A Typical Specimen of Mature Kauri (Agathis australis).
FORESTS AND FORESTRY IN NEW ZEALAND.
A STATEMENT PREPARED FOR
THE BRITISH EMPIRE FORESTRY CONFERENCE
(AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND)
1928.
Hon. O. J. HAWKEN, Commissioner of State Forests.
E. PHILLIPS TURNER, Director of Forestry.
WELLINGTON.
W A G. SKINNER, GOVERNMENT PRINTER.
1928.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGE
Question i.—General Description of Topography, Geology, Soils, and Climate .. .. .. .. 5
Question 2. —Description of the Main Types of Forest-growth .. 5
Question 3.—Area and Contents of Existing Forests .. .. 5
Question 4. —Important Timber-trees .. .. .. 7
Question 5. —Ownership of Forests .. .. .. .. 8
Question 6. —Relationship of the State to the Forests —
(A) Summary of Existing Legislation .. .. 9
(B) Summary of Administrative Methods .. 10
(C) Assistance given to Forestry .. .. 10
Question 7. —The Forest Authority .. .. .. .. 11
Question 8. —Forestry Activities of Municipal and Corporate Bodies, Companies, and Private Individuals .. .. 17
Question 9. —Societies interested in Forestry .. .. .. 21
Question 10. —Educational, Research, and Experimental Work .. 22
Question II. —Annual Increment and Utilization of Home - grown Timber — (A) Increment .. .. .. .. 26
(B) Utilization .. .. .. .. 27
Question 12. —Forest Industries, Statistics of Consumption and Labour .. .. .. .. .. 31
Question 13. —Exports and Imports of Timber .. .. .. 32
Question 14. —Summary and Outlook —
(A) Consumption compared with Increment .. 37
(B) Probable Duration of Supplies .. .. 38
(C) Steps necessary to develop the Forest Resources 39
Appendices.—(A) List of Reports of Commissions, Committees, and Individual Experts .. .. .. 40
(B) List of Legislative Enactments dealing with Forest Questions .. .. .. .. 40
(C) List of Publications issued by or under the Supervision of the Forest Authority .. .. 40
(D) List of other Periodical and Miscellaneous Literature bearing on Forestry .. .. .. 42
(E) List of Botanical and Common Names of New Zealand Timbers.. .. .. .. 43
A Typical Specimen of Mature Kauri.
The Beech Forest.
The Podocarp Forest.
Whakarewarewa Nursery.
Waiotapu Plantation.
Mixed Plantation, Whakarewarewa.
Natural Regeneration of Insignis Pine.
Illustrations —
BRITISH EMPIRE FORESTRY CONFERENCE
(AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND), 1928.
PROGRESS REPORT TO BRING UP TO DATE THE STATEMENT PRESENTED TO THE 1923 CONFERENCE IN OTTAWA.
QUESTION I.
The general description of topography, geology, soils, and climate given in the previous statement adequately answers this question.
QUESTION 2.
Description of the Main Types of Forest-growth.
This was answered in the 1923 Conference statement and needs no correction, with the exception that the volume of the kauri forests now stands at twenty-two million commercial cubic feet (see graph).
Botanical names of timbers referred to by their common or trade names will be found in Appendix E.
QUESTION 3.
(A) Area and Contents of Existing Forests.
(a) Merchantable. —Under this heading in column 1 of the following table 5,646 square miles are given. Only stands which are at the present time economically exploitable have been included in this quantity. With the growing scarcity of the Dominion's valuable softwoods, many areas which at present can not be profitably worked and are classified as unmerchantable will eventually be transferred to this class.
(b) Unprofitable or Inaccessible.—l4,9l9 square miles have been placed under this heading, and include protection forest and cut-over areas dedicated to forest conservation. This non-merchantable forest is composed almost entirely of stands which will not produce 5,000 superficial feet of sawn timber of saleable softwoods per acre, although the total quantity of softwoods and hardwoods would considerably exceed this figure.
This classification has been adopted as at present the hardwoods of New Zealand, with the exception of beech (Nothofagus spp.) which occurs mainly in pure stands, are not at present converted by the miller, except in small quantities.
(c) Agricultural Land. — 51,464 square miles include all land in occupation in the Dominion at the 31st January, 1927, but do not
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include State or private plantations which have been placed under column 5, " Other Land."
The difference in the figures given in the 1923 statement and the following table is explained by the fact that only land actually in use by farmers, graziers, orchardists, &c., has been placed under this heading. 29,172 square miles are producing crops, exotic grasses, fruits, &c., while the remaining 22,292 square miles are in indigenous vegetation, flax (Phormium tenax) for the production of fibre, tussock, and other native grasses used by the grazier.
(d) Other Land. —20,331 square miles of this class are below the timber-line, and include roads, lakes, and rivers, also unimproved land in manuka scrub, fern, blackberry, gorse, &c. The remaining 10,551 square miles above the timber-line may be classified as alpine.
Table I.—Area in Square Miles.
* The area of State plantations at 31st March, 1928, which has been placed under column 5, " Other Land," is 214 square miles.
(B) Table Ia below has been rendered in terms of commercial cubic feet —i.e., 12 superficial feet. The first national forest inventory is being modified from time to time as fuller information of some of the more remote and inaccessible forests is ascertained.
In consequence it will be found that the quantity of timber cut during the past five years, together with the quantity remaining, does not exactly balance with the figures given in the 1923 statement for the Dominion's resources of standing timber.
Table Ia. —Volume of Standing Timber.
Forest. —— Agricultural Other Total Unprofitable j Land. Land. Land. Merchantable. or Total. Inaccessible. | (i) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Conifers .. .. 3,7*6 6,710 10,426 51,464 30,882 102,912. Broad-leaved .. i,93° 8,209 10,139 Totals .. 5,646 14,919 20,565 51,464 3°. 882 102,912 Forest area as per- 5'5% I 4'5% 20-0% 50-0% 30-0% 100-0% eentage of total land area. , . - : __
Merchantable. Unprofitable or inaccessible. Total. Per Square Mile. Total. Per Square Mile. Total. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Cubic Feet. Million Cubic Feet. Cubic Feet Million Cubic Feet. Million Cubic Feet. Conifers.. .. .. 616,274 2,290.1 126,204 807.7 3,097.8 Broad-leaved .. .. 658,620 1,271.1 202,666 1,663.7 2,934.8 Totals .. .. 1,274,894 3.561.2 328,870 2,471.4 6,032.6
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QUESTION 4.
The Most Important Timber-trees and their Timber.
The question has already been answered in the 1923 statement with regard to the most important timber-trees of the Dominion.
The minor forest products of the Dominion are—(a) kauri-gum, (b) tanning-bark, and (c) fungus.
(a) Kauri-gum.—Since New Zealand's early days kauri-gum has figured prominently in its export trade. Kauri-gum is a resin shed from the branches, trunk, bark, and roots of the New Zealand kauri-tree (Agathis australis). It is recovered in a fossilized state, and is also bled direct from the living tree. Fossil gum, owing to its prevalence, was for many years sought in preference to the bled gum ; but of late years the growing scarcity of the fossil has led to continual researches on the collection of bled gum. The State Forest Service is conducting an extensive experiment on the question at the present time, and already data are available regarding the best season for bleeding, most efficient methods of bleeding, &c.
(b) Tanning-bark.—During the past fifty years the barks of many New Zealand trees have been used for tanning purposes. In most cases, however, they have failed to compare favourably with the Australian wattle barks, which are the standard tanning materials in many other countries. Systematic researches into the chemical composition of our native barks have been made during the past twenty years, mainly by the Department of Agriculture, in order to replace the imported barks by a local product, if possible. Many of our native barks are high in tannin content, but dyes and other materials which are hard to separate are also present. Australian wattles (Acacia spp.) appear to be the most successful locally-grown species for tanning purposes, and exhaustive tests on them are at present being carried out by the Technological Museum, Sydney.
(c) Fungus.—This is collected in the forest casually by forest workmen and settlers' children. It is sold to Chinese merchants, and exported to China, and is much sought after as a delicacy by the Chinese.
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QUESTION 5.
Ownership of Forests.
Dedicated to Timber Production.
Under this heading have been placed State forest reserves and provisional State forest reserves.
(a) State forests are areas dedicated to timber production or forest conservation, the reservation over which can only be revoked or altered pursuant to a resolution in that behalf to be passed by both Houses of Parliament.
(b) Lands classified as provisional State forests consist of (I) absolute forest land —that is, land best suited for the production of timber crops ; (2) protection forest ; and (3) land suitable for settlement which is now growing timber that cannot at the present time be successfully exploited.
Provisional State forests were previous to the passing of the Forest Act, 1921, Crown land, but since the passing of that Act are administered as State forests until such time as the Governor-General, acting on the recommendation of the Minister of Lands, shall by further Proclamation declare that such lands are required for settlement.
It is confidently expected, however, that the majority of these provisional areas will be permanently dedicated to forestry in the near future.
Other Forest.
Under this heading have been placed State leaseholds, scenic reserves, and national parks, all of which are administered by the Department of Lands and Survey.
Corporate bodies own a comparatively small area of forest land. Under this heading have been placed lands owned by aboriginal Natives of New Zealand. The right has been reserved to the Crown by section 235 of the Native Land Act, 1909, to prohibit alienation of Native lands to Europeans, so that these forest areas can only be acquired by the State if this right is exercised.
Private Land.
The majority of this land is settlement country at present in forest, and will remain under forest only until such time as it can be profitably logged.
Since the passing of the Forests Act in 1921 it has been the practice to appraise the standing timber on State and provisional State forests and sell by tender in the open market, with the following exception.
After the passing of the Forests Amendment Act, 1926, certain areas which had been granted by the Mining Warden under the provisions of the Mining Act, and upon which royalty was paid on the actual sawn output, were deemed to be provisional State forests. This system of collecting royalties will be continued until such time as the last of these rights has expired, but no further areas will be granted on that basis.
