CURIOSITIES OF CYPHER.

[From Once a Week.]

In 1860, when M. de Louvois was French Minister of War, he summoned before him, one day, a gentleman named Chamily, and gave him the following instructions :

" Start this evening for Basle, in Switzerland ; you will reach it in three days ; on the fourth, punctually at two o'clock, station yourself on the bridge over the Rhine, with a portfolio, ink, and a pen. Watch all that takes place, and make a memorandum of every particular. Continue doing so for two hours ; have a carriage and posthorses awaiting you ; and at four precisely, mount and travel night and day till you reach Paris. On the instant of your arrival, hasten to me with your notes."

De Chamilly obeyed ; he reached Basle, and on the day, and at the hour appointed, stationed himself, pen in hand, on the bridge. Presently a market-cart drives by, then an old woman with a basket of fruit passes; anon, a little urchin trundles his hoop by ; next an old gentleman in blue top-coat jogs past on his grey mare. Three o clock chimes from the cathedral-tower. Just at the last stroke, a tall fellow in yellow waistcoat and breeches saunters up, goes to the middle of the bridge, lounges over, and looks at the water; then ne takes a step back and strikes three hearty blows on the footway with his staff. Down goes every detail in De Chamilly's book. At last the hour of release sounds, and he jumps into his carriage. Sshortly before midnight, after two days of ceaseless travelling, De Chamilly presented himself beiore the minister, feeling rather ashamed at such trifles to record. M. de Louvois took the portfolio with eagerness, and glanced over the notes. As his eye caught the mention of the yellowbreeched man, a gleam of joy flashed across his countenance, Ho rushed to the kins, roused him from sleep, spoke in private with him for a few moments, and then four couriers who had been held m readiness since five on the preceding evening were despatched with haste. Eight days after the town of Strasburg was entirely surrounded by French troops, and summoned to surrender: it capitulated and threw open its gates on the 30th September ? 1861. Evidently the three strokes of the stick given by the fellow in yellow costume, at an appointed hour, were the signal of the success of an intrigue concerted between M. de Louvois and the magistrates of Strasburg, and the man who executed this mission was as ignorant of the motive, as was M. de Chamilly of the motive of bis.

Now this is a specimen of the safest of all secret communications, but it can only be resorted to on certain rare occasions. When a lengthy despatch is required to be forwarded, and when such means as those given above are out of the question, some other method must be employed. Herodotus gives us a story to the point : it is found also, with variations, in Aulus Gellius.

Histiaeus, when he was anxious to give Aristagoras orders to revolt, could find but' one safe way, as the roads were guarded, of making his wishes known : which was by taking the trustiest of Ins slaves, shaving all tlie hair from off his head, and then pricking letters upon the skin, and waiting till the hair grew again. This accordingly he did; and as soon as ever the hair was grown he despatched the man to Miletus, giving him no other message than this: 'When thou art come to Miletus, bid Aristagoras sha\e -thy head, and look thereon.' Now the marks on the head were a command to revolt." —^Bk. v. 35.)

In this ca*e no cypher was employed ; we shall come now, to the use of cyphers. When a dispatch or communication ruii3 great risk of falling into the hands of an enemy it is necessary that its contents should be so veiled, that the possession of the document may afford no information whatever. Julius Ccesar and Augustus used cyphers, but they were of the utmost simplicity, as they consisted merely in placing D in the pluce of A ; Em that of B,' and so on ; or else in writing B for A, C for B, &c. Secret characters were used at the council of Nicoea, and Rabanus Maurus, Abbot of Fulda, and Archbishop of Mayence, in the ninth century, has left us an example cf two cyphers, the key to which was discovered by the Benedictines. It is only a wonder that any »ne could have failed to uravel them at first glance. This is a specimen of the first : — .Nc.p.t v:rs .- :s B::n.f:c. :rch. gl::r::s.q : . :*:: * :

The clue to this is the suppression of the vowels and the filling of their places by dote,— one for i two for r, three for c, four f>r o, and five for v! In the second example, the same sentence would run— Knckpkt vfrsxs Bpnkfbckk, &c, the vowelplaces being filled by the consonants— b, f k p x. By changing every letter in the alphabet, we make a vast improvement on this last ; thus for instance, supplying the place of a with z, b 'with x, c with v, and so on. This is the system employed by an advertiser in a provincial paper which we took up the other day in the waitino--roorn of a station, where it had been left by a farmer. As we had some minutes to spare, before the train was due, we spent them in deciphering the following : b

Jp Sjddjzb rza rzdd ci sijmr, Bziw rzdd xr ndzt and in ten minutes we read : "If William can call or write, Mary will be glad."

