“X” comes of the senior lines in Ngatikahungunu and Ngatiporou. He is the recognised leader of the people from those tribes in the city. But then he is also a civil servant, and in a position to give assistance to those who need it. He is, further, an expert in Maori skills, such as oratory, ceremonials and the haka. He is consulted by members of the tribes visiting Auckland, and takes charge of ceremonial welcomes to them. In his case his kinship background combined with his official position strengthens his status. One of his roles is that of kaumatua. “Z” is kaumatua of his tribe. He is an authority on the genealogies, being one of the leading wise men of the tribal Wananga. He knows the traditions of the canoe Ngatokimatawhaorua. When the Northern peoples decided to celebrate the traditional arrival of the tribal canoes, it was he who initiated the movement for raising money and discussions concerning the matter among his kinsfolk in the city. “A” is a direct descendent of a renowned chieftain of 100 years ago and is therefore a recognised kaumatua leader of note among the Ngapuhi peoples. “A” has had some education and is equipped with Maori skills such as facility with the language and knowledge of tradition, the genealogy. He is also an important person in politics. In any important discussions concerning Ngapuhi welfare “A” is invariably called and the people listen to what he has to say. When for instance the Minister of Maori Affairs came to Auckland to speak on behalf of a candidate for the Northern Maori seat, “A” though opposed to this candidate politically, assisted in the proceedings. This was his marae. All these men and several others are prominent in the Auckland Maori Community. They are men of standing in their own particular kinship groups. In the city they assume the same status within their own tribe or sub-tribe. With the exception of “Z” they are prominent representatives of European organisations. This adds to their acceptability to the people. But it is their skill in Maori things—oratory, knowledge of traditions and genealogies, interest in Maori welfare—that gives them that extra spurt that enables them to move forward as leaders in the specific circumstances where their skills are needed. As their Maori skills are at a premium, they tend to take over on behalf of the Maori community as a whole on such things as ceremonials and welcomes to distinguished visitors. When the Community Centre buildings were dedicated they represented the Maori community and took part in the proceedings as kaumatua leaders. When the mortuary rites were performed to commemorate the death of the late Sir A. T. Ngata, they welcomed Ngatiporou and arranged for the accommodation of the visitors. When Sir Peter Buck was farewelled at the Community Centre, the same leaders appeared at kaumatua performing the necessary offices, just as they would when on the marae in the tribal village.

RELIGION Both Maori and European derived religious organisations are found in the Auckland Maori Community. The Latter Day Saints, the Church of England, the Presbyterians, the Methodists, the Roman Catholics, the United Maori Mission, the Brethren, the Ratana, the Nakahi, the Paimarire, and the followers of Rapana are all there To varying degrees the European derived churches maintain separate church services for the Maori members, though in all cases a ready welcome is extended the Maori people to attend the services in the European churches. The Latter Day Saints and the Roman Catholics tend to become incorporated more than the others in the European churches. The leadership is given by both Maori and European clergy. Strong youth leadership among the laity is encouraged by the United Maori Mission, the Latter Day Saints and the Brethren. The largest Maori derived denomination in the city is Ratana. Like the Latter Day Saints, the Ratana tend to pervade their influence throughout the community in the form of the social and recreational clubs, though the Roman

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