UNITED ACTION

New Zealand Herald, Volume 81, Issue 25021, 11 October 1944, Page 6

UNITED ACTION

NEW ORGANISATION DRAFT PROPOSALS SETTLING OF DISPUTES CALL ON ABMED FOIiCES LONDON. Oct. i) By Telegraph—Press Association —Copyright The preliminary proposals by the British, American, Russian and Chinese delegations.to the Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, conversations on a general international organisation were published on Monday in London, Washington, Moscow and Chungking, says the British official wireless. It is proposed that there should be a General Assembly of all the United Nations, a Security Council •with five permanent and six nonpermanent members, an International Court of Justice and a Secretariat. Extent ol Agreement The draft sets out proposals for tho pacific settlement of disputes, for the prevention and suppression of aggression by international methods, or regional arrangements, and for international economic and social co-opera-tion, Tho statement indicates in detail the wide range of subjects on which the agreement was reached. The four Governments represented in the discussions agreed that, after further study of these proposals, they will as soon as possible take the necessary steps with a view to the preparation of complete proposals, which could then serve as a basis of discussion at a United Nations conference. They have agreed that there should be established an international organisation under the title of the United Nations, the charter of which should contain provisions necessary to give effect to the proposals.

Maintaining International Peace Chapter I. sets out the purposes of the organisation. These are:— (1) To maintain international peace end security, and to that end to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to peace, the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful means an adjustment or settlement of international disputes which may lead to a breach of the peace. (2) To develop friendly relations among nations and to take other appropriate measures to strengthen universal peace. (3) To achieve international co-opera-tion in the solution of international economic, social and other humanitarian problems. (4) To afford a centre for harmonising the actions of nations in the achievement of these common ends. Sovereign Equality of States

Chapter 11. sets forth the principles ■ In accordance with which the organisation and its members should act. These are:— (1) The organisation is based on the principle of sovereign equality of all peace-loving States. t (2) All members undertake, in order to ensure to all the rights and benefits resulting from membership, to fulfil the obligations assumed by them in accordance with the charter. (3) All members shall settle disputes by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security 'are not endangered. . (4) All members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force in any manner inconsistent with the purposes of the organisation. (5) They shall give every assistance to the organisation in any action undertaken by it in accordance with the provisions of the charter. (6) All members shall refrain from giving assistance to any State against •which preventive or enforcement action is being undertaken. Non-Member States

The organisation should ensure that States who are non-members act in accordance with these principles, so far a§ may be necessary for the maintenance of international peace and security. Chapter 111. says: "Membership of the organisation shall be open to all peace-loving States." Chapter IV. lists the four principal organs of the organisation and says it should have such subsidiary agencies as may be found necessary. Chapter V. provides for a General Assembly. All members of the organisation should be members of the Assembly and have a number of representatives to be specified in the charter. The Assembly should have the right to consider the general principles of cooperation in the maintenance of international peace and security, including the principles governing disarmament and the regulation of armaments, to discuss any questions dealing with these subjects or any brought before it by any member of the organisation or by the Security Council, and to make recommendations with regard to any euch principles or questions. Questions lor Council

Any such questions on which action is necessary should be referred to the Council by the Assembly before or after the discussions. The Assembly should not, on its own initiative, make recommendations on any matter relating to tho maintenance of peace which is being dealt with by the Council. Ihe Assembly should be empowered to admit new members upon the recommendation of the Council. The Assembly should, upon the recommendation of the Council, be empowered to suspend from the exercise of any rights or privileges of membership any member against which preventive or enforcement action shall be taken by the Council. The exercise of rights and privileges may be restored by the Council. The Assembly should be empowered, upon the recommenda.tion of the Security Council, to expel from the organisation any member who persistently violates the principles contained in the charter. Tho Assembly should elect _ non-per-manent members of the Security Council and members of the Economic and Social Council. It should be empowered to elect, upon the recommendation of the Security Council, the SecretaryGeneral of the organisation. It_ should perform such functions in relation to the election of judges of the International Court as may be conferred upon it by statute of the Court. Expenses o! Organisation

The Assembly should apportion expenses among members and be empowered to approve the Budgets of the organisation. It should initiate studies and make recommendations for promoting international co-operation in political, economic and social fields, and adjusting situations likely to impair tho general welfare. It should also make recommendations for the co-ordination of policies of international economic, social and other specialised agencies brought into relation with the organisations. * Chapter VI. deals with the Security Council. Representatives of the United States, United Kingdom, Russia, China, and in due course, France, 'should have permanent seats. The Assembly should elect six States to fill the non-permanent seats. Voting procedure in the Security is still under consideration.

Chapter VII. states that the International Court of Justice should constitute the principal judicial organ. The Court should be constituted in accordance with a statute which should be part of the charter. Conditions under which States not members of tho organisation may become parties to the statute should be determined in each case by the Assembly upon the recommendation of the Council. Action by Armed Forces Chapter VIII., which is of supreme importance, sets out the arrangements for international peace and security, including the prevention and suppression of aggression. The Council should be empowered to investigate any dispute or situation which may lead to international friction or give rise to dispute, in order to determine whether its continuance is likely to endanger the maintenance of peace. Should the Council deem that failure to settle a dispute in accordance with prescribed procedure or in accordance with its recommendations constitutes a threat to the maintenance of peace and security it should take such action by air 4, naval or land forces as may be necessary to maintain or restore peace and security. Such action may include demonstrations, blockade, or other operations by tho air, sea or land forces of members. - In order that ail members should contribute to the maintenance of peace and security, they should undertake to make available to the Council on its call, and in accordance with special agreements concluded among themselves, armed forces, facilities and assistance. Such agreements should govern the numbers and types of forces and the nature of the facilities and assistance to bo provided. Tho agreements should be negotiated as soon as possible, and in each case be subject to approval by the Council, and ratification by the signatory States. Forces Held at Readiness To enable urgent military measures to be taken, there should be held _ immediately available by members national air force contingents for combined international enforcement action. The strength and degree of readiness of these contingents, and planevS for their combined action, should be determined by the Council with the assistance of its military staff committee within the limits laid down in the special agreements. The Council should be empowered to determine what diplomatic, economic or other measures, not involving armed forces, should be employed to give effect to its decisions, and call upon members to apjily such measures. Such measures may include the complete or partial interruption of rail, sea, air, postal, telegraphic, radio and other means of communications, and the severance of diplomatic and economic relations. Chapter IX. concerns arrangements for international economic and social co-operation. With a view to the creation of conditions of stability and well-being which are necessary for peaceful and friendly relations among nations, the organisation should facilitate solu-! tions of international, economic, social and other humanitarian problems, and promote respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. Responsibility for the discharge of this function should bo vested in the Assembly, and < under the authority of the Assembly in an Economic and Social Council. Chapter X. provides that there should be a secretariat comprising the Secre-tary-General, as chief administrative officer, and a staff as required.