A correspondence was carried on in the ' Times' during May, 1862, in cypher. We give it along with the explanation. WWS. T Zy Efpdolj T dpye I wpeepc ez nycyp qzc jzf— zlj T daply qfwwj zy Iww xleepcd le esp tyepegth ? Te xlj oz rzzo. Eefde ez xj wzgp— T lx xtdpclmwp. Hspy xlj Trz ez Nlyepcmfcj tq zywj ez wzzv le jzf.— May 8, This means-" On Tuesday I sent a letter to tfyrne for you. May I speak fully on all matters at the interview ? It may do good. Trust to my love. lam miserable. When may Igo to Canterbury, if only to look at you 1" A couple of days later Byrne advertises, slightly varying the ciphers: ■yJTWS.— Sxhrdktg hdbtewxev "Tinwxqxixde oVrPT aXZt «'r.'? dg P cdewt £ psktgexhtbtce.rh f , Discover something Exhitttimlike for another advertisement, Bryne." This gentlemen is rather mysterious: we must leave our readers to conjecture what he means by Exhibition like." On Wednesday came two >W? ww^' ?. ne m the ln( iy-one from the lover. WWS. herself seems rather sensiblefTVYDEPLO zq rztyr ez nlyepcmfcj, T estyv "Instead of going to Canterbury, I think film ™ r Stay Bt h ° me ani mind >' our

Excellent advice; but how far likely to be taken by the eager wooer, who advertises thus ?— WWS .— Fyetw jzfc qlespc lydhped T hzye ldv jzf ez aczgp jxf wzgp xp. Efpdolj yta-se le zyp znwznv slgp I dectyr qczx esp htyozh qzc wpeeped. Tq jzt lep yze Imwp le zyp 1 htww hlte. Rzo nzxqzce jzf xj olewtyr

"Until your father answers I won't ask you to prove you love me. Tuesday night at one o'clock have a string from the window for letters. If you are not able at oae I will wait. God comfort you, my darling- wife."

Only a very simple Romeo and Juliet could expect to secure secresy by so slight a displacement of the alphabet.

When the Chevalier de Rohan was in the Bastile, his friends wanted to convey to him the intelligence that his accomplice was dead without having confessed. They did so by passing the following words into his dungeon, written on a shirt: "Mg dulhxcclgu ghj yxuj; lm ct ulgc alj." In vajn did he puzzle over the cypher, to which he had not the clue. It was too bhort: for the shorter a cypher letter, the more difficult it is to make out. The luht faded, and he tossed on his hard bed, sleeplessly revolving the mystic letters in his brain, but he could make nothing out of them. Day dawned, and, with its first gleam, he was poring over them : still in vain. He pleaded guilty, for he could not decipher " Le pri^onnier est mort ; il na rien dit." We noticed in a back number of " Once a Week" some verses, or a story, we forget which, signed Azile Nostaw. Did the writer really intend concealing her name by simply inverting it ? It was readable at a glance, and she might just as well have signed in the way of ordinary hum-drum folk. If. however, you invert a message, and then turn it into cypher, the difficulty of reading it is greatly enhanced.

Another method of veiling a communication is that of employing numbers or arbitrary signs in the place of letters, and this admits of many refinements. Here is an example to test the reader's sagacity : § t431~45 2+9 +§51 4= 8732+ 287 45 2+9 +11=4 We just give the hint that it is a proverb. The following is much more ingenious, and difficult of detection.

