A Check List and Key to the Rhodophyceae of New Zealand Section A: Bangioideae

Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand : Botany, Volume 1, Issue 11, 15 May 1962, Page 127

A Check List and Key to the Rhodophyceae of New Zealand Section A: Bangioideae

D. J. Chapman

By

[Read before Auckland Institute by title, September 21, 1960; received by Editor, October 12, 1960.]

Abstract

The last check lists published of New Zealand marine Rhodophyceae were those by Laing (1926, 1939). Since then various publications have added to our knowledge of the New Zealand marine flora, and these two lists have ceased to be accurate or complete. It is now time that a new list of the Rhodophyceae of New Zealand was compiled. It is hoped to publish a series of these lists dealing with the various orders in turn, listing those algae that are known or thought, with good justification, to occur in New Zealand. The lists have been compiled from the existing literature, and from material in the Laing and Lindauer Herbaria at Auckland University. When the detailed revision is undertaken, it is likely that additional species will be found, but in the meantime a check list should prove useful. This list— Section A: Bangioideae—has been compiled mainly from Levring, 1955, together with unpublished information available in the Botany Department of Auckland University, and from various other papers. The key given at the commencement of the list is semi-artificial, and has been based mainly on vegetative characters, since reproductive structures are rarely found. For this reason a little difficulty in its use may occasionally be experienced, but this will easily be overcome if it is used in conjunction with the original descriptions.

SUB CLASS BANGIOIDEAE

1. Frond flat and membranous 2 Frond filiform 8 2. Thallus a monostromatic appressed epiphytic disc 3 Thallus erect, with basal attachment portion . 4 3. Creeping monostromatic disc with irregular border Erythrocladia irregularis Creeping monostromatic disc with regular border ...... Erythrocladia sub-integra *

Key to the New Zealand Bangioideae

4. Epiphytic 5 Not epiphytic 6 5. Epiphytic on Durvillea, Ecklonia, Scytothamnus Porphyra subtumens Epiphytic on Macrocystis pyrifera Porphyra woolhousiae 6. Margins denticulate Porphyra denticulata Margin smooth 7 7. Garpogonia yielding about 128 carpospores ...... Porphyra columhina var. laingii Garpogonia yielding few carpospores • Porphyra columhina 8. Thallus principally monosiphonous and bright red 'J Thallus principally polysiphonous and purplish 13 9. Thallus branched 10 Thallus unbranched 11 10. Cells containing red stellate chromatophore with central pyrenoid Goniotrichum elegans Cells containing blue-green stellate chromatophore with central pyrenoid ...... Asterocytis ornata 11. On 'Zostera . Erythrotrichia hunterae On other hosts ...... ...... 12 12. Cells x long as broad Erythrotrichia bangioides Cells 1-2 x long as broad ...... Erythrotrichia carnea 13. Filaments completely polysiphonous, plant epilithic Bangia fus co-pur pure a Filaments partly polysiphonous, plant epiphytic ...... Erythrotrichia bangioides

Order BANGIALES Family BANGIACEAE

Bangia Lyngbye

Bangia fusco-purpurea (Dillw.) Lyngb. Lyngbye, 1819; Harvey, 1871; Kiitz., Tab. Phyc. 3, 1853; Laing, 1928; Levring, 1940. Lyttelton, Homewood, New Brighton, Dunedin, Pelorus Sound, Auckland, Oponom. Little Barrier, Tapeka, Whitianga. Widely distributed.

Bangia lanuginosa H. et H. Hook, et Harv. 1855. Narrow Neck and Bluff ? Endemic. The existence of this species is very questionable; 2 doubtful specimens in Lindauer Herbarium.

PORPHYRA C. Ag.

Porphyra columbina Mont. Montagne, 1845; Levring, 1953; Laing, 1928 as Porphyra umbilicalis var. novaezelandiae Laing. Russell, Auckland, Piha, Wellington, Lyttelton, Dunedin, Kaikoura, Timaru, Little

Porphyra columbina var. laingii Levr.