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Table II.—Forest Area by Ownership (in Square Miles),
QUESTION 6.
Relationship of the State to the Forests.
(A) Brief Summary of Existing Legislation.
The State forests are administered under the Forests Act, 1921-22. This is modern legislation containing principles that have been found by experience in this and other countries to be in the best interests of the forests and the State.
In the first three years' operation of the main Act certain deficiencies were disclosed, and some machinery clauses were found to be necessary. These were provided in the amending Acts of 1925 and 1926. The last-mentioned enactment also introduced an important change of policy with regard to the administration of the forests in the Westland and Karamea Mining Districts on the west coast of the South Island, the control of which was transferred from the Wardens (who had hitherto dealt with these forests under the Mining Act) to the Commissioner of State Forests, who was empowered to administer them under the Forests Act, 1921-22, and its amendments. Many grants made by Wardens were found to be invalid, and by the measure referred to were validated and placed on a more satisfactory basis.
Some Crown forests have not been proclaimed under the Forests Act, 1921-22, and are therefore still under the control of the several Land Boards who administer them under the provisions of the Land Act, 1924.
Scenic reserves and national parks are still controlled by the Lands and Survey Department. These reserves are practically all covered with forest of great beauty and interest. They could therefore be more efficiently supervised and developed by the professional officers of the State Forest Service, and the transferring of their control from the Lands and Survey Department to the State Forest Service has been recommended to the Government.
There is authority in section 34 (6) of the War Legislation and Statute Law Amendment Act, 1918, for the control of the export of timber and for the control of the sale of timber on private land. Regulations under that statute were in force until quite recently, but have, however, been recently repealed, although the power to reissue similar regulations still exists.
Type of forest. The State. Corporate Bodies. Private Individuals. Total. Dedicated to timber Production. Other Forest. Total. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Merchantable .. 2,823 759 3,582 1,286 689 5,557 Unprofitable or inaccessible- 8,582 2,656 11,238 2,319 1,451 15,008 Total .. 11,405 3,415 14,820 3,605 2,140 20,565 Percentage of total forest area 55.4% 16.6% 72.6% 17.6% 10.4% 100%
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(B) Brief Summary of Direct Administrative Methods of Forest Development.
The forest policy was adequately exposed in the 1923 statement, and little can be added in answer to this question.
By section 6 of the Forests Amendment Act, 1925, the powers of the Commissioner of State Forests were extended in respect to the constitution of fire districts as authorized by section 27 of the Forests Act, 1921-22. The Commissioner is now empowered to constitute any private or other lands of an area not less than 200 acres as a fire district, to secure from damage by fire any trees as defined by the said section,' upon the application of any owner or occupier of land proposed to be included in the fire district.
It was confidently expected that the various private and public afforestation companies would readily avail themselves of this privilege, but the response was disappointing. However, with the experience of last summer in mind more applications for this undoubted safeguard are expected before the next fire season.
The State exotic plantations until last season had an unbroken record of immunity from fire.
During last summer the loss was 60 acres of eighteen-year-old conifers in the South Island, and 300 acres of conifers and eucalypts in the North. Prompt fire-fighting methods prevented what might have been a serious conflagration.
(C) Encouragement of Afforestation, &c., by Local Bodies and Private Persons.
Wellington City and Suburban Water-supply.—By the passing of the Wellington City and Suburban Water - supply Act, 1927 63,578 acres of State forest were vested in the Wellington City Council for waterworks and forestry purposes for the benefit of the inhabitants of the city, the adjacent boroughs, and portion of the Hutt County.
Although the area is vested in the Wellington City Council, it is controlled by the Wellington City and Suburban Water-supply Board, which comprises four members of the City Council and five representatives of the adjacent local authorities, with the Mayor of Wellington as Chairman.
The Act provides for the development of the area under modern forestry principles, with efficient supervision by a competent forest officer and subject to a working plan approved by the Commissioner of State Forests.
Under this legislation the future water-supply for the grown City of Wellington and the adjacent boroughs area is assured, together with the conservation and extension of the forested areas which comprise the source of the water-supply.
Small exotic plantations established by the State, but which cannot on account of their size be satisfactorily controlled by the State Forest Service, are being, as opportunity arises, handed over on mutually satisfactory terms to the local body in whose territory the area lies.
The 1923 statement fully reviews this aspect of State assistance, and need not be further elaborated.
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QUESTION 7.
The Forest Authority.
The Forest Authority has not changed in its composition since 1923. A considerable number of the staff of all grades have, however, taken employment with the various commercial afforestation companies in the Dominion. These losses have been made good from within the Service.
An exchange of officers was made with the State of Victoria, one Forest Assistant and one Forest Ranger being seconded for duty in Australia, while two officers of similar standing from Victoria were attached to this Service.
Interesting and valuable reports on the Forests of Victoria were brought back, and the exchange of views was extremely beneficial to the officers concerned.
Forest Fire Protection. —Fire-protection methods have been further perfected in the last five years by the establishment of fire lookout stations, access tracks, tool caches, improved telephone communication, and the provision of pumps and motor-vehicles for rapid transportation.
Pscychrometer readings are regularly taken, the lowest relative humidity so far recorded is 35 per cent.
The summer of 1927-28 was probably the driest for very many years, and one of extreme fire danger. Although numerous fires occurred, many on the outskirts of podocarp rain forests in old workings, in no case did the fire penetrate the forest. It can safely be concluded that this type of forest will not burn.
The same conclusion does not apply to the kauri rain forests of the North, which on account of their resinous nature present a high fire hazard. However, no serious damage has occurred in these forests since the inception of the Forest Service.
The beech forests of the South Island present a grave fire danger, and during the last summer the position in the Nelson region was dangerous in the extreme. Relative humidity fell daily below 40 per cent, in the late afternoon. Owing to the scattered nature of the forests a mobile fire-fighting gang was organized, and successfully checked the numerous incipient fires before much damage was done.
Afforestation and Forest Extension. —Under this heading probably the most marked changes since 1923 may be reported. Not only has great progress been made in the area established, but nursery and planting technique have been further improved.
In the 1923 report it was predicted that the exotic coniferous forests would be increased to 10,000 acres per annum. From the following graph it will be seen that not only has this been accomplished, but considerably surpassed, and this year's planting programme will exceed 50,000 acres by planting and 13,000 by direct seeding.
The methods of establishment are planting and direct seeding.
Considerable attention has been given to the latter, and the methods adopted are numerous, including spot seeding, drill sowing, and dropping of cones.
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Very satisfactory results have been secured, more especially with the spot sowing, and experiments are being continued, with tools designed by Forest Service officers.
Considerable reductions have been made in the cost of raising seedlings by the adoption of line sowing, and the majority of species are now raised in this way, instead of the open and protected beds method.
The species planted during 1927 were principally insignis pine and Douglas fir, with lesser quantities of ponderosa, Laricio, and Californian redwood, also a sprinkling of Thuja plicala, macrocarpa, Lawson's cypress, and Pinus Lambertiana.
Wild Life. —Deer continue to be a menace to the forests in certain districts, and also cause grave concern to farmers.
Active steps are being taken to cope with the pest, and it is anticipated that an export trade in Venison, skins, and antlers will be built up, the monetary reward serving as an added inducement to hunters, who it is confidently expected will keep these animals in check. Wild pigs and goats, both of which have a detrimental effect on the floor and younger growth of the forest, are causing some concern, but active steps are being taken to remedy this trouble.
Opposums continue to provide a valuable by-product of the forest, and during the 1927 season 149,000 skins, with a value of £81,743, were procured. Although this shows a slight falling-off from the previous year, yet it shows a decided increase over the number recorded in the previous statement. These animals are at present jointly controlled
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with the Department of Internal Affairs, but representations are being made to the Government to definitely fix the responsibility with the State Forest Service.
Wild rabbits have almost ceased to be classed as a pest, and have become an animal of commercial importance. In some localities it can safely be said they are being farmed surreptitiously. Skins of a value of £823,000 were exported during the last financial year. On planting areas they are a distinct danger, and energetic steps are taken to exterminate them by the erection of rabbit-proof fences, poisoning, trapping, shooting, &c.
Research and Experimental Work. —From the inception of the State Forest Service in 1920 research into the conditions affecting the various native forest types have been carried out, partly by the permanent officers of the Service and partly through co-operation with scientists connected with the University colleges.
The progress of this work has been all that can be expected with the limited staff available for the work. Of completed works along the lines mentioned are Dr.Cockayne's monograph of the New Zealand Beech Forests"; Foweraker's, "The Taxad Forests of New Zealand." The investigational work carried out by the permanent officers, other than Dr. Cockayne, is available mainly in report form on the departmental files, and covers to a large extent sample plot work with a. view to establishing growth and yield data mensuration studies, the tapping of kauri for gum, the artificial regeneration of kauri, the growth of New Zealand podocarps, &c.
In the afforestation branch, a great number of experiments have been carried out with various implements for direct sowing of treeseeds on the areas to be afforested, together with the construction of implements for facilitating the general nursery operations such as sowing and wrenching.
The sand-dune reclamation work which was commenced in 1921, has been completed with satisfactory results, the area undertaken being totally reclaimed with marram grass, fodder grasses, flax, and pines. A new sand-dune reclamation project is likely to be undertaken this year on a larger scale, and this presents, perhaps, difficulties greater than those so far met with.