Now suppose that 1 want to write to England, I look amoug the small letters in the foregoing table for *-, and find that it is in a horizontal line with b, and vertical line with b, so I write down Bs ; nis in line with a and b, so I put down ac; continue this, and England will be represented by Bbaeacbdaaatab. Two letters to represent one isnotover-tedioiß; but the scheme devised by Lord Bacon is clumsy enough. He represented every letter by permutations of a and 6 ; for instance, A was written aaaoa, B was written aaaab C „ „ aaaba, D „ „ aabaa and so through the alphabet. Paris would thus be transformed into abbba, aauaa, baaaa, abacut, baaab. Conceive the labour of composing a whole despatch like this, and the great likelihood of making blunders in writing it ! A much simpler method is the following. The sender and receiver of the communication must be agreed upon a certain book of a specified edition. The despatch begins with a number ; this indicates the page to which the reader is to turn. He must then count the letters from the top of the page, and give them their value numerically according to the order in which they come ; omitting tho.se which are repeated. By these numbers he reads his despatch. As an example, let us take the beginning of this article : then, J= 1, n=2, w=3, /i=4, e=s, m=6, d=7, Z=B, M=9, v=lo, o=ll, omitting to count, the letters Which are repeated. In the middle of the communication the page may be varied, and consequently the numerical significance of each letter altered. Even this could be read with a little trouble; and the word "impossible" can hardly be said to apply to the deciphering of cryptographs. A curious instance of this occurred at the clo?e of the sixteenth century when the Spaniards were endeavoring to establish relations between the scattered branches of their vast monarchy, which at that period embraced a large portion of Italy, the Low Countries, the Philippines, and enormous districts in the New World. They accordingly invented a cypher, which they varied from time to time, in order to disconcert those who might attempt to pry into the mysteries of their correspondence. The cypher, composed of fifty sign*, 'vni of (rreat value to them through all liie troubieaaor me '■ Ligue," and the ware then desolating Europe. Some of their despatches having been intercepted, Henry IV. handed them over to a ?clever mathematician, Viete, with the request that he would find the clue. He did so. and was able also to follow it as it viiried, and France profited for two years by his discovery. The court of Spain, disconcerted at this, accused Viete before the Roman court as a sorcerer and in league with the devil. This proceeding only gave i-ise to laughter and ridicule. A still more remarkable instance is that of a German professor, Hermann, who boasted, in 1752, that he had discovered a cryptograph absolutely incapable of being deciphered, without the clue beinj: given to him ; and he defied all the savants and learned societies of Europe to discover the key. However, a French refugee, named Beguelin, managed, after eight days' study, to read it. This cypher — though we have the rules upon which it is formed before us—is to us p rfectly unintelligible. It is grounded on some changes of numbers and symbols ; numbers vary, being at one time multiplied, at another added, nnd become so complicated that the letter c, which occurs nine times in the paragraph, is represented in eight different ways ; nis used eight times, nnd has seven various signs. Indeed, the same letter is scarcely ever represented by the same figure ; but this is not all ; the character which appears in the place of i takes that of « shortly after ; another symbol for n stands also for t. How any man could have solved the mystery of this cypher is astonishing. Now Jet us recommend a far simpler system, and one which is very difficult of detection. It consists ot'a combination of numbers [and letters.

