The Veneridae of New Zealand.

Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Volume 57, 1927, Page 567

The Veneridae of New Zealand. By J. Marwick, M.A., D.Sc. [Read, by permission of the Director of the N.Z. Geological Survey, before the Wellington Philosophical Society, 13th June, 1923; received by Editor, 10th December, 1925; published separately 12th February, 1927.] Plates 34–54. Contents. Page. 1. Introduction 567 2. Stratigraphical and Biological Remarks 569  (a.) External Relations 569  (b.) Stratigraphical Tables 573  (c.) List of Fossiliferous Localities 575  (d.) Notes on Foreign Species 577  (e.) Summary of New Classification 578 3. Systematic 579  (1.) Subfamily Dosiniinae 579  (2.) Subfamily Meretricinae 591  (3.) Subfamily Venerinae 597  (4.) Subfamily Tapetinae 622 References 634 References. Part 1. Introduction. Perhaps in no other family of the Mollusca is it so difficult to reconcile the classifications and nomenclatural systems of different authors as in the Veneridae. This is a stumbling block to New Zealand conchologists who, owing to the lack of extensive foreign collections and of a large proportion of the older literature, have to depend on quotations, often without figures, for much of their information. As to the generic grouping of species, no great difficulty is presented by the shells of this country, so that if one could start with a set of new generic names the task would be a light one. This procedure, however, would conceal the resemblances which our Veneridae show to those of other countries, and valuable information as to faunal origins and migrations might be overlooked. Therefore in the following classification an attempt has been made to preserve such external relationships as are considered close, without making any undue sacrifice of accuracy. In the diagram given by Suter (1913, p. 827) to illustrate the parts of a Venerid shell, the posterior cardinal tooth has, by a slip, been labelled “posterior lateral,” also several characters commonly

Fig. 1.—Diagram of the left valve of Kuia vellicata (Hutton) × 3. used in descriptions are not indicated. Consequently the following revised diagram is given. A, anterior margin B, posterior margin C, dorsal margin D, ventral margin A-B, length C-D, height 1, posterior cardinal tooth 2, median cardinal tooth 3, anterior cardinal tooth 4, anterior lateral tooth 5, nymph 6, resiliary surface of nymph 7, ligamental groove 8, escutcheon 9, lunule 10, pedal retractor scar, out of sight under the hinge plate. 11, anterior adductor scar 12, posterior adductor scar 13, pallial line 14, pallial sinus 15, marginal crenulations 16, umbo The chief modern students of the Veneridae have been Dall (1903), Jukes-Browne (1908-1914) and Cossmann and Peyrot (1911). These writers disagree greatly not only in the relative evaluation of shell characters, but also in the application of the Rules of Nomenclature. Dall has consistenty advocated a strict observance of the International Rules, and always supplies references to the literature, therefore he is the most reliable guide. Suter, in his Manual (1913) followed Dall's classification almost completely, and although several necessary changes were pointed out by Jukes-Browne and Iredale, he did not accept them in his subsequent works on the Tertiary Mollusca (1914-1921).

In the primary division of the family into subfamilies the tendency seems to have been to err on the side of conservatism. Deshayes (1853) recognised four subdivisions, Dosiniana, Meretriciana, Venusiana and Tapesina. Fischer (1887) favoured only three, merging the Dosiniinae with the Meretricinae. Dall again separated the Dosiniinae, but united the Tapetinae with the Venerinae and recognised a further subfamily, the Gemminae (with which we in New Zealand are not directly concerned). Jukes-Browne argued that the Dosiniinae were no further removed from the Meretricinae than the Tapetinae were from the Venerinae, and so recognised only two subfamilies Meretricinae and Venerinae. This tendency to restrict the number of subfamilies probably arose from the difficulty of drawing sharp boundaries, defined in a few words, between the proposed divisions. There has also been some divergence in the principles governing these systematic classifications. The writer is inclined to think that the division of the Veneridae into at least seven or eight subfamilies would agree better with the relationships displayed, but this subject requires a great deal more research before conclusive opinions can be formed. In the present paper the Dosiniinae are kept apart from the Meretricinae and the Tapetinae from the Venerinae. There may be difficulties in defining these groups concisely, but the guiding principle should be relationship, not ease of definition. Acknowledgments.—To all those who so kindly supplied information and who lent or gave Venerid specimens the writer is deeply indebted. Part 2. Stratigraphical and Biological Remarks (a) External Relations of N.Z. Veneridae. Before a trustworthy history of the elements of our Venerid faunas can be written, much more research must be done on the classification and on the present and past distribution of the family in other parts of the world. Nevertheless it may be useful to set down such evidence as the writer has been able to gather in the hope that criticisms will provide us with better information. Differences of opinion on the interpretation of the evidence are likely. For instance, Notopaphia, Irona and Tuangia have not been collected from our Tertiary Rocks. What then was their origin? Did they arrive in the New Zealand region after the Pliocene; or have their direct ancestors been living in these seas during the Tertiary, and their shells not been preserved owing to a habitat unfavourable for fossilization? Other interesting questions are whether the Recent Chione (Austrovenus) stutchburyi is more closely related to Chione (Hinemoana) acuminata Hutton from the Pomahaka beds or to such Californian species as C. fluctifraga (Sowb.), C. californiensis (Brod.) and C. nuttalli (Conrad), and where and when the different stocks diverged from their common ancestor. The subfamily Venerinae to which most of the highly-ornate and marginally-crenate species belong has not been found anywhere in the Cretaceous. What is the history of its present almost world-wide

distribution? This cannot be convincingly answered until we find out more about the life histories of the different species, and, given favourable currents and water temperatures, what distance of ocean they could cross. Records of a species from two faunal regions should be examined in the light of a possible convergence; but in a family like the Veneridae, convergence is probably uncommon because so many coincidences are involved; such as do occur will be found among genera with a simple sculpture. Parallelism, or the development of two related stocks along similar lines may explain many of the resemblances which have been noted betwen New Zealand shells and those of other regions; but this explanation only puts the common origin a little earlier in time; it does not do away with the need of explaining how the two stocks acquired their present distribution. The following is a rough outline of the history and affinities of Venerid genera that have been collected recent and fossil in New Zealand. In its broad sense, Dosinia has existed in New Zealand waters throughout the Tertiary, and though no true representatives have been recorded from our Cretaceous, they will probably yet be found. Dosinia does not occur in the Northern Hemisphere until the Aquitanian, i.e., Lower Miocene, so von Ihering's statement that the subfamily originated in an Antarctic continent of Upper Cretaceous times and spread from there northwards in the Tertiary is very likely correct. Several of the subgenera such as Austrodosinia, Raina, &c. seem to have originated in New Zealand; but the writer has not had access to Australian or South American specimens for detailed comparisons. Tate (1887, p. 161) recorded Dosinia greyi from Edithburgh, St. Vincent Gulf, and although the specific identity might not now be upheld, it is possible that the shell is a Kereia. Phacosoma is a Japanese subgenus of which the earliest known occurrence in New Zealand is from the Lower Pliocene of Wanganui district. The new genus Finlaya, from the Wangaloa beds, appears to be related to Dosiniopsis, founded on an Eocene fossil from the Eastern United States. Dosiniopsis occurs also in the Eocene of the Paris and London Basins and (fide Jukes-Browne) in the Upper Cretaceous of England. Obviously the distribution must have been very much wider and remains to be revealed, or we have a remarkable case of convergence combined with coincidence in time. The Wangaloa Beds from which the New Zealand species comes are probably Paleocene. Upper Cretaceous rocks of almost every country furnish shells of the Callistina group. Therefore it is not surprising to find a close relative in Tikia which probably came to these shores from the northwest. Paradione occurs typically in the Parisian Eocene, but similar shells are wide spread throughout the Tertiary. The New Zealand and Australian members are regularly finely striated, as in the young Paradione, so they probably branched off at a somewhat earlier stage than is represented by the adult type species. For these southern forms Iredale has proposed the genus Notocallista, which is here given only subgeneric rank.

Hyphantosoma: Apart from the unusual sculpture the New Zealand shell agrees closely in shape and details of hinge with the typical Jamaican ones. Perhaps Hyphantosoma reached our shores along with Chione and Protothaca. Marama, Hina, Kuia, and Dosinula belong to the Antigona group of genera, the distribution of which is difficult to ascertain because these shells are often classed as Chione, and many authors do not figure the hinge. They are certainly widely spread in present Indo-Pacific and European seas and have been recorded from the Tertiary of a still wider area. The foreign genus most closely resembling the New Zealand genera is Ventricoloidea which appears first in the Oligocene of Europe, but the evidence we have is insufficient to show the connexion between them. Bassina occurs in the Recent seas of New Zealand, Tasmania, and south-eastern and southern Australia. It has been found in the Lower Pliocene of Victoria and South Australia and in the Lower Miocene (and probably the Oligocene) of New Zealand. The New Zealand example of Clausinella, C. morgani, is by no means typical. Its sculpture and shape are the same as those of C. thiara (Dillwyn) from the Philippines and Queensland. The hinge, however, is more arched, and the teeth are shorter than in C. fasciata the genotype, and the lunule, as in C. thiara, is bounded by a groove. The young thiara and morgani have distant thin concentric lamellae like Bassina calophylla (Philippi), but the young fasciata is almost smooth with fine concentric grooves resembling Chamelea. Judging from the sculpture and the incised lunule the New Zealand fossil and C. thiara are more closely related to each other than to C. fasciata, but the hinge of C. thiara agrees with that of fasciata while morgani is slightly different. The exact relationships, however, cannot yet be made out. C. fasciata has no well-defined ancestral line in the Tertiary of Europe and may be a recent arrival there. C. dertoparva Sacco from the Miocene was cited by Jukes-Browne as an ancestor, but it has an anterior lateral tubercle and so belongs rather to Artena. Tawera is common in New Zealand, the south-eastern part of Australia, Tasmania, Chatham Islands, Auckland Island, and Macquarie Island. Von Ihering (1907, p. 297) stated that Chione gayi Hupé from Magellan Straits and Chile is “intimmement relationee à la Ch. mesodesma Q. & G. de la Nouvelle Zelande” and Smith (1885, p. 131) identified as C. mesodesma, a shell dredged from Station 135E 1000 fathoms, off Tristan da Cunha. This last record, however, is surely a mistake; for the genus elsewhere is a shallow-water one. It is incredible that the New Zealand species should occur at 1000 fathoms in the Atlantic when its home is under the 50-fathom mark in New Zealand. Early fossil occurrences of the genus are Tawera propinqua (Tate) from the Balcombian (Oligocene) and T. marshalli from the Awamoan (about Lower Miocene) of Target Gully. The small shells which have here been given the name Turia may form a connecting link between Kuia and Marama on the one hand and Tawera on the other, for the left anterior cardinal is intermediate

in the degree of its forward extension. If this is so the process seems to have been one of a reduction of the anterior lateral tooth, for Marama and Turia first occur much earlier than Tawera. Austrovenus possesses so much in common with species of Chione s. str. from the West Indies, Central America and California that there can be no doubt that they owe this to a common origin. The stocks of each region have probably not had any connexion for a very long period, because several of the chief characters of A. stutchburyi are distributed over a number of American species. Chione has existed in the West Indian—Californian area since the Oligocene but the earliest known Austrovenus appears in the New Zealand Pliocene. The related A. (Hinemoana) acuminata (Hutton) from brackish-water beds in Otago, of perhaps Oligocene age, has a posterior lateral tooth and very fine concentric ornamentation, so that it is probably an offshoot from the main line of descent. It shows, however, that relatives of Chione and Austrovenus were living in New Zealand waters early in the Tertiary. Eumarcia and Atamarcia have close relatives in Australia and in South America, and have probably been in these areas and in New Zealand since Cretaceous times. The name Cyclorismina has been introduced for an Upper Senonian fossil from Selwyn Rapids which resembles Cyclorisma oldhamiana Stoliczka-from the Trichinopoly group of India. The new subgenus Gomphinella is found in the Pliocene and Recent of Japan and New Zealand, and the genus Gomphina sensu lato in Australian Recent seas as well. Protothaca is distributed along the western coasts of South and North America in Japan and New Zealand. The species from our seas has been separated as a subgenus, Tuangia, because of its shape and coarse culpture, but we know nothing of its Tertiary history. The only fossil occurrence in New Zealand so far recognized is from a raised beach apparently of Pleistocene age. Concerning the genus von Ihering (1907, p. 296) said “Protothaca, au contraire est un élément charactéristic de la faune eogène de la Patagonie, et du Chile, d'où elle s'est répandue jusqu'à la Californie pendant la formation Miocène.” Paphirus, Irona, and Notopahia have relatives in Ruditapes, Pullastra and Venerupis. These genera are found in the regions to the north-west and west of New Zealand, i.e., the Indo-Pacific, the Australian and the European. Irona and Notopaphia have not yet been found earlier than the Pleistocene but Paphirus is common in the Upper and Middle Pliocene. From the foregoing it will be seen that the evidence does not support the idea that the Veneridae of New Zealand have been isolated since Cretaceous times and that the late Tertiary and Recent species have been derived directly and solely from the Cretaceous fauna of this region. Indeed the fact that the whole subfamily of the Venerinae is known only from the Tertiary and is so well represented in New Zealand seems to prove that important migrations reached these shores (or left them) after the close of the Cretaceous. The stratigraphical occurrence, as far as known, of the different genera, is shown in table 1.

Of course the great imperfection of the geological record is well known, but on the other hand it must be conceded that New Zealand possesses a remarkably complete Tertiary sequence. Taking these facts into account, the writer is of the opinion that the generic likeness between southern Australian and New Zealand Venerids may be due to parallel migrations from a northern area of dispersal about the middle of the Eocene. Possibly the appearance of Phacosoma, Gomphinella, Paphirus, Irona, Notopaphia, and Tuangia, in the later Tertiary points to another invasion from the north in the early Pliocene, but the evidence for this is by no means strong. (b) Stratigraphical Tables. Table 1.—Approximate Range of Genera and Subgenera. Note.—The stages of this table are not claimed to be accurate or complete. They are intended only as a rough guide. The Mokau beds have been provisionally included in the Awamoan, and the Clifden beds in the Hutchinsonian. The Tongoporutuan and Onairoan stages used in former papers by the writer have been united under the name Taranakian (See Grange, 1926, p. 334). Tertiary Eocene Oligocene Miocene Pliocene Upper Cretaceous Wangaloan Bortonian Tahuan Waiarekan Ototaran Hutchinsonian Awamoan Tarankian Waitoturan Nukumaruan Castlechffian Pleistocene Recent (Austrodosinia) (Phacosoma) (Dosinia) (Raina) (Kereia) (Kakahuia) Finlaya (Notocallista) (Hyphantosoma) (Tikia) Kuia Marama (Hina) Dosinula Turia ? Tawera Bassina Clausinella ? (Austrovenus) ? (Hinemoana) Eumarcia (Atamarcia) Cyclorismina (Gomphinella) (Tuangia) (Callistotapes) Paphirus Irona Notopaphia

Table 2.—Approximate Range of Species.—Continued. Tertiary Eocene Oligocene Miocene Pliocene Upper Cretaceous Wangaloan Bortonian Tahuan Waiarekan Ototaran Hutchinsonian Awamoan Tarankian Waitoturan Nukumaruan Castlechffian Pleistocene Recent Dosinia lambata ? " anus ? " magna " densicosta " waitakiensis " horrida " subrosea " wanganuiensis " maoriana " bensoni " paparoaensis " waipipiensis " nukumaruensis " greyi " cottoni ? " waiparaensis " mackayi " ongleyi " perplexa " suteri Finlaya parthiana ? Paradione multistriata " parki " trigonalis Pitar sculpturatus Callistina thomsoni " wilckensi Kuia vellicata " macdowelli " singulais Marama pristina " ovata " hurupiensis " murdochi " vaga " pinguis " tumida " williamsi " mackenziei " hendersoni Dosinula zelandica " crebra " elegans ? " suboblonga " uttleyi " firmocosta Turia bortonensis " chattonensis " pukeuriensis " waiauensis " Tawera marshalli

Tawera bartrumi ? " errans ? " subsulcata " assimilis " wanganuiensis ? " spissa Bassina yatei " speighti " parva Clausinella morgani Tawera carri Chione stutchburyi " crassitesta " acuminata ? Notopaphia elegans Protothaca crassicosta Cyclorismina woodsi Eumarcia pareoraensis " kaawaensis " plana " altilunula " crassa " crassatelliformis " curta " sulcifera " enysi " thomsoni " benhami Gomphina maorum Paphia finlayi Paphirus largillierti Irona reflexa (c) List of Fossiliferous Localities Arranged According to Supposed Age. Pleistocene: 689 Raised Beach, Mahia Peninsula. Castlecliffian: Landguard Bluff; Castlecliff; Kai-iwi; Okehu; (all near Wanganui). Nukumaruan: 1064, Nukumaru Beach; 1121, Wharekahika River, East Cape; 1096, Petane Clay, Esk Bridge; 1089, Okauawa Creek, Ngaruroro River; Kereru, Hawke's Bay; Castle Point; 184, Porangahau Creek, Ruataniwha Plain; 1040, Twaite's Cutting, Martinborough; Greta Beds, Kowai River, Waipara.

Waitotaran: 996 Kaawa Creek, Waikato coast; Neilson's Quarry, Whangamomoa Road, Tarata; Pohokura Tunnel; 875, Mouth of Waingongoro River; 876, 1173, Waihi Stream, Hawera Beach; 1101 Waipipi Beach (this and preceding five in Taranaki); lower limestone, Napier; 858, Starborough Creek, Marlborough; Motunau, North Canterbury; Motunau beds, Waipara River. Taranakian: Titirangi Stream, North Taranaki. Mokau beds (perhaps equivalent to Awamoan): 908, Tongaporutu Road, three miles south-west of Ohura; 919, Awakino Valley Road; Paparoa Rapids, Wanganui River; 1022, Waterfall, Mangapapa Stream, Tangarakau River; 1065 Kururau Road, three miles west of Taumarunui; 1130, Mohakatino River; 1150, junction of Papakino and Tongaporutu rivers; Quarry, Dannevirke-Herbertville Road; Fox River, West Nelson; 94, Brewery Creek, Mokihinui; Kanieri; lower beds, Lower Gorge of Waipara River; 1037 Hurupi Creek, Palliser Bay. Awamoan: Mead Gorge, Marlborough; 237 Broken River; shell bed, Junction of Porter and Thomas Rivers, Trelissick Basin (probably same as 237); 165, White Rock River, Upper Pareora; 458, Lower Gorge, Pareora River; 475, Mt. Harris, South Canterbury; Pukeuri Cutting; shell bed, Target Gully; Ardgowan; Parson's Creek; Rifle Butts, Cape Wanbrow; Awamoa; blue sandstone, Campbell's Beach, All Day Bay (this and preceding six near Oamaru). Hutchinsonian: Pakaurangi Point, Kaipara; ? 243, Fan Coral bed, Trelissick; ? tuffs between upper and lower limestones, Trelissick; Otiake, Waitaki Valley; Trig Z, Otekaike, Waitaki Valley; Clifden; Mussel Beach; Orepuki (this and preceding two Southland). Ototaran: 476, Wharekuri Greensand, Waitaki Valley; Chatton Creek, near Gore; Pomahaka. Waiarekan: Hikurangi, Coal Mine; 1029, 90 chains north-west of Trig. B, Alexandra Survey District; greensand at base of Tertiary, boundary of blocks 10 and 11 Awaroa Survey Districts, Huntly. Tahuian: Greensands, McCullough's Bridge, Waihao River. Bortonian: 164, greensand, Kakahu; Waihoa Downs, South Canterbury; 176, Black Point, Waitaki River.

Wangaloan: Boulder Hill, eight miles north-west of Dunedin; Measly Beach, Wangaloa; Castle Hill shaft, Wangaloa. Upper Cretaceous: 587, Selwyn Rapids. (d) Notes on Foreign Species. Much has been written on the specific resemblance of New Zealand Tertiary fossils to those from the Patagonian formation of South America; but the supposed relationships, as far as investigated, are not so close as claimed. Far from being specifically identical, the Venerids concerned do not agree even generically. Chione meridionalis (Sowerby) Hutton thought that his Chione vellicata was conspecific with C. meridionalis (Sowb.) and Suter upheld the identification. Von Ihering (1907, p. 309) advocated the specific separation of vellicata from medidionalis but thought the species were very similar. His New Zealand specimen was a closed individual from Greta Valley, so he did not see the hinge; and further, it is extremely doubtful that he was dealing with a true C. vellicata. Cossmann said that the two species were not closely related, but he did not show wherein the difference lay. According to von Ihering, C. meridionalis belongs to his section Ameghinomya, which has well developed radial ribs and is closely related to Periglypta puerpera (Linné), lacking only the furrow along the escutcheon. C. vellicata, however, has no radial ribs, and the hinge is quite unlike that of Periglypta. It has in this paper been made the type of a new genus, Kuia. Chione chiloensis (Philippi) The specimens from Castle Point identified as C. chiloensis by Suter are decorticated examples of Dosinula crebra (Hutton), a close relative of D. zelandica Gray. They are therefore not even generically related to C. chiloensis, which is a Protothaca. The shell described by Suter (1917, p. 75) as Chione chiloensis var. truncata has no relation with the South American shell, for it is, as far as can be seen, a weathered Bassina, not specifically separable from Bassina yatei (Gray). Chione subroborata Tate. Chione subroborata Tate was shown by the writer (Marwick, 1924, A p. 322) to be quite distinct from the New Zealand fossil so identified by Suter. The latter was given the name C. morgani, but in the present paper it is shown to have a sculpture similar to that of Clausinella thiara Dillwyn, and is therefore classed with that species under Clausinella.