Forest Products Research (Branch of Forest Products). —Some of the major forest problems of New Zeaand are to increase the quantity of merchantable forest products by utilizing waste, and to enhance the value of forest products in various ways. The latter objective can be accomplished by controlling the properties of the material grown through silvicultural practices, by sorting the material to segregate the properties required in each use, and by modifying the properties where sorting is not sufficient. The Branch of Forest Products Research, under the superintendence of the Engineer in Forest Products, and in co-operation with the engineering department of the New Zealand University, and other bodies, is directing its activities towards these ends. Investigations to enhance the value of forest products have been made by studying the production of tanning materials, turpentine, gums, and resins, and by carrying out pulping and paper-making tests on both native and plantation timbers. Grading schemes have been devised for the purpose of securing a more balanced consumption of the entire product of the
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log. Mechanical tests have been carried out on small clear specimens of both native and exotic timbers, and on containers manufactured from various native species and loaded with goods as in actual practice. In all research studies carried out, the International Working Plan, as adopted by the Forest Products Laboratories of England, Canada, India, Australia, and the United States of America, has been adopted.
Forest Income.
Items. 1927-28. 1926-27. 1925-26. 1924-25. 1923-24. £ £ £ £ £ General receipts from timber sales, royalties, licenses, leases, and permits- 104,128 114,065 139,006 150,177 85,253 General receipts from sale of trees, intermediate products from plantations, &c. 11,270 14,501 13,544 11,292 8,226 Totals .. .. 115,398 128,566 152,550 161,469 93,479
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Forest Receipts and Expenditure. From ist April, 1923, to 31ST March, 1928.
1923-24- 1924-25. 1925-26. 1925-27. 1927 28. Capital. Operation. Capital, Operation. Capital. Operation, Capital. Operation. Capital. Operation. Receipts — £ £ £ £ £ Forest income .. .. .. 93,4 80 161,469 15 2,550 128,566 115,398 Loans raised .. .. .. 209 100,000 .. .. 155,000 Total receipts .. .. 93,689 261,469 152, 550 128,566 270,398 Payments — £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ Salaries .. .. .. .. 9,272 21,414 9,035 22,394 11'103 2 5,912 17,075 22,783 16,476 27,194 Development arid management of indigenous State forests- 2,177 14,094 2,792 14,670 3,0 82 1 5,500 4,204 17, 839 3,474 15, 840 Forest-fire protection .. .. .. 81 1,896 125 1,405 38 1,553 73 I,5 2 4 Educational .. .. .. .. 119 463 100 819 213 1,164 107 1,094 180 472 Forest research .. .. .. .. 2,142 1,496 1,750 2,847 3,615 2,158 2,402 2,472 2,059 5,181 Afforestation and forest-extension .. 37,3 20 .. 50, 182 .. 63,910 .. 80,730 .. 110 ,842 .. Lands purchased for afforestation .. .. .. 476 .. 17,764 .. 11,181 .. 110,842 .. Forested lands purchased .. .. 4,474 ..105,993 .. 16,161 .. 18,639 .. 830 .. Local-body allocations and grants, &c. .. .. 2,570 .. 790 .. 6,215 .. 9,805 .. Advice, assistance, and preparation of planting-plans for local bodies and settlers .. 686 .. 1,196 .. 1.358 .. 1,611 .. 2,918 Net interest and loan charges .. .. 913 17.337 8 93 16,516 .. 20,954 24,525 .. 33,816 National Endowment Account, transfers to .. .. .. 12,612 .. 9.74 1 .. 15,659 .. 13. 885 Total payments .. .. 56.498 59,956 171,346 73,249 115,886 84,555 134,411 97,312 152,395 109,713 Grand total payments .. 116,454 244,595 200,441 231,723 262,108
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State Forest Personnel as at 31st March, 1928.
* At the peak period this number will be increased to approximately 1,500.
Forest Conservation Permanent Officers. Total. Director. Secretary. Chief Inpector. Conservators Technical Officers. Clerical and Draughting Officers. Forest Rangers. Forest Guards. Temporary Officers. Labourers. Auckland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 1 3 4 2 2 69 82 Rotorua .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 2 3 9 5 5 124 149 Wellington .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 .. 4 5 3 4 25 42 Nelson-Marlborough .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 .. 4 3 .. 3 22 31 Westland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 .. 2 4 .. 3 19 29 Canterbury Otago .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 .. 3 10 7 7 169 197 Southland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 .. 2 4 .. 2 3 12 Central Office .. .. .. .. .. 1 1 1 .. 4 19 1 1 4 .. 32 Totals .. .. .. .. 1 1 1 1 7 7 38 40 18 30 431* 574
New Zealand Podocarp Forest.
The trees represented are rimu (red-pine — Dacrydium cupressinum), the most widely used building-timber, and kahikatea (white-pine—Podocarpus dacvydioides used principally for the manufacture of butter-boxes.
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Comparison of Total Employees.
* As at September in each year. Forecast.
Recruitment and Training.
The system explained in the 1923 statement still remains in force. The professional course in forest engineering mentioned in the previous statement has become an accomplished fact, and degree courses have been instituted at Canterbury College and Auckland University.
As yet no Forest Technicians have been absorbed into the Forest Service from these sources.
Trainees are engaged, who are placed on the permanent staff as Forest Guards as soon as they have passed the prescribed test. Departmental examinations have recently been initiated to enable officers to qualify for promotion to higher grades.
Publications and Reports.
In addition to the regular annual report of the Director of Forestry the first quinquennial review of the National Forest Policy and proposals for period 1925-35 was published and presented to both Houses of the General Assembly.
Various professional papers and educational circulars have been published and circulated. A list to supplement Appendix C of the 1923 statement is appended.
QUESTION 8.
Forest Activities of Municipal and Corporate Bodies and Private Companies and Private Individuals.
Local-government Forest Activities.
Local-government bodies during 1927 established 1,462 acres of new plantations. In the North Island twenty local bodies planted 255 acres in areas ranging from 1 acre to 53 acres, and twenty-one obtained trees from the Service for planting for shelter or beautification purposes. In the South Island twenty-five local bodies planted areas ranging from 2 acres to 500 acres, making a total area for the year of 1,207 acres. The Dunedin City Council again headed the list with 500 acres, followed by the Selwyn Plantation Board (325 acres) and the Christchurch City Council (76 acres). The area of Crown land set aside for tree-planting purposes by local bodies was further increased by 144 acres during the year.
The Selwyn Plantation Board, the history of which was traced in in the 1923 statement continues to be the largest forest owner under this heading. Since 1923 this Board has added approximately 3 square
I —lnset —Forestry.
Year. 1921. 1922. 1923. 1924. 1925. 1926. 1927. 1928. Permanent staff .. .. 97 99 95 96 95 106 111 110 Temporary officers .. 8 10 15 23 24 28 31 34 Labourers* .. .. 168 181 244 280 368 483 764 1,500 Totals .. ..273 290 354 399 4 8 7 617 906 1,644
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miles to the 24 existing at that date. In 1927 the revenue was £4,260 derived from rents, sales of trees, firewood, milling contracts, &c. The ursery stock in hand represented a value of £1,700, consisting of 1,068,000 seedlings.
The Wellington City Council has further increased its forest holdings (see Question 6). These are mainly indigenous forests to be used for water-catchment areas, but it is proposed under working-plans, to be prepared by a Forest officer recently recruited from the Forest Service, to mill portions of the native bush and to plant open areas with exotics.
The Dunedin City Council has set aside an area which is for the dual purpose of timber production and protection of water-catchment areas.
Auckland and Christchurch City Councils have established plantations on waste land, the former on heavy clay land, the latter on sand dunes.
Private and Public Companies.
Industrial concerns established 130 acres of coniferous and broadleaved plantations. Of this total the coal-mines of the Dominion contributed largely with a view to supplying their own requirements of pit props and other mining timbers.
Extensive plantations of Acacia spp. and eucalypts have been established for the Waikato Coalfield, and in the South Island the Westport Coal Company has made provision for the future when indigenous timbers are not available.
Electric-power Boards have also established areas of Eucalyptus spp. plantations with a view to supplying their own pole requirements in the future.
The formation of softwood forests as a profit-making proposition was seriously undertaken by private enterprise in 1923, since when unprecedent strides, with the possible exception of the eucalypt boom in California during the period 1900-10, have been made.
The actual figures for the last two years planting are given hereunder, together with the absolute and relative differences in the figures for the years ending 31st March, 1926 and 1927.
* Not available. f Decrease.
The total area planted during 1927 was considerably more than double the figure for 1926. The greatest increase was recorded in the area planted by tree-planting companies and syndicates, which rose from 15,826 acres in 1926 to 49,824 acres in 1927, an increase of 215 per cent. In 1926 the area planted by the State Forest Service was a little over 100 acres greater than that planted by tree-planting companies and syndicates, but in 1927 the area planted by the companies was more than double that planted by the State.
Operator. 1926. 1927. Increase. Increase percent. Acres. Acres. Acres. State Forest Service .. .. 15,964 19,924 3,960 25 Local authorities .. .. .. * 1,462 .. .. Farmers .. .. .. .. 2,800 7,040 4,240 151 Tree-planting companies and syndicates 15,826 49,824 33,998 215 Industrial concerns .. .. .. 277 130 -147+ -53+ Totals.. .. .. 34,867 78,380 42,051 121
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Two kinds of organizations have been formed to carry out the various ventures. The first is the joint-stock company, where the property in the forests is vested in the company, each shareholder receiving a pro vata share of the profits according to the amount of capital contributed ; the second is a private company registered with a comparatively small capital, but in which the investing public do not become shareholders. The company contracts with each investor that, in consideration of his paying the prescribed amount of cash, it will convey to him at the end of a given term a certain area of land duly planted according to a prescribed agreement. The interests of the investing public are watched over by trustees appointed by investors, and the lands concerned are conveyed by way of mortgage to the trustees until the time for conveyance to the investor arrives. Of the sixteen returns received by the Government Statistician from companies engaged in afforestation operations during the year ended 31st March, 1927, six were from companies organized on the latter basis ; but, though in the minority in point of numbers, their operations bulk very large in the figures for all companies.
