THE SARDEN.

Auckland Star, Volume XXXVI, Issue 15, 18 January 1905, Page 7

THE SARDEN.

t .jx tiuRTC-*.) . ~ wiiiiug tq answer any question.. j UU loot**** wJ -'-=- J U RA2. NA Obi. i i Luu ~- *' -"-d cement U j. v i_S re *|Y V L--- - '*• a.lu\lai UaC.-. tluU----, ; ;._,,. .-.--:• UL.llliUg-.- 1- .. c 01.2 -" .... rnii'-I- aliee-. it '- of leSo juHU-roi -t _ .. i ,._.,, u ... volcanic iile pju-i'- 81 - v" V _ a_- "t rt'u.cu charade. ia_-2 s * b, ,.'l = ~, : . ..-.(-j ; e- quietLly. tb« -..-itc. •--■* ■■ -ouie ul Uc eUie. te'- a- YY, uo_- a- iug:-Ae c ■• »'- L " ! ' :ll ' ! ' ja Lv tv B*tf- c - 41 .. , ~no _ :.2e r.-u«'J' "1 suP«r (aru-' c . UU uJ;-u::-■ .:: I" - -'■ '-■ , "-1° k: '-- ' c ~ .. ..... ..i.c -.a c. 10,.c vici—- .'. .. , , t ... ~;.:......y.y via- ««,.■«.-.« -a "i ad - -'-' ' v - ; --- 0e "TffTYtbruus-uu;. we sev.uit.b.e- to the B.owti. X* ' ulllS i-oueiyw L,J lL; " -«.0". jj p.uiit= - uaß l-a uilt . manure anu .- uioie speedily deBluer ve_t vl aeia and utuitooircs ed, P| ,: L , arc . produced bi jise.- tl -~,a , | -,tlr_ clay soils are » r *i t tLa a mellow - ; -''- '"• ;iU "'- Pre_u.slug, psidere- -• , ~..,,, , n urainage is uu- **?_«£' the nrst alio must important iutibteary ,-ui_neut improvement opera" o " f „ tti e purpose uf .tilcivutioii "YY'Y- especially as iv eou.iettiou <en e.-i 1). ol .. uari ;. etc.. we ivii. irrJi .-■■'<-• i , .. jutnority on the &i"ti; UryX-.'l'cmp-ey. C.E.. In his _~i- o'i drama-*'- -•• '- . . *n, p,e.ls-.- .|U-nt.tj- -i water required ' V agricultural purposes o an> dis- | »<-' r , .'-as upon r.'i.- nature of tbe son c ' ' V,',- anil ':-'• position of the disss- - J ' ". '■'~., ro tut' sum-undlng counts- -p-YiYa i-e-ni'-ab'e ioil occupy an "V;, tie watet deposited upon it "YYj Vi&idlv. aad perhaps betore servwU ' " nr the -'cruiuuiUou ut the- uutriment ?tie plant. If- ca the other hand th, it bYof a retentive euaracter. and the SI tow in relation to other districts, tne Sk wUI be kept, while the- soil becomes "*^ te _ to so sreat extent mat the Yses of vegitaol- g-rnnnatlon and jY:h are" greaty impeded. The so., ciSlTone of three eouditions:-lst, in tne f r-'-'.-iay being a dense mass consisting J~new .-omainur-d parUcles, but ail ot fhUiy teiacioas kind: In a state of slight ,'""», ft heeomes a clammy paste, and S wt_t (otmd to be so utterly devoid ot - rr-e ;ii_t its fcnstitueut particles are "4'rsWe-' It affords no passage for water, -YV'n- it with difficulty, and retaiuing eY the same way. 22ud. ia the form oi Vi at gravel, the particles of which are seldom or never unitrd. and the sol. is therefore full af passages or canals for wa- £-" <oil of fais kind has no power either to oppose the or effee-t the reten,lßo of water pouv,-d upon it. And 3rd, eifca-g in the form of a mixture of the •luminous, silh-ioas. ana calcareous ele-Y-ts in eudie=s variety of proportions, foond as clods, and in this state affording tvodsßKU of passages for the ingress and nervation of water, viz.. those remaining iwtxeell tne particles which are congelated te *ac_ cioil. and those formed by the ip&i-es bem-eeu the clods. The former ire sometimes called pores, and the latter canals. The power uf admitting and refrlnfng or discharging water exerted by tiese miied soils, will exist in an endless Tariety of degrees, according to the mecnia:cal formation of the constituent particles and clods. The srate of soil which is _ost favourab'.e for the germination and development of the plant is that of molst;tjs. capable of being readily crumbled by tli hand, and equally removed from the seaesive extreme of mud and the volatile ox- of dust. lv this condition It will be found that tie pores are fliled with water, but the canals are not —these latter luting as passages for the air. which is ui.e of the feeders of vegetable life: and *■- oh. therefore, readily understand that. Ttiiefl water exists lv such quantity that the soil ia saturated with it. and all the pores or canals tilled, its condition is nnteaitky for the growth and development -.2 plants. Soil examined mechanically is found to consist entirely of particles of all shapes and !