EUROPEAN INTELLIGENCE.

Colonist, Volume IV, Issue 342, 29 January 1861, Page 3

EUROPEAN INTELLIGENCE.

{From the Home News.)

ItALY,

The events of the last month have brought the Italian question to an important issue. Victor Emmanuel, after crossing the Neapolitan frontier, fe)l upon the forces of King Francis, divided between such distant points as Capua and Gaeta, Cajasso and Bolano. Coming down from Venafro, the Piedrnontese surprised the Neapolitans as they, weie. retiring upon the Gaxigliano* and

* defeated them between Teano and Sessa.] At the same time Garibaldi crossed the] , Volturno, and entered into direct communi-' , cation with Victor Emmanuel. The result of these movements was that Francis was shut up between the \ Garigiiano, the sea, and the Roman frontier. Capua, cut off from all communication with I Gaeta, and subjected to a weak bombardment, capitulated on November 2, and its [ strong garrison were marched prisoners to Naples. On the 3rd of November, General • Sonnaz, at the head of a considerable body 1 of Piedmontese troops, stormed his way over the Garigiiano. The Neapolitans fled, and Sonnaz chased his enemy into and through Mola di Gaeta, and occupied that place and the positions around it. The main body of the Sardinian army came after, and by this rapid movement not only was King Francis shut up in Gaeta, but a force of 15,000 or 20,000 men with 32 guns was cut off from the fortress. After some hesitation, they fled across • the Roman boundary at Terracina, and being met at Cisterna by French troops and Papal gendarmes, they were disarmed. The losses of King Francis in men, from the occupation of the line of the Volturno up to this point, amounted to about 30,000. These decisive successes of the Sardinians were followed by an event which will hold a conspicuous place in history. On the 7tli of November Victor Emmanuel entered Naples in company with Garibaldi \ and formally accepted the offer of allegiance tendered by the people of the Two Sicilies. He rode through the streets of what was once the capital of a Kingdom and the people crowded along his route and cried "Viva!" An almost equally interesting spectacle was the meeting between Victor Emmanuel and Garibaldi, a few days earlier, before the king had crossed the Garigiiano or Capua had surrendered. It was the spectacle, not only of a meeting between a king and his servant, but between a king and his friend. But the incident which has made the deepest impression on Europe has been that with which Garibaldi's public career has for the present closed. The great hero bade farewell on the 9th of November to the sovereign to whom he had just presented a kingdom, and retired to his solitary rock of Caprera—without honours, titles, or gold. His work for the time was over: but before leaving Naples he issued a proclamation to his fellowcountrymen, promising to come back on a future day. He fixes upon the spring of 1361 as the period of his probable return, and declares that he will require a million of Italians in the field by that time. Every one, of course, regards this announcement as meaning war with Austria, a desperate struggle for Venetia, and a revolution in Hun gary. Austria reads the announcement with mingled feelings of rage and despair; for, unless the Hungarians accept the proffered concessions—which there is .but little chance of their doing—the struggle of Austria against Italy alone is almost hopeless, and utterly hopeless, if I France be again the ally of Victor Em-, manuel. There are preparations of all kinds going on in France slowly and steadily; and the augmentation of military and naval i means on the Mediterranean coast, and the gradual augmentation of the garrison of Rome, must be taken into account in any estimate of the wear future.

Apropos, however, to the Italian policy of France we must not omit to make mention of an occurrence but for which Francis 11. would probably ere this have been expelled from his last stronghold—Gaeta. Victor Emmanuel has a fleet as well as an army. That fleet showed what it could do at Ancona. Every one expected to see Admiral Persano engaged before Gaeta. What happens? The Admiral is forbidden by the French naval commander de Tinan, to fire a shot at Gaeta, much, less to blockade it. What is the meaning of this? The only explanation given in the French journals respecting the affair is that it was necessary to keep open for the ex-King and his family a door of escape. But the view which has been adopted in England is that the French Government, in taking this step, has violated the non-intervention principle to which it has so often professed its adhesion. :

The conduct of the French in the Papal States, moreover, continues to be as mysterious as ever. They are gradually extending the boundary line of the territory which they declare themselves bound to protect for the Pope. The last point which they have received orders to take possession of is Teracina, which the Sardinians will no doubt evacuate in order to avoid a collision. This is the tenour of our latest news from Rome, which, at the same time, rocords the arrival of the Dowager Queen of Naples, with the princes and the young children of King Francis, while his wife has preferred to stay with him and his brothersatGaeta,

where part of the palace has been rendered bomb proof for her protection. The king's wife, a Bavarian princess, was the councillor who induced the young sovereign to enter the path of concession, and who struggled from the commencement of her stay in Naples, against the influence of the king's stepmother.