(e) Summary of New Classification. Comparison of Suter's and Woods's classifications with that adopted in this paper. (The species that have been made type of a genus or subgenus are marked G.T.) Suter's classification Revised classification Dosinia (Dosinia) lambata (Gould) Dosinia (Dosinia) lambata (Gould) Dosinia (Austrodosinia) anus Philippi Dosinia (Austrodosinia) anus (Philippi) G.T. Dosinia (Austrodosinia) magna Hutton Dosinia (Austrodosinia) magna Hutton. Dosinia (Austrodosinia) subrosea Gray Dosinia (Phacosoma) subrosea (Gray) Dosinia (Orbiculus) caerulea Reeve Dosinia (Phacosoma) maoriana Oliver. Dosinia (Dosinisca) greyi Zittel Dosinia (Kereia) greyi Zittel G.T. Macrocallista multistriata (Sowb.) Paradione (Notocallista) multistriata (Sowb.) Macrocallista sculpturata Marshall Pitar (Hyphantosoma) sculpturatus (Marshall). Callista thomsoni Woods Callista (Tikia) thomsoni (Woods) G.T. Callista wilckensi Woods Callista (Tikia) wilckensi (Woods) Chione meridionalis Sowb. Kuia vellicata (Hutton) G.T. Cytherea (Circomphalus) chariessa Suter Kuia vellicata (Hutton) G.T. Dosinia tumida Marshall Marama (Hina) tumida (Marshall) Cytherea (Circomphalus) oblonga (Hanley) Dosinula zelandica (Gray) G.T. Cytherea (Circomphalus) crebra (Hutton) Dosinula crebra (Hutton) Chione chiloensis (Phil.) Dosinula crebra (Hutton) Chione (?) elegans (Hutt.) Dosinula elegans (Hutton) Chione (Lirophora) yatei (Gray) Bassina yatei (Gray) Chione chiloensis truncata (Suter) Bassina yatei (Gray) Chione speighti Suter Bassina speighti (Suter) Chione subroborata Tate Clausinella morgani (Marwick) Cytherea (Circomphalus) subsulcata (Suter) Tawera subsulcata (Suter) Macrocallista assimilis (Hutt.) Tawera assimilis (Hutton) Chione (Chamelea) spissa (Desh.) Tawera spissa (Desh.) G.T. Chione (Chamelea) mesodesma (Q. & G.) Tawera spissa (Desh.) G.T. Chione (Timoclea) stutchburyi (Gray) Chione (Austrovenus) stutchburyi (Gray) G.T. Chione acuminata Hutton Chione (Hinemoana) acuminata (Hutton) G.T. Venerupis elegans (Desh.) Notopaphia elegans (Desh.) G.T. Paphia (Protothaca) costata (Q. & G.) Protothaca (Tuangia) crassicosta (Desh.) G.T. Dosinia sp. of Woods Cyclorismina woodsi Marwick G.T. Macrocallista pareoraensis Suter Eumarcia pareoraensis (Suter) Paphia (Ruditapes) curta (Hutton) Eumarcia (Atamarcia) curta (Hutton) Cytherea enysi Hutton Eumarcia (Atamarcia) enysi (Hutton) Cytherea (Corcomphalus) sulcata (Hutton) Eumarcia (Atamarcia) benhami Marwick Gomphina maorum Smith Gomphina (Gomphinella) maorum Smith G.T. Paphia (Ruditapes) intermedia (Q. & G.) Paphirus largillerti (Philippi) G.T. Paphia (Ruditapes) fabagella (Desh.) Paphirus largillierti (Philippi) juv. Venerupis reflexa Gray Irona reflexa (Gray) G.T. Venerupis siliqua Desh. Irona reflexa (Gray) G.T.

List of new species and their type localities described in this paper. (Types of new genera or subgenera marked G.T.) Dosinia (Austrodosinia) waitakiensis Otiake Dosinia (Austrodosinia) kaawaensis Kaawa Creek Dosinia (Austrodosinia) horrida Nukumaru Dosinia (Phacosoma) wanganuiensis Castlecliff Dosinia (Raina) bensoni Target Gully G.T. Dosinia (Raina) paparoaensis Paparoa Rapids Dosinia (Raina) waipipiensis Waipipi Beach Dosinia (Raina) nukumaruensis Nukumaru Beach Dosinia (Kereia) ongleyi Wangaloa Dosinia (Kereia) perplexa Wangaloa Dosinia (Kereia) mackayi Black Point Dosinia (Kereia) cottoni Hurupi Creek Dosinia (Kereia) waiparaensis Mt. Brown Dosinia (Kereia) densicosta Target Gully Dosinia (Kakahuia) suteri Kakahu Paradione (Notocallista) parki Parson's Creek, Oamaru Paradione (Notocallista) trigonalis Clifden, Southland Finlaya parthiana Boulder Hill G.T. Kuia macdowelli Clifden, Southland Kuia singularis Clifden, Southland Marama pristina McCullough's Bridge Marama ovata Pukeuri Marama hurupiensis Hurupi Creek Marama murdochi Hawera Beach G.T. Marama (Hina) vaga McCullough's Bridge Marama (Hina) pinguis Pakaurangi Point G.T. Marama (Hina) williamsi Allday Bay Marama (Hina) mackenziei Awamoa Creek Marama (Hina) hendersoni Tongaporutu River Dosinula suboblonga Target Gully Dosinula uttleyi Otiake Dosinula firmocosta 6B. Clifden, Southland Turia bortonensis Black Point Turia chattonensis Chatton Creek G.T. Turia pukeuriensis Pukeuri Turia waiauensis 8a Clifden, Southland Tawera marshalli Target Gully Tawera bartrumi Kaawa Creek Tawera errans Waipipi Beach Tawera wanganuiensis Castlecliff Tawera carri Mahoe S.D. Taranaki Bassina parva Ngaruroro River Cyclorismina woodsi Selwyn Rapids G.T. Eumarcia kaawaensis Kaawa Creek Eumarcia plana Nukumaru Eumarcia altilunula 7c Clifden, Southland Eumarcia (Atamarcia) crassa Alexandra S.D., Kawhia Eumarcia (Atamarcia) crassatelliformis Mussel Beach, Southland Eumarcia (Atamarcia) trigonalis 7c Clifden, Southland Eumarcia (Atamarcia) sulcifera Target Gully G.T. Eumarcia (Atamarcia) thomsoni Hurupi Creek Paphia (Callistotapes) finlayi Clifden, Southland. Part 3. Systematic. (1) Subfamily Dosininae. The origin of the shells grouped under Dosinia sensu lato is uncertain. Jukes-Browne (1914, p. 59) wrote “Pitaria appears in the Eocene and is probably the ancestor of Dosinia which does not

make its appearance till the Oligocene and then only in America, the earliest European Dosinia being of Miocene date.” This apparent difference in age between American and European occurrences was due to differences of opinion as to the boundaries of the Oligocene and Miocene (Vaughan 1924, p. 727). In both countries Dosinia appears in the Aquitanian (Cossmann and Peyrot 1911, p. 405). Von Ihering, however, claimed a much earlier appearance of the genus in the Southern Hemisphere (1907, p. 298), “Le genre n'est pas representé dans la craie des Indes, mais il a été trouvé dans la formation crétacée du Chili et de l'Argentine (Roca)…. Il faut done conclure que le genre Dosinia est un élément ancien des côtes antarctique de l'Archinotis.” As Stoliczka has pointed out that the Cretaceous records of Dosinia “are mostly not true Dosinias but belong to Cyprimeria and other groups” (Dall 1903, p. 1224) it would be interesting to know if the hinges of these South American shells have been clearly exposed. White (1888, p. 97, pl. 8, figs. 13, 14, 15) described and figured Dosinia brasiliensis from several localities in the Upper Cretaceous of Sergipe, Brazil. None of his figures shows the hinge, but the text describes the sublunular tooth as strong. If this is correct, the shell is certainly not a Cyprimeria. Other Cretaceous records of Dosinia from Tunis and Portugal were given by Woods (1917, p. 32) in describing two unnamed “Dosinia sp.” from the Upper Senonian of Selwyn Rapids, New Zealand; but unfortunately these northern occurrences were not mentioned by Dall, Jukes-Browne or Cossmann and Peyrot, so the writer was unable to ascertain if the hinges had been examined. The teeth of three of the New Zealand specimens handled by Woods have now been partly cleared of their resistant matrix and the absence of an anterior lateral tooth is certain. They are described below as Cyclorismina woodsi n. gen., n. sp. Dosinia, however, occurs long before the Aquitanian in New Zealand. It is true that no exact correlation of our strata with European stages is yet possible, but from the relative position of the beds in the Tertiary of New Zealand one can make a fair guess at their approximate age. Dosinia mackayi from the Bortonian of North Otago is certainly pre-Aquitanian, perhaps Upper Eocene, and Dosinia ongleyi from Wangaloa is still older, occurring in beds that have often been classed as Cretaceous but which are probably Paleocene. After this paper was in the press, the writer noticed that the anterior tubercle in the left valve of Dosinia had arisen from an extension of the anterior cardinal. This may be seen clearly in the new subgenus Kereia, also in young stages of Dosinia lambata (Gould) and probably in young stages of many other species. It follows that the Dosiniinae are not closely related to the Meretricinae as generally supposed; but have been derived from such shells as the Cretaceous Cyprimeria and Cyclorisma. For further remarks on the significance of this tubercle see p. 598. Although Dosinia is a common genus in the middle and later Tertiary of New Zealand, complete shells are difficult to collect, so that identifications have generally to be made either from specimens showing only the exterior or from fragments showing the hinge. The

only extinct species hitherto described is D. magna, a name that has been applied to all the large specimens irrespective of important differences in hinge, shape and sculpture. A surface somewhat resembling that of Dosinia greyi, i.e. narrow, well spaced lamellae with rough edges, is often produced by weathering of shells normally possessing an almost flat surface with concentric grooves; consequently the records of D. greyi are widespread and quite unreliable. A study of the Tertiary fossils of this genus shows that a great number of them cannot be placed with the already described species, but must be given new specific names. Owing to the difficulty that would arise in making other identifications, many of the fragmentary specimens though certainly belonging to new species must for the present be left without specific diagnosis, so that the list of species described below is by no means exhaustive. 1. Genus Dosinia Scopoli 1777. Type: D. africana Hanley. Key to Subgenera Represented in New Zealand. (1) Outline circular.  A. Sculpture of concentric ridges.   1. Right posterior cardinal much broader than median Raina.   2. Right posterior cardinal narrow.    (a.) Right median cardinal long, sides subparallel, anterior lateral very strong, rugose; escutcheon with strong crest, pallial sinus horizontal Austrodosinia    (b.) Right median cardinal triangular, strongly bevelled, pallial sinus fairly long, ascending.     (1) Lunule deeply sunk, sculpture fine, escutcheon without raised edges in left valve Phacosoma     (1) Lunule deeply sunk, sculpture fine, escutcheon with raised edges in left valve Dosinia s. str   B. Sculpture of spaced sharp lamellae Kereia. (2) Outline roundly trigonal Kakahuia. a. Subgenus Dosinia s. str. The New Zealand Recent shell D. lambata (Gould) agrees in general features fairly closely with D. africana Hanley, but has much finer sculpture, a shallower lunule, and consequently more divergent hinge-teeth. The posterior cardinals and nymphs are the same in both shells, but the right median cardinal of lambata is directed further forward. The right anterior cardinal is also directed further forward and the space between these two is almost in a line with the anterior lateral pit. In africana this space is not in line with the lateral pit, which is, moreover, deeper than in the New Zealand shell. D. lupina (L.) from the Recent Seas of Europe is of the same shape as lambata, but the strength of the sculpture is intermediate between africana and lambata. The divergence of the hinge is also intermediate but the anterior lateral is strong. It seems fairly certain that D. lambata is closely related to both D. africana and D. lupina.

b. Subgenus Austrodosinia Dall, 1902. Type: Cytherea anus Philippi. Austrodosinia has coarse concentric ridges which rise into a crest bounding the escutcheon and are also well raised near the lunule. The hinge has rugose, somewhat narrow but long median cardinals in both valves. These are slightly bevelled and grooved along their whole length. The left anterior lateral is extremely large and very rough, as is also the pit for its reception. The pallial sinus is horizontal, and rather short. Jukes-Browne thought that in D. anus “the middle cardinal teeth are not bifid in adult shells being merely rugose, in young shells the left middle cardinal is grooved near the top, but that of the right is not bifid.” Fig. 12 below gives a dorsal view of a large Recent specimen 73 mm. long, and clearly shows that he was mistaken. In Dosinia s. str., Phacosoma, etc., the median cardinals are more triangular, more strongly bevelled and the grooves divide the teeth more unequally. Key to Species. (1) Sculpture of low, bevelled ridges anus (2) Sculpture of high, bevelled ridges  A. Ridges fine kaawaensis  B. Ridges coarse   1. Lunule deep horrida   2. Lunule shallow waitakiensis (3) Sculpture uncertain, lunule arched, anterior lateral, conical, left median cardinal very stout magna c. Subgenus Phacosoma Jukes-Browne, 1912. Type: Artemis japonica Reeve. Jukes-Browne severely criticised Dall's Dosinorbis, type D. bilunata (Gray), saying that the feature on which the genus was founded, i.e., the appearance of a double lunule, was a specific not a generic character. He therefore chose what he considered a more typical species D. japonica as type of a new genus Phacosoma to which he referred Dall's Dosinorbis. This mistake in method was pointed out by Iredale (1915, p. 494) who, considering the matter mainly from the standpoint of the literature, revived Dosinorbis and placed therein D. subrosea and D. caerulea, though it is not clear whether he meant the true D. caerulea or Suter's wrong interpretation of it (now D. maoriana Oliver). The writer favours Dall's isolation of D. bilunata under Dosinor-bis as a monotypical subgenus and the recognition of Phacosoma, because the peculiar anterior area in D. bilunata, like a second larger lunule, has probably quite a long history behind it, and the disposition of the anterior cardinals and laterals is different from that of Phacosoma. No specimen of D. japonica was available for the present revision, so the writer has had to base his conception of Phacosoma on a fossil specimen of D. troscheli Lischke, and on figures and descriptions of the type. If this species is correctly associated with D. japonica there is little difference between Phacosoma and Dosinia s. str. except in the escutcheon which is deeper in Phacosoma; the shape of the shell and the arrangement of the hinge-teeth are practically the same.

Key to Species. (1) Shell generally winged posteriorly, escutcheon well defined though narrow.  A. 20–25 concentric ridges per centimetre subrosea  B. 12–15 concentric ridges per centimetre wanganuiensis (2) Shell circular, escutcheon not defined maoriana d. Subgenus Raina n. subgen. (from Ra the Maori Sun God). Type: Dosinia bensoni Marwick. Shell large. Lunule long, only slightly impressed, well defined; escutcheon broad and deep in left valve, smaller in right. Sculpture of light concentric grooves separating flat polished interspaces which are raised into low narrow ridges near lunule and on posterior area. Left hinge with high curved posterior cardinal; rather narrow, straight median cardinal unequally divided; and long straight anterior cardinal; anterior lateral strong, elongate, rugose on lower side. Right hinge with long, broad, deeply and widely grooved, posterior cardinal with shoulder at top; a somewhat narrow, rugose grooved median cardinal; and a very weak anterior one; lateral pit large but shallow, rugose on lower side, almost smooth above. Pallial sinus short, angular, ascending. Raina is characterized by its large, shallow lunule, very large shouldered right posterior cardinal, and short, angular, ascending sinus. The Mid-Tertiary type species has a polished surface with light concentric grooves separating flat interspaces, but on Pliocene descendants the sculpture is stronger so that the interspaces become raised ridges and the surface is like that of Austrodosinia. Key to Species. (1) Sculpture of concentric lines with flat interspaces on centre of disc bensoni (2) Sculpture of close raised bevelled ridges nukumaruensis (3) Sculpture of somewhat spaced bevelled ridges with rounded interspaces waipipiensis (4) Sculpture uncertain, diameter 2 ins. or less, dorsal margin strongly arched, anterior end long, pallial sinus long, ascending paparoaensis e. Subgenus Kereia, n. subgen. (from Kawana Kerei—the Maori name for Governor Sir George Grey. Type: Dosinia greyi Zittel. Shell inflated. Lunule shallow, bounded by deeply incised line; escutcheon absent. Sculpture of distant, raised, sharp, concentric lamellae. Teeth strongly divergent; right hinge with a short lamellar anterior cardinal; triangular grooved median, and very broad, grooved, posterior cardinal; anterior pit long, rugose on lower side with well defined lateral above, weaker one below. Left hinge with long triangular anterior cardinal; broad, grooved, median; and high lamellar posterior cardinal; anterior lateral long, only moderately high, rugose. This subgenus is easily distinguished by its high, spaced lamellae and divergent teeth. In the early Tertiary species D. mackayi and D. ongleyi the concentric lamellae have not yet developed.

Key to Species. (1) Adult shell about 1½ inches high, concentric lamellae spaced.  A. Shell not greatly inflated densicosta  B. Shell well inflated   1. Sculpture coarse    (a) Outline circular, no escutcheon greyi    (b) Posterior winged, well defined escutcheon cottoni   2. Sculpture very fine waiparaensis (2) Adult shell about one inch high, sculpture of short, close concentric ridges.  A. Anterior lateral well separated from cardinal mackayi  B. Anterior lateral almost joined to cardinal ongleyi f. Subgenus Kakahuia n. subgen. Type: Dosinia suteri, Marwick. Shell rather small, roundly trigonal, beaks high. Lunule shallow, bounded by an incised line; escutcheon narrow in right valve, probably wider in left. Sculpture of fine spaced concentric lamellae, two to three per mm. Hinge of right valve with broad curved grooved posterior cardinal; rather narrow entire median cardinal, paired with moderately strong entire anterior one, both sloping forward; anterior pit deep, rugose below and with weak lateral above. Nymph deep, striated on ligamental and resiliary surfaces. Dosinia (Dosinia) lambata (Gould) 1850 (Figs. 8, 9, 11). For synonymy see Suter's Manual, p. 976. Localities.—Recent (type); Castlecliff, Wanganui; Maraekakaho, Ngaruroro River; 876, Mouth of Waihi Stream, Hawera; 858, Starborough Creek, Marlborough; Trig. Z., Otekaike, Waitaki Valley. Easily distinguished by its prominent beaks, shallow escutcheon, and extremely fine sculpture. Dosinia (Austrodosinia) anus (Philippi) 1848 (Figs. 7, 10, 12, 13). For synonymy see Suter's Manual, p. 978. Localities.—Recent (type); Shrimpton's, Ngaruroro River (H. J. Finlay coll.); Nukumaru. Dosinia (Austrodosinia) magna Hutton (Figs. 18, 19). 1873. Dosinia magna Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll., p. 22. 1914. Dosinia magna Hutton: Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. No. 2, p. 50, pl. 14, fig. 7. Practically every large Dosinia from the Oamaruian has been identified as D. magna, but an inspection of the hinge and other characters shows that there are several undescribed species, particularly from Awamoan horizons. Figure 18 shows the hinge of the holotype, a left valve, while the right valve, fig. 19, was collected by Dr. J. A. Thomson from the shell bed at the base of the Pareora Beds, junction of Porter and Thomas Rivers, Trelissick Basin, and

so may be a topotype. The left valve has an enormous, bluntly-conical, anterior lateral tooth, a lamellar anterior cardinal, a very broad, unequally-divided, median cardinal, and an arched posterior cardinal which, with the raised lunular margin, forms a semicircle. In the right valve the posterior cardinal is only of moderate width, the median cardinal has a semilunar shape and appears to be entire. The anterior pit is deeply excavated and has low rugose laterals. The lunule is fairly broad and rather well impressed, but the margin is arched and pouts strongly. The pallial sinus though obscured, appears to be of only moderate depth and to point about the bottom of the anterior adductor. The true sculpture was in no case seen; but the specimen collected by Dr. Thomson seems to have had close, raised, concentric ridges. Localities: Trelissick Basin (type); Ardgowan, Oamaru (H. J. Finlay) fragment; 8B Clifden, Southland (H. J. Finlay). Dosinia (Austrodosinia) kaawaensis n. sp. (Figs. 14, 15). Shell of moderate size, suborbicular, thin, flat; beaks fairly prominent. Lunule very small, deeply impressed, narrowly lanceolate; escutcheon narrow in right valve, stronger in the left. Sculpture of fine, erect, sharp, spaced, concentric ridges which narrow, towards the extremities and form a crest to the escutcheon. Hinge plate narrow and somewhat weak; right valve with an almost vertical, lamellar anterior cardinal; median and posterior cardinals of about equal strength and bifid; anterior pit with low corrugated laterals. Left valve with thin posterior cardinal; median strong, unequally divided; anterior vertical, lightly arched; anterior lateral elongated, rugose. Pallial sinus linguiform, horizontal. Holotype in the collection of N.Z. Geol. Survey. Height 40 mm., length 43 mm., thickness (1 valve) 8 mm. Localities: 996, Kaawa Creek (= D. anus of Bartrum, 1919, p. 104); 1171, Patea. Remarks: This shell is closely related to D. anus the chief difference being in the erect posture of the concentric ridges which in D. anus are broadly bevelled and relatively low. Dosinia (Austrodosinia) waitakiensis n. sp. (Figs. 20, 22). Shell large, solid, lunule moderately impressed, escutcheon deep; sculpture of strong, raised, concentric ridges with polished bevelled edges, becoming more erect and narrower distally, teeth like those of D. magna except that the anterior lateral is long, somewhat narrow and extremely rugose. Type in the collection of Mr. H. J. Finlay. Estimated diameter 60 mm. Locality: Otiake, Waitaki Valley. Dosinia (Austrodosinia) horrida n. sp. (Figs. 35, 38, 41). Shell fairly large, circular, compressed. Lunule lanceolate, small, deeply impressed; escutcheon narrow in right valve, traversed by concentric ribs, in left valve fairly broad, well defined, smooth. Sculpture of strong, high, well-spaced ridges which become narrower and higher distally forming a crest to the escutcheon. Right hinge with small anterior cardinal; moderate, grooved median; and stronger,

curved, grooved posterior cardinal; nymph margin raised into lamella; anterior lateral pit deep, upper lateral well defined, lower side of pit strongly rugose. Left valve with curved lamellar posterior cardinal, moderate, unequally-grooved median; and curved, grooved anterior cardinal also of moderate strength but slightly longer; anterior lateral long, strong, deeply rugose. Pallial sinus broad, linguiform, horizontal, reaching about half-way across shell. Holotype in collection of N.Z. Geological Survey. Height 51 mm., length 47 mm., thickness (one valve) 12 mm. Localities: 1164, Nukumaru Beach (type); 1102, Maraekakaho Creek. The sculpture resembles that of D. waitakiensis, but is finer, the lunule is smaller and deeper and the anterior tooth of the left valve is curved backwards and so remains close to the median. Dosinia (Phacosoma) subrosea (Gray) 1835. (Figs. 25, 26, 28). For synonymy see Suter's Manual, p. 979. Localities: Recent (type); Nukumaru? Only incomplete examples of the Nukumaru shell have been seen, but apparently it has a shallower escutcheon, and the cardinals are somewhat more divergent than in the Recent shell. Further material is required before any reliable distinction can be made. A still older ancestor of D. subrosea occurs in the Waipipi beds, the hinge, however, is as yet unknown. Dosinia (Phacosoma) wanganuiensis n. sp. (Figs. 24, 29, 30). Shell large, strong. Lunule deeply impressed; escutcheon narrow, especially in right valve. Sculpture of bevelled, close, concentric ridges, 12 to 15 per centimetre. Hinge of left valve with long, thin, posterior cardinal; long, moderately thick, bevelled median cardinal with groove marking off low short anterior flange; and lamellar anterior cardinal; anterior lateral fairly strong, broad, somewhat rugose. Right valve with long, narrow, grooved posterior cardinal; broadly-triangular bevelled median cardinal with slight shoulder on posterior side; and short entire anterior cardinal; anterior lateral pit deep, broad, rugose with raised margins. Pallial sinus fairly deep tapering to narrow end, directed at middle of anterior adductor. Holotype in collection of N.Z. Geological Survey. Height 60 mm., length 63 mm., thickness (one valve) 15 mm. Locality: Castlecliff, Wanganui. Easily distinguished from D. subrosea by larger size and much coarser sculpture, the ridges being 12 to 15 per cm. instead of 20–25. Dosinia (Phacosoma) maoriana Oliver (Figs. 4, 5, 6). 1906 Dosinia caerulea Reeve: Suter, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 38, p. 318 (not of Reeve). 1913 Dosinia caerulea Reeve: Suter, Manual N.Z. Moll., p. 977, pl. 60, fig. 8. 1923 Dosinia maoriana Oliver, Proc. Malac. Soc., vol. 15, p. 188. This species is distinguished by its constant orbicular shape, insignificant escutcheon, and long rather narrow pallial sinus, rounded at the apex and pointing about the middle or upper part of the