Statistical Data.
In interpreting the figures due attention should be paid to the fact that the operations of most of the companies are in an incipient state.
The figures lor the year ended 31st March, 1927, show that from the financial and planting viewpoints the operations of the afforestation companies have greatly increased in scope. Total assets and liabilities increased from £938,205 in 1926 to £1,448,921 in 1927, while the receipts, mainly from the sale of bonds, for the former year (£536,123) were 34 per cent, greater than those recorded in 1926. The total payments recorded in 1927 (£518,553) were 40 per cent, greater than the figure for the previous year. The figure representing the area planted during the year ended 31st March, 1926, stood at 15,826 acres against 49,824 acres in 1927.
Liabilities.
The following comparative statement shows a classification of the liabilities for all afforestation companies as at 31st March, 1926 and 1927, together with the absolute and relative increases of the figures for the latter over those for the former year : —
As at the 31st March, Increase, 1927 over 1926. Increase per cent. 1926. Per Cent of Total. 1927. Per cent. of Total. £ £ £ Paid-up share capital 224,190 24 339,662 23 115,472 52 Loan-money .. 9,355 1 23,631 2 14,276 153 Forfeited Shares Account 534 0 3.828 0 3, 2 94 617 Mortgages .. 258,629 28 266,933 18 8,304 3 Sundry creditors 60,835 6 54,845 4 5,990* —10* Other liabilities 384,662 41 760,022 53 375,360 98 Totals .. 938,205 100 1,448,921 100 510,716 54 * Decrease.
20
Assets.
The following comparative statement shows a classification of the assets, of afforestation companies as at the 31st March, 1926 and 1927, together with the absolute and relative increases of the figures for the latter over those for the former year : —
Sixteen companies are at present operating in the Dominion. Statistical returns are not to hand for the 1927 planting season. It is not therefore possible to give the total area planted to date.
Some idea of the magnitude of the operations of these commercial afforestation companies operations may be gathered from the fact that one group of three companies established 82,200 acres during last year.
Private Individuals.
The public of the Dominion have maintained their interest in treegrowing. Forest Service sales of young forest-trees to farmers, proprietary companies, local bodies, and others amounted to 3,426,398 during the year ended 31st March, 1928. If planted 8 ft. apart these trees would be sufficient to establish 5,040 acres of artificial forest.
The decrease in the sale of trees from the previous year is due to the fact that many of the newly-formed commercial afforestation companies have now established nurseries, and are in a position- to sell surplus stocks rather than purchase.
These companies have also now had time to make arrangements for their seed requirements to be supplied from overseas, hence the decrease in the sale of tree-seeds shown.
Tree and tree-seed sales from the State nurseries from 1923 to 1928 are presented as follows : —
As at 31st March, Increase. Increase per cent. 1926 Per cent. of Total. 1927 Per cent of Total. £ £ £ Land for afforesta tion purposes 385,280 42 459,012 - 32 73,732 19 Land for other pur poses 750 0 393 0 — 357* — 48* Buildings.. .. 21,788 2 33,146 2 11.358 52 Development 368,534 39 676,630 47 308,096 84 Account Investments .. 57,631 6 94,100 6 36,469 63 Other assets .. 104,222 11 185,640 13 81,418 78 Totals . . 938,205 100 1,448,921 100 510,716 54 * Decrease.
Year ending Trees for planting. s Wright Year endir » Trees for P lantin S- SefdT'weight 3 .st March, (Number.) 3ist March, (Number.) Se f„Pou ( ndsT) 1928 .. 3,426,398 2,156 1925 2,831,932 2,529* 1927 .. 4,760,490 3,86i* 1924 .. 1,839,512 618 1926 .. 4,226,174 2,692* 1923 .. 1,475,581 746 * Includes domestic and overseas sales.
A Mixed Larch (Larix europaea) and Redwood (Sequoia semperuirens) Plantation at Whakarewarewa. Twenty-three Years old.
New Zealand Dry Beech Forest (Nothofagus spp.).
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QUESTION 9.
Societies interested in Forestry and the Utilization of Forest Products.
The New Zealand Forestry League mentioned in the 1923 statement continued to be the leading society promoted in the interests of forestry and kindred subjects in the Dominion.
The League has ceased to publish " Forest and River," and now " New Zealand Life " (incorporating The Forest Magazine) is the official organ. The League's objects are : —
1. The efficient preservation of a sufficiency of our native forests, in their natural state, for the adequate conservation of our rainfall and for prevention of erosion, &c.
2. The preservation intact of all scenic reserves, national parks, sanctuaries, &c., in their natural native state, and the planting of native trees and shrubs wherever possible and desirable, and that the introduction of exotics be restricted to use only where absolutely necessary in order to conserve the native areas.
3. The planting of exotics wherever more desirable or economical than our native flora.
4. Co-ordination of control of all wild life under a Wild Life Commission, with the appointment of a chief game warden, and such other personnel as necessary to carry out an active policy of control and protection.
The secretary of the League is Mr. E. C. Jack, Dominion Farmers' Institute, Wellington. The president is Mr. James Deans, Christchurch.
The Institute of Foresters, a purely technical society, was inaugurated early in 1928, to further \he development of technical forestry in New Zealand. The secretary is F. W. Foster, 8.A., B.Sc. (For.), State Forest Service, Auckland.
The Dominion Federated Sawmillers' Association, as the name implies, is a body formed by tl\e millers of New Zealand for the better organization of the industry throughout the Dominion. The secretary is A. Seed, The Terrace, Wellington.
The forest schools of the University of Auckland and Canterbury College have established forest clubs, the latter publishing annually " Te Kura Ngahere," devoted to technical forestry and club notes.
2 —lnset —F ores try.
22
The New Zealand Timber-growers' Association has been inaugurated to protect and further the interests of the numerous commercial afforestation companies established in the Dominion.
The president is William McArthur ; the secretary, N. G. Gribble, Yorkshire House, Shortland Street, Auckland.
QUESTION io.
Educational.
Before the year 1925 no forestry school can be said to have existed in New Zealand.
The State Forest Service conducted short field courses for their own officers, in order to aid them in acquiring certain technical knowledge, but none of the Universities had taken the matter up before the Canterbury College in Christchurch commenced a school of forestry in 1925. The school was one of the two approved of and, to a certain extent, also subsidized by the Government.
The other school of forestry was established in 1926 in Auckland, being affiliated with the Auckland University College.
These two schools prepare the candidates for the degree of Bachelor of Science of Forestry, through a four years' course.
There are at present twenty-six students taking the courses at the two forestry schools—namely, seventeen at the Auckland College and nine at the Canterbury College.
The education of the general public has been brought to a fair standard through the co-operation of the Education Department in introducing the subject of forestry in a general way in the various public schools. The object of this is to instil in the young minds a proper appreciation of what forestry is and stands for, together with a love of trees.
Research and Experimental Work.
Silvical and Ecological Investigations.
The experimental work in connection with restocking the cut-over lands of the west coast of the South Island with introduced species was started in 1923.
Since then the following conifers have been planted : Pinus radiala, P. muricata, Cupressus macrocarpa, Cupressus Lawsoniana, Thuya plicata, Pseudo-tsuga Douglasii, and Taxodium distichum.
The last named has not been established for a sufficient length of time to allow definite observations to be recorded. Of the other trees planted Thuya plicata and Cupressus Lawsoniana have given the best results.
Ecological Research.
The tawa (Beilschmiedia tawa) forest has been investigated by Dr. L. Cockayne, F.R.S., Honorary Botanist to the State Forest Service. This research—quite complex in character- is not yet complete, but certain facts have already been reported.
Studies in connection with the beech forest were also carried out by Dr. Cockayne over a period of years, his investigations culminating in the publishing of " Monograph on the New Zealand Beech Forests " (see Appendix), which discusses amongst other ecological factors the hybridization of these species.
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Observations in the cut-over stands of silver-pine (Dacrydium Colensoi) in Westland indicate that this species, when given abundance of light, grows faster than has hitherto been thought, and hopes are entertained that it will form a useful second crop on poor boggy soil.
Sample plots have been established in the kauri forests at Waipoua, and progress reports are available, but the final result has not yet been recorded.
Forest and Economic Research.
The Economic Forest Survey of Canterbury, which deals principally with the forest resources and the use of forest produce in that province has been completed and a forest policy for Canterbury proposed.
Rangitikei Sand-dune Experimental Station.
Extensive experimental work on the fixation of sand-dunes, and ultimate establishment with timber-trees on the stabalized dunes has been carried on at the mouth of the Rangitikei River on the west coast of the North Island.
Marram grass mainly, and to a small extent kikuyu grass, native flax (Phormium tenax), and toitoi (Arundo conspicua) have been tried in various formations and numerous designs of brush fences as a first line of defence.
The experiments carried out at this station will be invaluable when the large dune areas on the west coast of the Auckland Province are planted.
Under-planting of Exotic Trees in the Indigenous Forest.
Experimental plots have been established in Taranaki to study the growth of certain exotics when underplanted in tawa forests. The most successful in order of maximum growth are Cryptomeria japonica, Thuya plicata, Pseudo-tsuga Douglasii, Cupressus Lawsoniana, Pinus strobus, and Sequoia sempervirens. While the first two species have competed successfully with the undergrowth, the remaining ones are still suppressed.
Observations of the progress of natural regeneration of the indigenous species are being undertaken in the same district.
Tapping of Kauri for Resin.
The experiments commenced in 1925 have been continued and extended, and the plan of operation now covers the bleeding on barrel and limbs of thirty kauri-trees above pole size, and the barrel only near the ground of forty trees. Preliminary results will be available at the latter end of this year.
Experiments.
Investigations have been carried out to determine the best method of storing tree-seeds.