Hopeless as the position of Francis 11. in Gaeta (where he is shut up with 10,000 troops) appears, the Debuts and the Constitutionnel maintain that there is no doubt as to his resolution to defend himseif to the last. He will, it is said, send away all troops not absolutely necessary for the defence of the place, the lottery-ticket indicating the lucky individual marked out for slaughter or starvation. Truly, this man is the father of his people! The Paris correspondent of the Nord, on the contrary— without affixing a probable date to the departure, sain et saiif, of the ex-king—an-nounces that whenever that event occurs he will betake himself to Rome, there to consort and collude with Pope Pius IX. But, surely, the Emperor Napoleon will hardly have the boldness to tolerate the plouings

;wo incarnations of

tricolored flag.

values the devotion of those loyal Bourbonißts who fled to Paris, on the irruption of the Victor Emmanuelistsat 10,000 crowns—such being the amount of the tribute forwarded from the French capital to the military chest at Gaeta by Neapolitans, many of whom have incomes amounting to several millions of francs. Recent news from Gaeta, of undoubted authencity, reveals an extraordinary amount of disaffection, especially among the superior officers. No fewer than four of the. King's generals had resigned. The correspondent of the Times and Daily News forwarded a telegram from Naples oh the 22nd November, announcing, that another misforsune had just befallen his Majesty .—^ I have just been informed that Francis IL burst, a blood vessel yesterday. A steamer has just arrived from Gaeta for medical assistance.": V ; ;

The voting in the late Papal States as well as in the Two Sicilies has been all but unanimous in favor of annexation to Piedmont. In the whole kingdom of Naples those who voted for annexation numbered about a million and a half, whilst those who voted against it did not amount to 11,000. ■A Naples despatch of November 22 says* tHat King Victor Emmanuel on that day received a deputation by whom] he was presented with the result of the plebiscite in the Marches and Umbria.

The above is a brief outline of the main events which have occurred in Italy during the past month. ;

THE RETIREMENT OF GARIBALDI.

•'The Liberator of the two Sicilies," says a Naples letter of November 9 "left this morning, never grander than in this last act of self-abnegation. For three days the Washington has been lying off with the baggage of Garibaldi on board, though many, from love of him, hoped he would remain yet longer. ;

At 3 a.m. he went on board accompanied by Trecchi, Cattabene, Corizo* Nullo, Missori, and Mario, each of whom he kissed and shook hands with, throwing his arms round Missori and Mario with special affection and kissing them. He begged them all to remain in the service of Piedmont, though I have been informed that 24,000 congediare in course of preparation in the printing office. Those who left Naples with him are Casso, his private secretary; Staguetti, Frascianti, Oosmaroti, and another person, who is charged with getting provisions for Caprera. About six o'clock, as the Washington steamed out, Garibaldi went to pay his last visit, and the last visit that he paid to any one, to Admiral Mundy, for whom I have heard the hero expresses the highest lespect and affection. With him he remained about a quarter of an hour, and invited him to visit the bay where Nelson lay. " You shall see my cows," said this truly great man, "and drink fresh milk." During the interview he said cot a word of himself—of his regrets and mortifications— but he spoke of Italy, and said that her prospects were good, and so he left Naples; and England may well be proud that 'the last visit of this pure, high-minded man was paid to a British admiral.

A cloud seems to have come over the city this morning, The highest specimen of moral diginity the world has long seen has just left, and we have now to fall back upon glitter and glare a royal rank. Yet his departure is the grandest act in the history of his connection with the Italian revolution.

And you should know Caprera to appreciate the grandeur of his character. It consists of two rocks; it is peopled only by his immediate followers or servants; a> few camp cloths would cover it, such as those which Madame Mario presented him with from the English supplies; and by the time you will receive this the conqueror of the Two Sicilies and the idol of many millions will be seated on a rock, accompanied by a few faithful hearts, and the lord of a few cattle. History has few such beautiful specimens of humanity on record.

As yet Garibaldi's departure is not generally Jsnown in-the city, but those who are aware of it speak of it with deep regret, though they think that he has well consulted his reputation by it. In fact, it would not have been well for a man who reigns in the hearts of the Neapolitans to have remained and shared with Victor Emmanuel the ovation which now belongs wholly to the man who has to rule these provinces." ;

Garibaldi's last adlieu to his companions in arms runs thus:—•

"We must now consider the period which is just finished as the last stage but one in our national Resurrection, and prepare ourselves to finish worthily the marvellous design of the elect of twenty generations, the completion of which Providence has reserved for this fortunate age of yours. Yes, young men! Italy owes to you an undertaking which has merited the applause of the universe. You have conquered and you will conquer, for henceforth you are prepared for the tactics that decide the fate of battles. You ate not unworthy of the men who entered into the close ranks of the Macedonian/phalanx, and who contended not in, vain with the proud conquerors of Asia.

