MAORI NOMENCLATURE.

Otago Daily Times, Issue 15086, 8 March 1911, Page 10

MAORI NOMENCLATURE.

,VI.—THE NELSON DISTRICT (Continued). (Br W. H. S. Roberts.)

In January, 1908, somo exceptionally fino caves weco discovered about four miles from Karamea, numbering 18 in all. They extend over tho district for about four miles, being from ono to one and a-half miles in Width. A creek wanders through them. They .are full of stalactites in great variety, in many instances resembling delicato sculpture. They wero discovered by Mossrs G. Crabbe and J. Johnson, settlers in tho district. ' Dr James Reid, io one of the eaves found a moa skeleton, with tho beak and all complete. Tho caves aro in limestone formation. Somo of them have evidently boen used as human habitations. The Maoris gave James Mackay, jun., the name of Karamea when ho explored tho West Coast in, 1857. Three miles north of tho KaTamea River is tho small stream Oparara (tho placo of bawKng, or the placo of bad fern root), or O-parera (tho placo for ducks), occasionally spelt Nu-parara (to shout in answer to a call). I think Oparara is the right name. Six or seven miles farther up tho coast is a bluff and river variously named Haihai; Ko-haihai and Ko-ra-hai, tho latter word meaning-"extensive," but probably tho correct namo is Haehae (tho sun dog, or tho glow seen sometimes during rain and sunshine). A little farther is the river Weka-kura (a red wood hen, " Ocydromus"), tho namo being also given to a bhiff on the north side of tho river. Tho Heaphy River, in latitude 40dcg 58min south, with its valley, •was Whaka-poai, or Waka-poai. It is frequently misnamed Waka-puia. (canoe gey-

ser), or WakaJ-poua (an old person's canoe). There is a new settlement of landless Maoris _ there. Steep Point was Tima (a bent stick used l as a hoe). Rock's Point, so named by Captain Cook on March 23, 1770, because some rocks in the sea; off the Point showed above water, was known to the Maori as Rangitoto (black lava). It is 28 miles south of West Whanganui.' Tho rocksoff the point wore Taura-te-Weka, meaining the xopo of fcho sea god Weka, referring to the long, ribbon-like algae so common on our coast. Weka was an ancestor of tho renowned Maui, tho great Hero of Polynesia. Ho was tho son of Taranga, the •wife of Makeatutara. Ilis mother being delivered prematurely, wrapped tho babe in a. tress of her long hair,- and threw it into the sea.. Hk> water spirits rolled tho infant into long seaweed, with soft jelly fish to protect its tender flesh. Tho Tairra in tho above namo no doubt refers to that seaweed. Maui's devine ancestors—Weka and Tama-nui-te-rangi—took chargo of him and nourished him till he was able to loave tho sea and go to his mother's house. The Coast Range from tho Heaphy to tho Big River was Iwi-tuaroa (tho backbone). A stream north of Rock's Point is Waimori (bare water). Tho cliffs north of Seal Bay are Tau-parikaka (the cliff that the parrot alighted upon). One of tho prin-cipal-points of these cliffs is Point Ono (six). A reeky islet is Moutero (an island). A. prominent point 61 miles north-north-east of Cape Foulwind, where the coast trends more easterly, and a brook a little south of tho point aro Kahu-rangi (irresolute). It was also tho name of a variety of greenstone,'and of a kind of obsidian of a reddish colour. In Maori songs it was often used, meaning "precious"); sonictimes wrongly spelt Kaurangi. North of that point is the creek Awa-Tua-tu (to stand in a hole in tho river): then Rau-kawa (the shrub. Panax edgerleyi or "deep green" from the, oolour of the leaf). The next river and bay is Ana-wcka, which may bo interpreted " tho woodhen's bay! For though Ana generally means a "cave," tho extinct Ngati Tumata Kokiri tribe, which at some past timo occupiod these territories, used the word Ana for a bay. A little farther is the river Turi-ma-wiwij which might mean "whito post, among rushes," but probably tho namo should bo Turimatriui (trembling kn&es). , A very small brcok thcro was Rata (metrosideros tree), and a stream north of the Grey Cliffs is now called Ana-tori (cats' cavo), but as " tori " is a modern word, most likely, the namo should be Ana-torea (oyster-catcher bird's cave or bay). The main range of hills inland, north of Bib River, extending from opposite Rock's Point to Cape Farewell, is Whaka-marama (to make clear, or to enlighten), sometimes, •with the usual aversion to "h," it is erroneously spelt Waka-marama, and occasionally abbreviated to Waka-rama, which would mean canoo torch. On Malone's Creek there is a small lake named Otuhie, but tho orthography is doubtful. It may mean Mr place. At the mouth of Sandhill Creek thero is an old Kaika now named Puniprnva, which may moan "tho incantation of Pawa," a priest in ancient days who . had charge of the Oraeles; but probably tho namo should be Punipaoa (smoky camp). A little -north of- this thero is a peculiar blowhole in the rocks, made by the constant Motion of the waves, where the sea rushes in with a loud road. Beyond it wo ' find tho river Putu-roa (to lie in a long heap), sometimes written Patu-Toa (a long weapon) or Patu-rau (a hundred clubs), which is now generally used. Stokes's chart (1851) has PuturTea (abundant heap). Judge Mackay says "Paturau is the name of a stream a short distance south from the entrance to West Whanganui." Then follow three kaika, Ngutu-ihu (lip nose), Wai-kaki (water of the Black Stilt bird), and Te Hapu (the sub tribe). WEST WHANGANUI.

