THE WAR IN PEACE

Evening Post, Volume CXXII, Issue 70, 19 September 1936, Page 6

THE WAR IN PEACE

DISCOVERING TRUTH DANGERS OF'PROPAGANDA RECENT EVIDENCES It has been said of a great an'd cdhscientious historian of our own times that he spent the last half-dozen years of his life in an unsuccessful attempt to discover where final responsibility for the Great War really lies, writes the London correspondent of the Melbourne "Age." As to the actual conduct of that supreme conflict and the relative merits of the parts played in it by soldiers, sailors, airmen, and statesmen of many nationalities, opinion differs so sharply that. all that is certain is that the future is left with a big problem to discover where truth lies. It is only necessary to read any half-dozen of the memoirs of leading figures in the ordeal to. realise how diverse are the .views . on matters which, on the face of them, should, one would think, admit of little or no doubt. A case in point is the final volume of Mr. Lloyd George's lively and outspoken account of the war years. Statement after statement that he has made is challenged by those whose actions he so fearlessly and criticises. The controversy,, it would appear, is endless, and pro-' vokes the reflection that if .the chief' actors in the drama are so completely at loggerheads over events that are so recent future generations will be hard put to it to disentangle fact and fancy.

SCANTY DATA. One of the difficulties -of the'great wars of the past has been to come by the material necessary to form a considered judgment.' To g6 no further back than the Marlborough campaigns the data are singularly scanty, and the trustworthy information regarding the wars of Tudor'moriarchs, including the defeat of the Armada itself, could be recited in a relatively brief document. It is, at all events, through, no scarcity of material that future historians will suffer when, they, address tnemselves to the lessons, of ,the war of 1914-18. Every combatant' country, and, come to that, every neutral .country has an immense array of information to its hands. One is reminded of this by the opening by the Duke and Duchess of York of the new home of,the Imperial "War Museum, which is now acr commodated in the old Bethlem pital, which, with its surrounding park, has been presented to the nation by Lord Rothermere memory of his remarkable mother, Geraldine Mary Harmsworth. , ° ... '.'

In bringing together that museum the difficulties of knowing where.to begin, what to accept, and what to reject of the relics of the war which were offered for permanent, preservation were enormous, and perhaps even now there are doubts as to whether it is not too comprehensive. , SIXTY THOUSAND BOOKS.

Certain it is, however, that posteritywill have no complaint on the ground' that material available to form a .picture of those awful years is inadequate. At the new museum the research worker can delve into a library of no fewer than,6o,ooo volumes, a large collection of maps, and nearly 500,000 photographs. He may wander among a unique collection of paintings and sculpture which reveal aspects of the war as they appealed to artists of the time —James Mcßey, Tonks, Gilbert' Spencer, John and Paul Nash,: Augustus John, Hughes-Stanton, Orpen, Lavery, Epstein, Derwent Wood, to name only outstanding ..contributors. As for other souvenirs there are guns that sailors once'handled, and models of the ships they sailed- in.' The museum, shows specimens of every , kind ol equipment of soldiers of the war period from heavy artillery to hand grenades, from uniforms to life-sized models of dugouts and trench systems —trench systems with their satirical signposts, "Piccadilly Circus," "Surrey, Lane," "Sylvan, Glade," and so forth, or more ominous,ones like, "Hell-fire Corner" or "Death Valley." No fewer than thirty model ; aircraft are on exhibition, and bombs, one of them (of which only three had.been manufactured when the Armisticewassigned), being 15 feet long and weighing 33001b, are on view. -.'.'■ It is, in fact, this- very multiplication of material which vastly increases the task of the historian, for all the evidence available cannot be accepted without careful' sifting. As Lord Sankey pointed out in an address before the fourth quinquennial AngloAmerican Conference of Historians, organised by the Institute of Historical Research of the University of. London, a further very formidable difficulty arises from the fact that in these times, as in war time's, the sources of history are being poisoned in the interests of national and political propaganda,

INFLUENCE OF CENSORSHIP. "Take the censorship (he proceeded) which is exercised in some countries so as to prevent the real facts appearing before the public. Take the propaganda which is exercised in order to place before others a distorted view of the facts. It is only in a country where there is liberty of speech and writing that the work of the historian can be safely carried on and his object reasonably fulfilled. ... '-'lt is much to be wished," he continued, "that some Maecenas would come to our rescue. There are many great patrons of literature in the United States. Supposing one of them were to commission a competent historian in each of the belligerent countries and in three of the neutral countries to write a short history upon the causes, the progress, and the results of the Great War, and to translate and publish the twelve histories together. It is doubtful, however, whether even then we should get a unanimous, unbiased verdict from such a world-wide jury. It may be that the causes and results of the war are so hidden or so far-reaching" that the whole truth can never be discovered. Upon some questions no jury can or will ever agree. Was the sinking of the Lusitania right or wrong in law, advisable or inadvisable in policy? Was the Battle, of Jutland a second Trafalgar, if not on the.day, at any rate' in its results? Was the Treaty of Ver-sailles-inspired by- the remembrance of the past or by the fears of the future? It may be too soon to.give an answer."

Oddly enough, there is a hint of prejudice in comments made even.by some of the 600 scholars who gathered together in London for this very conference. It would, of course, be a dull world if prejudices were not occasionally given a free rein both in the angle of approach to and the treatment of current history. , But historians cannot be too careful. _ IMPORTANCE OF ATLANTIC.

Philip Guedalla, who has been taking the chair in the section of the conference tor the study of Latin American history, is a case in point: Few minds are more lively. than his, and he had no difficulty in interesting his hearers as he discoursed on the subject of influence on modern history of countries 'bordering on. the Atlantic. Wasn't it Dr. Johnson's ponderous observation—"All that'raises us above, the level of the savage comes from the shores of the Mediterranean" —that used to be-a'

popular subject for essays when we were younger. It belonged to the same class of essay subjects as "Great rivers unite, small rivers divide," which; severely tested our. knowledge of. geography and history. Those with taste for prophecy have taken another great water for a text, and declare with some reason that the future of the world is wrapped up in the development of the shores of the Pacific, Ocean. But Mr. Guedalla does not accept this view. "The history of the modern world," he says, "is the history of the shores of the Atlantic, and it is there that the future lies!" If he had contented himself with this, well and : good, but no. He roundly a'sserts that the importance of Eastern Europe is' past. In the history of the Atlantic nations there is an immense field of profitable research, as everyone will freely admit, nor will anyone contest Mr. Guedalla's. assertion that, while North American history is fairly well known over here, we know little of the work of the South American historians. The reason he gives is that "we study funny little local languages, like .German, instead of world-wide languages like Spanish." Here surely is the voice of prejudice: If the importance of a language rests on the literature, of which it boasts, German is scarcely so negligible as Mr, Guedalla would have us believe. One almost wonders whether his natural dislike of Germans for their inhuman treatment of the Jews has not got the better of the scholar's judgment. All of which goes to show that the truth about history lies at the bottom of., a. deep, if not unfathomable, well.