Redwood seeds are being tested in glass containers in store —(1) under ordinary room temperature in the dark, (2) in cold storage in the dark. Samples were tested at the end of three, six, nine, and fifteen months. The trial is as yet incomplete.
Trial sowings, with a view to arriving at the best source of seedsupply for New Zealand, were made with Pinus ponderosa, seed being secured from various localities within its natural range of habitat.
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Forest Economy.
Forest Products Research.
Since its inception the State Forest Service has recorded distinct progress in the field of forest products research. A forest products laboratory is still lacking, but its early establishment is anticipated on the return of the Engineer in Forest Products, who has been studying the question abroad for the past year. Up till the present time, the various research studies have been carried out at the Engineering, Forestry, and Biology Schools attached to the Auckland, Canterbury, and Victoria Colleges, in co-operation with the State Forest Service. All the tests have been carried out under the international working plans adopted by the Forest Products Laboratory of the United Kingdom, Canada, India, South Africa, and the United States of America. In addition to the laboratory research, experimental work has been carried out in sawmills, factories, and other industrial establishments.
The following is the statement to date of the research activities of this branch :—
I. Section of Industrial Investigation : —
(a) Wood Requirements of Secondary Wood-using Industries.—Tests of various native timbers have indicated that many are very suitable for utilization by the secondary industries.
(b) Statistical Survey of Sawmilling Industry.—Statistics are anually collected relating to forests, stumpage values, cost of production, and value of products of the sawmilling industry.
(c) Woods for Butter-boxes. — Information has been collected on non-tainting woods, and methods developed for protecting butter and similar commodities against wood-tainting, &c.
(d) Standardization of Sizes, Goods, and Nomenclature for Yard Timber. —A survey of the many different grading practices in vogue throughout the country has enabled a revised uniform classification and grading system to be developed for local timbers. The system has been based on a definite specification of defects occurring in the timber.
(e) Utilization of Little-used Species. —Tests are carried out and information collected from all available sources in an endeavour to develop the best uses for every wood in the forest. Circulars have already been issued on the properties and uses of insignis pine, kohekohe (Dysoxylum spectabile), pukatea (Laurelia novae-zelandiae), and western red cedar (Thuya plicata).
(f) Floating Study of New Zealand Woods. —Floatation methods have been developed for tawa.
11. Section of Timber Physics :—
(a) The Kiln Drying of Wood.—The State Forest Service has been actively interested in the kiln drying of timber and has issued two circulars on the subject —viz., " The Kiln Drying of Timbers and their Better Utilization," and "The Air Seasoning and Kiln Drying of Timber."
(b) The Physical Properties of Wood. —Specific gravity and shrinkage studies have been carried out on all the commercial-sized native and exotic timbers grown in New Zealand. Specific-gravity tests enable rapid estimates to be made of any mechanical property of a species, since- both follow a known and well-defined law.
(e) Air Seasoning of Wood. —Tests have been carried out on piling and seasoning practices to shorten the time of seasoning and reduce the degrade which occurs in practice.
Part of the State Nurseries and Plantations at Whakarewarewa, near Rotorua. Thermal Activity on the Left.
Part of State Plantation at Waiotapu, near Rotorua.
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111. Section of Timber Mechanics : —
(a) Basic Mechanical Properties of Woods grown in New Zealand. — Tests under the above heading have been carried out on the native species—tawa ; red, hard, black, and silver beech ; matai, miro, rimu, kauri, pukatea, hinau, kahikatea, taraire, and kamahi ; and on the exotic species—insignis pine, Douglas fir, pondosa pine, Corsican pine, and Californian redwood.
(b) Grading Rules and Working-stresses for Structural TimbersTests on full-sized structural timbers of insignis pine and rimu allowed the formulation of accurate grading and working-stress rules for the species.
(c) Cross-arm Tests.—Tests carried out on full-sized cross-arms manufactured from rata, mangeao, red beech, and hinau proved the suitability of local timbers for the purpose, and made possible the drawing-up of accurate working-stresses for design.
(d) Pole Tests.—Tests made on full-sized poles of silver-pine and kahikawaka established the strength properties of these valuable native species suitable for poles.
(e) Development of Specification for Dairy Containers. — Strength tests carried out on standard-sized butter-boxes loaded with butter as in actual practice drew attention to the weakness in the present design, and made possible the design of a new box which, while stronger than the older design, was cheaper and contained less timber. Similar tests on cheese-crates resulted in a redesign of the standard cheese-crate.
(f) Plywood.—Strength tests carried out on locally manufactured plywood resulted in the weaknesses in the local product being discovered, and made possible the improvements necessary in the local manufacturing technique.
(g) Tests of Box Bindings.—Tests of all bindings used for the reinforcement of butter-boxes and cheese-crates are carried out to ensure that they are up to the specification required by law.
(h) Nail-holding Power of New Zealand Woods. —A study of the nail-holding power of local woods has been commenced, which will make possible the classification of woods for butter-boxes in group classes according to their nail-holding powers.
IV. Section of Preservation : —
(a) Treatment of Wood by Non-pressure Processes. —Open tank treatments have been developed with creosote for all native and exotic species which provide material suitable by shape for fencing-post purposes. The study has also been extended to include the butt treatment of exotics suitable for telegraph-poles.
(b) Treatment of Wood by Pressure Processes. —Pressure treatments by cfeosote have been developed abroad for the principal native species available in quantities. It is anticipated that a pressure plant will shortly be established in New Zealand.
(c) Service Test Records.—Treated posts and poles have been placed in service lines, and annual inspections are made to determine the effectiveness of the various treatments.
(d) Examination of Wood Preservatives—Before the Government issues its approval to the use of any particular wood preservatives, chemical analyses are carried out to see'that the preservative complies with the specifications issued by the American Wood Preserves Association.
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V. Section of Pulp and, Paper:—
Suitability of New Zealand Woods for Pulp.—Pulping and papermaking tests have been carried out on twelve native and four exotic species of timber grown in New Zealand. The results in many cases have been very satisfactory, and indicate the varieties of paper it is possible to manufacture from each species.
VI. Section of Wood Technology:—•
(a) Microscopic Structure of Wood.—Various general microscopic studies have been carried out on the anatomy of native woods. A detailed microscopic study of insignis pine, the heartwood and sapwood zone of rimu, have been completed. Complete sets of reference slides of local timbers are in the course of preparation. •
VII. Section of Derived Products :—
(a) Kauri Bleeding.—Extensive experiments are being carried out on the bleeding of kauri-trees to secure a maximum sustained yield of bled gum from kauri-trees without damage to wood growth.
(b) Relation between Durability and Chemical Composition.—The observation of crystalline deposits upon seasoned silver-pine and totara led to their chemical examination being undertaken to see if this fact was the cause of the high durability of the species.
(c) Destructive Distillation of Native and Exotic Woods. —Apparatus for destructive distillation experiments has already been produced, but lack of staff has to date prevented the commencement of the experiments.
VIII. Pathology :—
(a) Prevention of Sap Stains and Moulds on Timber.—Laboratory methods of control have been developed for sap stain and moulds in insignis pine and white-pine. A commercial treatment has been developed for white-pine.
(b) Relative Resistance of Untreated Woods to Borer Attack and Decay. —Experiments have been commenced to determine the relative resistance of native and exotic woods to insect attack and decay.
(c) Introduction of Forest and Timber Insects and Fungi by Imported Forest Produce.—Surveys have been made of insects introduced by imported forest produce during the past six years. As a result of the large number of insects concealed under the bark of imported hardwood poles, users undertook voluntarily to remove all bark before shipment from Australia. Measures have been taken and the necessary clauses drawn up for the issue of an Order in Council prohibiting the introduction of imported forest and timber insects and fungi by imported forest produce.
QUESTION ii.
Annual Increment and Utilization of Home-grown Timber.
(A) Increment.
(1) Indigenous Forests. —Recent investigations tend to indicate that the majority of the forests of the Dominion being overmature, loss by decay balances the increment. The loss by fire is practically negligible. Table 111 has therefore not again been used in this statement.
(2) Plantations. —The total area of State plantations at the 31st March, 1928, was 214-4 square miles, with an estimated net mean annual increment of 270 cubic feet per acre for the conifers and 180 cubic feet per acre for the eucalypts.
27
(B) Utilization. Table IIIa.—Output of Sawn Timber reported for Years ended 31st March, 1923- 7. (From figures supplied by the Government Statistician.)
Years ended 31st March, Item. Species. 1923. 1924. 1925. 1926. 1927. Quantity Quantity Quantity Quantity Quantity in Cubic Feet. in Cubic Feet. in Cubic Feet. in Cubic Feet. in Cubic Feet. Conifers .. .. Kauri .. .. 1,871,700 1,645,300 1,907,600 1,897,200 1,539,600 Rimu .. .. 12,969,000 15,091,100 16,297,700 16,287,600 14,290,800 Kahikatea .. .. 5,507,400 4,725,000 5,464,400 6,302,900 5,444,000 Matai .. .. 1,978,900 2,027,200 1,995,600 2,177,600 1,615,000 Totara .. .. 1,903,600 5754°° i,54 2 5°° 1,175.800 1,164,900 Other .. .. 542,900 684,500 731,200 694,600 629,100 Totals .. .. 24,773,500 25,748,500 27,939.000 28,535,700 24,683,400 Broad-leaved .. Beech .. .. 435,600 544,100 569. 7°° 7 2 5 * io ° ,300 Other ,. .. 153,600 129,800 165,900 174,500 142,300 Totals .. .. 589,200 673,900 735.6oo 899,600 858,600 Grand totals .. 25,362,700 26,422,400 28,674,600 29,435,300 25,542,000
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PRODUCTION OF ROUGH -SAWN TIMBER, 1923-1927. (From Statistics of New Zealand.)