anterior adductor. The anterior lateral tooth is tubercular and not so strong as that of D. subrosea. Localities: Recent (type): Castlecliff, Wanganui. Dimensions: Generally about 30 mm. high, but fossil specimens are as much as 52 mm. Dosinia (Raina) bensoni n. sp. (Figs. 34, 36, 54). Shell large, solid, suborbicular. Dorsal margin arched. Lunule long, lanceolate, moderately impressed; escutcheon fairly deep, well marked in left valve, much less so in right. Sculpture on central half of disc of narrow concentric grooves separating broad flat polished interspaces up to 2 mm. in width; on anterior and posterior these interspaces are raised into narrow ridges. Hinge-plate broad, arched; left valve with posterior cardinal strong and curved; median of moderate strength, unequally divided; anterior cardinal fairly strong, lateral tooth elongate, rugose, strong. Right valve with anterior cardinal short, high and thin; median strong, rugose, unequally divided; posterior strong, gently arched, deeply grooved, bearing a small projecting plate on left side of upper end; edge of nymph raised into sharp lamella; anterior lateral pit well defined, rugose on lower side. Pallial sinus relatively short, acute, pointing at top of anterior adductor. Holotype: deposited in collection of N.Z. Geological Survey by Dr. P. Marshall. Height 70 mm., length 72 mm., thickness (one valve) 19 mm. Localities: Target Gully (type): Ardgowan; Awamoa; 1130, Mokau beds, Mohakatino River; 1150, Mokau beds, junction Papakino and Tongaporutu Rivers; 1209, Quarry on Dannevirke-Herbertville Road, two miles N.W. of Waipatiki oil bore. The true sculpture is often removed by weathering and the surface is then marked by spaced concentric ridges with smooth or striated interspaces. These shells can be distinguished from D. magna with which they have been previously confused, by the narrower left median cardinal, smaller, compressed anterior lateral, rugose divided right median cardinal and narrow superficial lunule. Dosinia (Raina) paparoaensis n. sp. (Figs. 63, 64, 65). Shell large, circular, moderately inflated; beaks low, at anterior fourth; dorsal margin arched, high. Lunule shallow, narrowly lanceolate; escutcheon insignificant. Sculpture probably of close strong concentric ridges, but owing to weathering this feature is not clear, weathered surface generally marked by strong concentric ridges sometimes regularly spaced. Left valve with thick grooved median cardinal, and narrow posterior and anterior ones; anterior lateral rather large, low, elongate, conical, rugose. Right valve with thick grooved posterior cardinal; moderate, grooved median; and small but strong anterior one; lateral pit well marked, rugose. Pallial sinus deep, pointing to the top of the anterior adductor. Type in the collection of the N.Z. Geological Survey. Height 53 mm., length 55m., thickness (one valve) 13 mm. Locality: Paparoa Rapids, Wanganui River. Remarks: This species resembles D. bensoni in its shallow lunule and rough surface when weathered. It can be distinguished, however,

by its small escutcheon, more closely placed left anterior and median cardinals, stronger right anterior cardinal, deeper sinus, high, arched dorsal margin and smaller size. This is the D. subrosea and probably D. anus of Marshall and Murdoch (1921, p. 85). Dosinia (Raina) waipipiensis n. sp. (Figs. 49, 51). Shell very large not much inflated. Lunule lanceolate, large, not very deeply impressed except towards anterior end, pouting strongly; escutcheon probably well-developed, but the single fragmentary right valve shows only the beginning of it. Sculpture of strong, sharp, raised, bevelled, spaced concentric ridges becoming lamellar and inclined distally. Hinge of right valve with high lamellar anterior cardinal; strong, slightly curved, weakly-grooved rugose median; and broad, deeply-grooved, curved posterior cardinal bearing on top anterior side a strong projecting shoulder; edge of nymph raised into strong lamella; anterior pit long with long well-defined lateral tooth above forming a continuation of the anterior cardinal, lower side of pit deeply rugose, the rugosities somewhat obscuring the lateral tooth. Pallial sinus reaching about half-way across shell, with narrow point directed at middle of anterior adductor. Holotype in collection of N.Z. Geological Survey (deposited by Dr. P. Marshall). Height (estimated) 75 mm., length (estimated) 80 mm., inflation (one valve) 18 mm. Locality: Waipipi Beach, Waverley. The strong spaced ridges with concave interspaces easily distinguish this shell from D. bensoni and D. nukumaruensis. Dosinia (Raina) nukumaruensis n. sp. (Figs, 43, 45, 46). Shell large, inflated, orbicular. Lunule large, lanceolate, not very deeply impressed, but well defined; escutcheon absent from right valve, well marked but narrow on left. Sculpture of fine, close, bevelled, low, concentric ridges. Hinge of right valve with short narrow anterior cardinal; strong rugose grooved median; and strong curved bifid posterior one bearing a projecting shoulder on anterior upper end; lower edge of nymph with raised lamella almost parallel to posterior cardinal; anterior lateral pit well marked, rugose on lower side. Left valve with fairly strong arched posterior cardinal; moderate, unequally-divided median; and slightly thinner, straight, grooved anterior cardinal; anterior lateral strong, elongate, somewhat rugose. Pallial sinus acute, pointing about middle of anterior adductor, reaching not quite half-way across shell. Type in collection of N.Z. Geological Survey. Height 68 mm., length 64 mm., thickness (one valve) 20 mm. Localities: 1164, blueish sands, Nukumaru Beach; 1173, mouth of Waihi Stream, Hawera. Easily distinguished from D. bensoni by the raised, bevelled ridges and the slightly deeper escutcheon. The hinges of these two species are practically the same. Dosinia (Kereia) ongleyi n. sp. (Figs. 37, 39, 58, 59). Shell small, circular, not inflated. Lunule large, lanceolate, somewhat impressed, pouting, bounded by well-incised line; escutcheon

narrow, bounded by well-defined ridge in left valve but not in right. Sculpture of concentric ridges with somewhat concave interspaces about two per mm. Right hinge with somewhat narrow, grooved posterior cardinal; short triangular, grooved median cardinal front edge sloping forward; fairly long, entire, anterior one also directed well forward; anterior pit part of a groove extending from between two front cardinals. Left hinge with long, narrow, slightly-curved posterior cardinal well separated from nymph by wide groove; moderately strong, bevelled, grooved median cardinal; very long narrow anterior cardinal curving forward below and running along hinge-margin; anterior lateral long and narrow, almost in a line with anterior cardinal. Nymphs hollowed out below the ligamental surface which is very short. Pallial sinus deep, ascending, directed at lunule. Valve margins smooth. Holotype in collection of N.Z. Geological Survey. Height 14.5 mm.; length 16 mm.; thickness (one valve) 12 mm. Locality: Wangaloa (= Dosinia greyi Zittel of Suter 1921, p. 96). The surface of the type is raised into ridges only on the early part, the later having concentric grooves separating flat interspaces of different widths on the centre of the disc. There are, however, sharp ridges on the posterior area. Dosinia (? Kereia) perplexa n. sp. (Figs. 40, 53). This species is based on a single right valve identified by Suter (1921, p. 96) as D. lambata. The sculpture consists of concentric ridges like most specimens of D. ongleyi, and the lunule also is the same. The umbones, however, are further forward and more prominent so that the outline is indeed like that of D. lambata. The right hinge has a broad, grooved posterior cardinal; and a narrowly-triangular, bevelled, grooved median one; but the anterior cardinal appears to be scarcely developed, forming with the upper anterior lateral a low ridge bounding a groove proceeding from between the two front cardinals and forming the anterior lateral pit. The lateral on the lower side of the pit is not joined to the median cardinal. Holotype in collection of N.Z. Geological Survey. Height 18 mm.; length 21 mm.; thickness (one valve) 15 mm. Locality: Wangaloa. If the hinge as described is normal, this shell should be made the type of a new genus. There is no sign of fracture to show that the anterior cardinal has been broken off, the low ridge being smoothly rounded on top. The lunular margin, however, is thick and invading the hinge-area. It is just possible that it is an abnormal development which caused the atrophy of the anterior cardinal, but this does not seem likely. However, until more light can be shed on the subject, the species is included under Kereia. Dosinia (Kereia) mackayi n. sp. (Figs. 21, 31, 32, 33). Shell small, thick, moderately inflated; beaks strong; outline almost circular, dorsal margin arched. Lunule not deeply impressed, of moderate size, limited by an incised line; escutcheon long, narrow. Sculpture of rather fine, close, concentric lamellae. Hinge-plate strong, arcuate, right valve with the anterior cardinal lamellar; median

cardinal triangular, grooved, separated by a wide space from the posterior which is strong, curved, and bifid. Left valve with three strongly-divergent cardinals, median strongest, bevelled and grooved; posterior separated by a groove from nymph; anterior lateral long and narrow, fairly prominent. Posterior muscular impression much larger than anterior; pallial sinus deep and wide, ascending, angled and pointing to about the top of anterior muscular impression. Holotype in the collection of the N.Z. Geological Survey. Height 25 mm., length 27 mm., thickness (one valve) 7 mm. Localities: 176, Black Point (holotype); 164, coal greensands, Kakahu. Remarks: This is the shell listed by Suter (1921, p. 72) as Dosinia magna from which it can be distinguished by its small size, wide spreading teeth, broad, high, pouting lunule and finer ornamentation. Superficially this species most resembles D. maoriana, being of about the same size and shape, it may be distinguished by the larger and much less impressed lunule, and the divergent teeth. Dosinia (Kereia) densicosta n. sp. (Figs. 16, 17). Shell of moderate size, orbicular, flat; beaks inconspicuous. Lunule small, lanceolate, superficial, pouting; escutcheon absent. Sculpture of erect, high, closely-placed, concentric ridges about 1 mm. wide, with striated interspaces of equal width. Hinge-plate of moderate strength; left valve with the anterior and posterior cardinals laminar; median very strong and bifid; anterior lateral moderate, somewhat rugose; nymph narrow. Pallial sinus long and narrow, pointing at the top of the anterior adductor. Type in collection of Mr. H. J. Finlay. Height 40 mm. (circ.), length 40 mm. (circ.), thickness (one valve) 9 mm. Locality: Target Gully. Distinguished from decorticated specimens of D. bensoni by its broader lunule and regular closely-placed concentric ridges, the left median cardinal is very stout as in D. magna, but the lunule is less arched and narrower than in that species, also the sculpture is different. Dosinia (Kereia) cottoni n. sp. (Figs. 42, 47). Shell large, solid, slightly-winged posteriorly; beaks strong, prominent, about anterior fourth, dorsal margin long, arched, fairly high. Lunule large, sagittate, shallow, pouting slightly in young specimens; escutcheon long and broad, keeled. Sculpture consisting of low, regular, erect, concentric lamellae inclined to become horizontal and overlap on posterior. Hinge-plate obscured, but as far as can be seen, left lateral is strong, weakly rugose on lower side, and well separated from anterior cardinal, left posterior cardinal is curved, fairly strong and has outer side longitudinally grooved. Pallial sinus narrow, deep, pointing to top of anterior muscular impression. Holotype in the collection of the N.Z. Geological Survey. Height 42 mm., length 46 mm., thickness (one valve) 11 mm. Localities: 1037, mouth of Hurupi Creek, N.E. corner, Palliser Bay;? Fox River, West Nelson, a distorted specimen, hitherto

classed as D. greyi; the presence of an escutcheon brings the shell nearer D. cottoni. ? 44, Brewery Creek, Mokihinui River. Poor specimen. This species is nearest to D. greyi from which it differs in outline, the posterior wing being much more in evidence. D. cottoni is flatter, especially at the extremities, and has a prominent escutcheon. Dosinia (Kereia) waiparaensis n. sp. (Fig. 48). Shell large, solid, inflated, winged posteriorly; beaks strong, about anterior fifth. Lunule shallow, large, broadly sagittate; escutcheon narrow, fairly deep. Sculpture of fine regular spaced concentric lamellae about ·75 mm. apart. Hinge concealed in the single specimen. Holotype in the collection of N.Z. Geological Survey. Height 39 mm., length 45 mm., thickness (one valve) 15 mm. Locality: Motunau beds, Waipara River, first exposure right side, opposite end of Mt. Brown cuesta. (= D. greyi of Suter, 1921, p. 46. This shell is easily separated from others of the group by the very much finer sculpture, and broader lunule. Dosinia (Kereia) greyi Zittel 1864 (Figs. 44, 50, 52). For synonymy see Suter's Manual, p. 980. Localities—Recent (uncommon): Castlecliff, Wanganui; Kai-iwi; 1040, Twaite's cutting, five miles south of Martinborough, Wairarapa; Waipipi Beach, north of Wairoa Stream, Waverley; Starborough Creek, Awatere Valley (J. A. Thomson). Awatere Valley (type) perhaps a lower horizon than Starborough Creek The single specimen from Waipipi is flatter than the Castlecliff and Kai-iwi specimens and shows slight differences in the hinge. The type of sculpture possessed by D. greyi is developed by many shells on weathering, so that a number of identifications of this species have been made from Oamaruian localities. Of the specimens examined by the writer no true D. greyi was seen at a lower horizon than the Wanganuian or Pliocene. Dosinia (Kakahuia) suteri n. sp. (Figs. 23, 27). For description see the subgeneric diagnosis given above. The margins are smooth but the pallial line is obscured in the single specimen available. Holotype in the collection of N.Z. Geological Survey. Height 22 mm., length 25 mm., thickness (one valve) 6.5 mm. Locality: 164, greensands overlying coal-beds, Kakahu. (= Cytherea chariessa, Suter 1921, p. 53.) The identification as C. chariessa was made without exploring the hinge which was embedded in a hard matrix. This has now been cleared and the teeth as well as the smooth margin show that the shell is related to Dosinia. (2) Subfamily Meretricinae. 1. Genus Paradione Dall, 1909 (= Chionella Cossmann). Type: Cytherea ovalina Lamarck. Shell rather small, ovate-trigonal. Lunule shallow, bounded by an incised line, no escutcheon. Surface almost smooth, polished, with

obsolete fine concentric folds, also irregular growth furrows, on young shell are fine regular concentric ridges. Left valve with narrow anterior cardinal joined above to broader, triangular, bevelled median; posterior cardinal fairly long, reaching almost to hinge-margin separated from nymph by very narrow groove and slightly diverging at its lower end, anterior lateral fairly long and strong, diverging from near the top of the anterior cardinal, left valve with rather narrow, grooved posterior cardinal, paired median and anterior cardinals and deep anterior pit with laterals. Pallial sinus fairly deep, broadly rounded at the end, directed at the upper part of the anterior adductor, valve margins smooth. Paradione differs from Macrocallista in so many ways that it should be generically separated. The left anterior cardinal of Macrocallista nimbosa Solander is fairly strong, triangular and grooved, the median is very little broader and rugose and the posterior one is extremely narrow and is joined to the nymph without an intervening groove, also the two front teeth slope strongly backwards. In the right valve the posterior cardinal is very narrow and does not nearly reach the hinge-margin, both the median and anterior teeth are directed backwards. The typical Macrocallista further differs from Paradione greatly in size and shape, the pallial sinus is truncated at the end and horizontal, and the pedal retractor is well separated from the anterior adductor. Iredale (1924, p. 210) in rightly banishing Macrocallista from Autralian usage was not correct, however, in stating that this generic name was given to an American fossil. By monotypy Macrocallista Meek (1876, p. 179) is based on Venus gigantea Gmelin = V. nimbosa Solander. Subgenus Notocallista Iredale, 1924. Type: Cytherea kingi Gray. Notocallista differs only in minor details from Paradione ovalina. The shells of both groups are of the same size and shape, the hinge-teeth are almost identical and the pallial sinus in the earlier species is the same. In sculpture there is no great difference. The recent P. multistriata has generally fine, regular concentric ridges, but in many of the specimens from Castlecliff and the Middle Tertiary the ridges are obsolete over a large part of the disc. The young P. ovalina of 1 cm. length has practically the same sculpture as the adult P. parki. P. ovalina differs from any of the southern species in being more polished, in having irregularly-placed growth furrows and in the pedal retractor being joined to the anterior adductor. Key to Species. (1.) Pallial sinus truncated multistriata (2.) Pallial sinus rounded parki (3.) Shape subtriangular, beaks almost median trigonalis Paradione (Notocallista) multistriata (Sowerby) (Figs. 70, 71, 72). 1851 Cytherea (Callista) multistriata Sow., Thes. Conch., vol. 2, p. 628, pl. 136, fig. 177. 1873 Callista disrupta Desh., Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll., p. 21 (not of Desh.).

1893 Cytherea assimilis Hutton, Macleay Mem. Vol., p. 81, pl. 9, fig. 89 a, b. (not of Hutton, 1873). For further synonymy see Suter's Manual, p. 982. The shape of this shell is somewhat variable and it is possible that more than one species is represented, but a good series of recent examples is lacking. The original type is a somewhat gibbous shell with high beaks. E. A. Smith in the Challenger Report figured and described a flat, oval variety, but did not propose a separate name. In the Castlecliff beds, both of these types and many other variations in shape are represented. The flat form was often called Macrocallista assimilis by Suter, but the type of that species has a crenulated margin and is related to Tawera spissa (Quoy and Gaimard). Localities: Recent (type); Landguard Bluff, Wanganui; Castlecliff; Ngaruroro River; Hawera Beach. Paradione (Notocallista) parki n. sp. (Figs. 66–69). Shell rather small, sub-oval, moderately inflated; beaks about anterior third, prominent. Lunule long, sagittate, striated; escutcheon not definitely marked except by a weakening of the sculpture. Sculpture of very fine, close, concentric riblets often obsolete on centre of disc where shell has shining appearance. Hinge-plate long; right valve with anterior and median cardinals of equal strength and semilunar, their inner margins parallel and vertical; posterior cardinal a little longer, but narrow and grooved unequally; anterior laterals parallel to lunular margins. Left valve with anterior cardinal lamellar, almost vertical, joined above to median which is fairly strong, triangular, and bevelled; posterior cardinal short, lamellar, confluent with nymph; anterior lateral fairly long, high, pointed; nymphs slender. Pallial sinus moderate, rounded in front, ascending, directed at anterior adductor or above it. Holotype (a right valve) in collection of N.Z. Geological Survey. Height 15.5 mm., length 20 mm., thickness (one valve) 5 mm. Localities: Parson's Creek, Oamaru, type [J. Park, 1916 (= M. multistriata of Suter, 1921, p. 80)]; Awamoa; Target Gully (= M. assimilis and M. multistriata of Suter, 1921, p. 83); greensand, Wharekuri; Chatton Creek. This shell, which is not uncommon in the glauconitic sands at the Shell Bed, Target Gully, has always appeared in previous lists as Macrocallista multistriata or M. assimilis. There are, however, between the Miocene and Recent shells constant differences which warrant specific distinction. In P. parki, characteristically a smaller shell, the beaks are more prominent, the posterior is regularly convex and not acuminate, and the pallial sinus is always rounded in front, whereas in P. multistriata it is truncate. In P. parki the right anterior cardinal is equal in strength to the median, not weaker than it, while the left posterior is sometimes longer than in the recent shell. Paradione (Notocallista) trigonalis n. sp. (Fig. 73). Shell small, subtrigonal, plump; beaks high, about anterior third or less, posterior narrowly rounded. Lunule large, lanceolate, little impressed, bounded by shallow line; escutcheon broad, very shallow,

ligamental margins raised. Surface polished, with exceedingly fine, close, concentric ridges becoming obsolete on middle of disc, where there are obsolete radials showing. Hinge strong; left valve with lamellar anterior and posterior cardinals and a triangular, bevelled median cardinal, joined above to anterior one; anterior lateral strong, elongated parallel to lunular margin. Valve-margins smooth. Holotype in collection of Mr. H. J. Finlay. Height 17 mm., length 21 mm., thickness (one valve) 5.5 mm. Locality: 6B, 7C, Clifden, Southland. Remarks: Easily distinguished by the more posterior position of the beaks, giving the shell a subtrigonal shape. 2. Genus Pitar Roemer. Type: Venus tumens Gmelin. Subgenus Hyphantosoma Dall. Type: Cytherea carbasea Guppy. Previously, Hyphantosoma was known only from the West Indian region where it has lived at least since the Oligocene (Woodring, 1925, p. 153, pl. 20, figs. 15–19). It is therefore surprising to find shells which must be referred here occurring in the Mid-Tertiary of New Zealand. The writer was dubious about this classification when he first made it several years ago; but the recent publication of Wood-ring's excellent figures of the genotype, and the acquisition, through the kind offices of Dr. K. van W. Palmer of Ithaca, N.Y., of specimens from the type locality, have placed the matter on a good foundation. The New Zealand shell is smaller than P. carbasea which comes from the Bowden formation (Miocene) of Jamaica; but it agrees closely in shape, lunule, escutcheon, sculpture and hinge. Minor differences exist; the right posterior cardinal is a shade broader; the anterior lateral pit is longer, and the sculpture is much weaker. These are only of specific significance. Pitar (Hyphantosoma) sculpturatus (Marshall). (Figs. 74–76.) 1918. Macrocallista sculpturata Marshall, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 50, p. 272, pl. 21, figs. 6, 6a. Lunule large, lanceolate, bounded by a shallow groove. Sculpture of faint, zig-zag grooves on the anterior. Hinge narrow, only slightly arched. Right valve with fairly broad, well-grooved posterior cardinal; median cardinal short, semi-circular in cross-section, not reaching top of hinge; anterior cardinal paired with median but placed higher up on hinge. Lower part of anterior cardinal projecting over deep groove leading from between two front cardinals to anterior lateral pit, which also is deep and has a weak lateral tooth above and one below. Left valve with posterior cardinal slightly separated from nymph; median cardinal bevelled, not grooved, joined above to lamellar anterior cardinal. Anterior lateral strong, slightly converging anteriorly with the lunular margin. Pallial sinus moderate, ascending, rounded at extremity. Valve-margins smooth. Localities: Pakaurangi Point, Kaipara; bed 6A, Clifden, Southland.