West Wanga-nui should bo Whanganui (big bay or harbour). It is a fine inlet, about seven miles by threo when the tide is in, but as most of it is shallow a largo extent is dry ground or mud flat when the tide is out. It has a narrow entranco between two high promontories, with a bar which has only 6f fc of water on it at low spring tides. The South Headland in Raraha-taua. Tho bay is nearly land' looked, with a wooded range on the east, rising at Knuckle Hill to, 2085 ft. In the fifties there was a pa named Onawa-noa (tho timo when the tapu would bo removed from him) overlooking tho entrance on, tho North Head, which was named Muna-nui-

jiawata (to mutter his great authority). I ' have some doubt as to the correctness of this name. Mr Halswell, in his map, lias Pa-raro-raka (pa. on tho north yonder), but both names may bo right, the latter being tho pa and' Onawa-noa somo other place on tho Headland. D'Urvillo passed tho harbour on January 13, 1827. I'lie entrance appeared bo narrow that he gave it the name of "Harbour-barred." In January, 1910, the namo of the locality in the County of Collingwood, known as West Wanganui, was changed to West Haven. Somo of the ground left dry at low water is sandstone rock, worn nearly smooth by the waves. When I was there on March 22, 1356, I noticed the parfcct impressions of eight naked feet, plainly embedded, liko fossils, in the solid sandstone rock, which must have been soft when the human beings walked over it. They wore a short distance ifrom the Maori track up the Whanganui brook, and a few chains below high-water mark. There were six adult footmarks with narrow heels and wide, spread toos, and two child's footmarks, all equally perfcet. The easternmost bay in tho inlet is Wairoa (long water). The country, to tho landward of tho bay is spurs and gullies running down tho main range, which was known as Whaka-marama (to enlighten), sometimes incorrectly shortened to Waka-rama (canoe torch). There is very little land fitted for agriculture, .exoopting Toiara (to walk briskly along a path), on the south side, 6tretehing to and along the banks of the Maunga-nni-a-rakau (great wooded mountain) River, sometimes written Manga-manga-rakau (gTeat wooded branch stream), which probably is tho correct name, called by tho English namo of Coal River, which flows from tho south. Tlioto is an extensive swamp-on the west of tho Coal River, which has tho same Maori name. Bar Point, immediately north of tho North Head, was Niko-nui (largo wild cabbage). A bay south-west of Cape Farewell is Whara-riko (to bo accidentally struck at tho • wane of the moon). But probably the namo should be Wharariki, the name of a brittlo variety of flax. Cape Farewell was Tau Mauka (dry ridgo of a t hill). It is eight jniles north-east of West'Whanganui Inlet. Captain Cook gave it the name on, March 31, 1770, when he departed from the New Zealand coast. John Ilawkcsworth, in his account of Cook's voyage in 1770, says very little about the West Coast. Cook named Dusky Bay on March 15, but he did not enter it. On the 16th he passed a point "consisting of high, red cliffs, down which there fell a cascade of water in four small streams. I therefore gave it' tho namo of Cascade Point." From ■ the latitude of 4<kleg '20min to.42deg the high mountains lie. farther inland than they did farther south, and tho sea coast consists of wooded hills and'valleys of various height and extent, and has much appearance of fertility. Many of the valleys form plains of considerable extent, wholly covered with wood, but it is very probable that the ground in many places is swampy, and interspersed with pools of water. Froiyi latitude 42deg to 41deg 30min tho land rises into hills directly from the sea, and is covered with wood. Now and then the summits of the mountains, towering above tho cloudy mists, showed that a chain of mountains extends from one ond

