OUTER MONGOLIA.

Star (Christchurch), Issue 11509, 4 October 1915, Page 4

OUTER MONGOLIA.

WHERE RUSSIA'S LEFT HAND WINS. I! KC-KN'T D-EVICLOPMttNTS. (By K. K. KAWAKAMI. Amhnr of at tlu; Door.") Even it' Germany's :«v---in'(■>■ should enable tin- Kai-ser to )t<>]<l. fijl oi' Kx;s.Nijill J'dhi ml which 11 icy have ■overrun, the, losb to til'; Czar ut territory (>y v.*ar has been i*»v inure than recouped in. the Knr Kost by diplomacy. The. treaty .signed. by tlm ICnvoy cf Russia. Mongolia, juid Chilli" at Kjakhta, Siberia, ait**r conferences lasting a, year, will prove factor in. tlio Orient as important as the protocol cjvludcd between Japan and China uv l\ kin. The fonciu-'ion of this treaty adds another milestone -to the Russian advance, which will end only when Monshall have been completely absorbed by the Muscovite empire. And' when Outer Mongolia shall have become part, and pa-rcel of the Czar'a dominion, no one knows what will become of .Inner Mongolia. Mongolia. Juts an area of 1,367,G00 square miles. IU population is cstiinnu .1 ut 2.600,000. Outer Mongolia, which is the sub J jeet matter of the new tripartite? treaty, ewers more than two-i-hird.-< of entire Mongolia.. The new treaty is a serine I 10 the Russo-Mongolian convention ei' November 2. 1912, and the China-Russian agreement of November 5. IKl'i. f'EKIX COKVFN" HON. The. convention of November 3, 1912, at \va> i'oJoive.d by a- protracted negotiation between the Chinese nod j }.> us.-if:m Governments. These, negctia- j tion.-. resulted in the Pekin ' | oi' November 5. 191,3. whereby Russia! j recce;ni-"cd China's suzerainty over"l j-Omsr Mongolia, while China- recognised' J i the autonomy oi' the same country, ■ j Far.htr d-rtaiK of the convention > wore:- ; First -—Both the Russian, and Chinese ! Governments shall allow Outer Mongo- i lia to train Mongolian troops avid police i officers necessary for the protection and maintenance of public peace. Second 'Neither .Russia not- China shall send emigrants to Outer Mongolia. Third The Chinese Government shall not send troops to Outer Mongolia, except the guards of the Cmnese Consulate, at Urga, without the eonsent of the Russian Government. Fourth—The Russian Government I shall protect the interests of Chinese I residents in Outer Mongolia, so far a,s the provisions of the Chino-Russian treaty are not in conflict therewith. Fifth—The Chinese Government shall recognise the Russian right of enter- , ing into a direct negotiation with Outer Mongolia in case the Russian Government recognises the right of Outer Mongolia to enter upon direct negotiations with. a third" Power or Powers. This arrangement for the dual or rather tripartite control of Outer Mongolia was far from satisfactory to a large number of Russian publicists and newspapers. Such an arrangement, it was argued, might easily create a conflict between China and "Russia, and thigh t prove a source of endless troubles. The Russian expansionists wanted to annex a part, if not all, of Outer Mongolia outright. Especially •W&& the Rationalist Party impatient with the circumspection shown by the . Government in dealing with Mongolia. , But Russian diplomacy, guided by M. \ Sazanoff, followed the counsel of mod- . eration, and' was for the time being ap- , parently satisfied with the results ac- j complished by the two conventions al- < ready concluded. | < THE NEW TREATY. j t The new tripartite treaty just, eon- | eluded at Iviakhta among the repre- £ sentatives of Russia, China and Mongolia, is on the whole the confirmation * of th» provisions made in the previous ? two conventions. The treaty, however, 1 has a few new features, chief of winch ~ is the defining of boundary betweeen f Siberia and Mongolia. It also defines * ! fii 'd'etail trade relations between the * three countries. ' c In the light of Russia's steady ad- v vauee towards the ultimate absorption ( - of Mongolia, we can understand why Japan has been anxious to extend her sphere of influence in South Manchuria to the eastern part of Inner Mongolia. The alignment of the relative positions of Russia and Japan as defined in the Chino-Japanese protocols and the Ohino-Mongolian Russian treaty shows that Russia will claim as her sphere of i; influence some 1,153,700 square miles n of the teritones of Mongolia and Man- o churia as against 140.600 square miles o similarly claimed by Japan. o