All of the Clifden specimens seen have narrower and higher beaks than the type; but in the Geological Survey collection from Pakaurangi Point is a specimen which has much the same outline as the southern ones. When the species was first proposed, the hinge was not correctly described, a mistake having been made in the identification of the teeth. 3. Genus Callistina Jukes-Brown. Type: C. plana Sowerby. Subgenus Tikia n. subgen. (from Tiki — one of the first men according to Maori myth). Type: Callista thomsoni Woods. Shell large, oval, strong. Lunule rather deeply impressed, clearly defined by the bounding ridge, but with no incised line; escutcheon deep, smooth. Sculpture of strong, distant, bevelled ridges with concave interspaces. Left valve with very long thin posterior cardinal joined to nymph, median cardinal of moderate strength, bevelled, not grooved, joined above to anterior cardinal which is laminar, anterior lateral tooth extremely long, the posterior half swollen, thicker and slightly higher than the anterior part; right valve with long, strong, triangular, broadly-grooved posterior cardinal, stout, triangular, unequally-divided median and short laminar anterior cardinal, anterior lateral pit long, broad, and deep, communicating by broad, ogee curve, with space betwen two front cardinals. Valve margins smooth. This shell was classed as Callista (Callistina) by Woods (1917, p. 32), but Callista can be used in this sense only by a disregard of the rules of priority, for it was first employed binomially by Gray for Venus verrucosa L. and so is a synonym of Clausina Brown, one of the Antigona group of genera. Tikia resembles Callistina in the very long left posterior cardinal separated from the nymph by a groove in the broad area in front of the cardinals, also in the shape and disposition of the cardinals themselves. It differs, however, in the extremely long left anterior lateral with its high knobbed posterior end, and in the huge left anterior pit. The sculpture of strong concentric ridges is also distinct from Callistina, but there seems to be a connexion through C. wilckensi which has ridges on the early shell becoming obsolete later. Callistina (Tikia) thomsoni (Woods). (Figs. 55, 56). 1917. Callista (Callistina) thomsoni Woods, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. No. 4, p. 32, pl. 17, figs. 4, 5, 6, 7. Figure 7 of Woods represents a specimen with well-preserved sculpture of distant ridges. The writer can find no grounds for separating this from C. thomsoni, traces of the same sculpture of distant strong ridges remain on the types and the difference in height of the umbos can be accounted for by the decorticated condition of the original of figure 6. The difference of outline is not so apparent in the specimens themselves as in the figures. The hinges of Woods's syntypes have now been cleared of the hard matrix and are figured below. Locality: 587, Selwyn Rapids (Upper Senonian).

Callistina (Tikia) wilckensi (Woods) (Fig. 57.) 1917. Callista (Callistina) wilckensi Woods, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. No. 4, p. 31, pl. 15, fig. 8; pl. 16, figs. 10, 11; pl. 17, figs. 1, 2, 3. This species differs from typical Tikia in that the sculpture becomes obsolete on later stages of the shell. The hinge figured by Woods, pl. 15, fig. 8, is the cast of a right valve which is not quite the same thing as a left valve. The true left valve probably has a much less-prominent and less-separated posterior cardinal and a lateral without the posterior hook shown in Woods's figure. Locality: 589, Selwyn Rapids (Upper Senonian). 4. Genus Finlaya nov. Type: Finlaya parthiana Marwick. Shell suboval, lunule concave, no escutcheon. Sculpture of weak concentric grooves. Hinge with very broad, triangular left median cardinal joined above to lamellar anterior cardinal. Anterior lateral tooth large, smooth, far distant from the anterior cardinal. Posterior lateral strong in both valves. Pallial sinus moderate, scarcely ascending, valve margins smooth. Finlaya parthiana n. sp. (Figs. 60–62.) Shell only moderately strong, well inflated. Lunule large, concave, not bounded by incised line; escutcheon not sunken. Sculpture of concentric grooves obsolete on middle of disc. Left hinge with narrow posterior cardinal joined to nymph; median cardinal very broad, bevelled, triangular, grooved only at apex; anterior cardinal lamellar, joined above to median; anterior lateral strong, smooth, well separated from dorsal margin by groove. Right hinge with moderately strong, curved, grooved posterior cardinal; median cardinal triangular, somewhat narrow; anterior cardinal small, paired with median; anterior lateral pit separated from cardinals by long smooth space; posterior lateral strong, separated by deep groove from dorsal margin. Nymphs somewhat rugose. Pallial sinus moderate, truncated, slightly ascending. Valve-margins smooth. Holotype in collection of Mr. H. J. Finlay. Height, 38 mm.; length 43 mm.; thickness (one valve) 10 mm. Locality: Boulder Hill, near Dunedin; Measly Beach, Wangaloa. The writer at first classed this shell under Dosiniopsis Conrad, which was the only Venerid possessed of a posterior lateral tooth. The genotype, D. lenticularis Rogers from the Eocene of eastern North America is of circular shape and has a deep escutcheon. Several species from the Eocene of Europe have a more oval shape and lack the deep escutcheon, D. fallax (Desh.) being in shape very like the New Zealand shell. A comparison of F. parthiana with specimens of D. lenticularis, however, showed such important differences, that a separate genus was required. The chief peculiarities of Finlaya as distinct from Dosiniopsis are: the great distance separating the anterior lateral tooth from the cardinals; the broad bevelled median cardinal, and very narrow anterior one in the left valve; the large left posterior lateral, well separated from the dorsal margin; and the absence of an escutcheon.

(3) Subfamily Venerinae. Key to Genera and Subgenera. (1) Anterior lateral tooth or tubercle in left valve.  A. Lateral very strong, marginal crenulations fairly strong Kuia  B. Lateral moderate to tubercular.   1. Hinge narrow, left median cardinal joined to anterior, right posterior cardinal extremely broad and deeply divided, lunule very large, pouting, marginal crenulations very fine Marama   2. Hinge narrow, left median and anterior cardinals not joined, escutcheon well marked, posterior end abruptly truncated, right posterior cardinal much stronger than median, marginal crenulations very fine. (Hina)   3. Hinge broad, right posterior cardinal not much stronger than median, anterior tubercle often obsolete, marginal crenulations fairly strong Dosinula (2) No anterior lateral tooth or tubercle in left valve.  A. Sculpture of thin, high, spaced, concentric lamellae. Bassina  B. Sculpture of strong, recurved, spaced, concentric ridges Clausinella  C. Sculpture of rather fine, rounded, sometimes crowded, sometimes spaced, concentric ridges Tawera  D. Shell very small, sculpture of thin, spaced, concentric lamellae Turia  E. Sculpture of low radial ribs crossed by irregular concentric lamellae (Austrovenus)  F. Sculpture of fine, crowded, concentric lamellae, sometimes waved to produce fine radials, posterior marginal groove of right valve with a lateral tooth below it. (Hinemoana) 1. Genus Kuia n. gen. (from Kui an early South Island Maori Chief.) Type: Chione vellicata Hutton. Shell ovate-trigonal. Lunule large, bounded by an incised line, escutcheon fairly deep. Sculpture of concentric, spaced lamellae generally with radial threads on the lower sides, but not on interspaces Left hinge with posterior cardinal joined to nymph but much higher; median cardinal narrow and bifid; anterior stoutly triangular with shallow groove on lower surface; anterior lateral high and strong, somewhat compressed. Right hinge with posterior cardinal short, very broad, deeply and widely divided; median laminar, bifid, anterior laminar entire, widely divergent; anterior pit deep with weak lateral above and below. Pallial sinus moderate, acute, ascending. Pedal retractor separated from anterior adductor. Valve-margins finely regularly crenate. This genus belongs to a group comprising Antigona Schumacher, Periglypta Jukes-Browne (= Cytherea Bolten), Ventricola Roemer, Ventricoloidea Sacco, Artena Conrad, etc., the classification of which is

much confused. The shells are of oval shape and have an anterior lateral tooth or tubercle in the left valve with a corresponding pit in the right; the sculpture consists of regular concentric lamellae or ridges, sometimes reticulated by radial ribs, and the valve margins are crenulated. Dall considered that the anterior lateral tubercle was a true decadent lateral tooth of the same origin as the lateral tooth of Macrocallista, and said that it was an “excellent index to important anatomical differences.” He therefore classed the group under the genus Cytherea Bolten (type V. puerpera L.) recognizing many subgenera and sections, and put it in the subfamily Meretricinae. Iredale (1914, p. 668) showed that Cytherea Bolten was preoccupied and that Antigona Schumacher (type Antigona lamellaris Schum.) was the oldest name for the group. Later, Jukes-Browne (1914, pp. 71 and 76) pointed out that the anatomical differences supposed by Dall to be correlated with the lateral tooth had not been demonstrated; so taking into account the other shell characters he thought that Antigona was more closely related to the Venerinae. Yet he was content to leave the genus in the Meretricinae so as to facilitate the division into two subfamilies according to the presence or absence of an anterior lateral tooth. In doing so he made the extraordinary statement “our genera are established for the sake of convenience in classification and not for the purpose of expressing a theory.” Surely our classifications are the expression of theories of relationship. If they are not they can hardly claim to be “Natural” Science. Cossmann, following Roemer and Fischer, did not grant the anterior tubercle generic significance, the shells concerned being classed as subgenera of Chione, which thus included even such as Ventricoloidea Sacco, type V. multilamella Lamarck. It may be mentioned here that in his revision of the Veneridae Jukes-Browne overlooked Ameghinomya Ihering, 1907 (type Ch. argentina Iher.) which closely resembles Periglypta. The Tertiary rocks of New Zealand are fairly rich in shells which are related to Antigona, and the species, Kuia vellicata (Hutton), has an extremely strong lateral tooth, stronger indeed than some of the cardinals. An examination of the young stages of these shells shows that the anterior lateral in the Antigona group has an origin quite different from that of the Meretricinae. In Macrocallista the left anterior lateral is the continuation of a low ridge proceeding from below the umbo, diverging from and in no way connected with the anterior cardinal. This is shown very clearly in Grateloupia and Macrocallista. In Antigona and its allies, however, the left anterior cardinal is triangular and it is the anterior prolongation of this tooth along the hinge-margin which has given rise to the lateral tooth. This is clearly revealed in the ontogeny of species of Kuia figured below. This difference in origin of the lateral tooth of Antigona from that of Macrocallista harmonises with the other shell characters, such as ornamentation, crenulation of the margins, and arrangement of the cardinal teeth which in Antigona resemble those of the Venerinae.

The use of a single genus to cover the whole of this group emphasises a unity of relationship that may not accord with the facts, for the development of the anterior lateral tubercle could take place in parallel groups. Further, so many diverse and easily-distinguished forms are included that the classification of all under Antigona is Fig. 2.—Kuia vellicata (Hutton) Target Gully, showing stages in the development of the anterior lateral tooth. a, 1.5 mm. long; b, 2.25 mm.; c. 3 mm.; d, 5 mm. clumsy. It seems better to grant generic rank to most of the subgenera and sections recognised by Dall. Jukes-Browne synonymized Ventricoloidea Sacco with Artena Conrad, but the two are easily separated. The anterior lateral tooth of Ventricoloidea multilamella Lamk. is strongly developed, in Artena staminea Conrad it is the merest tubercle. Other differences are shape, sculpture, and arrangement and relative strength of the cardinal teeth. The new genus Kuia described above possesses much in common with Ventricoloidea indeed Cossmann (in Marshall 1917, p. 462) has already classed the type, K. vellicata in that genus. There are, however, important differences which indicate that relationship is not so close as the external resemblances might lead one to suppose. The median cardinals of Kuia are both very narrow and bifid, but those of Ventricoloidea are thick, especially that of the left valve which, further, is not divided. The right posterior cardinal of Kuia is much shorter and stouter than that of Ventricoloidea and the divergence of the two right anterior cardinals is very much greater so as to accommodate the very strong left anterior cardinal.

Key to Species. A. Sculpture of raised, concentric lamellae.  1. Beaks prominent, posterior end truncated vellicata  2. Beaks not very prominent, shell oval singularis B. Sculpture of concentric grooves separating polished interspaces, low lamellae only near lunule macdowelli Kuia vellicata (Hutton). (Figs. 92–95.) 1873 Chione vellicata Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll., p. 21. 1886 Venus meridionalis Sowb. Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 18, p. 362, (not of Sowb.). 1914 Chione meridionalis (Sowb.), Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull., No. 2, p. 51, pl. 14, fig. 4. 1917 Chione (Ventricoloidea) vellicata (Hutton), Cossmann in Marshall, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 49, p. 462. 1917 Cytherea (Circomphalus) chariessa Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull., No. 5, p. 74, pl. 10, figs. 3, 4. It will be seen that while Hutton and Suter considered this shell to be the South American C. meridionalis, Cossmann was quite opposed to them. The lectotype of K. vellicata from Awamoa, is a decorticated left valve, embedded in an extremely hard matrix which conceals most of the hinge and indeed the whole interior. An anterior lateral tooth has, however, been disclosed on excavation. Topotypes also show that this shell is certainly not a Chione (except in the sense of Fischer and Cossmann) for there is a strong anterior lateral in the left valve and a deep pit, with a lateral above and one below, in the right valve. The specimens handled by Cossmann were from Target Gully and so in a fine state of preservation. He said that they had no analogy with C. meridionalis and placed them under Ventricoloidea. C. meridionalis belongs to Ameghinomya v. Ihering, and so is but distantly related to K. vellicata. The right posterior cardinal of K. vellicata is deeply grooved along its entire length; the median laminar but bifid; the anterior entire and widely diverging from the median. The left anterior cardinal is thick and strong, triangular in cross section, with a high point, and often vaguely grooved on the ventral surface; the left median cardinal is very narrow, and deeply bifid. Both Hutton and Suter mention radial sculpture on this shell and, indeed, this was the main reason for synonymizing with C. meridionalis. The radials, shown so clearly by the holotype of K. vellicata are merely the internal structure revealed by weathering, a feature liable to be developed on all shells with a crenulated margin. There is no trace of radial sculpture on well-preserved specimens except on the lower surface of the laminae. Specimens from Target Gully were identified by Suter at different times as Chione meridionalis, Cytherea sulcata, and Cytherea subsulcata; obviously his conception of these species was extremely confused. Hutton's syntypes from the various localities mentioned by him in 1873 are no longer available, but it is practically certain that more than one species was represented. The writer was at first inclined to let K. chariessa stand as a separate species because of its fine sculpture, but an extensive series

of Oamaru specimens kindly lent by Mr. H. J. Finlay, shows that his opinion that the Otiake shells are conspecific with K. vellicata is well founded. Localities: Awamoa (type); Pukeuri; Target Gully, Oamaru; Ardgowan, Oamaru; Otiake; Trig Z., Otekaike, Waitaki Valley. Kuia macdowelli n. sp. (Figs. 98–100.) Shell fairly large, strong, inflated, oval; beaks prominent at anterior fourth. Lunule well impressed, large, cordate, bounded by incised line; escutcheon well impressed, bounded by ridge. Sculpture of concentric grooves with wide, flat, polished interspaces, covered by very fine concentric lines and often microscopic radials, upper edges of grooves raised into low lamellae near lunule. Right hinge with huge bifid posterior cardinal; laminar vertical, grooved median; and narrow anterior cardinal parallel to lunular margin and strongly divergent from median; anterior lateral pit deep, with low teeth on each side, and connected by groove with space between two front cardinals. Left hinge with strong, curved, posterior cardinal joined to nymph; median cardinal narrow, bifid; anterior cardinal triangular, entire, strong and close to median; anterior lateral well developed, elongated parallel to lunular margin. Nymphs shallow with sloping ligamental surface. Valve-margins crenulated. Type in collection of Mr. H. J. Finlay. Height, 40 mm., length 47 mm., thickness (one valve) 15 mm. Localities: 6D, 7C, 8B Clifden, Southland. At Blue Cliffs, Southland, is a smaller variety with a less produced anterior end. Kuia singularis n. sp. (Figs. 96, 97.) Shell of moderate size, oval, not inflated; beaks low, at anterior third, anterior and posterior margins broadly convex. Lunule long, lanceolate, little impressed, bounded by incised line; escutcheon well impressed, bounded by fairly strong ridge. Sculpture of close concentric lamellae, higher towards the front. Hinge long, left valve with three narrow, widely-divergent cardinals; median narrow, bifid; anterior lateral elongated, but low. Valve-margins finely crenate. Type in collection of Mr. H. J. Finlay. Height 27 mm., length 34 mm., thickness (one valve) 10 mm. Locality: Mussel Beach, Southland. 2. Genus Marama n. gen. (from Marama = Maori moon-goddess.) Type: Marama murdochi Marwick. a. Subgenus Marama s. str. Shell oval, inflated. Lunule oval, very large, anterior part pouting strongly, bounded by incised line; escutcheon inconspicuous. Sculpture of fine regular concentric lamellae densely crowded on type, but on earliest species spaced and high. Left hinge with long, straight, posterior cardinal separated from nymph by groove; median cardinal moderate, slightly bevelled, unequally grooved; anterior one triangular, joined above to median; anterior tubercle not very strong. Right

hinge with very broad posterior cardinal broadly and deeply divided nearly down to level of hinge-plate; median cardinal short, triangular, unequally divided, separated by a space from lunular margin; anterior cardinal short, curved, lamellar, entire; anterior pit small, situated in broad groove extending from between anterior cardinals. Pallial sinus rather short, acute, ascending. Pedal retractor adjoining anterior adductor. Valve margins very finely and regularly crenate. Marama is easily distinguished from Kuia by its weaker left anterior lateral tooth, much stronger median cardinals, and its left posterior cardinal well separated from the nymph. The sculpture is generally finer and the marginal crenulations always so; also the lunule is larger and more pouting, but the escutcheon is smaller. b. Subgenus Hina n. subgen. (from Hina—Maori moon-goddess). Type: Marama pinguis Marwick. Shell ovate trigonal, posterior broadly truncated. Lunule not impressed, lanceolate, large, bounded by incised line; escutcheon fairly deep and broad, bounded by a ridge. Sculpture of fine, erect, well-spaced concentric lamellae. Hinge narrow, left valve with long, curved, high posterior cardinal well separated from nymph; broad, widely grooved median cardinal; and short rather broadly triangular anterior one; anterior lateral moderate. Right valve with fairly strong, curved, broadly-grooved posterior cardinal; fairly-strong triangular grooved median; and lamellar anterior one; anterior pit small, situated in groove continued from space between two front cardinals. Pallial sinus short ascending, angular. Pedal retractor confluent with anterior adductor. Valve-margins very finely regularly crenate. Hina differs from Marama in its less oval and more trigonal shape, in the absence of the large oval lunule pouting strongly at its anterior end, the truncation of the posterior end, and the well-developed escutcheon. The two front cardinals of the left hinge are not joined together and so the right median cardinal is of normal length. The hinge of Hina is almost the same as that of Antigona lamellaris, but of course the sculpture and lunule are quite different. Ventricoloidea has a thicker undivided left median cardinal and a shorter, less-divided posterior right one. In both Ventricoloidea and Antigona the pedal retractor is well separated from the nymph. Key to Species. (1) Marama: Shell oval, much inflated, lunule very large, oval, pouting strongly in front, two left front cardinals joined above.  A. Under 25 mm. long, beaks strong, lamellae strong and high 1–2 mm. apart pristina  B. Over 40 mm. long.   1. Sculpture of well spaced but weak and low lamellae about 1 mm. apart ovata   2. Shell globose, sculpture of fine close lamellae 3 or 4 per mm. murdochi   3. Sculpture of high, strong, spaced ridges hurupiensis

(2) Hina: Shell ovate trigonal, posteriorly truncated, moderately inflated; lunule lanceolate, two front left cardinals not joined above.  A. Sculpture of strong spaced lamellae.   1. Pallial sinus very short, almost right angled, median cardinal rather wide pinguis   2. Pallial sinus short but acute, median cardinal moderate mackenziei  B. Sculpture of weak spaced lamellae.   1. Ligamental margin of escutcheon not raised.    (a) Shell about 30 mm. long williamsi    (b) Shell about 20 mm. long vaga   2. Ligamental margin of escutcheon raised hendersoni  C. Sculpture of extremely fine dense lamellae, shell globose tumida Marama pristina n. sp. (Figs. 105, 106.) Shell somewhat small, longitudinally oval. Lunule large, broadly lanceolate; escutcheon shallow, fairly broad, marked in right valve by cessation of concentric lamellae. Sculpture of high, well-spaced somewhat irregular lamellae 1 to 1.5 mm. apart. Hinge narrow; right valve with fairly long and broad posterior cardinal very widely and deeply grooved leaving only two narrow ridges; median cardinal short, triangular, bevelled; anterior cardinal short, thick, curved; anterior pit fairly well marked, situated in broad groove extending from space between two front cardinals. Valve margins finely crenate. Holotype in collection of N.Z. Geological Survey (deposited by Dr. P. Marshall). Height 16 mm., length 22 mm., thickness (one valve) 6.5 Locality: Greensand, McCulloughs Bridge, Waihao River (= Cytherea sp. of Marshall and Murdoch, 1923, p. 118). Marama ovata n. sp. (Figs. 101, 104). Shell fairly large, thin, oval. Lunule very large, oval, bounded by incised line; escutcheon broad and shallow in right valve, with raised ligamental margin. Sculpture of distant, low, regularly-spaced lamellae, towards margin lamellae are very fine and densely crowded. Hinge of right valve with large posterior cardinal, deeply and broadly divided almost down to level of hinge-plate leaving only two sharp ridges; median cardinal short, triangular, unequally grooved; anterior cardinal short, curved, lamellar; anterior pit small with weak laterals, situated in broad deep groove extending from space between two front cardinals; hinge-margin raised into strong ridge below pit. Pallial sinus somewhat narrowly acute, ascending, reaching about one-third across shell. Pedal retractor touching the anterior adductor. Valve-margins very finely crenate. Holotype in the collection of the N.Z. Geological Survey. Height 33mm., length 42 mm., thickness (one valve) 13 mm. Localities: Road cutting, Pukeuri, Oamaru; Blue sandstone, Rifle Butts, Cape Wanbrow, Oamaru. This species is easily distinguished from M. williamsi and M. mackenziei by its longitudinally oval shape. The specimen from Rifle Butts is only about 30 mm. long.