of the island to tho other." Cook then sailed into a bay cast of D'Urvillo Island to take stores of wood and water on board the Endeavour in preparation for liis homeward voyage. "On March 31, 1770, wo got under sail and put to sea. The bay out of which wo sailed I called Admiralty Bay, talcing our departure from tho north-western point of tho South Island I gave it tlis name of Capo Farcwoll," Cape Farewell terminates rathes its extreme point showing from t.Re -."-stward like an isolated cliff, descending in steps to the westward; tho land immediately within it, is from 400 to 600 foot high, rising in Mount Beale to 1000 feet. MASSACRE OR GOLDEN BAY.

A track about three miles long, in tho fifties, followed up the Whanga-nui stream from West Whanganui Harbour through dense bush, over a low saddle and down the river Pakawau (the Shag's Pa), which had the name of Memory Creek, to Tasman's corner, in the north-west corner of Massacre Bay. Abel Jansen Tasman named; it Moordenar's Bay, becauso four of the Zeehaon's boats's crow wero murdered thero by tho Maoris on December 19, 1642, close to Parapara, Tasman sailing eastward from Tasmania, which lie named Van Dicman's Land, he sighted tho Middle Island of New Zealand on: 13th December, 1642, and named at-Staten, Land (land of tho State). As -far as can be known, ho was nearly west of Okarito when he discovered "tho great high land" between Hokitika and Okarito, part of the Southern Alps, Sailing northward, ho mentions a prominent-point of land, which is now Capo Foulwind, and north ■of this a "great bight," evidently karamea. Roaching the north-western point, named Cape Farewell by Cook, he coasted along the Sandspit into Blind Bay,