Levring, 1955; Laing, 1928 as P. columbina.

Ninety Mile Beach, Little Barrier, Coromandel Peninsula, Lyall Bay, Island Bay, Moa Point, Taylor’s Mistake, Gore Bay, Stewart Island, Pihama, Antarctic Islands; South and East Australia.

Porphyra denticulata Levr. Levring, 1953. Kermadec Is.; Queensland.

$ Porphyra subtumens J. Ag. ex Laing M Laing, 1928.

Epiphytic on Durvillea, Taylor’s Mistake, St. Glair, Piha, Brighton, Gore Bay, Oaro, Bluff, Cape Turnagain. Chatham Island, Wellington, Narrow Neck (on Ecklonia and Scytothamnus.) Endemic.

Porphyra woolhousiae Harv. Harvey, Phyc. Austr. 1858-63; J. Agardh, 1884. Epiphytic on Macrocystis pyrifera; Portobello, Hokio Beach; Cape Horn, Tasmania.

Family ERYTHROPELTIDACEAE

Erythrocladia Rosenv,

Erythrocladia insignis Laing

Laing, 1928. Species doubtful. Epiphytic and epizoic. Endemic.

Erythrocladia irregularis Rosenv. Rosenvinge, 1909; Chapman, 1951. Moturoa, Narrow Neck, Lyall Bay, St. Clair, Portobello, Piha, Taiaroa Head, Blueskin Bay, Stewart Island. Probably cosmopolitan.

Erythrocladia sub-integra Rosenv. Rosenvinge, 1909. Epiphytic and epizoic. Distribution as for E. irregularis.

Erythrotrighia Aresch.

Erythrotrichia bangioides Levr.

Levring, 1955. Epiphytic. St. Clair, Portobello, Moa Point, Torbay, Castor Bay, Long Beach, Bay of Islands. Endemic.

Erythrotrichia carnea (Dillw.) J. Ag. J. Agardh, 1883; Rosenvinge, 1909. Motu Arohia, Moturoa, St. Clair, Castor Bay, Blueskin Bay, Portobello. Probably cosmopolitan.

Erythrotrichia hunterae Gardner Gardner, 1936.

On Zoster a. Lyall Bay, Lyttelton, Akaroa, Howick, Narrow Neck, Russell, Port Fitzroy, Little Barrier. Endemic.

Order GONIOTRIGHALES Family GONIOTRIGHAGEAE

Goniotrighum Kiitz

Goniotrichum elegans (Chauv.) Le Jolis (= Goniotrichum alsidii Howe, 1914) Le Jolis, 1863; Rosenvinge, 1909; Hamel, 1924; Levring, 1953. Motu Arohia, Piha, St. Helier’s, Narrow Neck, Torbay, Howick, St. Clair, Portobello.

Asterocytis omata (C. A g.) Hamel

Hamel, 1924. Glendowie, Howick; Atlantic Coast of Europe and North America, West Indies, Mediterranean, Canary Islands, Argentine.

SECTION B.—FLORIDEAE: ORDER NEMALIONALES

This section dealing with the Nemalionales is the second such check list. This list, as in the case of the Bangioideae (Section A), has been compiled mainly from the existing literature, especially Levring, 1955, and Chapman, V. J. (1961, the account of the marine algae of the Kermadec Islands), and from material in the Laing and Lindauer Herbaria at Auckland University.

In the Family Chantransiaceae, the nomenclature used by Papenfuss (1945, 1947), and later followed by Levring (1955), has been adhered to in preference to that of Kylin (1944). Under this arrangement, the genus Kylinia is removed from New Zealand records.

The key is again semi-artificial, in order to make it more generally usable. As before, some difficulty may be experienced, especially in the Chaetangiaceae, where the various species often show a wide range of form.

SUBCLASS FLORIDEAE

Order NEMALIONALES

Family BONNEMAISONIACEAE Asparagopsis Mont.

