of wild roots and fruits they consume; and in Africa the Damaras* “Narrative of an Explorer in South Africa.” F. Galton., Bosjesmans, and other rude tribes that do not cultivate the soil subsist largely on pig-nuts and other wild vegetable products. Thus, owing to the natural conditions of existence amongst the primitive races, some lived chiefly on animal, others on vegetable, food. In their progress towards civilization the former probably passed directly from the hunter to the pastoral state, the latter to the agricultural state. In the long barrows or burial-places of a small Iberian people who anciently occupied the western coast of Europe and the British Islands, and whose descendants are still seen in the Spanish Basque and amongst the people of the western counties of Ireland, along with human remains and with rude stone implements the bones of various wild animals are found interred, the only domestic species being the dog. In the round barrows containing the remains of the large Keltic people, by whom the Iberians were supplanted, bones of cattle and goats, as well as dogs, have been discovered, but from neither the Iberian nor Keltic tombs have any traces of agriculture been obtained, acorns, hazel-nuts, and other wild fruits being the only vegetable products disinterred.† “Origin of the Aryans.” Isaac Taylor. The pastoral nomads of Central Asia, who until very recently used stone implements and subsisted almost exclusively on the produce of their flocks and herds, cultivating no species of plant, furnish a living example of the ancient Keltic societies. ‡ “Russian Central Asia.” Rev. H. Lansdell. From the tombs of the ancient Peruvians many cultivated plants have been obtained, but these people could never have passed through the pastoral state, the llama, alpaca, dog, and guinea - pig being the only domesticated quadrupeds the Peruvians possessed at the period of the Spanish intrusion. § “Conquest of Peru.” Prescott. New Guinea, Borneo, and other portions of the tropical world furnish abundant examples of peoples who have adopted the practice of agriculture while still retaining many of their savage customs. ∥ “Pioneering in New Guinea.” James Chalmers. The rudest attempt at agriculture of which we have any knowledge is that made by the aborigines of northern Australia, and to which reference has already been made, the only plant cultivated by this people being the native yam (Dioscorea hastifolia); all they can have received from without is the idea to increase by planting the root they already used for food. In its very early stages it is probable that this is how the practice of agriculture extended itself. Before the process of