and then steering westward ho dropped anchor in tho bay which proved so tragical. Commissioner A. Mackay contends that Tasman anchored "in close proximity to tho Tata Islands," in tho south-west corner of Massacre Bay, but most authorities say it was in t.he north-west comer north-east of Pakawau. D'Urvillo says; "If Tasman's latitude—4odeg 50min south—was exact, it would be opposite a little stream four miles south of.Separation Point" (Trans. N.Z.1., ;xl, 433), which is. quite at variance with Cr . authorities. Ih* T. M. Hockon had his diary translated, and I take the following from the transactions of the New Zealand Institute, vol. 28" On December 18, 1642, Tasman anchored in 15 fathoms in tho bay. Two boats or prows, about an hour after sunset, came towards us, and called to.us in a coarse, rough voice.- Wo called to them, but they camo no nearer than' a stono shot. They also repeatedly blew on an instrument which was like a Moorish trumpet. Wo let one of our sailors play on a trumpet in answer. After this had been repeated on both sides several times those boats finally cleared and wont away. "19th.—This morning early a boat of theso people, having 13 men. came about a oast away from our ship (tho Hconiskirk). Th©y called out several times, which wo could not understand. These people wero (so far as wo could 9co) of ordinary height, but ooarse of voice and strong, their colour being between brown and yellow. They had black hair, fast bound right up on tho orown of their heads, in manner and fashion of the Japanese on their heads, but with a long, thick tuft, of hair in which was stuck a largo thick white feather. Their boats were two long narrow prows fastened together, over which wero placed some boards or other seats, so that t-hoso abovo can see through the water under vtho canoes. Their paddles wore .a full ta,thom long, and sharp at tho end, and with these boats they oould obtain great speed. Their clothing (so' it appeared),.was : somo of mats, others of cotton,-, whilst most Were naked -to tho waist. < We pointed'- out ■ to them many times that they should come on board, showing white linen and some knives. But instead of coming nearer they returned at last to shore. Soon after wo saw another seven boats come from shore, whereof one (right in front, and pointed) with 17 men, pulled behind the Zeehaen, and a second (wherein were 13 stout men) came up not half a east from our ship, who called to each other several times. We showed them white linen, etc., yet they remained still. The master of the Zeehaen sent his quartermaster, with his boat and six sailors, back to his ship to direct the mate not to allow too many of these people on board, but to be prudent and well on his guard. Just as the Zeehaen's boat put off tho Natives in the nearest prow to us called out and signalled with their paddles to those who were behind the Zeehaen, but what their meaning was we could not Understand. Just as the Zeehaon's boat pulled off again, that one lying between tho two ships began to pull furiously towards it, and when about hadhvay from us struck tho Zeehaen's boat furiously with their stems, making it lurch greatly at tho same time, whereupon tho foremost man in this .villainous prow thrust : the quartermaster (Cornelis Joppen) several times 'fiercely in tho neck with a long, blunt pike, so that he fell overboard. Whereupon the others of them attacked tile boat's crow with short, thick pieces of wood and with their paddles, and overcame the boat, in which fray three of tlie Zeehaen's people were killed and a fourth mortally wounded through hard blows. The quartermaster and two sailor? swam towards our ship, and wo sent our shallop to them and picked them up alive. After this outrageous and detestable affair tho murderers let the boat drift. They had ono of the dead dragged into their prow, and another drowned. We and those on the Zeehaen, seeing this, shot briskly with cannons and muskets, but probably did not hit any, as both returne? to shore out of shot. Our master (Ide Terexsen Holman) rowed with our shallop well manned and armed to bring back the Zeahaen's boat, which these cursed men had let drift, and presently returned on-board • with it, finding in .it ono of tho dead and ono mortally wounded. Wo weighed anchor and got under sail, as wo judged wo could not establish any friendship with this people. ■ Being under sail, we saw 22 prows along shore, whereof 11, swarming with men, came off to us. We kept quiet till somo of the first werei within shot,-then with our pieces wc fired ono or two shots from the. gunner's room, but without effect. The Zeehaen fired too, and hit, in tho. largest prow, one who stood: with a-,white flag in his hand, so that he fell down. Wo also heard tho grape shot striko in and against the prow, but what further happened is unknown to us, as after getting this shot they returned speedily to land, two of them setting up sails fashioned like tinganghs (a Malay boat, our "dingy" is derived from this). The tribo of Maoris who attacked Tasman's boat's crew w-as named Ngai Tumata Kokiri, the kaika was Warewarengi, or, more likely, Wharo-Warenga (Wa-renga's house). Moordenar's Bay was tho first European name given to any place in New Zealand; it was afterwards anglicised to Massacre Bay. The Ngai Tumata Kokiri claimed to be direct descendants from the Maoris who arrived from Hiwaiki in the Kurahaupo canoe, of which Ruatea was the leading chief. The Ngai ;'or Ngati) Tu-mata-kokiri tribe held all the West Coast from the Buller River to Capo Farewell against all aggressors for over a century (J.P.S., xviii, p. 190). They wero still in possession in 1810.

Tiie Ngaii Kuia tribe, of Pelonis Sound, also claimed tho immigrants in the Kunhaupo canoo as their ancestors. Tho whole coast ot this part of Massacre Bay had formerly twen very thickly populated, us the vast, number of old Maori clearings and cultivated spots testify. The Maori na'iho for the bay was Aororo (scud—Ao, cloud, rere, to fly). Since the discovery of gold in tho gullies behind Collingwood the nanie Golden Bay is used in preference to Massacre Bay. It was reported in March, 1856, that gold, had been found. I was (hero in' that month, and was shown gold bv several settlors. Tho Maori chicf at Pakawau in 1856 was To Koihua (which the settlers pronounced "go ashore," the name given to a threo-leggcd iron pot used by the whalers), who Lad conquered the Rangitane and Ngati-apa tribes in Massacre and Blind Bays, and had assisted Te Rauparaha to destroy the Nga.i TaJm Iwi, that had taken possession of tho Nolson and Canterbury districts in tho year 1828 by slaughtering tho unfortunate Nati Mamao occupants. Like To Rauparaha, Te Koihua belonged to tho Ngatitoa tribe, who migrated to this island from the Waikato. His comrades Niho and Take-rei, in the same year, proceedod down tlio West Coast to Mawhera (Grey River), where, after killing tho Ngai Tahu Maoris, they settled. It was at; Pa-kawau that ono of ths first coalpits in the Nelson province was opened early in the fifties. It is 72 miles from Nelson by sea. The portion of Farewell Spit nearest tho mainland was Rua-tani-wha (two water monsters). The rest of it was Onetahua (a heap of food on the beach), a low, sandy spit nearly 15 miles long. Thirteen miles of which is* low and sandy, the highest sand duno being :90ft. At Bush End Point a few scattered trees and shrubs aTe growing. At this point a lighthouse 113 ft high was erected, with a revolving white light at an elevation of 120 ft abovo sea level.