Both parties must be agreed on an arrangement such as that in the second line below, for on it all depends. 123456789 10 47 2 91 10 5368 i Now in turning a sentence such as f iThe army must retire " into cypher, you count the letters which make the sentence, aud find that T is the first, h the second, f the t'.ird, a the fourth, r the fifth, and so on. Then look at the table, t is the first letter ; 4 answers to 1 ; therefore write the fourth letter in the place of t ; that is, A ininstead of t. For h the second, put the seventh, which is y ; for c take the second h. The sentence will stand " Ayh utsr emay yhutser." It is all but impossible to discover this cypher. All these cryptographs consist in the exchange of numbers of characters for the real letters ; but there are other method* quite as intricate, which dispense with them. The mysterious cards of the Count de Vergennes are an instance. De Vergennes was Minister of Foreign Aflairs under Louis XVI., and he made use of cards of a peculiar nature in his relations with the diplomatic agents of France. These cards were used in letters of recommendation or passports which were given to strangers about to enter France ; they were intended to furnish information without the knowledge of the bearers. This was the system. The card given to a man contained only a few words, such as : ALPHONSE D'ANGEHA. Recomraande a Monsieur Ie Comte de (Vergennes, par Ie Marquis de Puysegur, Ambassadeur de France a la Cour de Lisbonne. The card told more tales than the words written on it. Its colour indicated the nation of the j stranger. Yellow showed him to be English ; red, Spanish ; white, Portuguese : green. Dutch ; red and white, Italian ; red and green, Swiss ; green and white, Russian, &c. Tlie person's age was expressed by the shape of the card. If it were circular, he was under 25 ; oval , between 25 and 30; octagonal, between 30 and 45; hexagonal, between 45 and 50 ; square, between 50 and 60; an oblong showed that he was over 60. Two lines placed below the name of the bearer indicated his build. If he were tail and lean, the lines were waving and parallel ; tall and stout, they converged, and so on. The expression of his face wa3 shown by a flower in the border. A rose designated an open and amiable countenance, whilst a tulip marked a pensive and aristocratic appearance. A fillet round the border, according to its length, told whether the man were bachelor, married, or widower. Dots gave information as to his position and forturjp. A full stop after his name showed that ho was a Catholic ; a semicolon, that he was a Lutheran : a comma, that he was a Calvinist; a dash, that he was a Jew; no stop indicated him as an Atheist. S« also his morals and character were pointed out by a pattern in the angle 3of the card. So, at one glance, the minister could tell all about his man, whether he were a gamester or a duellist; what was his purpose in visiting France ; whether in search of a wife or to claim a legacy ; what was his profession — that of physician, lawyer, or man of letters; whether he were to be put under surveillance or allowed to go his way unmolested. We come now to a class of cypher which requires a certain amount of literary dexterity to conceal the clue. During tlie Great Rebellion, Sir John Trevanion. a distinguished cavalier, Was made prisoner, and locked up in Colchester Castle. Sir Charles Lucas and Sir George Lisle had just been made examples of, as a warning- to " malignants;" and Trevauion had every reason for expecting a similar bloody end. A 9 he awaits his doom, indulging in a hearty curse in round cavalier terms at the canting, crop-eared scoundrels who hold him in durance vile, and muttering a wish that he had fallen, sword in hand, facing the foe, he is startled by the entrance of the gaoler, who hands him a letter! " May't do thee good," growls tlie fellow; "it has been well looked to before it was permitted to come to thee." Sir John takes the letter, and the gaoler leaves him his lamp by which to read it : " Worthie Sir John,— Hope, that is ye beste comfort of ye afnyctd, cannot much, I fear me, help you now. That I wolde saye to you, is this only: if ever I may be able to requite that I do owe you, stand not upon asking of me. 'Tis not much I can do ; but what I can do, bee you verie sure I wille. I knowe that, if dethe comes, if ordinary men fear it, it frights not you, accounting it for a high honour, to have such a rewarde of your loyalfy. Pray yet that you may be spared this soe bitter cup. * I fear' not that you will grudge any sufferings : only if bie submission you can turn thorn away, 'tis the part of a wise man. Tell aie, an if you can, to do for you any tbinge that you wolde have done. The general goes back on Wednesday. Restinge your servant to command. R, T. Now this letter was written according to a pre concerted cypher. Every third letter after a stop was to tell. In this way Sir John made out — " Panel at east end of chapel slides." On the following even, the prisoner begged to be allowed to pass an hour of private devotion in the chapel, By means of a bribe this was accomplished. Before the hour had expired, the chapel was empty ; the bird had flown. An excellent plan of indicating the telling letter or word is through tlie heading of the letter. " Sir," would signify that every letter was to be taken; "Dear sir," that every seventh; "My dear sir," that every ninth was to be selected. A system very early adopted, was that of having pierced cards, through the holes of which the communication was written. The card was then removed, and the blank spaces filled up. As for example : — My dear X.,— fThe] lines I now send you are forwarded by tlie kindness of the [Bearer], who is j a friend, fls not] the message delivered yet [to] my Brother ? [Be] quick about it, for I have all along (" trusted] that you wauld act with discrei tibn and despatch. I Yours ever, $ Z. Put your card over the note, and throueh the piercings you will read : " The bearer is not to be trusted." The following letter will give two totally distinct meanings, according as it is read, straight through, or only by alternate lines :—: — Mademoiselle, — Je m'empresse de vous ecrire pour vous de"claier que vous vous trompez beaucoup si vous croyez que vous 6tes eelle pour gui je soupire. 11 est bion vrai que pour vous eprouver, Je vous ai fait mille nveux. Apres quoi vous etes devenue l'objet de ma raillerie. Ainsi ne doutez plus de cc que yous dit ici celai gui n'a eu que de l'avereion pour vous et

