. XJ to CO Ch CO co Percentage of Infection. ch Ch Clubrooted. 2 Tons Burnt CM Sound. Lime per Acre. h? <O co d Percentage of Infection. Percentage H coco Clubrooted. Control. VO co Average Percentage of Infection over 5 Plots. Sound. Percentage of Infection. 6 VO co Clubrooted. 16 Tons Burnt Lime per Acre. o>cn VO Sound. to ,Cn Oo co o» Percentage of Infection. Clubrooted. 2 Tons Burnt Lime per Acre. cn Sound. '©■* VO 6 . •- Infection. of Percentage ooco to of Average

The figures represent numbers of roots, diseased or sound.