A Maori kaika north of Pa-kawau, just in tho angb where the land trends eastward, was Wai-kiki (confined water). There is a cliff near by composed mostly of fossil shells, and named Fossil Cliff. A little south of it is Pti-ponga (a heap of the tree fern, Cyathea dealbata, sometimes spelt Pouponga, a fern tree post.), which may be correct. . There i 6 goal coal at Pou-ponga. Further south was tho kaica. Taupata (the

shrub copresma baueriana, where there is a Native reserve. In 1856 an old ?daori who was known by the English name of William King, claimed all tho reserve, and lived on it. A Jittle south of I'akawnti.. on a round wooded knol'l, at* (.110 end of a spur roirj Mount Burnett, I observed a vein of nativo plumbago (graphite or blaclc lead). It. was not pure carbon on the surface., being rather gritty. The vein, where visible, was only iivo feet thick, but 1 could not ascertain its length or depth. Tho subsoil apiwared to be a red marl or ochre (kokowai), or orlcura, which was used by tho Maoris for painting when mixed' with oil. Tho surface near tho plumbago was black, all the land was heavily wocded in 1856. Tho brothers Curtis of Nelson in 1861 opened up tile bed of plumbago for commercial purposes. Spathic iron, ore also occurs in this district. A small kaika, south of Pa-kawau, was Tomatea (white- burial ground, probably Tamatea, named- after a man, or the routh weather of tho moon's first quarter), and a little further Wai-kato (flowing water), a stream there was Opou (tho place of a pillar, or of the tree sideroxylon costatum). The next river to the southward is the Ao-rere (scud, or flying mist), the same name as the bay. It comes out of the hills on the south-west as far as Mount Domett, 5400 ft h : gh, and is auriferous. There are several limestone caves in tho hills in which Moa bones were found. The town of Collingwood is at its deboiichure. When I was there in March, 1656, assisting Mr John Rochfort to survey the land, thero wore several Maori whares, and the land was

covered with Cape gooseberry bushes (Physal's edulis], loaded with most delicious fruit, showing that. the Maoris had cultivated it. Collingwood district is the only place in tho Middle Island where the Whau treo grows (Entelea arboresoens), _ Collingwood was named after Lord Collingwood, cne of Nelson's famous "band of brothers." He diod on March. 7, 1810. A short distance in a south-west direction, not far from the beach, but at the foot and side of a low hill, were the remains of an old pa, tliat had' been strongly fortified, but was in 1856 strictly tapu, deserted, and fallen to decay. There were a lot of long posts stuck iu the ground, notched upwards, to prevent nats climbing up to tho food stages (whata), which liad evidently been built on tho top of them. On ono of them was the figure of a man (tiki) carved in wood, with only threo fingers and a thumb on caoh hand, said to havo been the effigy of some celebrated warrior. Tho Maoris only carvcd three lingers on human figures because they thought the spirits of the dead would bn offended if an imago was too exact a likeness. Tho land about thcro and from the Aorero to.Farewell Spit had not. been surveyed by tho New Zealand Company, because tho Maori owners refused to sell any of that land. Mr Donald M'Lcan arranged to purchase it in 1856, reserving certain portions for the Maoris.