gui aimerait raieux mourir que de se voir oblige de vous epouser, et de changer le dessein qu'il a forme" de vous nair toute sa vie, bien loin de vous aimer, comme il vous I'a declare. Soyez done desabusee, croyez-moi; et si vous 6tes encore Constante et persuadee que vous etes aim6e vous serez encore plus expose"c a la risee de tout le monde, et particulidrement de celui gui n'a jamais etc et ne sera jamais Votre ser'ture M. N. We must not omit to mention Chronograms. These are verses which eoniain within them the date of the composition. So at Graz, on the mausoleum of the Emperor Ferdinand, is the fol - lowing : — ferDlnanDVs seCVnDVs pie VlXit pie obllt: that is, 1637. * A very curious one was written by Charles de Bovelle : we adapt and explain it :— The heads of a mouse and five cats, m.ccccc Add also the tail of a bull ... l Item, the four legs of a rat . . nn And you have my date in full . m.ccccciillh (1554.) It is now high time that we 'show the reader how to find the clue to a cypher. And ns illustration is always better than precept, we shall exemplify from our own experience. With permission, too, we shall drop the plural for the singular. Well ! My friend Matthew Fletcher came into a property some years ago, bequeathed to him by a great uncle. The old gentleman had beea notorious for his parsimonious habits, and he was known through the county by the nickname of Miser Tom. Of course everyone bettered that he was vastly rich, and that Mat. Fletcher would come in fora mint of money. But, somehow my friend did not find the stores of coin on which he had calculated, hidden in worsted stockings or cracked pots ; and the savings of the old man ' which he did light upo U , consisted of but trifling sums. Fletcher became firmly persuaded that the money was hidden sometohere ; where he could not tell, and he often came to consult me on the best expedient for discovering it. It is all through my intervention that he did not pull down the whole house about his ears, tearup every floor, and root up every flower or tree throughout the garden, in his search after the precious hoard. One day he burst into my room with radiant face. "My dear fellow!" he gasped forth ; "I have found it !" " Found what ?— the treasure ?" " All but,— l want your help now:" and he flung a discolored slip of paper on my table. I took it up, and saw that it was covered with writing iv cypher. " I routed it out of a secret drawer in Uncle Tom's bureau ."' he exclaimed, " I have no doubt of its purport. It indicates the spot where all his savings are secreted." " You have not deciphered it yet, have you ?" ""W I want your help ; I can make neither i lic.uU nor tails of the scrawl, though I sat up all night studying- it." ' Come along," said I, " I wish you joy of jour treasure. I'll read the cypher if you give me time." So we sat down together at my desk, with the slip of paper before us. , Here is the inscription:— D | +/C282§9£p. i 32\ x 379+)789(9(88117-T-)8--2§ + 9 A x §2§-29§-)*8228 x7 Xoß2\*9 x 79x 79 +x§-7 - B / 3 *VX 99 ~lf/~ If / 3 ~X8)y 48|l§8 - --=Bx2§Bx 82§ ~ +§ B x ßo§B x ß2§B2B x 7 /3/ w (2§B + fy/C = /Clf9/3||/C7 = — + - —^ X BBl\ x «92 ~ + 2. i " Now," said I ; " the order of precedence among the letters, according to the frequency of I their recurrence, is this, eaoitdhnrsuycfgl mwbkpqxz. This, however, is their order, according to the numlier of words begun by each respectively, scpadi fbl bt, &c. Tlie most frequent compounds are th, ng, cc, 11, mm, tt, dd, nu. Pray, Matthew, do you see any one sign repeated oftener than the others in this cryptograph?" "Yes, 8 ; it is repeated 23 times," said Fletcher, after a pause. "Then you may be perfectly satisfied that it | stands for c, which is used far oftener than anyother letter in English. Next, look along the lines and see what letters most frequently accompany it." "2 § undoubtedly ; it follows Bin several places, and precedes it in others. In the second line we | have 2 § 8 -8 2 §-2 §8; and, in the third, 2§ 8 again." " Then we may fairly assume that 2 § 8 stands for the." I "The, to be sure," burst forth Fletcher. "Now the next word will be money. No ! it can't be, the c will not suit; perhaps it is treasure, gold, hoard, store." " Wait a little bit," I interposed. " Now look what letters are doubled." "88 and 22," said my friend Mat. "And please observe," I continued, "that where I draw a line and write A you have c, then, doublet, then c again. Probably this is the middle of a word, and as we have already supposed 2 to stand for t, we have — ette — , a very likelycombination. We may be sure of the't now. i Near the end of the second line, there is a remarkable passage, in which the three letters we know recur continually. Let us write it out — leaving blanks for the letters we do not know, and placing the ascertained letters instead of their symbols. Then it stands— eytlieycth— heyehey ethe — . Now here I have a y repeated four times, aud from its position it must be a consonant. 1 will put in its place one coasonnnt after another. You see r is the only one which turns the letters into words, —erthereth — htre . litre t.e -surely some of these should stand out distinctly separated— er there th— here . here the. Look ! I can see at once what letters are wanting ; th— between there and here must be than, and then . here is -must be — where. So now I. have found these letters. 8 = e,r = t.§=h, x =r,— = a, +=n, © = vr. and I can confirm the y as r by taking the portion marked A— fitter. Here we get an end of an adjective in the comparative degree; I think it must be brtter. " Let us next take a group of cyphers higher up; I will pencil over it D. I take this group