Asparagopsis armata Harv. Harvey, 1855; J. Ag., 1876; Svedelius, 1933. Pihama, Taylor’s Mistake, Little Barrier, Shag Rock, Russell, Urupukapaka, Matauri Bay, Stewart Island, Oponake; Australia, Mediterranean, Western Europe.

Asparagopsis taxiformis (Delile) Collins & Hervey (= A. sanfordiana) Collins & Hervey, 1917; Borgesen, 1919; J. & G. Feldmann, 1942; Levring, 1953. Kermadec Islands. West Indies, Canary Islands, Mediterranean, China Sea, Japan, Australia, Bermuda, Venezuela, Brazil, Mexico.

Delisea Lamour

Delisea compressa Levr. Levring, 1955. ( = Phacelocarpus alatus —distributed by Lindauer, in Alg., Nov. Zelandiae Exsicc. No. 45.) Long Beach. Endemic.

Delisea elegans (C. Ag.) Mont. Hooker & Harvey, 1847; J. Ag., 1863, 1867; Lucas & Perrin, 1947; Levring, 1953. Kaikoura, Wellington, Stewart Island, Bluff; South Australia.

Delisea fimbriata (Lamour.) Mont, (= D. pulchra and D. serrata) Harvey, 1858-63; J. Agardh, 1863; Kiitz., 1868; Levring, 1953. Kermadec Islands. Australia, Kerguelen, S. Georgia, Graham’s Land.

Delisea plumosa Levr. Levring, 1955. Stewart Island. Endemic.

Ptilonia J. Ag.

Ptilonia mooreana Levr. Levring, 1955. Lyall Bay, Houhora. Endemic.

Ptilonia willana Lindr. Lindauer, in Algae Novae Zelandiae Exsiccatae, No. 218; Levring, 1955. Stewart Island; Wellington, Ohiro and Houghton Bay, Island Bay. Endemic.

Family CHAETANGIAGEAE

Chaetangium Kiitz.

Chaetangium corneum J. Ag. J. Agardh, 1876. Kermadec Islands, Piha, Fletcher’s Bay, Mayor Island, Russell, Little Barrier.

Chaetangium fastigiatum (Bory) J. Ag. J. Agardh, 1852; Kylin & Skottsberg, 1919; Levring, 1945, 1953, 1955. Long Beach, Dunedin, Stewart Island, Houghton Bay, Kaikoura, Goose Bay, Westport, Auckland Island, Campbell Island, Antarctic Islands: Fuegia, Falklands. South Georgia, Crozet, Kerguelen, Western Australia.

Chaetangium pseudosaccatum Levr. Levring, 1955. Stewart Island. Endemic.

Chaetangium pulvmatum Levr. Levring, 1955. Russell, Whangarei Heads, Smugglers' Bay. Endemic.

Galaxaura Lmx.

Galaxaura arborea Kjellm. Kjellman, 1900; Tanaka, 1936; Levring, 1953. Kermadec Islands. Australia, Japan, Hawaii.

Galaxaura fastigiata Dene. Decaisne, 1842; J. Agardh, 1876; De Toni* 1897; Kjellman, 1900; Tanaka, 1936; Svedelius, 1945, 1953; Levring, 1953.

Kermadec Islands. Philippines, Hawaii, Malay Archipelago, Japan, North Australia, Indian Ocean, Mauritius, Gulf of Mexico.

Galaxaura laxa Kjellm. Harvey, 1858-63 (= G. mar gin at a); Kjellman, 1900; Levring, 1953. Kermadec Islands. Victoria, New South Wales.

Galaxaura rudis Kjellm. Kjellman, 1900; Tanaka, 1936. Kermadec Islands; Friendly Islands. The specimens in Kew Herbarium collected by H.M.S. Herald in 1845 at Kermadec

Islands and called G. lapidescens is probably G. rudis. Griinow (1867) records G. diesingiana. This is in all probability G. laxa. De Toni (1897) places it as a variety of Harvey’s G. marginata (= G. laxa).

PsEUDOGLOIOPHLOEA Levr.

Pseudogloiophloea berggrenii Levr. Levring, 1955.