'A small tributary of tho Aorcrc from the west is Kaituna (eat eels). The Aorero mouth was considered to be 65 miles from Nelson by sea. Tho first gold shipped direct to Lyndon from Aorere was sent in the barque Monsoon, that sailed from Wellington on May 5, 1857. The district has never attracted large rushes of miners, though it offers a wide and promising field for gold digger*, as it includes ali the Aorero and Takaka watersheds, together with the numerous affluents of both these rivers; the whole country being auriferous from the tableland near Mount Arthur (about latitude 41dcg 50min south) to West Whanga-nui. Many other minerals have, been discovered. 'ITicr© arc several ooal scams, somo of which aro being worked. Limestone is abundant, and iron ore exists in the Parapara Valley, even close to the seashore. Native lead globules are also found near Parapara. In some gold, claims it occurred in such quantities that tho ripples in the sluicoboxes became choked with the lead. The rocks in the neighbourhood of the old Glongglo claim aro crystalino limestone, quartzitcs, micaschist, and talo-schists of probably Lower Silurian age, associated with masses of Gabbro, gonorally much altered ("Transactions Now Zealand Institute," v. 35). Largo quantities of brown hematite aro found on the surfaeo of the ground in places near Parapara, also Galena and iron-ore. On May 3, 1871, Mr A. D. Dotal, C.E., read a paper to the Nelson Institute on " The Ancient Glaciers of the Nelson Province." lie said: " The most clearly defined glacier bods I l'.avo seen on the west of Nelson are situated at the hoad of tho Boulder River, a tributary of tho Aorere River, which falls into Golden Bay at Collingwocd. Tho Boulder River takes its rise from a lake, To Warau (Mr S. P. Smith thinks tho namo should bo To WhaTau " tho shed"), which is 2600 ft above the level of the sea, and occupies tho lower end of a narrow valley, formed by Lead Hill on the west and a ridge which divides tho Boulder River from Rocky River, and the heads of the Anatoki on tho cast. Lead Ilill is a massof granite, which rises to a height of 4450 ft above sea level, and has forced up tho slate which forms the ridgo to the eastward io a highly inclined angle. The valley in which the lake is situated lies between the granite and the slate, and is about throe miles long from the southward. It commences amongst the mountain spurs, ending at the north in i ciiff 200 ft high, over which tho water from the lake falls in ono unbroken sheet." Near Collingwood is tho gold-bearing district of Tai-tapu (tho prohibited tide, or the boundary, or separation). The point south of tho mouth of tho Aorere now known as Streaky Point,' was, according to some Maori Tamatoa, named after a man, or tho rough weather of the lirst quarter of the moon, on which was a Maori kaika. A few miles south of the Aorere was tho. Maori kaika, Pui-apura (seed), now changed by tho pakeha to Parapara (a sacred place, or mud), and a small inlet having the same name, close by is Tuku-roa (to come down ;v long place, or badly supplied). Then we tad Anakaka (parrot's cave, or bay), sometimes wrongly spelt Ona-kaka (his parrot). In old times a great Taniwha, or monster reptile, lived in tho Parapara Stream, which was in the habit of devouring mon and waylaid ■ all people travelling from Takaka. and other places northward. Its namo was Te Kai Whakaruki (the vomit eater). Ultimately a body of brave young moil succeeded in trapping the demon and bcati:.; it to death. Further towards the south-east is Pari-u'haka-oho, which may be freely translated jchoing cliffs (S.P.S.). On the Government Tiap it is mis-spelt Pariwhakaho. The local spelling and pronunciation is Puramakau, ivhich might mean "a speck of (lust in the ;>ye." Next we find Pura-mahoe, named in sonscqueneo of someone getting a piece of malioa wood (Melicytus nimiflonis) in his >yo, now altered to Puro-maha-ia (many tufts of grass in a stream). Further on is fVna-hau (windy bay, or cave). There were Maori kaika at all three places. A point of land south-east of Ana-lion ivus Rangi-ta (dashed down from the sky), >r Rangi-ala (a shadow of tho sky), which is more likely to be correct; or Rangi:iacata (the heavenly down). It is now Black's Point. A small settlement :here is usually named Ona-hau (his wind, ir prestige), but probably it. should bo 0-iign-hau (tho place of t'lie winds). The range of hills to the west- is Ao-pouri (dark jIoikI), rising in Mount O'lyinpus to 54C0ft. Marked hills on this range are Hau-piri [quiet wind) and Ana-toti (axe cavc). Tho riveir Takaka (the common fern) is i fair-sized, river, rising in Mount Peel !6000ft high), and having a north-ward xmrso of over 40 miles, running in placej brough limestone country, t.he water occaiicnally disappearing into tho crevices in ;hc rocky bed, reappearing further on, like resh springs. It receives tho water of Waiuiii (to indicate water), or Wai-tui (parson lird water) from Mount Campbell (4359 ft ligh), and of the Wai-karo, the southern ironuncktion of Wai-ngaro, meaning ' lost, stream,"—i.e., disappeared itndevjround, as it does in the limestone fissures. ,t is a rapid running river, with consideriblc fall, fioni the Ao-pouri Range, and is ibout the same size as tho Takaka. Shortly iftenvards tho Takaka throws o(f a stream o tho eastward, which has tho namo Motu>ipi (cockle shell island), forming with the L : akaka a long triargular island, on which' s a hill near tho coast named Wai-tapn sacred watci), with a bay of the same iamo south east of the Takaka month. The ettlers, with their penchant for clipping wines, spoil the name by sounding it Waiap! The main stream of tho Takaka, after hrowing off tho Motu-pipi, continues its lourso northward, receiving from the west ho rivers Ana-toki awl Wai-koro-mumu water for a person playing draughts), but probably tha name is a local form of Waioropupo (boiling water, or water in u tale of agitation, not necessarily hot.—S. '. Smith) liefore it discharges into the iriiot it Waitapu.