because it contains some oftlr; letters which we have settled -eat hu. Eith must be the end of a word, for none begin with atlin, thn, or hn. Now what letter will suit eath ? Possibly h, probably d." " Yes," exclaimrd.Fletcher, " n (( ith, tobesuTC. I can guess it all : ' Death is approaching, and I feel that a solemn duty (Wo ve^ upon me, namely, that of acquainting Matthew Ficfe-her, mv heir, with the spot where I have hidden my savings." Go on, go on."' "AH in good time, friend," I laughed. " You observe, we can confirm our guess as to the sign being used for rf, by comparing the passage — 29§— )*228y, which we now read,*, had better. But t. had be'te.r is awkward ; you caunot make 9 into o ; 'to had,' would he no sense." "Of course not," burst forth Fletcher. " Don't you see It all? I had bclttr let my excellent nephew know where I have deposited — " " Wait a bit," interrupted I ; " you are right, I believe. /fa the signification of 9." Let us begin the whole cryptograph now : — N.trthi.i.t.re.ind.c." "Remind me!" cried Fletcher. " You have it again," said I. " Now we obtain .an additional letter besides m, for t. remind me is certainly to remind me. We must begin again : — Nete thi.i. to remind me," " This ?>," called out my excited friend, whose eyes were sparkling with delight aud expectation. Go on ; you are a trump !" "These, then, are our addition?!! letters: — )=d, 7=m, 9=i, a=o. To remind me i. i. cc. m. death m.h for mi. death, I read my death, and i. i. cc, I gue«s to be, if I feel. So it stands thus :— ' Note.— This is to remind me. if I feel my death nigh, that I had better—' " m I worked on now in sileuce ; Fletcher, leaning his chin on his hands, sat opposite, staring into my face with breathless anxiety. Presently I exclaimed, " Halves, Mat ! I th'nk you said halves !" " I — I — I — I — ray very clear fellow, I—"I — " " A very excellent mau was your uncle ; a most exemplary — " ••' All right, I know that," said Fletcher, cutting me short. "Do read the paper ; I have a spade and picic on my library table, all ready for work the moment I know where to begin." " But, really, he was a mau in a thousand — a man of such discretion, such foresight, so much—" Down came Fletcher's hnnd on the desk. "Dogoon !" he cried ; and I could see that he was swearing internally ; he would have sworn ore rotunda, only that it would have been uncivil, and decidedly improper. " Very well ; you are prepared to hear all !" " All ! by Jove ! by Jingo ! prepared for everything." " Then this is what I read," said I, taking up my own transcript : — " Note. — This in to remind me if I feel viy death nigh, that I had letter move to Birmivg ham, as burials are done cheaper there than here where the terms of the Necropolis Company are exhorbitant." Fletcher bounded from his seat. " The old skin-flint ! miser ! screw !"' " A very estimable and thrifty man, your greatuncle." " Confounded old stinsy — ," and he slammed the door upon himself and the substantive which designated his uncle. And now, the very best advice we can give to our readers, is to set to work at once on the simple cypher given near the commencement of this paper, and to find 'it out. S. Baring-Gou^d, M.A.

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