The new genus and species replaces Gloiophloea scinaioides which was attributed to New Zealand by Setchell, 1914. Bay of Islands, Whangarei, Shag Rock, Tauranga, Lyall and Maranui Bays, Narrow Neck.

Endemic.

Pseudoscinaia Setch.

Pseudoscinaia australis Setch. Setchell, 1914; Levring, 1953, 1955. Specimens attributed to Scinaia furcellata belong to this species. Russell, Long Beach, Pihama, Lyall Bay, Mayor Island; South-eastern Australia.

Scinia Bivona

Scinaia firma Levr. Levring, 1955. Lyall Bay. Endemic.

Family CHANTRANSIAGEAE

Acrochaetium Naegl.

Acrochaetium bornetii Papenf. Batters, 1902; De Toni et Forti, 1923; Hamel, 1928; Newton, 1931 (as A. corymbiferum); Papenfuss, 1945.

On Stilophora rhizoides. Bluff.

This species wants looking for again. North-eastern Atlantic, Bermuda, North Carolina, California.

Acrochaetium botryocarpum (Harv.) J. Ag. Harvey, 1854, 1863; J. Agardh, 1892; Levring, 1955.

Stewart Island. Australia (West), Tasmania.

Acrochaetium catenulatum Howe Howe, 1914; Kylin & Skottsberg, 1919; Kylin, 1944; Levring, 1953, 1955. Motu Arohia, Moturoa, St. Glair, Portobello, Campbell Island, on various algae. Peru, Fuegia, Juan Fernandez, Japan, Australia.

Acrochaetium daviesii (Dillw.) Naeg. Nageli, 1871; Drew, 1928; Levring, 1955. Moturoa, Piha, Portobello, Campbell Island on various algae; North Atlantic, Tristan da Cunha, Pacific North America, West Indies, Galapagos, Japan, Australia.

Acrochaetium grande (Levr.) Papenfuss Levring, 1941, 1955; Papenfuss, 1947. Russell, Long Beach, Moturoa, Portobello, on Codium and other algae; Juan Fernandez, Southern and Eastern Australia.

Acrochaetium polyrhizum (Harv.) J. Ag. Has also been recorded from New Zealand. This is a Victorian and Tasmanian endemic and could easily be confused with A. grande, which it closely resembles.

Acrochaetium interpositum (Heydr.) Hamel Hamel, 1928. Bay of Islands. This species is doubtful.

Acrochaetium leptonemoides Levr.

Levring, 1955. Long Beach, Moturoa, Castor Bay, Taylor’s Mistake, St. Glair, Portobello, on various algae. Endemic.

Acrochaetium neozelandicum Levr. Levring, 1955. Motu Arohia, on Rhodochorton rothii. Endemic.

Acrochaetium porphyrae (Drew) Smith Drew, 1928; Smith, 1944. Moa Point, St. Glair, Auckland Island in Porphyra columbina\ California.

Acrochaetium radicans (Harv.) J. Ag. J. Agardh, 1876; Harvey, 1863; Levring, 1953, 1955. Russell, Pihama. Australia.

Acrochaetium thuretii (Born.) Coll, et Herv. Collins and Hervey, 1917; Kylin, 1907; Levring, 1955. Moturoa, Stewart Island, on several algae; Europe, Atlantic North America, California, Juan Fernandez, Australia.

Rhodochorton Naeg.

Rhodochorton concrescens Drew Drew, 1928; Smith, 1944. Taylor’s Mistake, St. Clair, Blueskin Bay, Taiaroa Head, on hydrozoans; California.

Rhodochorton membranaceum Magnus Magnus, 1874; Kuckuck, 1897; Levring, 1955. Russell, Moturoa, on hydrozoans; North Atlantic, Mediterranean, New South Wales.

Rhodochorton rothii (Turt.) Naeg. Nageli, 1862; Turton, 1806; Levring, 1955.

Reef Point, Orewa, Paihia, Motu Arohia, Long Beach, Lyttelton, Island Bay, Stewart Island. Cosmopolitan.