Table IV.—Average Annual Utilization of Home-grown Timber, 1923-27.
Conifers. Broad-leaved. Total. (Equivalent in Standing Timber.) Ownership. Converted. (All types of product) Equivalent in Standing Converted. Equivalent in Standing Timber.) Quantity, Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) Million Cubic Feet. £ Million Cubic Feet. £ Million Cubic Feet. £ Million Cubic Feet. £ Million Cubic Feet. £ State .. .. 10.5 1,310,000 21 388,000 1.4 140,000 2.8 66,000 23.8 454,000 Other .. .. 19.5 2,430,000 39 722,000 2.6 260,000 5.2 124,000 44.2 846,000 Totals .. 30.0 3,740,000 60 ,110, 000 4.0 400,000 8.0 190,000 68.0 1,300,000
Podocarp Forest, Westland. View taken from Okarito on Sea Coast. Franz Josef Glacier 14 Miles Distant in the Background.
Natural Regeneration of Insignis Pine (Pinus radiata).
29
Converted timber consists of the rough-sawn timber produced, together with rails, sleepers, and sawn posts utilized for general construction purposes throughout the Dominion. The equivalent in standing timber is approximately double of the converted products obtained. Timber produced off State lands amounts approximately to 35 per cent, of the total quantity cut.
With reference to the various columns in the table, the following explanatory notes may prove useful in their interpretation:—
Columns (4), (8), and (10).—The value in these cases is the value of the standing timber, delivered at the places of conversion.
Table IVa.—Average Annual Utilization of Home-grown Timber and Minor Forest Produce, 1923-27.
(By Types of Product.)
(i) Timber.
Columns (2) and (6).—The value in these cases is the f.o.r. value at the place of production.
Type of Product. Conifers. Broad leaved. Total. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Million Cubic Feet. £ Million Cubic Feet. £ Million Cubic Feet. £ Logs .. .. .. .. .. 58 1,060,000 2 40,000 60 1,100,000 Posts, rails, and farm timbers .. .. 6 150,000 12 290,000 18 440,000 Poles, sleepers, mine-props, and structural timber 2 50,000 6 150,000 8 200 ,000 Firewood .. .. .. .. 16 240,000 22 330,000 38 570,000 Total timber products .. .. 82 1,500,000 42 810,000 124 2,310,000
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Table IVa—continued. (2) Minor Forest Produce.
The only statistics available in the preparation of these tables were those relating to the production of rough-sawn timber. The remaining figures have been estimated. The following explanatory notes on the numbers denoting the columns in the table will serve to aid in the analysis of the table : —
(1) Type of Product. —Only four separate classifications of timber produce have been considered. The term " logs " refers to logs converted into sawn timber only. There is one small veneer mill in New Zealand with a capacity of approximately 1,000,000 sup. feet of plywood per annum. The minor forest produce of New Zealand at the present time are kauri-gum, tanning-bark, and fungus.
(2), (3), Conifers, Hardwoods. — The wide exploitation of the softwood forests and low utilization of the hardwood forests for the production of sawn timber are evident from a study of these tables, the former forming 97 per cent, of the logs converted.
(4) Total Quantity produced.—The figures in these columns refer in all cases to the actual volume of log wood used for the purposes indicated. In preparing the table a 50-per-cent. utilization factor has been used for the conversion of logs into rough-sawn timber. The annual production of rough-sawn timber over a period of years, as reported by the Government Statistician, is shown in Table lIIa. These figures represent approximately 95 per cent, of the total cut.
(5) Value.—The item " Sawn Timber," column 4, Table IV, £1,110,000, refers to the cost of logs delivered at the mill. The present f.o.b. mill value of the rough-sawn timber (29,796,100 cubic feet) is £3,532,680, equivalent to 2s. 4d. per cubic foot.
Type of Product. Total. Quantity. Value. (5) (6) Tons. £ Kauri-gum .. .. .. .. 5 ,8oo 463,200 Tanning-bark .. .. .. .. 180 2,600 Fungus .. .. .. .. 110 13,800 Total minor forest produce .. 6,090 479,600
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QUESTION 12.
Forest Industries.
The most important forest industry is that of timber manufacture. Other forest industries include sleeper, fuelwood, pole and post making, and forest-tree nursery and tree-planting.
Table V. —Primary Forest Industry.
The figures in this table are deduced from Table IIIa, allowance being made for mills not reporting to the Government Statistician.
Table Va. —Utilization of Rough-sawn Timber by Wood-using Industries.
The above figures have been estimated only, as authentic informa tion regarding the wood-using industries is very hard to obtain.
Industry Volume of Sawn Timber produced. Value of Product at Place of Preparation. Number of Employees engaged. (1) ( 2 ) (3) Million Cubic Feet. £ Sawmilling .. .. 30 3,500,000 10,100
Wood-using Industry. Quantity of Home-grown and Imported Timber consumed. Value at Factory. Softwoods. Hardwoods. Total. Cubic Feet. Cubic Feet. Cubic Feet. £ Grand total, all industries .. 29,790,000 1,377,900 31,167,900 5,702,700 Building, general construction, and miscellaneous 16,798,000 468,800 17,266,800 3,042,000. Planing-mills .. .. 6,084,000 320,000 6,404,000 1,153,000 Cooperage and boxes .. 4,990,000 194,100 5,184,100 607,000 Furniture, &c. .. .. 601,000 236,100 837,100 276,000 Sash and door .. .. 552,000 28,500 580,500 380,000 Woodware and turnery .. 474,000 10,600 484,600 110,700 Boat-building .. .. 167,000 7.300 174,300 57,300 Coach-building .. .. 73,000 62,900 135,900 49,100 Agriculture and dairy machinery 25,000 28,400 53,400 18,000 Brush and broom manufacturing 26,000 21,200 47,200 9,600
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QUESTION 13. Exports and Imports of Timber. Table VI.—Average Annual Exports and Imports, 1923-27.
The export trade consists almost entirely of softwoods. The value of the exports is the f.o.b. value at the port of export. Approximately 60 per cent, of the imports consists of hardwoods. The value of the imports is the c.i.f. value, main New Zealand ports.
The types of product exported and imported are depicted in Table Vla.
Classification. Exports. Imports. Balance Plus ( + ) or Minus (—). Quantity. Quantity. Quantity. Value. Converted. Equivalent In Standing Timber. Value. Equivalent In Standing Timber. Value (Col. 2-4.) Equivalent In Standing Timber. (Col. 3-6.) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) £ Million Cubic Feet. Million Cubic Feet. £ Million Cubic Feet. Million Cubic Feet. £ Million Cubic Feet. Million. Cubic Feet. Conifers .. .. .. 468,000 3.6 7.2 318,000 2.1 4.2 +1.50,000 +1.5 +3.0 Broadleaved .. 24,000 0.1 0.2 705,000 3-0 4-5 —681,000 —2-9 —4-3 Totals .. .. 492,000 3.7 7.4 1,023,000 5.1 8.7 —531,000 —1.4 —1.3
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Table Vla.— Average Annual Exports and Imports, 1923-27. (By Types of Product.)
Sawn timber only is at present exported. Imports, however, it will be seen, consist of a variety of articles besides the rough-sawn timber.
(i) Type of Product.—The trade existing in the minor forest products is shown in Table Vlb. The present supplies of kauri-gum are largely derived from " fossil gum "— that is, gum dug out of the ground from which the old kauri forests have disappeared. Investigations are still in progress determining the possibilities of bleeding living trees, without injury, for the recovery of this valuable resin.
Type of Product. Exports. Imports. Balance Plus ( + ) or Minus ( — ). Quantity. Quantity. Quantity. Conifers. B road- leaved. Total. Value. Conifers. B road- leaved. Total. Value. Conifers.(Col. 2-6) B road- leaved. (COl 3-7) Total. (Col. 4-8) Value. (Col. 5-9.) (1) ( 2 ) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) Million Cubic Feet. Million Cubic Feet. Million Cubic Feet. £ Million Cubic Feet. Million Cubic Feet. Million Cubic Feet. £ Million Cubic Feet. Million Cubic Feet. Million Cubic Feet. £ Sawn timber .. 3.6 01 3.7 492,000 2.0 0.2 2.2 379,000 + 1.6 —0.1 +1.5 +113,000 Posts, rails, shingles, &c. .. .. .. .. 0.1 0.1 0.2 29,000 —0.1 —0.1 —0.2 — 29,000 Poles, sleepers, and structural timbers .. .. .. .. .. 2.7 2.7 615,000 .. —2.7 —2.7 —615,000 3.6 0.1 3.7 492,000 2.1 3.0 5.1 1,023,000 +1.5 —2.9 —1.4 —531,000
34
Table VIb.—Average Annual Exports and Imports of Minor Forest Produce, 1923-27.
The exports of tanning-bark and fungus are increasing, and the imports of the former produce decreasing.
Type of Product. Exports. Imports. Balance. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value.(Col.2-4.) (Col. 3 -5.) (1 (2) (3) (4) (5) ( 6) (7) £ Tons. £ Tons. £ Tons. Kauri-gum .. .. .. 441,560 5,530 ....+441,560 +5,530 Tanning-bark .. .. .. 810 60 25,590 2,160 - 24,780 -2,100 Wood-pulp .. .. .. .. .. 27,020 2,030 -27,020 -2,030 Fungus .. .. .. 13,790 110 .. .. 13.790 + 110 Totals .. .. 456,160 5.700 52,610 4,190 +403.550 +1.510
35
Analysis of Table VI A, Columns (2)-(5) Exports.—A supplementary Table Vic shows the quantities and values of the various species exported. All of this timber is now absorbed by Australia and the Pacific Islands— mainly the former.
Table VIc.—Exports of Sawn Timber for the Calendar Years, 1923-27.