Marama n. sp. A. At Mt. Harris and Pukeuri is a related species much larger, more circular, and with a deeper lateral pit than M. ovata, but with similar sculpture. Fragments were identified by Suter (1921, p. 64) as Cytherea oblonga Hanley and Dosinia greyi Zittel. No complete shell is yet available so complete specific description is held over. Marama hurupiensis n. sp. (Figs. 125, 126). Shell large, inflated, oval; beaks fairly prominent, at about the anterior fifth. Lunule extremely large, broadly lanceolate, striated, pouting strongly, bounded by incised line; escutcheon fairly broad, finely striated, ligamental edge slightly raised. Sculpture consisting of regular, concentric lamellae, about 1 mm. apart for the first 25 mm., but from then, especially posteriorly, much stronger, higher, and about 2 mm. apart with from four to six rough concentric lines in the interstices. Pallial sinus small, acute, ascending. Valve margins thickened, finely crenate. Holotype in the collection of the N.Z. Geological Survey. Height 45 mm., length 53 mm., thickness (one valve) 15-5 mm. Localities: 1037, Mouth of Hurupi Creek, N.E. corner Palliser Bay;? 756, Orepuki, Southland, an incomplete and therefore doubful specimen, slightly more inflated than the type. Remarks: All the specimens are closed individuals, so the hingeline could not be seen. Characterized by large size, strong shell, strong sculpture, and huge lunule making front of shell angular. Marama murdochi n. sp. (Figs. 110, 112–4). Shell large, almost globular, rather thin. Lunule oval very large, pouting strongly and extending nearly to anterior end of shell; escutcheon weak to absent. Sculpture of very fine, low, concentric lamellae, about 3 per mm. Hinge-plate narrow; left valve with long, straight posterior cardinal separated from nymph by groove; median cardinal moderate, unequally divided; anterior one triangular joined above to median; anterior lateral tubercular, fairly strong. Right valve with very large posterior cardinal, deeply and broadly divided into two ridges; median cardinal much smaller, triangular, unequally grooved; anterior cardinal narrow, entire; anterior pit fairly deep, communicating with space between front cardinals by shallow groove. Pallial sinus rather short, narrowly acute, ascending. Pedal retractor touching the anterior adductor. Valve-margins very finely and regularly crenate. Holotype in the collection of the N.Z. Geological Survey. Height 37 mm., length 43 mm., thickness (one valve) 15 mm. Localities: 1173, Mouth of Waihi Stream, Hawera Beach (G. H. Uttley Coll.) type; 875, Waingongoro River Mouth, near Manaia, Taranaki (= Cytherea oblonga Suter, 1921, p. 25); 1096, Clays below limestone, Esk Bridge, Petane (G. H. Uttley). Easily distinguished by the large size combined with fine sculpture and globose appearance. The great inflation and the incurvature of the umbos have given the hinge a peculiar depressed attitude.

Marama (Hina) vaga n. sp. Shell rather small, rhomboidal, not much inflated, posterior broadly truncated. Lunule large, lanceolate, bounded by an incised line; escutcheon well defined by rounded ridges. Sculpture of fairly fine, spaced, concentric lamellae, less than 1 mm. apart. Right hinge with fairly broad, curved, widely-grooved posterior cardinal; triangular, moderately sized, grooved median; and lamellar anterior cardinal parallel to the lunular margin; anterior pit scarcely defined, situated in a deep groove proceeding from between two front cardinals. Pallial sinus short, almost right-angled. Pedal retractor adjoining adductor. Valve margins very finely, regularly crenate. Holotype in the collection of the N.Z. Geological Survey. Height 19.5 mm., length 22 m., thickness (one valve) 7 mm. Locality 630 Greensand, McCullough's Bridge, Waihao River (= Dosinia greyi of Suter, 1921, p. 79). Geological Survey collection 630, to which this shell belongs, was formerly supposed to be from the Waiareka Valley, but the writer has shown (Marwick, 1924B, p. 280) that in all probability it is from the Waihao greensand at McCullough's Bridge. Owing to the possibility of error, it might be argued that this shell should not be described, so it is only after a full consideration of the position that a name has been supplied. The specimen is beautifully preserved and certainly belong to the Waimatean stage, so no great harm can come from its specific recognition. Its importance is to show that Hina was already separated from Marama in Tahuian times. Figures of this species were accidentally omitted. They will be published next year. Marama (Hina) n. sp. B. This shell was collected by Mr. R. S. Allan from the Bortonian greensand at Waihao Downs, but unfortunately the hinge is missing. It cannot, therefore, be referred with certainty to Hina, but the general external appearance and the extremely fine crenulations on the margin are very strong evidence in favour of such classification. The pallial sinus is very short, and practically right-angled, which almost confirms the position under Hina. Marama (Hina) pinguis n. sp. (Figs. 90, 91). Shell of moderate size, inflated, posterior broadly truncated. Lunule large, lanceolate, bounded by incised line; escutcheon well marked, bounded by rounded ridge in left valve, ligamental margin slightly raised. Sculpture of fine, spaced, erect, concentric lamellae 1 to 1.5 mm. apart. Hinge narrow, left valve with posterior cardinal long, high and curved, well separated from nymph; median cardinal short, broad slightly bevelled, widely grooved; anterior cardinal short, stoutly triangular; anterior tubercle moderate, compressed. Pallial sinus very short, angular; adductor impressions narrow, posterior one well away from hinge-plate. Pedal retractor confluent with anterior adductor. Valve-margins regularly, very finely crenate. Type in collection of N.Z. Geological Survey, deposited by Dr. P. Marshall.

Height 26 mm., length 30 mm., thickness (one valve) 10 mm. Locality: Pakaurangi Point (= Dosinia greyi of Marshall, 1918, p. 274). Marama (Hina) tumida (Marshall) (Figs. 102, 103). 1918. Dosinia tumida Marshall, Trans. N.Z Inst., vol. 50, p. 271, pl. 21, figs. 4, 4a. Shell small, fragile, roundly oval, globose. Lunule cordate, very large, pouting; escutcheon shallow, with raised ligamental margins. Sculpture of extremely fine, dense, concentric lamellae about 10 per mm. Left hinge with strong lamellar posterior cardinal separated from the narrow nymph by deep groove; median cardinal short and fairly broad, bevelled, unequally divided; anterior cardinal triangular, curving forward below; anterior lateral moderate, elongated. Pallial sinus short, acute, ascending. Valve-margins very finely crenate. Height 17 mm., length 19 mm., thickness (one valve) 7 mm. Locality: Pakaurangi Point, Kaipara. In the original description, the narrow nymph seems to have been mistaken for a lateral tooth. M. tumida is easily distinguished from the other species of Hina by its small size, extremely fine sculpture and globose form. Externally it is like a miniature M. murdochi but the hinge is closer to Hina than to Marama s. str. Marama (Hina) williamsi n. sp. (Figs. 109, 111). Shell of moderate size, triangularly oval. Lunule large, lanceolate, pouting somewhat, bounded by an incised line; escutcheon fairly deep, with raised ligamental margins. Sculpture of distantly spaced, low, sharp lamellae, interspaces finely, somewhat irregularly striate. Left hinge with posterior cardinal separated by groove from nymph; median only of moderate size, bevelled, unequally divided; anterior triangular; anterior lateral rather weak. Pallial sinus short, acute, directed at anterior of hinge. Valve-margins very finely crenate. Holotype in collection of N.Z. Geological Survey. Height 27 mm., length 32 mm., thickness (one valve) 9 mm. Locality: Sandstone near top of section on coast, Campbell's Beach, Allday Bay. M. williamsi is characterised by its peculiar shape, the posterior margin is truncated but slopes forward from the dorsal margin towards the ventral. It is less inflated than M. pinguis, the posterior area is flattened and the concentric lamellae are much scattered. This species is named in honour of Mr. David Williams of Oamaru through whose unfailing kindness the writer has been enabled to visit many fossiliferous localities in North Otago. Marama (Hina) mackenziei n. sp. (Figs. 88, 89.) Shell of moderate size, triangularly oval. Lunule large, broadly lanceolate, bounded by incised line; escutcheon fairly deep, in left valve concave with well-defined bounding ridge. Sculpture of well-spaced, high, sharp lamellae, interspaces finely striate. Hinge of left

valve with posterior cardinal separated by deep groove from nymph; median cardinal of moderate strength unequally divided; anterior triangular, curving forward below, anterior lateral tubercular. Pallial sinus short, acute, ascending. Pedal retractor confluent with anterior adductor. Valve-margins finely, regularly crenate. Holotype in collection of N.Z. Geological Survey. Height 32 mm., length 26 mm., thickness (one valve) 10 mm. Locality: 20 chains above mouth of Awamoa Creek. Distinguished from M. williamsi by its different shape and much stronger sculpture and from M. pinguis by greater length, slightly stronger sculpture, more acute pallial sinus, narrower median tooth, etc The species is named in honour of its collector Mr. L. McKenzie of Enfield. Marama (Hina) hendersoni n. sp. (Figs. 107, 108). Shell of moderate size, ovate trigonal, inflated, beaks prominent about anterior fifth. Lunule broadly lanceolate, large, bounded by incised line; escutcheon broad, bounded by low ridges, ligamental margins well raised. Sculpture of regular distant weak concentric lamellae, with wide, flat, striated interspaces. Hinge-plate somewhat narrow, left valve with arched posterior cardinal separated from nymph by groove, median cardinal of moderate strength; anterior triangular not very strong; anterior lateral rather small but sharply raised. Crenulation of inner margin extremely fine and regular. Holotype in collection of N.Z. Geological Survey. Height 24 mm., length 28.5 mm., thickness (one valve) 9.5 mm. Localities: 1150, Tongaporutu River (Mokau Beds) type; 919 Awakino Valley Road (= Cytherea oblonga of Suter in Henderson and Ongley 1923, p. 30). This species resembles M. mackenziei in shape, but the beaks are curved more strongly and the sculpture is much weaker, being like that of M. ovata with more widely-spaced concentrics. The ligamental margins of the escutcheon are higher than in any of the other species. The shell classed by Suter as Dentilucina n. sp. (Henderson and Ongley, 1923, p. 36) is closely related. It is more inflated than the typical M. hendersoni and has stronger beaks, but more material is required to show whether another species is represented. 3. Genus Dosinula Finlay, 1927. Type: Dosina zelandica Gray. Shell large, oval. Lunule large, impressed, bounded by incised line; escutcheon absent on type, well marked on Mid-Tertiary ancestors. Sculpture of regular, sharp, spaced, concentric lamellae. Left hinge with long, curved, fairly-strong posterior cardinal separated from nymph by deep groove; median cardinal strong, unequally divided; anterior cardinal triangular, strong, faintly grooved; anterior lateral small, tubercular. Right hinge with posterior cardinal fairly strong, grooved, median cardinal about same length, also grooved; anterior cardinal much narrower, entire; lateral pit small. Pallial sinus short, acute. Pedal retractor separated from anterior adductor. Valve-margins thick, crenulated.

Although the sculpture is the same as that of Kuia and Ventricoloidea the hinge is more closely allied to that of Periglypta(= Cytherea Bolten). Sufer placed D. zelandica in Circomphalus which he followed Dall in recognizing as a subgenus of Cytherea. The type of Circomphalus, V. plicata Gmelin, has high reflexed lamellae with a double crest along the posterior dorsal area and so cannot be closely related to Dosinula. Jukes-Browne associated D. zelandica with Ventricola, type V. rugosa Gmelin, a better classification than Suter's, but still not an accurate one, for the hinge-teeth of V. rugosa are short, stout, not well grooved and of a different shape from those of Dosinula. Key to Species. (1) Escutcheon well marked, deep.  A. Beaks very prominent, posterior area flattened D. uttleyi.  B. Beaks not very prominent, inflation regular over whole disc. D. suboblonga (2) Escutcheon defined only by absence of concentric lamellae.  A. Beaks not very prominent, outline oval, dorsal margin descending slowly D. zelandica  B. Beaks very prominent, outline ovate-trigonal, dorsal margin descending rather quickly D. crebra.  C. Beaks not prominent, outline subcircular, pallial sinus rounded at end. D. firmocosta. Dosinula zelandica (Gray). (Figs 118, 119, 121.) 1835 Dosina zelandica Gray, Appendix to Yate's New Zealand, p. 309. 1843 Dosina zelandica Gray, Appendix to Dieffenbach's New Zealand, p. 249, No. 158. 1843 Dosina oblonga Gray, Appendix to Dieffenbach's New Zealand, p. 249, No. 159. 1874 Venus oblonga Gray: Smith, Zool. of Erebus and Terror, No. 21, Mollusca, p. 6, pl. 2, fig. 1, pl. 3, fig. 5. 1927 Dosinula zelandica (Gray): Finlay, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 57, p. 470. For further synonymy see Suter's Manual, p. 985. Localities: Recent, type; Castlecliff; Kai-iwi; Okauawa and Maraekakaho Creeks, Ngaruroro River; Nukumaru; Waipipi Beach, Waverley. Dosinula crebra (Hutton) (Figs. 115–7). 1873 Chione crebra Hutton, Cat. Mar. Moll., p. 70. 1880 Venus crebra Hutton, Man. N.Z. Moll., p. 147. 1913 Cytherea crebra Hutton: Suter, Man. N.Z. Moll., p. 984, pl. 61, fig. 1 (misprinted creba). 1923 Antigona zelandica (Gray): Oliver, Proc. Malac. Soc., vol. 15, p. 184 (in part). The writer was formerly of the opinion published by Oliver that Gray had dealt with the two closely-related forms of Recent Dosinula when he named D. oblonga and zelandica thus rendering Hutton's crebra unnecessary. An inspection of Smith's figures of Gray's two species shows, however, that Gray did not have crebra, but that his

specimens were variants of the common shell distributed throughout New Zealand. Whether crebra is specifically distinct from zelandica is not clear, but the writer favours their separation. Both forms occur at Lyall Bay, crebra being much the commoner, but only zelandica has been collected from within Wellington Harbour. The beaks of D. crebra are broader and more prominent than those of zelandica, the lunule is broader, the sculpture not so high and regular, and the dorsal margin descends more quickly. Localities: Recent, type; 81, Castle Point. The fossil occurrence at Castle Point about middle Pliocene is interesting as showing that the differences from D. zelandica are not of recent origin. Dosinula elegans (Hutton). (Fig. 120.) 1873 Callista elegans Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. p. 21. 1886 Callista elegans Hector, Outline N.Z. Geol., p. 51, fig. 9, no. 6. 1914 Chione elegans (Hutton): Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. No. 2, p. 9. 1918 Chione (?) elegans (Hutton): Suter, Alph. List N.Z. Tert. Moll., p. 9. Shell somewhat small, oblong, not greatly inflated; beaks low, at anterior sixth; dorsal margin almost horizontal; posterior broad, regularly rounded; anterior narrowly convex. Lunule large, lanceolate, striated, pouting strongly, bounded by an incised line; escutcheon very narow. Sculpture of regular concentric lamellae with interspaces of about 1 mm. width. Hinge obscured. Valve-margins finely crenate. Holotype in collection of N.Z. Geological Survey. Height 23 mm., length 30 mm., thickness (one valve) 7.5 mm. In his description of the type, Hutton says “distant, concentric, narrow ribs, crossed by fine radiating striae near the umbo.” This caused Suter's classification of the shell, which he had not seen, as Chione. The radials are revealed only by the weathering of the outer shell layer. It is doubtful if this species is distinct from D. zelandica. The type is the only specimen known and it is in a damaged condition. Dosinula suboblonga n. sp. (Figs. 124, 127, 130.) 1917 Ventricoloidea suboblonga Cossmann in Marshall, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 49, p. 462, nomen nudum. Shell of moderate size, sub-oval, inflated; beaks fairly prominent, at anterior fifth; posterior dorsal margin broadly curved descending regularly to posterior extremity which is narrowly convex; ventral margin broadly arcuate, anterior somewhat narrowly rounded. Lunule broadly lanceolate, shallow, bounded by incised line, striated; escutcheon broad, fairly deep, bounded by low ridge, striated. Sculpture of regular, concentric, raised, spaced lamellae. Hinge-plate broad, with sinuate margin; left valve with anterior cardinal long, strong, vertical, entire; median cardinal of about the same strength but with approximately parallel sides, divided very unequally by

groove; posterior cardinal curved, laminar, separated from nymph by shallow groove; anterior lateral insignificant, pustular. Right valve with stout bifid posterior cardinal; triangular grooved median and laminar entire anterior one; anterior lateral pit shallow. Muscular impressions very large. Pallial sinus small, angular, nearly horizontal. Valve-margins finely crenate. Height 40 mm., length 47 mm., thickness (one valve) 15 mm. Holotype in collection of N.Z. Geological Survey. Locality: Shell Bed, Target Gully, Oamaru. Easily distinguished from D. zelandica by the deep escutcheon. It has been pointed out to the writer that Cossmann's name is a nomen nudum and therefore has no nomenclatural standing. Unfortunately this is the case, but we can still use the specific name which he proposed. Dosinula uttleyi n. sp. (Figs. 128, 129.) Shell moderately large, subquadrate, inflated; beaks very prominent, at anterior fourth; posterior dorsal margin slightly curved, descending slowly, sub-angled on meeting the posterior margin which is obliquely truncated; ventral margin broadly, regularly curved; anterior margin narrowly rounded, straightened above and descending at 45°. Lunule large broadly lanceolate, striated; escutcheon fairly broad bounded by ridge, and with slightly raised ligamental margins. Sculpture of distant, thin, raised, concentric lamellae; an obscure ridge runs from umbo to posterior end of ventral margin forming slightly depressed dorsal area. Hinge-plate broad, sinuous; right valve with broad, widely grooved, curved posterior cardinal; broad, unequally grooved median, and short, narrow, lamellar, anterior cardinal; anterior pit moderately deep with obsolete lateral above and weak rugose one below. Left valve with high, curved, strong posterior cardinal, separated from nymph by fairly deep groove; rather broad, weakly grooved, bevelled, median cardinal; and triangular curved anterior cardinal almost as wide below; anterior lateral tubercular. Muscular impressions large. Pallial sinus short, angular. Pedal retractor close to adductor. Holotype in collection of N.Z. Geological Survey. Height 50 mm., length 62 mm., thickness (one valve) 18 mm. Localities: top of limestone, Otiake; Trig. Z, Otekaike River (G. H. Uttley); 7c Clifden. Distinguished from D. suboblonga by more oblong shape, generally larger size and more produced anterior end. Dosinula firmocosta n. sp. (Figs. 122, 123.) Shell of moderate size, nearly circular, inflated; beaks at anterior fourth. Lunule broadly lanceolate, little impressed, bounded by incised line, inner margins pouting; escutcheon shallow but marked by weakening of concentric sculpture. Sculpture of distant, strong, recurved, high, concentric lamellae, with about three low fine lamellae in interspaces. Hinge long, fairly straight; left valve with posterior and median cardinals broad and bifid, anterior entire, anterior lateral pit small and shallow, nymph very narrow. Pallial sinus short, ascending, narowly rounded in front. Valve-margins finely crenate.

Holotype in collection of Mr. H. J. Finlay. Height 41 mm., length 46 mm., thickness (one valve) 13 mm. Locality: 6B (type) and 7A Clifden, Southland. Remarks: The concentric lamellae are much stronger than in the other species and the pallial sinus is distinctive in being rounded in front. 4. Genus Turia n. gen. (from Turi, an early Maori voyager.) Type: Turia chattonensis Marwick. Shell very small. Lunule superficial, bounded by incised line; escutcheon shallow. Sculpture of thin, spaced lamellae. Left hinge with posterior cardinal joined to nymph; median triangular, curved, bevelled, scarcely grooved; anterior joined above to median, sloping well forward, produced somewhat along hinge-line. Right hinge with posterior and median cardinals triangular, bevelled, not grooved; anterior cardinal low, narrow and entire. Pallial sinus short, ascending, rounded at end. Pedal retractor well separated from adductor. Valve-margins finely crenate. Turia differs from Tawera in having thin, spaced lamellae instead of strong ridges on its surface; also the teeth are of somewhat different shape and are not so well grooved. The sculpture indeed is the same as that of Kuia and Marama and the hinge resembles the very young stages of those genera; Turia therefore seems to be intermediate between them and Tawera. Key to Species. Sculpture of thin, spaced, concentric lamellae.  A. Oval, inflated, beaks about anterior third pukeuriensis  B. Ovate, trigonal, beaks about anterior fourth   1. About 2 lamellae per mm. waiauensis   2. About 4 lamellae per mm.    a. Shell about 10 mm. long bortonensis    b. Shell about 5 mm. long chattonensis Turia bortonensis n. sp. (Figs. 77, 78). Shell small, ovate-trigonal, inflated. Lunule lanceolate, pouting, bounded by incised line; escutcheon fairly broad, almost smooth. Sculpture of fine, closely-set concentric lamellae, 4 per mm. Left valve with long, almost straight posterior cardinal; thick, grooved median, and long anterior one, produced along hinge-margin. Pallial sinus obscured. Valve-margins finely crenulated. Holotype in collection of N.Z. Geological Survey. Height 8.5 mm., length 10.5 mm., thickness (one valve) 3.5 mm. Locality: 176, Black Point, Waitaki Valley (= C. chariessa of Suter, 1921, p. 72). Turia chattonensis n. sp. (Figs. 85–7). Shell very small, ovate-trigonal, beaks fairly prominent. Lunule lanceolate, superficial, bounded by incised line; escutcheon very shallow bounded by weak ridge in left valve. Sculpture of low, spaced

concentric lamellae about 4 per mm. Left hinge with thin posterior cardinal joined to nymph; median triangular, curved, bevelled, scarcely grooved; anterior joined above to median sloping well forward. Right hinge with posterior and median cardinals triangular, bevelled, not grooved; anterior cardinals low, narrow, entire. Pallial sinus short, wide ascending, rounded at end. Pedal retractor well separated from adductor. Valve-margins finely crenate. Holotype in collection of Mr. H. J. Finlay. Height 4.5 mm., length 5.2 mm., thickness (one valve) 1.8 mm. Localities: Chatton Creek, near Gore; 4A Clifden (H. J. Finlay). Distinguished from T. bortonensis by smaller size and greater relative height. Turia pukeuriensis n. sp. (Figs. 79–81). Shell very small, longitudinally oval, inflated, posterior margin broadly truncated, anterior convex. Lunule not impressed, broadly lanceolate, bounded by incised line; escutcheon obscure in right valve, moderately broad and smooth in the left; sculpture of spaced concentric lamellae about four per mm. Hinge-line narrow, teeth divergent, right valve with posterior cardinal triangular and grooved; median triangular and entire; anterior entire; left valve with posterior cardinal joined to nymph; median stout and grooved; anterior long, triangular extending well along the hinge margin. Pallial sinus short, ascending, broadly rounded at end. Valve-margins finely crenate. Holotype in collection of N.Z. Geological Survey. Height 5 mm., length 6.5 mm., thickness (one valve) 2.5 mm. Localities: Pukeuri, type; Target Gully; Ardgowan; 6A Clifden, Southland (H. J. Finlay). As thus constituted the species covers a considerable range in shape, and further subdivision may be advisable. The chief characteristics are the elongate oval outline, somewhat depressed beaks, and great inflation. Turia waiauensis n. sp. (Figs. 82–4). Shell small, subtrigonal, beaks high, at anterior third, posterior margin truncated to narrowly rounded, anterior margin narrowly rounded. Lunule large, broadly lanceolate, bounded by incised line; escutcheon broad and shallow, almost smooth. Sculpture of spaced concentric ridges two or less per mm. Hinge-line narrow, cardinals divergent; right valve with triangular grooved posterior cardinal; triangular entire median, and narrow anterior one. Left valve with posterior cardinal lamellar; median broad and grooved; anterior triangular, entire, somewhat curved and produced along hinge-margin. Pallial sinus short and rounded. Valve-margins very finely crenulated. Type in collection of Mr. H. J. Finlay. Height 5 mm., length 5.5 mm., thickness (one valve) 2 mm. Locality: 8a, Clifden, Southland. (H. J. Finlay.)