Family HELMINTHOGLADIAGEAE

Helminthocladia J. Ag.

Helminthocladia australis Harv. Harvey, Phyc. Austr. 5, 1863; J. Agardh, 1876; Levring, 1953, 1955. Bay of Islands, Karekare, Castor Bay, Orewa, Dunedin, Ahipara, Pihama, Opunake, Stewart Island, Middleton Bay; South and South-west Australia

Helminthocladia australis f. ramosissima Levr. Levring, 1953, 1955. Distribution as for H. australis.

Helminthora J. Ag.

Helminthora australis J. Ag. J. Agardh, 1851; Levring, 1953. East coast of Otago, Brighton; Australia.

Helminthora divaricata (Ag.) J. Ag. Is recorded in Laing, 1939. No mention of the species is made in Levring, 1955, but he says (1953) that though it has been recorded from Australia, plants so named in Agardh’s herbarium are Helminthora australis J. Ag. It is likely therefore that the record from New Zealand is of the same species.

Helminthora densa (Harv.) Desikachary (= Helminthocladia densa) Schmitz, 1897; Levring, 1953, 1955 (as Helminthocladia densa); Desikachary, 1957. Kaikoura; Tasmania. Desikachary (1957) considers that this species should be assigned to the genus Helminthora rather than Helminthocladia as the end cells of the assimilatory filaments are lacking and the post fertilization stages are more Helminthora- like.

Helminthora lindaueri Desikachary Desikachary, 1955. Pihama. Endemic.

Liagora Lamour

Liagora harveyiana Zeh. Zeh, 1912; Cotton, 1912; Levring, 1953, 1955. Tiri Tiri, Little Barrier, Bay of Islands, Western Noises Islands, Mayor Island, Stanmore Bay, Orewa, Fletcher’s Bay, Leigh, Crusoe Island, Urupukapuka Island; South Australia.

Nemalion Targioni-Tozzetti

Nemalion helminthoides (Velley) Batters Batters, 1902; Hamel, 1930; Levring, 1953, 1955. Long Beach, St. Clair, Maraehako, Whakaho, Bluff Hill, Pihama, Castor Bay, Stanmore Bay, Kermadec Islands; Atlantic, Mediterranean, California.

The species from Australia which has previously been attributed to New Zealand is Nemalion multifidum (Web. et Mohr) J. Ag. Both are European species, but only one is found in New Zealand.

My thanks are due to Professor V. J, Chapman for help and advice in the preparation of this manuscript.

References

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D. J. Chapman, Botany Department, University of Auckland, Auckland.

Now at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, La Jolla, Gal., U.S.A.

* Erythrocladia insignis. Laing T.N.Z.I. 59, 1928, has been omitted. Probably a variety of E. irregularis. Levring (1955) doubts its existence.

* This species may not occur in New Zealand.