Until quite recently the export of timber has been restricted by the State. Only within the last few weeks has the embargo been lifted, The increasing annual exports of beech are very marked,
Classification. Species. 1923. 1924 1925 1926. 19 2 7. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Cubic Feet. £ Cubic Feet. £ Cubic Feet. £ Cubic Feet. £ Cubic Feet. £ Conifers .. Kauri 251,000 60,270 162,000 38,620 270,000 63,620 166,000 46,320 206,000 57,090 Rimu .. 631,000 59,930 454,000 45,950 309,000 32,760 334,000 35. 8 40 3 20 ,000 3 6,180 White-pine.. 2,908,000 320,410 2,781,000 360,200 3,312,000 446,300 2,647,000 356,860 2,317,000 289,980 Other .. 112,000 14,760 102,000 15,650 219,000 34,030 150,000 18,130 40,000 5,340 Total .. 3,902,000 455,370 3,499,000 460,420 4,110,000 576,710 3,297,000 457,150 2,883,000 388,590 Broad-leaved Beech .. 106,000 16,440 111,000 17,520 185,000 28,470 199,000 33,100 215,000 37.330 Grand totals 4,008, 000 471,810 3,610,000 477,940 4,295,000 605,180 3,496,000 490,250 13,098,000 425,920
36
Analysis of Table Vla, Columns (6)-(9) Imports.—Table Vld shows the chief species of timber imported. The principal timbers included in the item "Other conifers" are Californian redwood, Port Orford cedar, red cedar, and hemlock from Canada and the United States of America. " Other broad-leaved " consists mainly of oak from Japan.
Table VId.—Imports of Timber by Species for the Calendar Years, 1923-27.
Classification. Species. 1923. 1924. 1925. 1926. 1927. Quantity, Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Cubic Feet. £ Cubic Feet. £ Cubic Feet. £ Cubic Feet. £ Cubic Feet. £ Conifers .. Douglas fir .. 673,000 77,470 1,153,000 122,330 1,426,000 125,710 1,402,000 119,720 1,470,000 125,680 Other .. 148,000 31,500 409,000 81,480 1,436,000 219,380 1,954,000 262,990 1,307,000 1180,640 Totals .. 821,000 108,970 1,562,000 203,810 2,862,000 345,090 3,356,000 382,710 2,777,000 306,320 Broad-leaved Australian .. 2,353,000 432,740 3,696,000 713,240 3,728,000 742,040 1,955,000 368,510 2,201,000 419,700 Other .. 186,000 69,550 291,000 102,080 249,000 91,870 232,000 75,200 170,000 58,700 Totals .. 2,539,000 502,290 3,987,000 815,320 3,977,000 833,910 2,187,000 443,710 2,371,000 478,400 Other .. Laths, rails, shingles,palings 254,000 27,330 308,000 24,970 196,000 15,960 296,000 26,690 216,000 15,420 Grand totals 3,614,000 638,590 5,857,000 1,044,100 7,035,000 1,194,960 5,839,000 853,110 5,363,000 800,140
37
Table VIe.—Imports of Timber, showing Country of Origin, 1923-27.
In this Dominion the conversion wastage is high. However, as New Zealand becomes gradually more highly organized industrially a much higher degree of utilization will prevail. The excessive wastage enables the taking-up of a great deal of slack as accessible supplies diminish and prices increase. As already stated in Question II loss by decay is assumed to balance increment.
(A) Consumption compared with Increment.
Summary and Outlook.
QUESTION 14.
Year - United Kingdom. Canada ' Australia. Other British Possessions. Total British. U .S.A. Sweden. J a pan. Other Foreign. Total Foreign. Grand Total. Cubic Feet. Cubic Feet. Cubic Feet. Cubic Feet. Cubic Feet. Cubic Feet. Cubic Feet. Cubic Feet. Cubic Feet. Cubic Feet. Cubic Feet. 1923 .. .. 2,000 693,000 2,474,000 2,000 3,171,000 321,000 1,000 120,000 2,000 443,000 3,614,000 1924 .. .. 1,000 1,080,000 3,904,000 2,000 4,987,000 649,000 109,000 119,000 1,000 870,000 5,857,000 1925 .. .. 3,000 1,267,000 3,827,000 5,000 5,102,000 1,380,000 344,000 196,000 13,000 1,993,000 7,035,000 1926 .. .. 2,000 1,441,000 2,102,000 4,000 3,549,000 1,930,000 159,000 189,000 10,000 2,288,000 5,837,000 1927 .. .. I,000 1,115,000 2,312,000 5,000 3,433,000 1,583,000 190,000 146,000 11,000 1,930,000 5,363,000
Classification Utilization. (Table IV, Cols.3 and7.) Exports. (Table VI, Col.3) Consumption of imports. Total Consumption of Home-grown Timber. (Col. I-Col 2.) Imports. (Table VI, Col. 6.) Total Consumption of Home and Imported Timber (Col.3 and Col. 4.) Net Increment. (Table 3. Col. 5 and 10.) Balance Plus(+) or minus (-). (Col. 6- Col.5.) (Table IV, Cols.3 (Table VI, Col.3) Home-grown (Table VI, Col.6.) of Home and (Table 3,Cols.5 minus (-), (Col, 6(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) Million Cubic Feet. Million Cubic Feet. Million Cubic Feet. Million Cubic Feet. Million Cubic Feet. Million Cubic Feet. ! Million Cubic Feet. Conifers .. .. 60 7.2 52.8 4.2 57.0 Nil -57.0 Broad-leaved .. .. 8 0.2 7.8 4.5 12.3 Nil —12.3 Totals .. 68 7.4 60.6 8.7 69.3 Nil —69.3
38
(B) Probable Duration of Virgin Merchantable Supplies at Normal Rates of Cutting.
For the purpose of arriving at the probable life of the Dominion's timber resources it has been assumed that the normal increase in the rate of consumption is 2 per cent, per annum. Only what is considered to be merchantable timber at the present time has been taken into consideration, as it is extremely doubtful if even all of the timber designated as merchantable will be manufactured, certainly not until such time as the easily-accessible stocks have been consumed and the Dominion's irreplaceable softwoods have become so valuable as to permit of exploitation under a system of carefully regulated selective felling. The life of the Dominion's softwood forests is assessed at thirty to forty years. The hardwoods will probably be put on a sustained yield basis.
Prospects of meeting Requirements from Regrowth Forest. —With the possible exception of kauri and beech species very little hope is entertained of regenerating by natural or artificial means the indigenous forests of New Zealand.
The podocarp forests which regenerate through a cycle of plant succession present complications which at times appear almost insurmountable.
This type of forest in the North Island is almost without exception overmature, and no advantage would be gained by adopting a system of selective felling in order to prolong the life of the forest.
The podocarp rain forests of the west coast of the South Island are, however, comparatively young. Recent investigations by the Canterbury School of Forestry show that in an unmerchantable stand of rimu (Dacrydium cupressinum) in Westland in six years the volume of the stand increased over its original volume by nearly one-fifth, growth being at the rate of 82 cubic feet per acre per year with some very good cases of individual diameter increment being recorded. Furthermore, it was revealed that the stand was stagnating for lack of thinning.
Many areas are in process of exploitation where the timber is of notably" small size with consequent heavy logging cost and high loss in conversion. If it can be shown that increment on these areas is of appreciable extent, it may well pay to hold such areas from milling at the present time to provide future supplies, and during the interim to appreciate considerably in value.
The present economic conditions unfortunately preclude the adoption of a system of selective felling.
Investigations are being brought to maturity, and it is hoped at the next Conference to have more definite data on this point.
Beech has in the past been a neglected timber, but is now coming into its own ; it regenerates freely in the shade of mature trees and after clear felling. Under proper forest management there is no dotxbt the beech forest can be placed on a sustained yield basis.
Dr. Cockayne in his " Monograph of New Zealand Beech Forests " says, " I feel that I can assert with confidence that in her beech forests New Zealand possesses a perpetuated source of great wealth, but only so long as they are properly conserved and managed."
39
Kauri (Agathis australis) regenerates freely under certain conditions, particularly in association with manuka scrub (Leptospernum scoparium), but the correct silvicultural treatment necessary to reproduce under natural conditions this valuable species has yet to be discovered.
Increment studies of kauri are being made in the forests of the north, but have not yet been finalized.
By Afforestation. —Owing to the practice adopted in the earlier planted plantations of spacing 4 ft. each way, later increased to 6 ft., and the inadvisability under existing economic conditions of thinning these plantations, it is scarcely expected that we shall be able to draw on these sources for sawn timber to eke out the dwindling softwood supplies of the Dominion.
Most of the timber derived from the plantations thus established will probably be converted by chemical utilization.
Of more recent years a system of 8 ft. spacing has been adopted, but trees so spaced will not be available for saw-timber until at the earliest 1955.
(C) Steps to be taken to Protect and Develop the Forest Resources of the Dominion.
The future forest policy to achieve this was explained in the 1923 statement, and it is satisfactory to state that considerable progress has been made along the lines laid down.
Efforts are being renewed to have the remainder of the unalienated Crown forests placed under the control of the Forest Service.
The State afforestation programme has been increased year by year. The forest fire-protective system is being further perfected.
Energetic steps are being taken to ensure that the fullest utilization is attained, by better sawmill practice and the conversion into byproducts of the necessary mill waste.
A forest sense has been instilled into all classes, and general support in its forward forest policy is extended to the State Forest Service by Parliament, press, and public alike.
40
APPENDICES.
Publications issued during the Years 1923-28.
APPENDIX A.
List of Reports of Commissions, Committees, and Individuals Reporting on Forestry and Forestry Questions.
Timber Royalties Commission. 1924,
Building Conference. The Use of the Timber in Building Construction. 1924.
Committee for the Market Extension of New Zealand Timbers. 1927. Not completed.
Tariff Commission. 1927.
APPENDIX B.
