WAR OUTLAWED

Evening Star, Issue 25522, 28 June 1945, Page 5

WAR OUTLAWED

Voice of United Nations

Significance of Great Charter

Respect for Human Rights and

Basic Freedoms

Press Association—By Telegraph—Copyright

(Bee. 8.30 a.m.) SAN FRANCISCO. Juno 27. The Charter of the United Nations, the product of GO days' deliberations here, exceeds 9,000 words and comprises. 109 articles divided into 19 chapters. The preamble pro* claims the determination of the peoples of the United Nations to banish war by jointly promoting human rights and welfare, by uniting their strength to maintain world peace and security, and by establishing conditions under which justice and- respect for international obligations and law can be maintained. Named the United Nations World Organisation, it will seek to maintain international peace and security by.peaceful means, but by force if necessary.. It also aims to develop international amity based on respect for equal rights and self-determination of peoples. It will strive to achieve international cooperation in solving world-wide economic, social, and cultural problems, and by encouraging respect for human rights and basic freedoms, " without distinction as to race, sex, language, religion." Members of the organisation are recognised as sovereign and equal, and they pledge that they will settle their disputes by peaceful means and will not menace the territorial integrity of any State. . The organisation, on its part, will not invade any State's domestic jurisdiction, but this principle cannot be invoked to balk measures for maintaining international peace and security. Non-member States can ]oin the United Nations if they arc ." peace-loving," and if thev(accept the Charter and its obligations, and in the organisation's" opinion, can fulfil those. obligations. Such States can be admitted by the General Assembly upon recommendation of the Security Council.

A member against whom preventive or enforcement action lias been taken by the Security Council may be suspended by the Assembly upon the Council's recommendation. The Council may also reinstate such member to the Assembly. Also on the Council's .recommendation it may expel violators, ot the Charter's principles. . The principal organs-of the United Nations are the Assembly and the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, Trusteeship Council, and International Court of Justice and Secretariat. Subsidiary units are to be established as they are found necessary. Men and women will participate on an equal basis in all of the organisations branches. ■ Composed of no more than five representatives from each member State—with each State having one vote—the Assembly will meet annually, but special sessions'can be convened. As a forum of the United Nations ■ the _ Assembly may discuss any matters within the Charter's compass and make recommendations on such matters to mem--1 her States and to the Security Council. It is precluded, however, from making recommendations on security matters under consideration by the Security Council, except at the Council's request. Among other functions, the Assembly may consider the principles governing disarmament and armaments control. It is to initiate studies and make recommendations for promoting international co-operation and in political, social, economic, cultural, educational, and health fields. The Assembly will elect non-permanent members of the Security Council, elective members of the Trusteeship Council, and all membprs of the Social and Economic Council, and will participate in the election of judges of the International Court. It.will also supervise the organisations' fiscal arrangements. Decisions of the Assembly on important questions are to be by a two-thirds vote of members present and voting. , A simple majority will suffice for other matters. THE SECURITY COUNCIL. Charged with the primary responsibility for maintaining world security and peace as a continue ously functioning action arm of the United Nations, the Security Council will consist of 11 members, including five permanent members—the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, China, and France. Other members will serve for two-year terms, with " due regard " paid in their selection to their geographical distribution and their contribution to the

for the strategic direction of the forces at the Council's disposal. The committee may establish regional sub-units on the Council's authorisation and after consulting regional agencies concerned. Member States, individually or collectively, may act to repel armed attack until the Council intervenes. Regional security agencies and systems pledge that they will make every effort to achieve a peaceful settlement of local disputes .with the Security Council encouraging such procedures' The Council, moreover, will utilise regional agencies fertile enforcement of action in appropriate cases. No regional agency, howI ever, is authorised to take enforcement of action on its own initiative. ,except that directed against renewed aggression by an enemy State of this war. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ASPECTS. Comprising IS members, the Economic and Social Council will make or initiato studies and reports on matters within its purview and make recommendatons to the Assembly organisation, members, and specialised agencies. On matters within its field the Council may submit and draft conventions to the Assembly, call international conferences, and create whatever subsidiary commissions it considers necessary, including a commission on human rights, to draft an international Bill olf Rights. The Council, as co-ordinator of specialised agencies' activities, may obtain reports from these units and also organisation members on steps taken by them to implement its own and the Assembly's recommendations. The Council will meet as required. Its decisions will be made by ' majority vote. DEPENDENT TERRITORIES. All organisation members administering dependent territories, in recognising the paramouncy of the interests of the inhabitants of those areas, promise:

(1) To ensure political, economic, social, and educational advancement of dependent peoples, and to protect t'.icni against abuses. (2) To develop self-government, taking " due account" of the people's political aspirations, and to help them to develop their free political institutions accordinc to the particular circumstances of each territory and people and their varying stages of advancement.

(3) To co-operate in promoting research and other measures for improving the people's welfare. (4) To submit to the secretarygeneral of the World Organisation, subject to security and constitutional limitations, statistical and technical information on social, economic, and educational conditions within dependent territories not included in the trusteeship- system. Dependent territories are to be placed under the trusteeship system in accordance with individual agreements to be made later by the States concerned. Territories which may come under the system are those now under mandate and those which may he detached from enemy States of this war, and other 'dependent areas which may voluntarily be placed under the system by the States currently administering them. The basic aim of the system is to promote the welfare of people in trust territories, and to assist them toward self - government or independence, whichever is appropriate to the circumstances in each, territory, the will of its people, and the terms of the particular trusteeship agreement concerned. Another basic aim is to encourage respect for human rights and basic freedoms, and to eliminate discrimination. The trusteeship agreement, besides embracing the terms under which trust territory is to be administered, will designate the administering authority, which may be one or more members of the United Nations.

World Security Council. Decisions will be by a majority vote, with a concurrence of permanent members required in substantive as distinguished from procedural matters. Any member of the United Nations may participate without vote in the Council's deliberations at the Council's discretion.

Any non-member, if it is a party to a dispute, may be invited to participate in the Council discussions under conditions set by the Council. Disputants arc obliged to seek settlement through such means as " negotiation, inquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement, and resort to regional agencies or arrangements." If such measures fail disputants are to refer their eases to the Security Council. The Council, on its part, may investigate disputes or situations menacing peace and call upon the parties to seek a peaceful settlement. The Council, in addition, may recommend conciliatory procedures. Moreover, any organisation member of its own volition may bring a dispute to the attention of the Council or the Assembly.

ACTION AGAINST THREATS. The Security Council, after determining that a situation represents a threat to peace, may direct the parties to take provisional measures to prevent aggravation of the situation. If necessary the Council may call upon organisation members to apply diplomatic and economic sanctions, or such measures as " demonstrations, blockade, and other operations by the air, sea, or land forces of members of the United Nations." Military assistance, and facilities, in addition to rights of passage, may be made with the aid of a military staff committee consisting of chiefs of staff and the Council's permanent members. This committee will be responsible

Agreement may designate one or part of a trust territory as strategic. The World Organisation's functions in respect to such strategic areas will be handled by the Security Council, while the Assembly will handle those functions in non-strategic areas. But the aims of the system will apply to peoples in both types. In this connection the Security Council may utilise the Trusteeship Council in the implementation of the system's political and welfare aims in strategic trust areas.