1. Plant monoaxial Plant multiaxial 2 26 2. Plants filamentous microscopic Plant non-filamentous, macroscopic 3 ...... 3 19 3. Cells multichromatophored. Reproducing mainly by tetraspores 16 tetraspores Cells 1—few chromatophored. Reproducing mainly by monospores 16 4 4 4. Basal thallus single cell ----- - -- 5 Basal thallus filamentous 5 8 8 5. Basal cell less than 11 At diameter ■ 6 6 Basal cell greater than 11/* diameter 7 7 6. Basal cell 6-1 0/* diameter Acrochaetium catenulatum Basal cell less than 6/* diameter Acrochaetium microfilum 7. Cells 2-2.5 times as long as broad Acrochaetium neo-zelandicum Cells 3-10 times as long as broad Acrochaetium bornetii 8. Entire plant endophytic Plant epiphytic or basal portion endophytic 9 10 9. In Codium. Reproducing by tetraspores Acrochaetium interpositum In Porphyra columbina. Reproducing by monospores Acrochaetium porphyrae 10. Basal portion endophytic, rest of thallus epiphytic Entire plant epiphytic 11 12 11. Cells of filaments 1.5-2.5 times as long as broad, 20-22/* long Acrochaetium polyrhizum* Cells of filaments 3-5 times as long as broad, 10-20/* long Acrochaetium grande 12. 1-6 pyrenoids per cell 1 pyrenoid per cell Acrochaetium botryocarpum 13 13. Basal disc very compressed Basal disc of slight filamentous form 14 15 14. Cells 2-4 times as long as broad, 10-24/* diameter Acrochaetium daviesii Cells 5-8 times as long as broad, 7-9/* diameter Acrochaetium thuretii 15. Cells 3.5-5 /* diameter ...... Acrochaetium leptonemoides Cells 10-14/* diameter Acrochaetium radicans 16. Plant disc-like thallus in hydroids Plant filamentous 17 18 17. Cells 10-20/* diameter Rhodochorton membranaceum Cells 6.5-10/* diameter Rhodochorton concrescens 18. Plant endophytic in Codium Acrochaetium interpositum Plant not endophytic Rhodochorton rothii 19. Gortication covering whole thallus Cortication not complete 20 25 20. Main axis and major branches Jin wide Main axis and major branches Ain wide ...... 21 22 21. Stalked cystocarps Sessile cystocarps - Ptilonia mooreana Ptilonia willana 22. Secondary and ultimate branchlets characteristically broad Delisea compressa Secondary and ultimate branchlets thin 23

23. Teeth on main axis numerous, long, coarse, up to 3 mm long and up to i mm broad at base 24 Teeth on main axis few, short, delicate and very thin Delisea elegans 24. Branchlets long, delicate, i-2 mm long Delisea plumosa Branchlets short, coarse, up to i mm broad Delisea fimbriata 25. Fronds and branches with branchlets all over Fronds and branches with branchlets only on upper Asparagopsis armata half Asparagopsis taxiformis 26. Thallus calcareous or gelatinous. Gystocarps with or without envelope 27 Thallus cartilaginous. Gystocarps with envelope 40 27. Plants of calcareous texture ...... ...... . 28 Plants of different texture 32 28. Peripheral cells large 29 Peripheral cells small Liagora harveyiana 29. Plants covered in protruding assimilatory hairs Galaxaura rudis Assimilatory hairs not protruding 30 30. Assimilatory layer of separate moniliform rounded cells. Internodes 3-6 times long as broad Assimilatory layer of filaments and terminal cells. Galaxaura fastigiata Internodes 1-2 times long as broad 31 31. Lowest articulations about 1.5 mm broad Galaxaura laxa Lowest articulations about 3—4 mm broad Galaxaura arborea 32. Plants soft, gelatinous 33 Plants cartilaginous 41 33. Inner cells sharply delimited from pseudocortex 34 Inner cells not sharply delimited from inner cortex 36 34. Plants small 2-3 cm high Helminthora lindaueri Plants large, 8-30 cm 35 35. Plant with repeated dichotomous branching Plant without dichotomous branching or with occaHelminthora densa sional dichotomies Helminthora australis 36. Terminal cells smaller than those in inner cortex Assimilatory filaments of pseudocortex ending in large Nemalion helminthoides cells 37 37. Assimilatory filaments separate, surrounded by jelly 38 Assimilatory filaments united with pseudoparenchyma ' 39 38. Few secondary branchlets Numerous secondary branchlets, themselves often Helminthora australis branched Helminthocladia australis f. ramosissima 39. Outer cortex of colourless cells Outer cortex interspersed and displaced by anticlinal 40 moniliform filaments Pseudogloiophloea berggrenii 40. Surface view: numerous tiny cells interspersed with big ones Pseudoscinaia australis Surface view: very few small cells Scinaia firma 41. Cylindrical densely branched thallus Chaetangium pulvinatum Flat sparingly branched thallus 42 42. Plant very small, simple or divided, 8-12 mm tall Chaetangium pseudosaccatum Plant larger, branched, tufted 43 43. Plant fastigiate, branches compressed Chaetangium fastigiatum Plant non-fastigiate, branches cylindrical Chaetangium corneum

Semi-artificial Key