List of Legislative Enactments dealing with Forestry and Forestry Questions.
(1) The Finance Act, 1924. (Section 17.)
(2) The Forests Amendment Act, 1925.
(3) The Forests Amendment Act, 1926.
(4) The Finance Act, 1926. (Sections 6 and 41.)
(5) The Finance Act, 1927. (Section 3.)
(6) The Wellington City and Suburban Water-supply Act, 1927.
APPENDIX C.
List of Publications issued by the State Forest Service.
1924*, 1925*, 1926*, 1927*, Annual Reports.
Miscellaneous Publications :—
1923. Suitabilities of New Zealand Timbers as Paper Materials. Circular 5.
Pinus radiata. Circular 3.
Fire Districts. Circular 8.
Small Sawmills Erection and Management. By C. M. Malfroy. 1923.*
* Copies are available.
41
Miscellaneous Publications—continued.
1924. Testing of Cross-arms. Circular 10. Forestry in New Zealand. Extract from New Zealand Official Year-book, 1924.
Timber in Building-construction. Circular 12.
New Zealand Timbers and Borer. By Speight. Circular 13.
Proceedings of Building Conference. Circular 14
Butter-boxes and their Design. Circular 15.
Schools Forestry and Plantations. Circular 16
Eucalypts for Transmission and Telegraph Poles. Circular J 7-
Some New Zealand Woods. By George A. Garratt, B.Sc. Professional Paper No. 1.
Sap-stain in Timber of Pinus radiata. Circular 18.
1925. Forest and Timber Insects in New Zealand. By D. Miller, Ph.D., B.Sc., F.E.S. Bulletin 2.*
Preservation Treatment of Fencing-posts. Circular 19.*
The Insignis Pine. A Revised Edition of Circular 3.*
1926. Eucalypts in New Zealand.*
Properties and Uses of Pinus radiata. Bulletin No. 5.
The Air Seasoning and Kiln Drying of Timber. Circular 21.*
Forestry in New Zealand. Extract from Year-book, 1926. Circular No. 22.*
Monograph on the New Zealand Beech Forests, Part I. By L. Cockayne, F.R.S., Ph.D., F.N.Z.lnst.
Properties and Uses of Pukatea (Laurelia novae-zelandiae). Leaflet 1.
Properties and Uses of Kohekohe (Dysoxylum spedabile). Leaflet 2.
Properties and Uses of Kahikawaka (New Zealand Cedar) (Libocedrus Bidwillii and L. Doniana. Leaflet 4.
Acacia Gall-fungus. G. H. Cunningham, Ph.D. Leaflet 3.
1927. Butter-box Tests. Circular 23.*
Cheese-crate Tests. Circular 24.*
Preservative Treatment of Fencing-posts. Leaflet No. 5.*
Butter-box Tests. " The Coombs " Box. Reprint from " Journal of Agriculture," February, 1927. Leaflet No. 6.*
Commercial Forestation : A Statement of Operations for Year ending 31st March, 1926. Extract from " Monthly Abstract of Statistics," February, 1927. Leaflet No. 7.
1928. Prevention of Sap-stain in White-pine. Circular 26.*
Forestry in New Zealand. Extract from Year-book, 1928. Circular 22A.*
Monograph on the New Zealand Beech Forests. Part 11.
By L. Cockayne, F.R.S., Ph.D., F.N.Z.lnst. Bulletin 2.*
Commercial Forestation : A Statement of Operations for Year ending 31st March, 1927. Extract from " Monthly Abstract of Statistics," - February, 1928. Leaflet No. 7A. State Forest Service. Examinations. Leaflet 8.
Tree Planting. Leaflet 9.
Trees of New Zealand. By L. Cockayne, F.R.S., and E. Phillips Turner, F.R.G.S.
* Copies are available. f In the press.
42
APPENDIX D.
List of other Periodicals and Miscellaneous Literature bearing on Forestry.
Books on Forestry or Relative Subjects : —
Allan, H. H., D.Sc., F.L.S. New Zealand Trees and Shrubs. How to identify them.
Cheeseman, T. F., F.L.S., F.Z.S. Manual of New Zealand Mora 2nd edition. Wellington, 1925.
Cockayne, L., Ph.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.N.Z.lnst. Cultivation of New Zealand Plants. Wellington, 1924.
Cockayne, L., Ph.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.N.Z.lnst. New Zealand Plants and Their Story. 3rd edition. 1927.
Crooks, M., M.Z. Plant Life in Maoriland. Auckland, 1926.
Phillips Turner, E., F.R.G.S. A Brief Account of the Re-establish-ment of Vegetation on Tarawera Mountain since the Eruption of 1886. Transactions of N.Z. Institute. Vol. 59, 1928.
Simmonds, J. H. Trees from other Lands for Shelter in New Zealand. Vol. I, Eucalypts.
Leaflets : —
Auckland University College. The Relation of Forestry to Science and Industry in the Dominion of New Zealand. Bulletin 2. Forestry Series No. 1, 1927.
Hill, A. W., F.R.S. Report on Matters of Botanical Interest in New Zealand. (Reprinted from " Journal of Science and Technology," May, 1928.)
The Kauri-gum : Some Economic Aspects. R. W. Firth. 1924. New Zealand Kauri-gum. Wellington, 1924.
Forestry and Timber Industry of New Zealand. Government Printer, Wellington, 1924.
Periodicals :—
New Zealand Life. Monthly. (Title changed from " Forest and River.")
Smith-Wylie Journal.
Redwood Log. Published by Redwoods, Ltd. Monthly.
Te Kura Ngahere : A Forestry Journal issued by the Forestry Club of the Canterbury College School of Forestry. Annual.
43
APPENDIX E.
List of Botanical Names of New Zealand Timbers.
All timber referred to in this report under their common or trade names are included in this list.
By Authority : W. A. G. Skinner, Government Printer, Wellington.—l928.
[1,000/8/28- —6604
No. Scientific Name. Authority. Trade or Common Name. Other Common Name. 1 Agathis australis .. Salisb. .. .. Kauri. 2 Beilschmiedia tarairi .. Benth. & Hook. .. Taraire. 3 B. tawa .. ,, .. Tawa. 4 Dacrydium Colensoi .. Hook. .. .. Silver-pine .. Yellow-pine. 5 D. intermedium .. T. Kirk .. „ 6 D. cupressinum .. .. Soland. .. .. Rimu .. .. Red-pine. 7 Dodonea viscosa .. .. Jacq. .. .. Akeake. 8 Dysoxylum spectabile .. Hook. f. .. Kohekohe .. N.Z. mahogany. 9 Elceocarpus dentatus .. Vahl. .. .. Hinau. 10 Fusanus Cunninghamii .. Booth & Hook. f. Maire tawhake .. N.Z. sandlewood. 11 Knightia excelsa .. R.Br. .. .. Rewarewa.. .. N.Z. honeysuckle. 12 Laurelia novce-zelandiae .. A. Cunn. .. Pukatea. 13 Leptospermum ericoides .. A. Rich. .. Manuka .. .. White tea-tree. 14 Libocedrus Bidwillii .. Hook. f. .. Kahikawaka .. Cedar. 15 Litsea calicaris .. .. Benth & Hook. f. Mangeao. 16 Metrosideros robusta .. A. Cunn. .. Northern rata. 17 M. lucida .. A. Rich. .. Southern rata. 18 M. tomentosa .. .. A. Rich. .. Pohutukawa. 19 Nothofagus cliffortioides .. Oerst .. .. Mountain-beech .. Tawhai-rauriki. 20 N. fusca .. .. ,, .. .. Red-beech .. Tawhai-raunui. 21 N. Menziesii .. .. „ .. .. Silver-beech .. Tawhai-tawhai. 22 N. Solandri .. .. „ .. .. Black-beech .. Tawhai-rauriki. 23 N. truncata .. .. Colen. .. .. Hard-beech. 24 Olea Cunninghamii .. Hook. f. .. Black-maire. 25 0. lanceolata .. .. „ .. .. White-maire. 26 Phyllocladus alpinus .. ,, .. .. Toatoa .. .. Alpine celery pine. 27 P. glaucus .. .. Carr .. .. „ .. .. Celery pine. 28 P. trichomanoides .. D. Don .. .. Tanekaha .. ,, 29 Podocarpus dacrydioides .. A. Rich. .. White-pine .. Kahikatea. 30 P. terrugineus .. .. D. Don .. .. Miro. 31 P Hallii .. .. T. Kirk .. Mountain-totara. 32 P. totara .. D. Don .. .. Totara. 33 P. spicatus .. .. R. Br. .. .. Matai .. .. Black-pine. 34 Sophora tetraptera .. J. Mill .. .. Kowhai. 35 Vitex lucens .. T. Kirk .. Puriri. 36 Weinmannia racemosa .. Linn. f. .. Karaahi .. .. Tawhero. 37 W. sylvicola .. .. Soland. .. .. Tawhero .. .. Tawai.
THE FORESTS OF NEW ZEALAND
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Bibliographic details
APA: New Zealand. State Forest Service. (1928). Forests and forestry in New Zealand : a statement prepared for the British Empire Forestry Conference (Australia and New Zealand), 1928. Govt Printer.
Chicago: New Zealand. State Forest Service. Forests and forestry in New Zealand : a statement prepared for the British Empire Forestry Conference (Australia and New Zealand), 1928. Wellington [N.Z.]: Govt Printer, 1928.
MLA: New Zealand. State Forest Service. Forests and forestry in New Zealand : a statement prepared for the British Empire Forestry Conference (Australia and New Zealand), 1928. Govt Printer, 1928.
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Forests and forestry in New Zealand : a statement prepared for the British Empire Forestry Conference (Australia and New Zealand), 1928 New Zealand. State Forest Service., Govt Printer, Wellington [N.Z.], 1928
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