Differs from the other small species in the wide spacing of the concentric ridges. Externally this shell resembles a young Kuia vellicata, but the latter in its youngest stages has the anterior cardinal produced further along the margin and bears the rudimentary lateral denticle. 5. Genus Tawera n. gen. (from Tawera, the Maori for “Venus as morning star.”) Type: Venus spissa Deshayes. Shell oval. Lunule not impressed, bounded by incised line; escutcheon insignificant in type but stronger in ancestral forms; ligament exposed. Sculpture of bevelled, smooth, concentric ridges low and crowded on type but on some species high and spaced; sometimes radials corresponding to the marginal crenulations are developed, especially on lower side of ridges. Hinge-teeth widely divergent; left valve with long, high, posterior cardinal joined to nymph; moderate, bevelled, fairly-deeply but unequally divided median; and long, entire, triangular, widely-diverging anterior one, outer side of which tends to run forward along hinge-margin. Right valve with broadly-grooved posterior cardinal of moderate strength; median triangular, bevelled, rather weakly grooved; anterior one entire, parallel to lunular margin. Pallial sinus short, truncated, ascending. Valve-margins crenate. Suter, Jukes-Browne and Iredale classed V. spissa in Chamelea Moerch (type V. gallina Linné) and it is with some hesitation that the writer separates Tawera from Chamelea generically. The hinge of Chamelea, however, is much closer to that of Clausinella (type V. fasciata Da Costa) which has a different kind of sculpture. Tawera differs from Chamelea in having more divergent teeth; in the left valve the posterior cardinal is much stronger, the median is more transverse and always grooved and the anterior is directed further forward; in the right valve the posterior cardinal is shorter, stronger, more widely grooved and more transverse, the median is better grooved, straighter and vertical, and the anterior cardinal is longer, stronger and directed further forward. The deeply impressed lunule of C. gallina gives a different shape to the shell, but this is not a very important character, for in the European Miocene fossil C. cothurnix Dujardin the lunule is not impressed. The East Australian Recent V. gallinula Lamk. belongs to Tawera which has, moreover, existed in the Australian area from at least Miocene times, as shown by C. propinqua Tenison-Woods, occurring in the lower and more commonly in the upper beds at Muddy Creek. Chioneryx Iredale, 1924, of which the type is the Australian Erycina cardioides Lamarck, is closely, related to Tawera, and is perhaps a somewhat recent development from that stock. The shape differs from that of Tawera in being more compressed posteriorly, with a slight sinus in the posterio-ventral margin. The hinge-teeth are even more widely divergent than those of Tawera, the right median being considerably extended anteriorly along the hinge-margin. The dominant sculpture of Chioneryx is radial, whereas in Tawera it is concentric.

Key to Species. Sculpture of concentric ridges  A. Under 12 mm. high.   1. Shell inflated, beaks almost central bartrumi   2. Shell little inflated, beaks at anterior third marshalli  B. Over 12 mm. high.   1. Thick concentric ribs well spaced subsulcata   2. Concentric ribs close.    a. Beaks almost central errans    b. Posterior smooth, shell oval assimilis    c. Posterior smooth, shell trigonally oval wanganuiensis    d. Sculpture of close ridges over whole of disc spissa Tawera marshalli n. sp. (Figs. 131–3, 135, 136). 1917 Chione (Ventricoloidea) marshalli Cossmann, in Marshall, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 49, p. 462, nomen nudum. Shell small, oval, beaks at anterior third. Lunule long, lanceolate, not impressed, bounded by incised line; escutcheon rather narrow, smooth, bounded by ridge on left valve. Sculpture of fine, regular, rounded, slightly-spaced, concentric ridges, three to four per mm., becoming narrower and crowded on posterior. Hinge-teeth widely divergent, left valve with long posterior cardinal separated from nymph by groove; median rather narrow, narrowly but deeply grooved; anterior cardinal long, triangular, joined above to median, sloping well forward below and produced along hinge-margin. Right valve with somewhat short, triangular, grooved, posterior cardinal; median almost as strong, triangular, bevelled, not grooved, curving forward; anterior cardinal lamellar, almost parallel to lunule. Pallial sinus moderate, ascending, rounded at extremity. Pedal retractor rather large, separated from anterior adductor. Valve-margins finely, regularly crenate. Holotype in collection of N.Z. Geological Survey. Height 9 mm., length 11 mm., thickness (one valve) 3 mm.; paratype 12 mm. × 16 mm. × 4 mm. Localities: Shell-bed, Target Gully; Pakaurangi Point (= C. meriodionalis and P. curta of Marshall 1918, p. 274). Suter identified the Target Gully specimens as C. mesodesma (Q. & G.), but Cossmann said they had no analogy of shape, ornamentation or hinge with the Pliocene representatives of that species, but belonged to Ventricoloidea. Though Tawera marshalli is easily specifically separable from T. mesodesma, Cossmann's remarks are quite wrong. The shell has no anterior tooth or tubercle and so is not a Ventricoloidea. The sculpture is of the same kind as that of T. mesodesma but the ridges are more spaced and the hinges agree quite closely. Attenuated specimens with consequently a long hinge-plate show a slight bulge in the hinge-margin caused by the pedal retractor scar; this may have been mistaken by Cossmann for an anterior tubercle. Tawera bartrumi n. sp. (Figs. 134, 138). Shell small, ovato-trigonal, somewhat inflated, subequilateral; beaks prominent, almost median, more anterior in youth; anterior end slightly narrower than posterior. Lunule relatively large, lanceolate, superficial, bounded by incised line; escutcheon inconspicuous in right

valve. Sculpture of very fine concentric ridges (five to six per mm.). Hinge-plate moderate; right valve with posterior cardinal fairly broadly triangular, grooved above; median triangular, not grooved, anterior side curving forward along hinge margin; anterior cardinal narrow, parallel to lunular margin. Pallial sinus short, rounded, ascending. Valve-margins finely crenate. Holotype in collection of N.Z. Geological Survey. Height 8 mm., length 9.5 mm., thickness (one valve) 3 mm. Locality: 996, Kaawa Creek (= Chione mesodesma, C. meridionalis juv. and C. spissa of Bartrum, 1919, p. 104). Easily distinguished from T. spissa by the very fine sculpture, and from T. marshalli by the finer sculpture and different shape. Tawera errans n. sp. (Figs. 139, 140). Shell of moderate size, rather thin, little inflated, shape inconstant, beaks sometimes almost central, sometimes at anterior third. Lunule long, extremely narrow, bounded by incised line; escutcheon almost absent from right valve, stronger in left, with bounding ridge. Sculpture of narrow, moderately-spaced, bevelled, concentric ridges which die away on the posterior half of the disc. Hinge with very long ligamental grooves, nymphs close to hinge-margin; left valve with long, narrow posterior cardinal separated from nymph by only shallow groove; median moderate, grooved; anterior very long, sloping well forward along hinge-margin. Right valve with very short triangular widely-grooved posterior cardinal; stronger, weakly-grooved median; and rather long, low, lamellar anterior one. Pallial sinus not clearly marked but apparently short and ascending. Valve-margins finely regularly crenate. Holotype in collection of N.Z. Geological Survey. Height 21.5 mm., length 26 mm., thickness 6 mm. Locality: 1101, Waipipi Beach, Waverley. All the available specimens are somewhat worn so the sculpture is not well preserved. The species is easily distinguished from T. spissa by the much longer ligament and shorter hinge-teeth. Tawera subsulcata Suter. (Figs. 149–51). 1887 Venus sulcata Hutton, Proc. Lin. Soc., N.S.W., vol. 1 (ser. 2) p. 226 (in part). 1893 Venus sulcata Hutton, Macleay Memm. Vol. p. 81, pl. 9, fig. 87 (not of 1875). 1905 Chione subsulcata Suter, Proc. Mal. Soc. 6, p. 205. 1913 Cytherea subsulcata Suter, Man. N.Z. Moll. p. 985, pl. 61, fig. 3. It is difficult to understand why the classification was changed from Chione to Cytherea. The shell closely resembles Tawera spissa, practically the only difference being larger size and coarser-spaced concentric sculpture of T. subsulcata. The teeth are the same in both species, and there is not the slightest trace of an anterior lateral tubercle. In his 1905 paper, Suter does not give a full description of the shell, but he says “all finely and closely radially striated, the striae running over the broad concentric ribs.” This feature is seen only on the ventral side of the ribs, and it does not occur on all

specimens. Those showing it plainly are from Nukumaru, and they have all a thickened margin, the radials being caused by a continuation across this margin of the crenulations on the inner side. From their inconsistency they do not seem to be worth systematic consideration. The figure in Suter's Manual does not give the true appearance of this species, and was perhaps drawn from a T. spissa. The figure in the Macleay Memorial Volume, drawn by Suter, gives the correct shape, but the strong ribs are not properly shown. Suter named as type “Venus sulcata Hutton of the Pliocene (1887)” and added that he had good examples from Wanganui and Waikopiro. Hutton in 1887 published a paper on the “Pareora and Oamaru Systems” and under Venus sulcata he gives “Pareora System.—Napier; Motunau. Found also in the Wanganui System.” (i.e., the Pliocene). Suter's designation of a type is therefore quite inadequate. In his paper on the Pliocene Mollusca, Hutton (1893) gave as localities for Venus sulcata, Wanganui and Matapiro, therefore a specimen from Nukumaru, a few miles west of Wanganui has been chosen as neotype. It is now in the collection of the N.Z. Geological Survey. Localities: Okehu; Nukumaru, type; Maraekakaho, Ngaruroro River; 191, Shrimpton's, Ngaruroro River; 188, Kereru, Hawkes Bay; Motunau (Canterbury Museum coll.) Suter's identifications of T. subsulcata are not reliable. Among shells he has attributed to it are specimens of Kuia vellicata, Target Gully (1921, p. 81) and Bassina yatci, Lower Waipara (1921, p. 45). No recent specimens have been seen by the writer and their absence from the Kai-iwi and Castlecliff beds points to extinction before Castleeliffian times. Tawera assimilis (Hutton). (Fig. 137). 1873 Chione assimilis Hutton, Cat Tert. Moll. p. 21 “Ovate, posterior end slightly rounded, its dorsal margin concave; concentrically striated, the striae higher and broader at the anterior end.” (Hutton). Holotype in collection of N.Z. Geological Survey. Height 24 mm., length 31 mm., thickness (one valve) 7 mm. Locality: Wanganui district. The Holotype and only specimen was not seen by Suter during his revision of Hutton's types, but it has since been found. It is a closed individual with much of the sculpture worn away, but with the crenulated margin showing clearly. Thus the shell is nearer to Chione as first classed by Hutton than to Macrocallista as he afterwards supposed. The other shells to which he applied the name Cytherea assimilis (= the Macrocallista assimilis of Suter) were only flattened forms of Paradione multistriata (Sowerby). Hutton gave the locality as Wanganui, thereby including a large district, so the exact horizon is not known. In the large collections examined from this district no duplicate of the type has been found. Tawera wanganuiensis n. sp. (Figs. 141–3). Shell rather small, trigonally oval. Lunule lanceolate bounded by incised line; escutcheon superficial, scarcely defined. Sculpture of

close, bevelled concentric ridges about ·75 mm. apart, these ridges become obsolete on posterior part of shell which is almost smooth. Cardinal teeth widey divergent, embracing angle of 105°; left hinge with long high posterior cardinal welded to nymph; narrow equally-divided median; and long, narrowly-triangular obscurely-grooved anterior one. Right hinge with short, somewhat narrow, grooved posterior cardinal; long, triangular, grooved median; and low entire anterior one. Pallial sinus short, narrow, ascending, end irregularly truncated. Pedal retractor separated from adductor. Valve-margins finely, regularly crenate. Type in collection of N.Z. Geological Survey. Height 19.5 mm., length 23.5 mm., thickness (one valve) 6 mm. Localities: Castlecliff, common (type); Landguard Bluff, rare. The smooth posterior area makes this Castlecliff relative of T. spissa easily recognizable. A few specimens show the sculpture persisting, but no exact collecting has yet been done to show whether this has a stratigraphical explanation. The strength of the concentric ribs and the degree of inflation have a considerable range of variation resembling the Recent spissa-mesodesma combination. The writer was at first inclined to identify these shells with T. assimilis, but as no individual agreeing closely with the type was found in the hundreds of Castlecliff specimens available, it was finally decided to keep them apart. Tawera spissa (Deshayes). (Figs. 144–8.) 1835 Venus spissa Deshayes Anim. s. Vert. ed. 2, vol. 6, p. 373. 1835 Venus crassa Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. Astrol. 3, p. 525, pl. 84, f. 7, 8. 1835 Venus mesodesma Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. Astrol. 3, p. 532, pl. 84, f. 17, 18. 1873 Chione gibbosa Hutton, Cat. Mar. Moll. p. 71. 1915 Chione spissa (Deshayes) Iredale, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 47, p. 495. For further synonymy see Suter's Manual, p. 991. Iredale and Smith are in favour of uniting C. spissa and mesodesma and the series examined during the present revision rather favours this proceeding. The writer must confess that he is uncertain on the point, but certainly finds it hard to decide on the classification of many of the specimens, both recent and fossil. Localities: Recent, type; Landguard Bluff; Motunau; Okehu; ? Waipipi;? Tarata (Lower Waitotaran), fragments. (?) Tawera carri n. sp. (Figs. 164–5). Shell large, heavy, inflated, oval; beaks prominent, well forward. Lunule large, bounded by incised line; escutcheon broad, well depressed. Sculpture consisting of broad, rounded, concentric ribs, sometimes divaricating, interstices of about the same width as the ribs. Hinge not seen. Margins crenulated. Type in collection of N.Z. Geological Survey. Height (estimated) 50 mm., length (estimated) 60 mm., thickness (one valve) 22 mm.

Localities: Neilson's Quarry, Whangamomona Road, half a mile N. of Tahunaroa Road, Mahoe S.D., Taranaki (type); S.W. end Pohokura Tunnel, Stratford-Whangamomona Railway. Remarks: The sculpture of this shell is quite different from that of any other of our Venerids, and it is probable that a new division is required. 6. Genus Bassina Jukes-Browne, 1914. Type: V. pachyphylla Jonas (= V. paucilamellata Dunk.). Jukes-Browne considered the New Zealand V. yatei Gray as sectionally separable from Bassina pachyphylla but did not indicate any important differences between the two shells. V. yatei was classed by him in a new subgenus of Venus, Salacia, type V. disjecta Perry (= V. lamellata Lamk.), but this was shown by Iredale (1917, p. 329) to be preoccupied. In its stead Iredale proposed Callanaitis with V. yatei as type. The differences between V. yatei and V. pachyphylla are of degree, not of kind. The hinge-teeth exactly correspond, having the same huge, unequally-divided, left median cardinal, and narrow right cardinals; the pallial sinus has the same peculiar lingui-form descending attitude; and the lunules of both are long, lanceolate, concave, with a central depressed area, the right side encroaching on the left. V. pachyphylla differs from V. yatei in its more trigonal shape, greater inflation, weaker escutcheon, and slight development of the concentric lamellae. On many specimens of V. yatei the lamellae are practically absent from the central part of the disc, so their extent does not seem to possess generic or subgeneric significance. Key to Species. Under 20 mm. high B. parva Over 20 mm. high  One ridge running from umbo to posterior B. yatei  Two ridges running from umbo to posterior B. speighti Bassina yatei (Gray) (Figs. 161–3). For synonymy see Suter's Manual, p. 990, to which add 1917, Chione chiloensis (Philippi) var. truncata Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 5, p. 75, pl. 13, fig. 5. Suter's type of C. truncata is a decorticated shell and what he took for radial sculpture is but the tubular structure of an internal shell layer which is revealed by weathering on shells with a crenulated margin. Localities: Recent, type; Castlecliff; Nukumaru; Maraekakaho; 1135, Tirangi Stream, North Taranaki; Awamoa; Target Gully. The shells from Nukumaru are very large and elongate, those from Awamoa rather short, but as the Recent specimens differ among themselves considerably in shape, all have been considered here as one species.

Bassina speighti (Suter) (Figs. 156–7). 1913 Chione (Lirophora) speighti Suter, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 45, p. 296, pl. 14, figs. 1 and 2. The sculpture of Lirophora consists of thick, rounded, concentric ridges which become lamellate posteriorly and so is quite different from the thin concentric, recurved laminae of Bassina. Type in the Canterbury Museum. Height 54 mm., length 61 mm., thickness (one valve) 12 mm. Localities: Lower Gorge of Waipara (lower horizon); 908 Tonga-porutu Road, three miles S.W. of Ohura (Henderson and Ongley, 1923, p. 23); 1065, Kururau Road, three miles W. of Taumarunui; 1022, Waterfall, Mangapapa Stream, Tangarakau River; Chatton Creek (fragment). Bassina parva n. sp. (Figs. 153, 155). Shell small, suboval, ventral margin with shallow sinus posteriorly. Lunule concave, strongly striated with central deeply depressed almost vertical area; escutcheon smooth, narrow in right valve, well marked in left. Sculpture of distant raised laminae, with reflexed and irregular edges, interstices weakly concentrically striated, two ridges run from umbo towards posterior and bound each side of ventral sinus, they are marked by a noticeable kink in the laminae. Hinge dipping steeply forward; right valve with very narrow, grooved posterior cardinal; bevelled, triangular, weakly-grooved median and lamellar anterior one parallel to lunule, and to front face of median tooth. Left valve with long, vertical, narrow anterior cardinal; stout grooved median; and lamellar posterior cardinal welded to nymph. Pallial sinus horizontal linguiform, reaching about the middle of the shell. Valve-margins finely crenate. Type in collection of N.Z. Geological Survey. Height 17 mm., length 21 mm., thickness (one valve) 5.5 mm. Localities: 1089 Okauawa Creek, Ngaruroro River; 184 Porangahau Creek, Ruataniwha Plains, Hawkes Bay. 7. Genus Clausinella Gray, 1851. Type: Venus fasciata Da Costa. Clausinella morgani (Marwick) (Figs. 152, 154). 1924 Chione morgani Marwick, Proc. Aust. Ass. Adv. Sc., vol. 16, p. 323, pl. 6, fig. 7. Only two left valves have as yet been collected, but they suffice to show the essential characters of the species. The lunule is concave, deeply impressed, and bounded by an incised line. Sculpture of spaced, recurved, very strong concentric ridges. Hinge strongly bent, left valve with posterior cardinal joined to nymph, but defined above by narrow groove; anterior cardinal long, joined above to median which is broadly triangular, strongly bevelled and unequally grooved. Valve-margins finely, regularly crenate. Holotype in collection of N.Z. Geological Survey. Height 13.5 mm., length 16 mm., thickness (one valve) 4.5 mm. Localities: 243, Fan Coral Bed, Trelissick Basin (= Chione subroborata Tate, Suter, 1921, p. 29): Tuffs between uppeer and lower

limestone, Trelissick Basin (= Chione yatei (Gray) juv., Suter, 1921, p. 51). 8. Genus Chione, Megerle 1811. Type: Venus cancellata Linné. a. Subgenus Austrovenus Finlay, 1927. Type: Venus stutchburyi Gray. Shell fairly large, oval. Lunule large, not impressed, radially ribbed, bounded by shallow depression not by incised line; escutcheon defined by absence of radials, shallow on flat specimens but fairly deep on thick inflated ones. Sculpture of rounded radial ribs, with narower interstices crossed by low, well-spaced, irregular, concentric lamellae which often die out on posterior half of shell, posterior area marked by obsolescence of radials. Hinge-teeth all divergent; left valve with long, high, curved, posterior cardinal welded to nymph; broadly-triangular, slightly-curved, grooved median; and strong, triangular, often obscurely-grooved, anterior one. Right valve with long, somewhat narrow, curved, grooved posterior cardinal; short, broadly-triangular, grooved median, and narrow lamellar anterior one. Pallial sinus short, ascending. Pedal retractor close to and often joining adductor. Valve-margins bicrenate. Austrovenus is closely related to Chione s. str. as shown by the close agreement of the hinge, pallial sinus, marginal crenation and sculpture. The Recent C. stutchburyi differs principally from C. cancellata in lacking the well-defined concave escutcheon which imparts a triangular shape, and in the concentric lamellae being less persistent and lower. The Californian Chione fluctifraga Sowerby also is without a concave escutcheon and so agrees closely with A. stutchburyi in shape and general characters. The sculpture, however, differs, for the concentric ribs are flattened out and have smooth surfaces. Fossil ancestors of C. stutchburyi from the Pliocene have an escutcheon almost as well defined as that of C. cancellata. Chionc seems to be regarded by some authors as preoccupied by the prior Chion, but as one is the name of a goddess and the other that of a man this course does not seem justified. The words themselves are not synonymous. Chione (Austrovenus) stutchburyi (Gray). (Figs. 158–60.) 1927 Austrovenus stutchburyi (Gray): Finlay (this volume). For synonymy see Chione stutchburyi Suter's Manual, p. 987. Suter said that the escutcheon “is wanting,” but this is not correct. It is marked by the absence of radial ribs and in large, heavy individuals it is quite deeply sunken. Localities: Recent (type): 1102, Waipaoa beds, Awatere River, East Cape; Castlecliff; Kai-iwi; Okchu; Nukumaru; Maraekakaho. Chione (Austrovenus) crassitesta Finlay (Figs. 172, 173). 1924 Chione crassitesta Finlay, Trans N.Z. Inst., vol. 55, p. 478, pl. 50, figs. 1a, b, c. Although A. stutchburyi varies enormously according to station, and some recent forms are much inflated and have a deep escutcheon,

yet the typical A. crassitesta can easily be distinguished by its triangular outline, thicker and more persistent concentric ridges, and deeper escutcheon. Small varieties of crassitesta, common at Kereru and Wharekahika can be distinguished by their well-defined escutcheon. Nevertheless it is difficult if not impossible to draw a sharp line of distinction between the two species. C. crassitesta is an important species to the stratigrapher, for it seems to be characteristic only of the Nukumaruan Stage. Localities: Clifden, Hawkes Bay (type); Nukumaru; 188, Kereru (small form); 190, Shrimptons, Ngaruroro River (small form); 1121, Wharekahika River, one mile below Oweka junction, East Cape (small); Greta Beds, Kowai River, Waipara (small). b. Subgenus Hinemoana (from Maori, the Ocean Maid, or Goddess of the Ocean.) Type: Chione acuminata Hutton. Shell somewhat small, ovate-trigonal. Lunule slightly impressed, with bulging central area, bounded by weakly-incised line; escutcheon narrow, rounded and not well defined in right valve, broader and flattened in left valve with well-marked bounding ridge. Sculpture of extremely fine crowded concentric lamellae six to eight per mm. on adult, slightly more spaced on juvenile; fine dense radials are often faintly indicated by waving of the concentrics. Hinge-teeth all short. Left valve with posterior cardinal thick and welded to nymph; median cardinal thick, grooved; anterior one sometimes lightly grooved. Right valve with rather short, moderately thick, grooved posterior cardinal; very stout grooved median, and narrow anterior one. Valve-margin of right valve at end of escutcheon very deeply grooved to receive edge of left valve, inner side of groove thickened and raised into a posterior lateral tooth. Pallial sinus very short, angular. Pedal retractor sometimes joined to, sometimes separated from anterior adductor. Valve-margins somewhat irregular crenate. The cardinal teeth are practically the same as those of Austrovenus and Chione, but the sculpture is different, also there is a decided posterior lateral tooth below the marginal groove in the right valve. It seems, therefore, unlikely that Austrovenus is directly descended from this subgenus for C. stutchburyi shows as much if not more resemblance to the American species of Chione s. str. Chione (Hinemoana) acuminata (Hutton). (Figs. 168, 170, 171.) 1873 Chione accuminata Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll., p. 21. 1914 Chione acuminata Hutton (em.): Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull, No. 2, p. 51, pl. 14, fig. 3. Some specimens show no trace of the fine radial ribbing except on weathering. Locality: Pomahaka, Otago. The age of the Pomahaka beds is uncertain. They contain a brackish-water fauna which consists of extinct species not known from any other locality, and so are of considerable antiquity, perhaps Oligocene.