Till! Otago Witness (October 19, 1904) mer.tionod a river in the Takaka district, locally called Booboo, tho correct Maori nante being Wai-kara-moomoo (perhaps Wiii-l aramuimui—to swarm upon, lo crowd around water). " It riecs out of a small crater, in a flut, boggy piece of land, a k.rgo river—the largest spring in the world —;i rivor 30ft or 40ft broad a-nd a foot and a-!iMf to three feet d.ocp, flowing rapidly, at from five to six iriiias an hour, out of a higt-on 300 ft across, in the centre of which it rfces out of the ground a fountain of licautiful, clear, and sparkling water." Xo doubt a rivor that has 'boen running along a limestone cavo for a considerable distance hofore appearing. In 1856 I walked over tho limestone range from tho upper Takaka to Riwaka, it was all forest, on lime-

stone formation, tho numerous crevices of considerable width, and great depths mado travelling very dangerous. Tlieio is now | a road o;cr the range as the following exj traot from the Now Zealand Official Year -liook, 1893, jvill explain.' "i'Vom the head of the Takaka \ alloy, a zig-zag wad rises for seven, miles to a. pass in the Pik.ikininga limestone range, 3476 feet above sea level, then by a gradual descent of 10 miles to Riwalca; then through Motueka and Jioutere to the town of Richmond, eight mite from. Nelson. Inland is tho village of Ngati-inoti." Richmond is now a borough with an area of 2300 acres, though the population is only 651 souls, and tho capital value in 1905 £99,022. Pikikirunga means "to olirob to the top," a very appropriate name hore, but Mr S. P. Smith thinks tho propsr namo is Paluhirunga, meaning tilio upper plaiin of grass. Tiho wfholo range was oovered by a dense forest, consisting principally of birch (beech), cedar, and Neinei (tho Dracophyllum latifolium), a small and rather rare tree. The undergrowth was not thick excepting' in the gullies, and on the side of tho Ml below tJie birch line. In July, 1870, a large cava was discovered at Takaka, in which were found a great quantity of >moa bones. About a milo and a-half from the village of Motupipi, a little west of tho Takaka River, there is a small lake or tarn named Roto-iti little lake, which is so deep and tho -water so black looking that tho old Maoris used to say. it was a bottomless pit. It is tho shape of a pinoapplo, and close under a limestone hill. In February, 1908, Dr Bell explored tho country west of Massacre Bay. He said " the area eastward of tho Ileaphy River to the head of Aorere and Takaka Rivers contains a great deal of unexplored country, full of rare geological interest." Dr Bell, accompanied by Dr Marshall of the Otago University, travelled- on foot across a -wide area of high open country only lately discovered, and named the Gunner Downs, to the head waters of tho Karamea' River and tho Heart Lake at the head of Aorere River. A .rough neconnaisance was conducted along the ridges far down in tho valley of the Roaring Lion and other tributaries of tho Kara.mlea—an area of great scenic charm, and of scientific and probably economic interest. Returning, tho party descended from Heart Lake and travelled the 50 miles of rough rivor bottom intervening between the lake and tho first, settlement in tho Aorers Valley.—(Otago Witness 4/3/08).