•' To this wonderful page in our country's history another more glorious still will be added, and the slave shall show at last to his free brethren a sharpened sword forged from the links of his fetters. To arms, then, all of you! and the oppressors and the mighty will disappear like the dust. You, too, women, cast away all cowards from your arms—they will only give you cowardslor children—and you who are the daughters of the land of beauty must have children who are no^le and brave. Let timid tfoctr^ajras depart from amongst us, to. s|£* &lsewhere their servility and their

miserable fears. This people.is,its own master. It wishes- to; be' the brother of other peoples,^ and to look on the insolent with a proud face, nor to grovel, before them imploring its own freedom; it will no longer be dragged along by men whose hearts are base. No! no! no! , Providence has presented Italy., with Victor Emmanuel. Every Italian should rally round him. By the side of Victor Emmanuel every quarrel, should be forgotten •—all rancour should disappear. Once more I repeat my. battle cry. To arms all—all of you! If March, 1861, does not lind a million of Italians in arms, then alas for liberty, alas for the life of Italy! Ah, no! far be from me a thought which I loathe like poison. The March of .1861, or, if necessary, February, will find us all at our posts, Italians ofOlatafimi, Palermo, Volturno, Ancona, Castel Fidardo, and Isernia, every man who is not a coward or a slave is on our side. , All of us! all of us! I gay, standing close around the glorious hero, of Palestro, will strike the last blow at the crumbling edifice of tyranny. Receive, then, my gallant young volunteers, the honored conclusion of ten battles—one word of farewell from me. I utter this word with the deepest affection, and from, the very bottom:of my heart. To-day, I am obliged to retire, but for a^"' few days only. The hour of battle will find me with you again, by the side of the champions of Italian liberty. Let those only return to their homes who are called by the imperative duties which they own to their families, and those who by their glorious wounds have deserved the gratitude - of their country. These, indeed, will serve Italy in their homes by their counsels, by the very aspect of their noble wounds. Apart from these, let all others remain to guard our glorious banners. We shall meet again ere long, to march together for the redemption of our brethern who are still the slaves of the stranger. We shall meet again ere long, and march together to new triumphs.

" G. GXmbAldi."

FRANCE.

The Paris correspondent of the *Post* has lately forwarded the following despatch.

Several journals endeavour to suggest the probability of an approaching diplomatic rupture between France and Borne. This eventuality is more than doubtful. The rumour is also unconfirmed that the Pope contemplates a departure from Borne so soon as Francis 11. shall have quitted Gaeta. Certain measures taken by the Roman government prove, on the contrary, that the Pope has no desire to absent himself from his dominions.

The • Courrier de Marseilles* announces that it is seriously intended to suppress passports. The government, it is said, is disposed to comply with the wishes expressed by the councils-general of France on that subjectfor many years past. Everbody admits the inconvenience of the clumsy system, which has ceased to offer any advantage since the discovery of the electric telegraph and the establishment of railways.

The ' Moniteur' has recently published a series of decrees granting rewards for distinguished services in the late affairs in China, the recipients on this occasion belonging to the army. General of Brigade Collineau has been promoted to the rank of general of division, and Colonels O'Malley and de Bentzman to that of generals of brigade; a number of other promotions have been made from colonels down to sub-lieu-tenants. In the Legion of Honour there have been three promotions to the rank of commander, six to that. of officer, and. 66 nominations of knights. Among the last named is the drummer Fachard, of the 102 nd Regiment, whose gallant conduct wad particularly mentioned in the official dispatch of General Montauban. The list closes with the names of 62 non-commissio-ned officers and privates on whom the military medal has been observed. ; Information from Paris, dated November 11, tells of the daily despatch of troops by the Lyons Railway to Marseilles. These troops are to proceed to Rome, to complete the war battalions of the regiments stationed there. All the men fit for service in the depots of the regiments serving in the Papal States have already left for Italy. The * Progres de Lyons' announces that the Minister of War has issued an order that all soldiers on unlimited leave of absence must return horne-r-that is, to the residence which they adopted when they quitted their regiment, where they will be more within the reach of the military authorities, either that their residence may.be ascertained, or that they may be receled to active service.

We take the following frpiia a Paris letter of recent date :—

It is said that as the Pope refuses to consecrate Monsiegneur Maret, the Bishop of Vannes, the Emperor has resolved to dispense with the Papal exequatur.. It seems there is a precedent by which the imposition of hands by three bishops can be substituted for the consent of his holiness, bat the episcopal body does not furnish the requisite number.of docile prelates. , The Moniteur of November 13 publishes a convention concluded between ■ the governments of Sardinia and France, arranging several questions in reference to the annexation of Savoy and Nice. It is determined that the1 portion of the Sardinian debt chargeable to Savoy and Nice shall be 4£ millions of Rentes, which the French government shall remit to Sardinian. rf he charges incurred by Sardinia on account of Savoy and Nice will be transferred -to France. . .

The Marchioness, Irofn Nej is6n is tho ' Batne TJB ~1 reported as hay.ng got o; a shore at that port. She was subsequently got, offau4 r Hlld^ nOW m good as ever. 8^ has made a^ood Q from Nelsott °•* i 1f yBV «*«<* r«P«rt? having sighted the \V»terWltch >ws.<\ler, latitude. 33- S. f longifcude 155-E.-/6«