(4) Subfamily Tapetinae. Key to Genera and Subgenera. (1) Margins crenate, pallial sinus acute.  A. Longitudinally attenuated, anterior very narrow, sharp concentric lamellae predominating Notopaphia  B. Oval-oblong, broad radial ribs predominating. Tuangia (2) Margins smooth, pallial sinus ample.  A. Shell very small, subtrigonal, beaks almost central Gomphinella  B. Shell moderate to large size, oval.   1. Surface smooth Eumarcia   2. Well spaced concentric grooves, interspaces polished, sometimes raised. Atamarcia  C. Shell small to moderate size, oblong.   1. Sharp, erect, close concentric ridges Callistotapes   2. Close, branching, concentric cords crossed by fine, radial, waved grooves. Paphirus   3. Sharp, spaced, concentric lamellae Irona  D. Shell large, subcircular, sculpture of extremely fine regular concentric threads Cyclorismina 1. Genus Notopaphia, Oliver, 1923. Type: Venerupis elegans Deshayes. Shell rather small, oblong, anterior produced to narrow point. Lunule not impressed, bounded by deeply incised line; escutcheon narrow but well defined. Sculpture of sharp, spaced concentric lamellae, interspaces with numerous fairly strong radial threads which are rendered rugose by concentric growth-lines. Teeth high, but short, not reaching lunular margin; left hinge with posterior cardinal joined to nymph; median rather narrow, grooved, curved; anterior longer, about same width, shallowly-grooved and curving strongly forward. Right hinge with broadly-triangular, deeply-divided, posterior cardinal; median about same strength, also equally divided; anterior cardinal entire, almost parallel to lunular margin. Pallial sinus moderate, triangular slightly ascending. Pedal retractor joined to adductor. Valve-margins crenate. Notopaphia elegans was considered to be a typical Venerupis by Jukes-Browne, but the teeth are much more divergent, the angle embraced by those of the right valve being about 135° while the teeth of V. irus cover only 105°. Also the lunule is bounded by a deeplyincised line, the valve-margins are crenate and the pallial sinus is angular. Notopaphia elegans (Deshayes). (Figs. 174, 176, 177.) 1854 Venerupis elegans Desh., Proc. Zool. Soc. (1853) p. 5, pl. 18, fig. 2. 1923 Notopaphia elegans (Desh.): Oliver, Proc. Malac. Soc., vol. 15, p. 185, text fig. For further synonymy see Suter's Manual, p. 997. Locality: 689, Raised Beach, Mahia Peninsula (Pleistocene). 2. Genus Protothaca Dall, 1902. Type: Chama thaca Molina (= V. dombeyi Lamarck). Shell of moderate size, oval, dorsal margin high, angled at junction with posterior margin. Lunule not impressed, bounded by incised

line; escutcheon defined only in left valve. Sculpture: surface divided into three zones; anterior one with radials, stronger in front, crossed by low, wide, bevelled, concentric ribs; middle zone with radials only, the ribs of different widths, low and bevelled; posterior zone with strong, radials separated by deep linear interspaces and crossed by rough, somewhat irregular concentric ridges. Teeth all moderately strong, left median and right posterior and median grooved; nymphs narrow, sunken; resiliary surface short, posterior end not raised out of ligamental groove, anterior end broad, thus forcing posterior cardinals downwards. Pallial sinus of moderate depth, linguiform, slightly ascending. Pedal retractor separated from adductor. Valve-margins crenate. a. Subgenus Tuangia n. subgen. (Tuangi—Maori name for type species). Type: Venus crassicosta Deshayes. Shell of moderate size and inflation, strong, oval, dorsal margin joining posterior margin in gradual curve. Lunule superficial, bounded by incised line, no escutcheon. Surface divided into three zones as in Protothaca, but radial ribs much broader; anterior zone with radials separated by linear interstices and crossed by bevelled concentrics; middle zone with bevelled radials only; radials higher and interstices wider than on rest of shell, concentrically irregularly roughened. Teeth as in Protothaca; nymphs narrow but not sunken; resiliary surface long, posterior end raised, anterior end broad, thus forcing posterior cardinals downwards. Pallial sinus rather short, acute, slightly ascending. Pedal retractor separated from adductor. Valve margins crenate. Protothaca crassicosta differs from Protothaca thaca in shape, in the disposition of the nymphs, in the coarse sculpture and in the smaller pallial sinus. Nevertheless the sculpture is formed on the same principle, and the hinge-teeth are practically the same, so the two shells must be closely related. The points of agreement are too many to be considered the result of convergence. The Californian species P. grata Say and P. staminea Conrad have nymphs with a raised posterior end similar to those of P. crassicosta, also P. grata has a short acute pallial sinus. In shape these two species are intermediate between P. thaca and P. crassicosta, but they have fine sculpture and so are probably more closely related to Protothaca s. str. Protothaca (Tuangia) crassicosta (Deshayes). (Figs. 178, 181–2.) 1835 Venus crassicosta Desh., Anim. s. Vert., ed. 2, vol. 6, p. 373. 1913 Paphia (Protothaca) costata (Q. & G.): Suter, Man. N.Z. Moll., p. 996, pl. 61, fig. 7. 1915 Protothaca crassicosta Desh.: Iredale, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 47, p. 496. For further synonymy see Suter's Manual, p. 996. Localities: Recent (type); 689, Raised Beach, Mahia Peninsula (Pleistocene).

3. Genus Cyclorismina n. gen. Type: Cyclorismina woodsi Marwick. Shell large, oval to subcircular, thin. Lunule deeply impressed, concave, well defined but with no bounding line; no escutcheon. Sculpture of fine regular concentric grooves, separated by low rounded ridges two to three per mm. Hinge with three cardinals in each valve, no anterior lateral; right valve with broad, curved, deeply-grooved, posterior cardinal; median entire, slightly stronger than anterior cardinal which is also entire and divergent. Left valve with long posterior cardinal separated from nymph by shallow groove; moderately broad, probably grooved median cardinal joined above to narrowly-triangular anterior cardinal, immediately in front of which and parallel to it is narrow, rather deep groove for reception of right anterior cardinal; anterior margin of this groove raised into low ridge. Surface of ligamental attachment broad, almost vertical. Pallial sinus deep, linguiform, directed at top of anterior adductor. Valve-margins smooth. This shell was classed by Woods (1917, p. 32) as a Dosinia and was compared with other Cretaceous species supposed to belong to that genus. The resistant matrix has now been cleared from the hinges of several specimens, revealing the absence of an anterior lateral tooth. The shells classed in Cyclorisma Dall, which Dall and Jukes-Browne both considered a subgenus of Cyprimeria Conrad may be related to Cyclorismina. They agree in general shape and sculpture and in the number though not the disposition of the teeth. In both Cyprimeria and Cyclorisma the two front cardinals of the right valve are almost parallel and are directed strongly forward, the median being continued along the hinge-margin. In Cyclorismina the two anterior cardinals are divergent and a continuation of either would intersect the hinge-margin at a high angle. Cyprimeria has practically no pallial sinus, Cyclorisma has a moderate one, but Cycloris mina has quite a deep sinus directed at the anterior adductor and reaching past the centre of the disc. In addition, the lunule of Cyclorismina is deeply impressed while that of Cyprimeria (also Cyclorisma) is superficial. A noticeable character of Cyclorismina woodsi is the Dosinia-like, almost vertical resiliary surface. A similar surface seems to be possessed by Stoliczkai's Cyprimeria oldhami, but the writer had not had access to any figures of C. carolinensis Conrad, the type of Cyclorisma. Jukes-Browne's description of the hinge of Cyclorisma does not agree with Dall's, but it was compiled from European and Indian shells, not from the type. It seems quite possible that C. oldhamia is not a Cyclorisma, for according to Stoliczkai's figure the anterior teeth do not run parallel to the hinge-margin but intersect it as do those of Cyclorismina. Cyclorismina woodsi n. sp. (Figs. 185–7.) 1917 Dosinia sp. Woods. N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull., No. 4, p. 32, pl. 18, fig. 1. For description see generic diagnosis above.

Holotype in collection of N.Z Geological Survey. Height 47 mm., length 55 mm., thickness (one valve) 13 mm. Locality: 589, Selwyn Rapids (Upper Senonian). 4. Genus Eumarcia Iredale, 1925. Type: Venus fumigata Sowerby (= nitida Q. & G.). a. Subgenus Eumarcia s. str. Shell triangularly oval. Lunule not impressed, bounded by weak line; escutcheon not defined. Surface smooth and polished. Left valve with narrow posterior cardinal joined to nymph without separating groove; median and anterior cardinals of about equal strength, triangular, deeply grooved. Right valve with moderate, triangular, grooved, posterior cardinal; very narrow, grooved median and entire anterior one. Pallial sinus wide; not very long, ascending. Pedal retractor separated from anterior adductor. Valve-margins smooth. The type, a Recent eastern Australian shell, is small and thin, but in no other way does it differ from the large heavy smooth shells from the Upper Tertiary of New Zealand. Suter generally identified these shells as Paphia curta irrespective of sculpture, but Eumarcia is easily distinguished from Paphia by its subtrigonal shape, divergent teeth, and shorter ligament. b. Subgenus Atamarcia n. subgen. Type: Eumarcia sulcifera Marwick. Shell large, thick. Lunule impressed, but central area arched over anterior cardinals, bounded at first by obsolete line, later this disappears, its place sometimes taken by low ridge; escutcheon deep, wider in left valve. Sculpture of close, fairly regular concentric grooves with smooth polished interspaces; grooves closer on posterior area and deeper on anterior portion of disc. Left valve with fairly long posterior cardinal along upper side of which nymph is raised nearly to same level, boundary between the two shown by slight groove; median cardinal moderately strong, deeply and evenly divided; anterior cardinal triangular, much higher than and almost as strong as median, occasionally with slight groove on upper edge. Right valve with broad, curved, grooved posterior cardinal; narrow grooved median and entire lamellar anterior one. Pallial sinus lingui-form, horizontal, generally reaching about half-way across. Pedal retractor separated from adductor. Valve margins smooth. Atamarcia differs from Eumarcia in its grooved surface, its slightly or not at all grooved left anterior cardinal, its stronger, more curved right posterior cardinal, deep escutcheon and impressed lunule. In several species e.g., E. crassa the concentric sculpture is not strongly marked so that the surface approaches that of Eumarcia but the lunule, escutcheon and teeth show that the relationship is to Atamarcia. In hinge characters Hemitapes Roemer, type V. rimularis Lamarck strongly resembles Atamarcia but its sculpture although predominatingly concentric is of a very different kind. The concentric grooves of Atamarcia are straight, the interspaces smooth and polished and there is no trace of radial ornament. The grooves of Hemitapes are

waved and the interspaces are wrinkled by fine radials. Further, the left median cardinal of Hemitapes is rugose and unequally divided in a most peculiar manner, the narrow groove swinging off to the right above, so that all the upper end of the tooth where it joins the lunular margin is a continuation of the posterior flange. The smooth left median cardinal of Atamarcia is rather deeply and broadly divided along its full length into two equal ridges. Key to Species. (1) (Eumarcia) Surface smooth, no concentric grooves, lunule and escutcheon superficial.  A. Outline triangular, beaks subcentral in adult pareoraensis  B. Outline broadly oval, beaks fairly prominent kaawaensis  C. Outline longitudinally oval, beaks low   1. Lunule not pouting plana   2. Lunule pouting strongly altilunula (2) (Atamarcia) Concentric grooves generally strong, sometimes obsolete centrally, lunule and escutcheon well impressed.  A. Grooves marked only on extremities, obsolete centrally.   1. Shell very large (100 mm.) heavy, inflated enysi   2. Shell of moderate size (50–60 mm.).    a. Extremely thick crassa    b. Dorsal margin strongly humped thomsoni  B. Grooves fairly strong distally, somewhat weaker centrally.   1. Beaks about anterior third.    a. Sculpture coarse, hinge broad, beaks low curta    b. Sculpture fine, hinge narrow, beaks high sulcifera   2. Beaks about anterior fourth, sculpture coarse crassatelliformis. C. Groves separating high ridges which persist across disc benhami Eumarcia pareoraensis (Suter). (Figs. 175, 179, 180, 183.) 1917 Macrocallista pareoraensis Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. No. 5, p. 74, pl. 8, fig. 5. Shell of moderate size, thin, subtrigonal; beaks wide, prominent. Lunule long, lanceolate, slightly impressed, bounded by obsolete line; escutcheon inconspicuous. Surface smooth and shining, young shell with weak concentric grooves distally. Hinge narrow, right valve with moderate, straight, triangular grooved cardinal; very narrow grooved median; and lamellar anterior cardinal. Left valve with posterior cardinal separated from nymph by shallow groove; median cardinal very broad and grooved; anterior narrowly triangular, shallowly grooved. Pallial sinus moderate, somewhat ascending, rounded in front. Pedal retractor separated from adductor. Valve-margins smooth. Dimensions of adult: height 41 mm., length 54 mm., thickness (one valve) 13 mm. Localities: 458, Lower Gorge, Pareora (Suter's holotype and two paratypes); also large smooth specimen identified by him as Paphia curta, 25 ft. below conglomerate, Mead Gorge, Marlborough (J. A. Thomson); 165 White Rock River. Suter's holotype is a small decorticated, closed individual with the original shining outer layer adhering only to the lunule and part of

the dorsal margin. The rest of the disc consists of an inner layer which is regularly-concentrically grooved and does not represent the true surface. In outline the holotype differs much from the larger specimens, having a long, high, dorsal margin and a truncated posterior. Faint growth-lines on the large shells, however, show that they possessed a similar outline when young. Suter did not explore the hinge or he would have seen that the shell is not related to Macrocallista, having no anterior tooth. The matrix of the types is very hard, but the hinge-lines of the two para-types, both left valve, have now been cleared so as to reveal the essential features. The large specimen from 165, White Rock River seems to have been more attenuated than that from locality 458, the anterior dorsal margin being much higher. Eumarcia kaawaensis n. sp. (Figs. 211, 212.) Shell fairly large, rather fragile, broadly oval, well inflated. Lunule lanceolate, slightly concave; no escutcheon. Surface smooth and polished. Hinge narrow, right valve with narrowly triangular, straight, grooved, posterior cardinal; narrow, grooved, median and narrow entire anterior one; ligamental area of nymph with raised, slightly rugose lower margin. Pedal retractor separated from adductor. Valve-margins smooth. Type in collection of N.Z. Geological Survey. Height (estimated) 52 mm., length (est.) 61 mm., thickness (one valve) 18 mm. Locality: 996, Kaawa Creek (J. Henderson) (= Paphia curta of Bartrum, 1919, p. 105). Easily separated from E. plana by greater height and inflation. Eumarcia plana n. sp. (Figs. 207, 210.) Shell large, longitudinally oval rather flat. Lunule very large, lanceolate, superficial, bounded by an obsolete line; no escutcheon. Surface smooth and polished with broad obscure concentric waves. Left valve with straight, long, strong, posterior cardinal joined to nymph without groove; fairly strong, deeply and widely-grooved median cardinal; and fairly strong weakly-grooved anterior one. Right valve with almost straight, moderately strong, grooved, posterior cardinal; narrowly triangular, slightly grooved, median; and strong, entire, posterior cardinal, parallel to lunule. Pedal retractor far in front of anterior cardinal but well separated from adductor. Valve-margins smooth. Type in collection of N.Z. Geological Survey. Height, 60 mm., length 83 mm., thickness (one valve) 19 mm. Localities: Waipipi Beach, Waverley; Boat-landing, Nukumaru, type (= Cytherea enysi of Marshall and Murdoch, 1920, p. 124). Eumarcia altilunula n. sp. (Fig. 196.) Shell large, oval, thin, little inflated, beaks at anterior third, not very high. Lunule not impressed nor marked off by bounding line, the inner margin very high; escutcheon broad and shallow in the left valve, bounded by a broad low ridge, surface smooth with obsolete

concentric lines which are more noticeable on the posterior area, hinge obscured. Holotype in the collection of Mr. H. J. Finlay. Height 66 mm., length 87 mm., thickness (one valve) 18 mm. Locality 7c, Clifden, Southland. Remarks: This species is distinguished from all the others by the lunule not being impressed and by its high inner margin. The outline is somewhat similar to that of E. plana, but the anterior is better developed. Eumarcia (Atamarcia) crassa n. sp. (Figs. 202, 216, 217.) Shell fairly large, extremely thick and solid. Lunule broadly lanceolate, deeply impressed, concave, bounded by a ridge, arched up over anterior teeth; escutcheon fairly deep. Sculpture of low, flat, concentric ridges which die out on centre of disc leaving it obsoletely plicate, shining and almost smooth, ridges stronger distally. Hinge-plate very broad and solid, teeth long and strong; left valve with apparently very thick, long, grooved, posterior cardinal; grooved median, and entire anterior ones. Right valve with strong, curved and grooved posterior cardinal; median somewhat narrower, probably grooved; anterior small, entire; nymphs strong high. Muscular impressions deeply sunk. Pedal retractor well separated from adductor. Valve-margins smooth. Syntypes in collection of N.Z. Geological Survey. Dimensions (estimated): height 58 mm., length 68 mm., thickness (one valve) 21 mm. Localities: 1029, 90 chains N.W. of Trig. B., Alexandra Survey District, Kawhia; Greensand at base of Tertiary, boundary blocks 10 and 11, Awaroa Surv. Dist., Huntly;? Hikurangi Coal Mine, presented by Mr. Taylor, Mine Manager. These last specimens do not show hinges so their identity is uncertain. Eumarcia (Atamarcia) crassatelliformis n. sp. (Figs. 191, 192.) Shell of moderate size, inequilaterally subtrigonal, beaks at anterior fourth, broad and prominent, but not raised much above top of hinge; anterior margin short, posterior produced, narrowly concave, bounded by incised line; escutcheon not impressed. Sculpture of waved concentric shallow grooves with broad, flat interspaces. Hinge with three well-spaced cardinals, the left median grooved. Valve-margins smooth. Holotype in collection of Mr. H. J. Finlay. Height 40 mm., length 53 mm., thickness (one valve) 13 mm. Locality: Mussel Beach, Te Wae Wae Bay, Southland. Eumarcia (Atamarcia) curta (Hutton). (Figs. 199, 201, 204, 206.) 1873 Tapes curta Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll., p. 22. 1886 Tapes curta Hector, Outline Geol. N.Z. p. 54, fig. 2, no. 15. 1887 Tapes curta Hutton, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W. (2), vol. 1, p. 227. 1914 Paphia (Ruditapes) curta (Hutton) Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. no. 2, p. 52, pl. 14, f. 6. Further specimens have enabled more features to be distinguished than are mentioned in Suter's description. Lunule well impressed,

concave, marked off by line above and ridge below, central part only slightly bulging over anterior teeth; escutcheon unequally divided, of moderate depth, smooth, very narrow in the right, much wider in the left. Hinge-plate deep and teeth strong; distance across hinge greater than from top of shell to hinge. Right valve with posterior cardinal strong, curved and grooved, median and anterior cardinals long, narrow and entire (median faintly grooved in some cases). Left valve with posterior cardinal long and strong, rugose, welded to nymph without groove; median very strong, deeply bifid; anterior only of moderate width, entire; nymphs strong and deep. The sculpture is fairly strong, consisting of concentric grooves with flat polished interspaces. The grooves are close together and strong on the anterior and posterior regions, but are further apart and shallower on the central portion of the disc. The “radial striae' mentioned by Suter are merely accidents of weathering. Buchanan's drawing, published by Suter, does not correctly interpret the sculpture, the grooves being much further apart in the centre of the disc than is represented. Localities: 237, Broken River = shell bed at base of Pareora Beds, junction of Porter and Thomas rivers (J. A. Thomson); shell bed Target Gully, smaller than type, may be another species Suter was very fond of using this specific determination, applying it to nearly all the moderate-sized shells of the genus, irrespective of sculpture, shape, or details of the hinge. His records are, therefore, unreliable. Eumarcia (Atamarcia) sulcifera n. sp. (Figs. 200, 203, 205.) For description see diagnosis of Atamarcia p. Type in collection of Mr. H. J. Finlay. Height 54 mm., length 88 m., thickness (one valve) 17 mm. Locality: Target Gully Shell Bed, Oamaru. Distinguished from E. curta by having finer, more regular sculpture (one or two grooves per mm.) narrower hinge, and higher beaks. The distance across the hinge of E. sulcifera is equal to the distance from the top of the hinge to the summit of the shell. In E. curta the distance across the hinge is greater. Eumarcia (Atamarcia) enysi (Hutton). (Fig. 193.) 1873 Cytherea enysi Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. p. 21. 1886 Cytherea enysi Hector, Outline Geol. N.Z. p. 51, fig. 9, no. 10. 1887 Cytherea enysi Hutton, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W. (2), vol. 1, p. 226. 1914 Cytherea enysi Hutton, Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. No. 2, p. 5, pl. 14, fig. 2. Shell very large, solid, beaks large and prominent; posterior dorsal margin broadly curved, descending regularly to the posterior extremity which is sub-angular; anterior margin regularly rounded, concave under the umbones. Lunule large, almost smooth, deeply excavated, concave, upper part marked off by shallow line, but below bounded by ridge caused by its own concavity; escutcheon very narrow, moderately deep in right valve, probably wider in left. Sculpture:

extremities with irregular, shallow, concentric grooves separating wide flat interspaces which become narrower and slightly more raised distally, greater part of the disc almost smooth. Hinge-plate strong and deep; right valve with posterior and median cardinals shallowly grooved; anterior almost parallel to lunular margin which it causes to bulge. Left valve with median cardinal grooved; nymphs enormous, dorsal edge horizontal, raised to level of dorsal margin of shell, right nymph with raised rugosity parallel to posterior cardinal. Pallial sinus linguiform, horizontal. Valve margins rounded, smooth within. Type in collection of N.Z. Geological Survey. Height 95 mm., length 110 mm., thickness (one valve) 28 mm. Localities: Lower Waipara Gorge; Broken River, Trelissick Basin; Porter River, Trelissick Basin. Remarks: Hutton noticed the smooth margins but did not have a specimen showing the hinge, hence his classification of the species under Cytherea Lamarck = Meretrix Lamarck. Suter's use of Cytherea, however, is in quite a different generic sense, being that of Bolten. Both of these genera have an anterior lateral tooth and the latter has in addition a crenulated margin, so that neither can be applied to this species. Eumarcia (Atamarcia) thomsoni n. sp. (Figs. 194, 197). Shell fairly large, solid, outline trapezoidal; beaks very large, curved forward, at anterior fourth, posterior dorsal margin descending strongly, bent in middle, with a humped appearance; posterior end narrowly convex; ventral margin broadly regularly rounded, anterior margin concave below the umbones then straightened and descending; anterior end narrowly convex. Lunule lanceolate, impressed, concave, bounded by line above and ridge below; escutcheon narrow in right valve, fairly broad and bounded by low ridge in left. Nymphs visible dorsally, apparently wide and strong. Sculpture consisting of concentric narrow grooves, closer together on the anterior and posterior portions, interspaces wide, smooth and shining. Valve-margins smooth. Holotype, a closed individual in the collection of N.Z. Geological Survey. Height 52 mm., length 62.5 mm., thickness (one valve) 16.5 mm. Locality 749, Hurupi Creek, N.E. corner Palliser Bay; (also collected by J. A. Thomson). Note. The collection from locality 749 was stated by McKay (see N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 1, p. 92) as from “Cliffs at mouth of Ruamahanga River.” Part of the collection is from this spot, but part also, including this species, from further along the coast at Hurupi Creek, a much lower horizon. The details of the sculpture are beautifully preserved in the specimen collected by Dr. Thomson, but unfortunately the extremities are broken off.

