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Press, 12 June 1989, Page 31

Education Ex pl ora THE EXPLORERS (• Today’s page is the first of a two-part series on the disturbing growth of a hole in the ozone layer was a recent —•———— ——— "White Continent.” Next week’s page will consider the discovery from the southern continent. f Shuman impact on Antarctica. .mviricc Antarctica has for centuries provided a challenge to Aciivinta explorers who, for their efforts and enterprises suffered ® Keep a clipping file (for one week or one month) on all , . ' severe frostbite, starvation, scurvy and even death. news articles related to Antarctica. Write a newspaper ,’■ In spite of the inhospitable nature of this huge land mass feature titled “Antarctica in the twenty-first century." (larger than Australia), mountains, volcanoes, harbours, the ® Follow the planned expedition to cross both Poles (1989- i 7 A. Sp® j ' U M,. < '»<* mainland and many islands were charted. Explorers and 1990). . *•§•.** , scientists from many lands discovered geographic and a In what ways has the Greenpeace organisation '<’• " ' ■ - magnetic poles, observed seals, sea birds and penguins and highlighted the frozen continent? "The Greenpeace ;■' ' examined mineral resources. In more recent times world Book of Antarctica” by John May (Dorling Kindersley) . climatic and geological patterns have been observed. The is an excellent reference for classes studying Antarctica. 1l- •* / / \ ■ - z ■ / ~Trt\ / /'/ J tl* «. J ' " •( —— — —■ — l_L, • t “ jw)/ James Weddell (Britain), gave his name to the sea ™,) ~~ \ in 1823, Antarctica’s first landing in 1981 was a I x sealer, Captain John Davis, of the United States, who • ’ / " ~ | ’ went ashore on the outer islands. The first landing >• /J I ’• on the continent is credited to sealers from a British - / -sX' P sh ip the Antarctic which included three Stewart ■ .. .jO- Islanders in 1895. The Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Exped- \ fT L_— ... ■. - ■ S/Sx ition of 1957 fulfilled one of Shackleton’s \ ) £ *?) dreams to travel over land from the Weddell i I - ■ 7 j- 3 Sea to the Ross Sea (3200 km A New 4 .j.; I .' / I . . . Zealander, Sir Edmund Hillary, travelling )) I * - from the Ross Sea side laid down food - MCwAA i ■' ■; supplies for the party led by a Briton, Sir s "' Vivian Fuchs, from the Weddell Sea side. This \ ' y" - iff ■ successful operation, using plane reconnais- 1 S’ sance, tractor and dog sledges, made import- -■‘ • ' f ' f ant discoveries about Antarctica. 4 v\ J)- v /z ; wltWwy I WNfewiZalWfcl \-f kg . A ill 7 .' a 1 y \ ‘ -fc'' Fr - *» I Wfß ——v ~ The aeroplane was first used in Antarctic explora- I ’ Emperor and Adelie penion in 1928 when Sir Hubert Wilkins, Australian > gums breed on the contin- /*> L ——— explorer, flew from Deception Island in the South j ent. The Adelie winter on I \ y '. -- r Shetlands with a pilot. the ice and nest on the / s .. t „ X ' Rear-Admiral Richard E. Byrd also utilised the / coast in summer. Arctic /< v ‘\ ~ ]r- ; aeroplane as a device of discovery in Antarctica. terns fly to Antarctica for/_/ J Sir Ernest Shackleton was one of many British 1 : —; -XA the nightless summer. (( V^ v v" k k adventurers who journeyed severa! times to tackle ■ .... ”• , 1 J ) ''■’"X /it J the worst conditions on Earth. In 1907 he led an * ? . k /7 I** 1 ** ' R/\ee ) At\ '■•wJfRHEC expedition, which came within 180 km of the South — 1 Is ■XZVJO / /I \\ V \Xx‘ f Pole. In 1915 his ship the Endurance was trapped /> laa Ol_ ar IZA V< I / and crushed to pieces in the ice-pack. Shackleton ice SjnAlf ' t" ) (» ' and five companions heroically sailed a boat from \ Cx L''■•SA •■'/ •«?’■>« / Elephant Island to South Georgia to get help. >•’>?« ■ ■ 'j- S (v\ J : \ x } . Af ' - Sit. ; • V* V “Had we lived, I should have had a — —■ - \ tale to tell of the hardihood, endurDACO Of A X ance and courage of my companions ■ ■ r»L/Ow OtZrl Fu which would have stirred the heart ■ - S of every Englishman.” The final i diary entry of Captain Robert Falcon —-v ' f Scott, the British explorer who died [ after reaching the Pole in 1912. Find Z.. X Tb ■’ wa t ' “'A •s ’ ' I out about New Zealand’s role in the 1 wk wi WBl&z If r voyages of Scott and Shackleton. / jr 1 iZ "' C ( f J ‘ ...... — ■^ s> ' ( J ' - *'■ '''’'l/ A ■ i "~\z ■ \ Ji One of many courageous stories of the bases the Americans built at Byrd -r., - -....