(12.) That the primary cause of winds is the difference of temperature between the poles and the equator; but the interchange of the cold and heated air is not effected in one great circulation on each side of the equator, but in a series of upward and downward and round-and-round movements, somewhat as shown in pl. lv., vol. xxxi., of the “Transactions of the New Zealand Institute.” By such complicated motions the heat of the tropics and the cold at the poles are modified, rain is scattered over the earth, and the air is moved, mixed, and kept pure and healthy. We may not be able to account clearly for the reasons of all these motions, but the rotation of the earth and its globular shape account for the directions of the circulations of cyclones and anticyclones in the two hemispheres, and also for their eastward progress, and for the greater activity of the belt of cyclones in latitude 55° S. than of the anticyclones in latitude 30°, because they are nearer the pole, and they therefore feel more strongly the difference between the rates of eastward motion of the greater mass of air coming from the equator and the smaller and slower-going mass coming from the pole. All is evidently according to law; yet, as in all other branches of our knowledge, we observe constant variety in the action, owing to varying interactions of the various forces which cause it. What these forces are ultimately we are unable to say, except that they are manifestations of the will and power of God.

Art. XLVII.—Note on the Fog in Wellington on the Morning of the 19th June, 1900. By H. N. McLeod. [Read before the Wellington Philosophical Society, 28th August, 1900] At 8 a.m., on looking northward from the vicinity of Fort Gordon, near the entrance to Wellington Harbour, there appeared to be a dense fog in the Hutt Valley, which stretched thence along the line of railway into town in a comparatively narrow bank. The fog did not extend as far as Soames Island, and the slight breeze from the north carried the bank into Wellington, where it became mingled with the smoke of the city. The whole of Miramar Peninsula was quite clear and sunny; and I am informed that the same was the case at Karori, and that at Wadestown there was but little fog. From the Worser Bay hill, where the road crosses the saddle,