STATISTICS OF NEW ZEALAND.

Lyttelton Times, Volume XXI, Issue 1190, 30 January 1864, Page 3

STATISTICS OF NEW ZEALAND.

IMMIGRATION AND EMIGRATION. The Immigration (over seas) to New Zealand in 1862, amounted to 34,290 souls; viz., Males, 25,072 adults and 1933 children; Females, .5571 adults and 1714 children. The Emigration (over seas) from the Colony during the year amounted to 13,299 souls; viz., Males, 12,525 adults and 170 children; Females, 478 adults and 126 children. The net excess of Immigration over Emigration is thus shown to have been 20,991 souls, which was distributed amongst the Provinces in tbe following proportions:—Otago, 14,058; Auckland, 3277; Canterbury, 2768; Southland, 517; Nelson, 271; Wellington, 99; and Hawkes Bay, 3.* A classification of the whole Immigration and Emigration of the year, according to the Countries from which the Immigrants arrived, and to which the Emigrants went, shows the following results:— Immigration. Emigration. Where From. Males. | Females. Total. Where To. Males. Females. Total. United Kingdom 5318 3429 8747 United Kingdom 238 133 371 Australian Colonies 21,503 3811 25,314 Australian Colonies 12,127 447 12,574 Other British Ports ... 95 34 129 Other British Ports .. 267 11 278 Foreign States 89 11 100 Foreign States 63 13 76 It thus appears that the excess of Immigration over Emigration, viewed in relation to Countries, was—United Kingdom, 8376; Australian Colonies, 12,740 Foreign States, 24. In the division relating to other British Ports the Emigration exceeded the Immigration by 149. The Arrivals and Departures between the Ports of the Colony are shown in a separate table, which is a-correct compilation from the Returns forwarded by the Emigration Officers; but (for reasons referred to above, and stated in notes to the table) the numbers can be regarded as affording, at best, only approximately reliable information. * Making a total of 20,993, from which is to be deducted 2—excess of Emigration over Immigration at Tarauaki. TABLE SHOWING THE IMMIGRATION AND EMIGRATION TO AND FROM NEW ZEALAND DURING THE YEAR 1862.

Total Excess of Immigration over Emigration in 1862 20,99* The figures in the above table relating to the Australian Colonies cannot be regarded as strictly accurate; first, because of the numbers believed to have arrived at Otago from Australia, who were not included in the official returns ■ and secondly, on account of the difficulty of distinguishing at intermediate Southern 1 orts the passen,ei3 to and SSSS? «.- a. f *>«»» ,tc several lines, but the net Excess of Immigration, after deducting any Excess of Emigration at the Port or Province. " T A BL E SHOWING THE ARRIVALS AND DEPARTURES BETWEEN PORTS OF NEW ZEALAND, IAULL &±iUWii>w -L DURING THE YEAR 1862.

11 1 1 rr, (a) The Returns for Auckland do passengers carried in small coasting vessels which are supplied with " Cargo Books." , *},„ Militarv and their families, or Taranaki families returning «•"' *«■—«" LOT ThKSb in the columns headed « Excess » are not the addition of the preceding figures, but the net Excess of the Arrivals or Departures at Port m- the Gonera l Total of Departures is to be accounted for chiefly w tteiSofiSSf tad cleared at tta o*m or were «en „ .«ranou. points on tbe coast where there are no Emigration Officers.

itk!-; \vat::u and fresh air There was n greiit deal of truth in the theory of the old philosophers, that there were only four elements—fire, air, earth, anil water. Nearly all the necessaries of life, in one form or another, may be summed up under those four heads. We are mainly composed of earth ourselves. Earth we are, and to earth we return, in all manner of strange unaccountable ways. Water is almost as important an ingredient in our frame; we are perpetually consuming air; and heat in its various forms is the great agent of our life. Our food, animal and vegetable, grows like ourselves from earth, water, air and heat; and for our drinks, as Addison's Tory Landlord maintained, " there is, after all, nothing like a good cup of English water—provided it has plenty of malt in it." A deficient or bad supply of one or other of these four elements is the cause of nearly all the diseases that we are now fighting so stout a battle with in town and country. We have lately had occasion to remark on the necessity of obtaining a better supply of good air to our crowded populations, by supplying them with well-ventilated houses; and our attention has been called within the last week to the want of a better supply of another of these elements. It appears that the Water Companies are not in the habit of supplying water on Sundays, and, as they do not supply u double quantity on Saturdays, the consequence is that a large number of people in the most crowded parts of London are unable to obtain sufficient water for their necessary uses on Sunday. This tells particularly upun the poor, to whom Sunday is the great day of purification . To many of them it is the only day of the week on which they can possibly keep clean, and we are afraid, therefore, the only day on which they think it worth while to be clean. The most scrupulous of our readers would be discouraged from morning ablutions if he was going straight from them to some necessarily dirty occupation, and when he came home at night, after 10 or 12 hour's work, lie would hardly feel inclined for the Herculean exertions which would be necessary to restore the natural color of his skin. So nothing beyond necessary washing is generally performed on week days by the poorer people, but they are hearty followers of the wholesome old English tradition about Sunday .appearance. The dirtier they are obliged to be most days, the cleaner they feel they ought to be on Sundays, and the cleaner they would be if they had the opportunity of becoming so and keeping so. In many cases they are tempted to give up the effort by that original evil of their condition, crowded and therefore dirty homes, and spend the Sundays in unwashed torpidity. But this evil is made worse if there is an actual deficiency of water.