— ■ — frozen continent, is that of Rear- Station (named after Byrd) originally . ‘ \ X\ ] Admiral Byrd, who lived in a hut consisted of deep trenches roofed with • alone to assess the psychological steel.— Find out how modern bases >f. 7 »fih\ jll stresses of wintering over. Byrd estab- are constructed and heated. What . - fKzLZk 1 0 lished five bases near the Bay of aspects do scientists look at in Antarc- i ■ f, ’ Whales between 1929 and 1956. The tica today? a " . . ',X' • /Jgat'JrXl >■ ' : ~ ; ■'.l MSME3E» - > - - --’• . ■ •■ - jyifMKW r_jy..yq ffd ''—■— TX \ tA-M'” ' ; :4 y* /X - ~~ iLz ■*'***• L - T \ p T-nu~- J *“ *” 1 5 « ■ - I \ y 7 4 2 r'*ft « 7 Sir James Clark Ross in 1840 led a the Union Jack, Ross told the mass ot 4 .“- ' I 4 f X ' - 1- /TSkwazrZzV * W*'is '< i'X X’ Xk British expedition that sailed through curious penguins that the land was no T aUu. / I % /X./ ■'''W.* j* * dfi I the P ack ice and l andeti °n an island longer theirs. He claimed it for Queen ' 1 •' I 'vjL ( I ivA 1 ?'. i "”■ /iSI /7xX/ l '®Zf 1 'w’sl’i ' ’’ ’ » from which he could see the mainland, Victoria, after whom it is named. Find s'f' S T , X x •« • • >gMMry Jz 'g *r A x> " ■ ' ’ where melted snow exposed bare, rocky out about New Zealand’s links with the *• r ■ *'- • ’ J I ir ? JR ’■ • • •’ • - cliffs and h ’B h mountains. Implanting Ross Dependency. ’ 4 1 \ jv \ *. X, ' , I JF’WBHb - JEajk.-Ma ' -— T ■ 1 / ? \ **. ..> ' MW ” - — -1 ' •,' T if Y/ ,•* * * I ' <-'' '' —~~~~ ...--w* „ We thank Mr Baden Norris, honorary keeper, The 18-month period involved scientists : ¥j;4|S / / X l_v/ ~4) :1 \\ ■• * * I . — •>■ . Antarctic, Canterbury Museum, for advice from 67 countries and led in due course to v ».) l I *4 5X\ J . '! • ■■ ■ ’ .'. '' Vvk and assistance on this page. We also the formation of an international Scientific r,’-. 5 T X 4 \\ f t K — "•*** mMf 5 acknowledge the assistance of Greenpeace Committee for Antarctica Research (S.C.A.R.) -'..At’ if J; t*H|X \ J 1 ' ' ’ /** (New Zealand). Mr Norris sees the explorers which is still in operation. ► z A f j// \ Yi \ / j ’ * : — —”— — — ' —t on this page as forerunners to important x* V /" 1 T \ \ 7 * ’ '* , ’ , --• ” '' ' exploration in scientific discovery- THE ANTARCTIC TREATY > Al’ I>. Z 7 1 1 ti’-l.' ■ '• • ’ ■- > .'. - They were merely a beginning in finding out _. . . . , . . ■■- - *IL f If/ 7 X / »A 1 - . nhnnt this v.nct ark which holds mnnv olupc This important document came into effect n Lr->xiN-X S !<'- S Roald Amundsen, the Norwegian explorer, - •'- m the h world’s chrnate h oceans and ore on June 23 - 196 L Its main points include s —V f > r -' beat Scott in the race to the Pole by 35 days. 11 s , hLstonc Hfe Next weeks’ tilt look at Article IV, which recognises that territorial \ ritY J h* J-’ ! His dog-hauled sledge teams and discipline .•.-■■- ■ positive and negativet the human sovereignty is insoluble. It is interpreted ■ t '. /'? _/ / y were reasons Wr his success. .... ..’ • A. .. * g-; e „,,er f leading io co-ownership or renunci- ■ / siXT I / P Many countries have made claims to the ’ “• J X ' > / / vast continent, based on explorations of the sdent’ific research activity. The t / ’ \ \ , \ 1 * . y A’useful step towards resolving these KEY TO ROUTES Amundsen, 1911-1912 , / { disputes came in 1950 when a proposal was mg political aims of a truly intern KEY 1U Kuuica r >, „> -—/ ) 'put forward to celebrate a third Polar year continent. .1 Cook, 1773 Hillary Commonwealth J.. V. / . „ - fll Tclei . z M7 x in T G/ I: ' ' ‘ 'Y (the first was in 1882-3 and the second 1932- ——— ————— ———— -— Fiich«s tap IQS7-IQSB - v. --- ' - The size of the South.lsland (N.Z.) in . y'~' .’...■ 3). activttv . Biscoe, 1831-1832 1 11 1 1 1 • A comparison to Antarctica. ; A—' -<■ The period from July, 1957, to December, . . ... , .. vn „ n iqxq ~ -{>-0-0-0 USA 1957-1960 ' ' —— — ft ", 1958, known as the International Geophysical Keep a c hpping file of aI J a . rdcle py? IT ROSS, 1840-1843 U-S-A., 1957 19bU. Year (1.G.Y.), created scientific and techno- l! ad *" and magazines Part H ~ Scott, 1910-1913 U.S.S.R., 1957-1960 logical interest in the two unknowns - Th® an ]. Ir "P suggests . | ****** w — ...l. ■■— — Antarctica and space! using mese clippings. .. - y.... ......:._- "~~~ “The Press” Newspapers in Education, 146 Gloucester St — Ph. 790-940 ext 783.