_s. from stones and pebbles down to tie Sues; powder, and on account of their i-irrenw irregularity of shape these [ jjtieies cannot He so close to one ani'aer as to prevent there being passages between them, owin? to which circumsaace soil in the mass' is always more «■ less porons. If. however, we proced ti> examine one of the smallest particles of which soil is made up, *-» shall and that even this is not .i:wajs solid, bet is much more frequently porons. like soil in the ''■*-■'■ A considerable proportion of '• " sfieiy-divided part of soiL the impal-i-ejle matter, as it is generally called. Is I-nnii. i.r the aid of the microscope, to consist of brolten-down veeetable tissues, so tuat wben a small portion of the finest '«; from a gardeu or Held is placed nuder .-•• inicros.?ope. we have, exhibited to us panicles of every variety of shape and JOWtnre, of which a certain part is evidently 0 f vegetable origin On examining a perfectly dry soil we ppr«r» tnat there are two distinct classes of ..wa.-ist. the large ones, which exist beveen tne particles of soil: and 2nd. the f-7 mlnut" ones, which occur in the par"OM themselves: and whereas all the ; ?e f Pores— those between the particles ammuDi,>atl? mos t freely with each ~TZ' 1° " they forru eacals. the small rttT_E_* em freelr lhe ? m *T eommunl--Yri, , 0! ! e aDothpl ' in th e Interior of ito?SSf _J which the r oocur - Qave no SS T im ,rtth thp P° re3 of the snr3f"if pa " K ' les - L « now. therefore. : h» V, • eff6ct " f Ms arrangement. If a-nStln. V f e . Tf ,° My dIT - tho canals rom - nZS__f S freel - v at th * surface with th# -sTSS" "■"l*™, the whole of these m if! Qd T ? ores wUI - rt course, be filled Placed in .1' ln th,s condition, a seed be « there,"' 3 f T' y BUpplled with air ' UO i nL "° moisture: therefore, when Let n. CtlT dr - y ' a sc,pf ' can not now. t«eo?rho ra , l °? r attent 'on now to that «S Btae % So ' ln whlch w-t« °as tak^n "«rtyjf- T; in »">« ™t*. the aow we finrt J "' c obserT e our seed »»ter hnf ;t - b -»dautly supplied with ?«mln_t?n n n ° air n-3re apaln - therefore. ««nrer,7.i^ te here tbat this can never H*tiM n„ Y nature - because water hayCiT"? «"oWn« air to a certain Woi 0 ™ «JtUt necessary substance; Place aith',l? k s sermlnation does take '*x*um?£i. y ao mean 3 under snch »- d- - soil h, „ cl . rcQ mstances as it would were ia s on'"" r Condltlon - matters T_? DOW t0 a d 'fferent state of ,J Pea and fw, ns su PP os e the canals are th 5 Pores aYe if, ! u PP |lp d air. while ■* now hi f d Wlth water - Whll e the ttt »h it ~Y lulte eQ °ugh of air from the M "e'ry DaP^„, nnever 2 er be without moisture. Ss » nppih? lith Tm which tOUChe9 lt te "t Tail Vh thls "e'-essary insredifcu for 1,'.,.™, ' -' 8 tll? P r °P er condition of Wod mY-' a ." d iU fact for ever - v condition n«, u s and this «* "et th, V Where the BoU te molst bßt wlonr -nn „ t0 sa F- when it has the "! !mt l» «HM pea '' ance of bPIn S w «" waterPleces hi th 5; a P abl,? of being crumbled to t'des vth J and wlt hout any of its parform of and ß t0 = ether ln the familiar * m nS i„ l>h l e - rve <tUI another condition b .k lnst anr-e, as far as water tlon. Tt | tue 30 " '9 lv its healthy condi- "•> beln. ?« y- but n<>t wt *t. the pores "* theYjnoi • witb water - But wbere pla ces bnt ii IWe Bei? them In f e w tif aoll no ' n by / ur the greater part of ° Ml ig to th t0 be Perceived. This is h «edww e P art 'eles of soli having adtll? interiHr?', and thus ?J far obliterated tf ts InrJlEf*-, Thls !s thia state of maton Cod of f ' artb - and you will l£ differs oni'° n . lparin " i: witb a stone, that tores which, . m l( '« Possessing a few 1 Rsmwi V er : whlle the >' may form T ehlele3 tL?f moisture, can never act as ?« not m-S' food of Plants, as the roots '? t0 the lnf?H le ° f sending their fibres "tt? ° f . a ' lo "- ~ut are at all 0 tbe tat»»tl«al canals. 5s t° Ur ' :on 'l»;ons before iw. let "Strain »h_ l pply them PraetJcally to y h »* tlu«. n L he i' of,( -' nr ln "ur helds, •hrttted. Whlch are Injurious may be 2>Sit (rf A3f m we is a state S a . ,() «enr^n eS3 - \ " onaitl,>n generally -M made „ , sandy s,>l:s . *Mcb are V" r onna rS Pure sand - and particles an S nlar form, containing SIN* sLT r , fewer pore!: - and from ?»*f_y ttL*i the lndiv 'dual particles. t,O S of alr is frepr - and L S1!? «rl« £f who!e I? much more SH t0 exist i n f fiame conditions will be Sl a ton y volcanic lands. When ~* it«te of eaTe all th e stones which Ul matters exists, the best

the evaporation of water "^""""-^-Lfitant (To be Continued.)