Theimmense influence of a good water supply upon health is remarkably illustrated by a statement which we published on Saturday of the comparative mortality in Salisbury before and since the completion of a good system of drainage and waterworks. Before the completion of the works, the average annual mortality of the city was at the rate of 27 per 1000. Since then, it has been 21 per 1000, so that there is an actual reduction of nearly one-fourth of the whole number of deaths. The last quarter shows a still more striking result, the deaths having been only 20 out of a population of above 9000—a mortality which is at the rate of less than 9 per 1000 in the year. When we remember that the death rate in all London last year was 23 per 1000, and, to take an example of a crowded spot, the rate in the Holborn district was 26 per 1000, we shall see sufficient reason to take all the precautions we can to lower so excessive a rate. The following calculation will put this in tne strongest possible light. The actual number of deaths in the Holborn district last year was 1238. If the average death rate of Salisbury during the last eightyears, which is itself above the normal rate, and above even the actual rate in some parts of London, had prevailed, the deaths would have been reduced to 1000, and at the Salisbury rate of the last quarter they would have been only 550. There are other towns where the state of things is worse still. We have before us the last quarterly report of the health of Manchester and Salford, from which it appears that the mortality in that district during the last quarter was at the annual rate of more than 32 per 1000. This is nearly double what it ought to be, the standard of health beiug at present considered 17 per 1000, and one consequence of course is that the population in this district is nearly stationary—the births only exceeding the deaths by seven in the 1000, This is to be accounted for, we fear, to some extent by the distress of the population ; but at the same time the towns in this district are known to be miserably deficient in drainage and water supply, and it is very satisfactory, with such a report before us, to remember that the population are now enaged to a great extent in supplying this want for themselves. We have enough to do, however, at home while, as we have said, there is a district of London in which the rate of mortality was *26 7 last year, or more than half as much again as it ought to have been, and that without any special cause. We have satisfactory evidence from the known experience of such cases as Salisbury that any death rate beyond the ordinary mortality of human nature springs from causes for the most part within our own own control. As the death rate in London last year was 23 per 1000 instead of 17, we may say that six persons in every thousand, or 15,000 persons in a population of two millions and a halt, died last year from the neglect of plain sanitary precautions. _ Our great city has grown up so rapidly that we are inevitably behindhand in the alterations which are necessary to meet its changed conditions. But great and regular exertions meet our eyes on all sides in the constant reports of medical officers and Boards of Health. There are men who are working at the evil heartily and steadily, and if they aye properly supported by the Legislature' and the parish authorities, they must be successful. Parliament passed two useful Bills on the subject the last two Sessions; one to give the necessary power to Boards of Health to enforce the observance of sanitary regulations, and, among other things, to compel landlords to provide a proper supply of water for domestic purposes; the other for the protection of gardens and ornamental grounds in cities and boroughs. We want all the fresh water and fresh air we can get—water to drink, to wash with, and to cleanse our drains and scour our streets. Air is r<"uly to our hands, and all we have to do is to take every means to purify it and keep it fresh. Every plot of garden in the centre of a town, every square with its flowers, shrubs, grass and trees, is a centre of health to the district around it. It absorbs the noxious elements of the air, and restores the good ones. Even the old cemeteries and churchyards, which are often now walled up and encroached upon, may be turned to the same use. They ought to be jealously preserved and planted. We cannot afford to throw away any means, however apparently trifling, for supplying this great city with air and water. —7

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