Eumarcia (Atamarcia) benhami nom. mut. (Fig. 195.) 1875 Venus (?) sulcata Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 7, p. 458, pl. 21 (not of Lamk. 1835). 1887 Venus sulcata Hutton, Proc. Lin. Soc. N.S.W. (2) vol. 1, p. 226 1915 Cytherea (Circamphalus) sulcata (Hutton): Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal Bull. No. 2, p. 58. Hutton's type and only specimen is embedded in a hard matrix which conceals the interior. A smooth margin can be distinguished, however, so this shell is not allied to Venus or Cytherea Bolten. The late Mr. R. Murdoch kindly sent along the specimen from Waipipi which had been identified as Paphia curta (Marsh. and Murd. 1920, p. 125) and it was found to agree in every way with Hutton's V sulcata. In the left valve the posterior cardinal is long and straight, separated from the nymph by a shallow groove, the median cardinal is fairly thick and equally divided, the anterior triangular and entire. Localities: Napier limestone, type; 1101, Waipipi Beach, Waverley. 5. Genus Gomphina Moerch, 1853. Type: Venus veneriformis Lamk. (= donacina Chemnitz) a. Subgenus Gomphina s. str. Shell of moderate size, trigonal, anterior end narrowly rounded, posterior end produced, obliquely truncated to form well-marked posterior area. Lunule long, very narrow, impressed with shallow but definite bounding line; escutcheon slightly concave, not well defined. Sculpture on anterior area consisting of weak, bevelled, concentric grooves, becoming obsolete on centre of disc, posterior area, excepting escutcheon with weak radials crossed by strong growth-ridges. Left valve with three rather narrow, straight, divergent cardinals, median grooved. Right valve with straight, narrow, grooved, posterior cardinal; broadly-triangular, grooved median, and lamellar anterior one. Pallial sinus moderate, oval, horizontal. Valve margins smooth. b. Subgenus Gomphinella n. subgen. Type: Gomphina maorum Smith. Shell small, subtrigonal, anterior end long, narrowly rounded; posterior short, broadly truncated. Lunule and escutcheon not defined. Sculpture of weak concentric ridges. Hinge-teeth widely divergent, grooving superficial, right median bevelled, not grooved. Pallial sinus short, arcuate. Valve-margins smooth. G. maorum differs from G. veneriformis Lamk. the type of Gomphina in its small size, short, broad posterior end, undefined lunule, shallow pallial sinus, bevelled right median cardinal curving forward, and in the absence of radials on the posterior area. G. veneriformis is from Japan and it is of interest to note that other species from that area closely resemble the New Zealand shell. Gomphina neastartoides (Yokayama) Pliocene and Recent, is intermediate both in size and in shape between G. maorum and G. veneriformis. Its posterior area has no radials, its right median cardinal is bevelled and ungrooved, and its pallial sinus is quite short. It therefore seems to belong to the subgenus Gomphinella rather than to Gomphina sensu stricto.

Gomphina (Gomphinella) maorum Smith. (Figs. 213–5.) 1902 Gomphina maorum Smith, Journ. of Malac. vol. 9, p. 109. Text figs. 1913 Gomphina maorum Smith: Suter, Man. N.Z. Moll., p. 993, pl. 63, fig. 15. Localities: Recent, type; Kaawa Creek. The fossils have not been compared with any recent specimens so their specific identification remains uncertain. 6. Genus Paphia Bolten, 1798. Type: P. ala-papilionis Bolten. Shell oval. Lunule shallow, long, lanceolate, bounded by weak line and slight ridge, right side encroaching on left; escutcheon narrow, not well defined. Sculpture of rather broad, low, bevelled, close, concentric ridges weakening on posterior. Hinge area small, teeth all rather narrow, embracing an angle of only 90° in right valve and less in left. Right posterior and median, and left median cardinals bifid; both posterior cardinals separated from nymph by a very wide space. Pallial sinus fairly long and narrow, rounded at end, ascending. Pedal retractor very large, separated from adductor. Valve-margins smooth. The generic separation of Paphia from Tapes is demanded by the great difference in the hinge. Cossmann and Peyrot's figure (1911, p. 304) of the hinge of T. litteratus is not correct. The left median cardinal (2b) is shown as a very narrow tooth whereas it is really an extremely wide, deeply-grooved one. In his sketch the supposed anterior cardinal (2a) seems to represent the front flange of this median tooth and 2b the posterior flange, and the true anterior cardinal is missing. The figure of the right valve is correct and the wide space between the posterior (3b) and the median (1) cardinals clearly shows the discrepancy in the left valve. The hinges of the genotypes of Paphia and Tapes are figured below for comparison. Fig. 3.—a. Paphia ala-papilionis Bolten. b. Tapes litteratus Linné. a. Subgenus Callistotapes Sacco 1900. Type: Venus vetula Basterot. Dall considered Callistotapes synonymous with Paphia, but the hinge of P. vetula has the cardinal teeth much more divergent, and the left posterior cardinal is near the ligamental nymph, not widely separated from it.

Paphia (Callistotapes) finlayi n. sp. (Figs. 208, 209.) Shell rather small, oval-oblong. Lunule superficial; escutcheon not sunken. Sculpture of strong, erect, sharp, close concentric ridges. Hinge narrow, teeth widely divergent; right posterior cardinal moderately strong, grooved; median narrow, probably grooved, anterior narrow, entire. Valve-margins smooth. Holotype in collection of Mr. H. J. Finlay. Height 24.5 mm., length 37 mm., thickness (one valve) 8 mm. Locality: 7A, Clifden. Until more material is available the generic position is not without doubt. 7. Genus Paphirus Finlay, 1927. Type: V. largillierti Philippi. (= V. intermedia Q. & G.). Shell fairly large, oval-oblong. Lunule not impressed, scarcely defined; escutcheon extremely narrow, insignificant, with raised ligamental margins. Sculpture of rounded, concentric, sometimes bifurcating threads becoming stronger ventrally; they are crossed by weak crowded, waved, radial grooves; posterior area with bevelled concentric ridges, the lower edge sharply raised, each ridge about as wide as three of the concentric threads. Hinge narrow, teeth concentrated, posterior cardinal joined to nymph; median moderately thick, deeply divided, projecting below hinge-margin; anterior rather narrow, obscurely grooved. Right valve with moderate, well-grooved, posterior cardinal projecting slightly below hinge-margin; median cardinal somewhat narrower, grooved; anterior cardinal entire. Pallial sinus ample, rounded, slightly ascending. Pedal retractor separated from adductor. Valve-margins smooth. The hinge of Paphirus is almost the same as that of Ruditapes so the two groups must be fairly closely related; but the sculpture is somewhat different owing to the radial element in Paphirus being much weaker. On the posterior area of Ruditapes decussatus (Linné) the radials are particularly strong and rugose, while on that of Paphirus the radials are obscure and there are strong concentric, bevelled ridges, similar to those of Tapes litteratus Linné. Except on the posterior area, the sculpture of P. largillierti closely resembles that of Pullastra pullastra Mont., but the teeth are not subparallel and narrow as in that genus. Paphirus largillierti (Philippi). (Figs. 166, 167, 169.) 1835 Venus intermedia Q. & G., Voyage of the Astrolabe, vol. 3, p. 526, pl. 84, figs. 9, 10 (not of Serres). 1927 Paphirus largillierti (Phil.): Finlay (this volume, p. 471.) For full synonymy see Paphia intermedia Q. & G.: Suter, Manual N.Z. Moll. p. 995 to which add Tapes fabagella Desh., Cat. Conchif. Brit. Mus., 1853, p. 182. Localities: Recent, type: Landguard Bluff; Castlecliff; Maraekakaho; Nukumaru. The shells usually identified as fabagella are young examples of P. largillierti, it seems likely that Deshayes's type is the same or is not a New Zealand shell.

8. Genus Irona Finlay 1927. Type: Venerupis reflexa Gray. Shell oblong-oval, irregular in shape according to station. Lunule not impressed, bounding line very weak or absent; escutcheon absent from right valve, narrow but well defined in left. Sculpture of sharp, spaced, concentric lamellae, interspaces with several waved concentric threads sometimes bifurcating. Left hinge with narrow posterior cardinal, joined to nymph and projecting beyond hinge-margin below; median cardinal fairly strong, well grooved, also projecting; anterior cardinal very high, entire. Right hinge with posterior and median cardinals fairly strong, grooved and projecting, anterior cardinal narrow, entire. Nymphs broad anteriorly depressed. Pallial sinus ample, oval, slightly ascending. Valve margins smooth. Jukes-Browne thought that V. reflexa belonged to Pullastra, but the teeth of that genus are all thin, concentrated, and subparallel. The hinge of Irona on the other hand is very like that of Paphirus, the chief differences being that the teeth of Irona project to a greater extent beyond the hinge-margin. Indeed it appears likely that Irona is an offshoot from ancestors of Paphirus for the young shells possess many points in common with adult Paphirus. Juvenile I. reflexa of about 5 mm. length can scarcely if at all be distinguished from P. largillierti of the same dimensions. The greater part of the surface is covered with fine, sometimes bifurcating, somewhat waved concentric threads often with traces of fine radial lines. On the posterior area, are almost flat, slightly bevelled, concentric ridges each comprising about three threads; the steep face of the ridge is facing ventrally. It is from these steep faces that arise the sharp concentric ridges of the adult I. reflexa. In the young stages, they occur only on the posterior area, but they soon advance across the disc and become the dominant feature of the sculpture. Irona reflexa (Gray). (Figs. 188–90.) 1843 Venerupis reflexa Gray, Dieffenbach's Travels in N.Z., vol. 2, p. 250. 1854 Venerupis siliqua Deshayes, Proc. Malac. Soc., p. 5, pl. 18, fig. 1. 1923 Venerupis reflexa Gray: Oliver, Proc. Malac. Soc., vol. 15, p. 185. 1926 Irona reflexa (Gray): Finlay (this volume). For further synonymy see Suter's Manual, p. 998 and 999. This Recent shell has been found fossil only at one spot, locality 689, Raised Beach, Mahia Peninsula (Pleistocene). References. Bartrum, J. A., 1919. Fossiliferous Bed at Kawa Creek, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 51, pp. 101–106. Cossmann, M., 1917, in Marshall, Additional Fossils from Target Gully, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 49, pp. 461–2. —, and Peyrot. A., 1911. Conchologie Néogénique de l'Aquitaine, tome 1, Pelecypodes, livr. 2. Dall, W. H., 1903. Tertiary Fauna of Florida, Trans. Wagner Free Inst., vol. 3, part 6. Deshayes, G. P., 1853. Cat. Conch. Brit. Mus. Finlay, H. J., 1927. Further Commentary on N.Z. Molluscan Systematics. Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 57, pp. 320–485.

Fischer, P., 1887. Manuel de Conchyliologie. Grange, L. I., 1926. Geology of Upper Waitotara Valley, Taranaki, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 56, pp. 331–36. Guppy, R. J. L., 1866. Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc., vol. 22. Hutton, F. W., 1873. Catalogue of the Tertiary Mollusca and Echinodermata of New Zealand. — 1886. The Wanganui System, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 18, pp. 336–67. — 1893. The Pliocene Mollusca of N.Z., Macleay Memor. Vol., Lin. Soc. N.S.W., pp. 35–92. Henderson, J. and Ongley, M., 1923. Mokau Subdivision, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 24 (N.S.) Ihering, H. Von, 1907. Les moll. foss. du Tert. et du Crét. Sup. de l'Argentine, Anal. del Mus. Nac. de Buenos Aires, ser. 3, tomo 7. — 1921. De Geschichte der Venus-Muschein, Archiv. f. Molluskenkunde, heft 3, pp. 125–139. Iredale, T., 1915. Commentary on Suter's Manual, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 47, pp. 417–497. — 1917. More Mollusc. Name Changes, Proc. Malac. Soc., vol. 12, pt. 6, pp. 322–330. — 1924. Results from Roy Bell's Molluscan Collections, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vol. 49, pt. 3. Jukes-Browne, A. J., 1908. Genera of Veneridae in Cretac. and Old Tert., Proc. Malac. Soc., vol. 8, pp. 148–177. — 1909. Application of Gomphina, Marcia, Hemitapes, and Katelysia, Proc. Malac. Soc., vol. 8, pp. 223–246. — 1912. Dosinia and its Subdivisions, Proc. Malac. Soc., vol. 10, part 2, pp. 95–104. — 1913. Callista, Amiantis and Pitaria, Proc. Malac. Soc., vol. 10. pp. 335–347. — 1914. Synopsis of the Veneridae, Proc. Malac. Soc., vol. 11, pp. 58–94. Marwick, J., 1924. A. Exam. of Tert. Moll. of Aust. and N.Z., Rep. Aust. Ass. Adv. Sci., vol. 16. — 1924. B. Notes on a Molluscan Collection of Supposed Waiarekan Age, N.Z. Jour. Sc. and Tech., vol. 6, p. 280. Marshall, P., 1917. Additional Fossils from Target Gully, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 49, pp. 461–2. — 1918. The Molluscan Fauna of Pakaurangi, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 50, pp. 263–278. — 1923. Early Tertiary Molluscan Faunas of N.Z., Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 54, pp. 115–121. — and Murdoch, R., 1920. Tertiary Rocks near Wanganui, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 52, pp. 115–128. — 1921. Fossils from Paparoa Rapids, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 53, pp. 85–86. Meek, F. B., 1876. Invertebrate Cretaceous and Tertiary Fossils of the Upper Missouri Country, United States Geol. Surv. of the Territories, vol. 9. Oliver, W. R. B., 1923. Notes on N.Z. Pelecypodes, Proc. Malac. Soc., vol. 15, pp. 179–188. Park, J., 1918. Geol. of Oamaru Dist., N.Z. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 20 (N.S.) Roemer, E., 1863. Novitates Conchologicae, 2 Abt., 1 Suppl., Dosinia. Smith, E., 1885. Lamellibranch., Challenger Rep., vol. 13, pt. 1. Suter, H., 1913. Manual of N.Z. Mollusca. — 1914. N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. No. 2. — 1915. N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. No. 3. — 1917. N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. No. 5. — 1918. Alphabetical List of N.Z. Tert. Moll. — 1921. N.Z.G.S. Pal. Bull. No. 8. Tate, R., 1887. Lamellibr. of Older Tert. of Austr., pt. 2, Trans. Roy. Soc. Sth. Aust., vol. 9. Vaughan, T. W., 1924. Criteria & Status of Correlation & Classification of Tert. Deposits, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., vol. 35. White, C. A., 1888. Contrib. Pal. Brazil, Archiv. do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, vol. 7. Woods, H., 1917. N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. No. 4. Woodring, W. P., 1925. Miocene Mollusks from Bowden, Jamaica, Carnegie Inst. of Washington, publication no. 366.

Figs. 4, 5, 6.—Dosinia (Phacosoma) maoriana Oliver: Castlecliff. × 1. Figs. 7, 10, 12, 13.—Dosinia (Austrodosinia) anus (Phil.): Recent × 1. Figs. 8, 9, 11.—Dosinia (Dosinia) lambata (Gould): Castlecliff. × 1. Figs. 14, 15.—Dosinia (Austrodosinia) kaawaensis n.sp.: holotype. × 1.

Figs. 16, 17.—Dosinia (Kereia) densicosta n.sp.: holotype. × 1. Figs. 18, 19.—Dosinia (Austrodosinia) magna Hutton: holotype and ? topotype. × 1. Figs. 20, 22.—Dosinia (Austrodosinia) waitakiensis n.sp.: holotype. × 1. Fig. 21.—Dosinia (Kereia) mackayi n. sp.: paratype. × 1.

Figs. 23, 27.—Dosinia (Kakahuia) suteri n.sp.: holotype. × 1. Figs. 24, 29, 30.—Dosinia (Phacosoma) wanganuiensis n.sp.: holotype and paratype. × 1. Figs. 25, 26, 28.—Dosinia (Phacosoma) subrosea (Gray): Recent. × 1. Figs. 31, 32, 33.—Dosinia (Kereia) mackayi n.sp.: holotype and paratype. × 1.

Figs. 34, 36.—Dosinia (Raina) bensoni n.sp.: paratype and holotype. × 1. Figs. 35, 38, 41.—Dosinia (Austro-dosinia) horrida n. sp.: holotype and paratype. × 1. Figs. 37, 39.—Dosinia (Kereia) ongleyi n.sp.: paratypes. × 2. Fig. 40.—Dosinia (Kereia) perplexa n.sp.: holotype. × 2.

Figs. 42, 47.—Dosinia (Kereia) cottoni n.sp.: holotype. × 1. Figs. 43, 45, 46.—Dosinia (Raina) nukumaruensis n.sp.: holotype and paratype. × 1. Fig. 44.—Dosinia (Kereia) greyi Zittel. Kai-iwi. × 1. Fig. 48.—Dosinia (Kereia) waiparaensis n.sp. holotype. × 1.

Figs. 49, 51.—Dosinia (Raina) waipipiensis n.sp.: holotype. × 1. Figs 50, 52.—Dosinia (Kereia) greyi Zittel: Waipipi and Kai-iwi. × 1. Fig. 53.—Dosinia (Kereia) perplexa n.sp.: holotype. × 2. Fig. 54.—Dosinia (Raina) bensoni n.sp.: holotype. × 1.

Figs. 55, 56.—Callistina (Tikia) thomsoni (Woods): syntypes. × 1. Fig. 57.—Callistina (Tikia) unlckensi (Woods): syntype. × 1. Fig. 58.—Dosinia (Kereia) ongleyi n.sp.: holotype. × 4. Fig. 59.—Dosinia (Kereia) ongleyi n.sp.: holotype. × 1½. Figs. 60, 61, 62.—Finlaya parthiana n.sp.: paratype and holotype. × 1. Figs. 63, 64, 65.—Dosinia (Raina) paparoaensis n.sp.: paratype and holotype. × 1.

Figs.—66, 67.—Paradione (Notocallista) parki n.sp.: holotype. × 1. Figs. 68, 69.—Paradione (Notocallista) parki n.sp.: paratype and holotype. × 2. Figs. 70, 71, 72.—Paradione (Notocallista) multistriata (Sowb.): Castlecliff. × 1. Fig. 73.—Paradione (Notocallista) trigonalis n.sp.: holotype. × 1. Figs. 74, 75.—Pitar (Hyphantosoma) sculpturatus (Marshall): holotype. × 1. Fig. 76.—Pitar (Hyphantosoma) sculpturatus (Marshall): Clifden. × 1½. Figs. 77, 78.—Turia bortonensis n.sp.: holotype. × 2. Figs. 79, 80, 81.—Turia pukeuriensis n.sp.: holotype. × 3. Figs. 82, 84.—Turia waiauensis n.sp.: holotype. × 3. Fig. 83.—Turia waiauensis n.sp.: paratype. × 5. Figs. 85, 86, 87.—Turia chattonensis n.sp.: holotype and paratype. × 5.

Figs. 88, 89.—Marama (Hina) mackenziei n.sp.: holotype. × 1. Figs. 90, 91.—Marama (Hina) pinguis n.sp.: holotype. × 1. Figs. 92, 94, 95.—Kuia, vellicata (Hutton): Target Gully. × 1. Fig. 93.—Kuia vellicata (Hutton): holotype. × 1. Figs. 96, 97.—Kuia singularis n.sp.: holotype. × 1. Figs. 98, 100.—Kuia macdowelli n.sp.: paratypes. × 1. Fig. 99.—Kuia macdowelli n.sp.: holotype. × 1.

Figs. 101, 104.—Marama ovata n.sp.: holotype. × 1. Figs. 102, 103.—Marama (Hina) tumida (Marshall): holotype. × 1. Figs. 105, 106.—Marama pristina n.sp.: holotype. × 2. Figs. 107, 108.—Marama (Hina) hendersoni n.sp.: holotype. × 1. Figs. 109, 111.—Marama (Hina) williamsi n.sp.: holotype. × 1. Figs. 110, 113, 114.—Marama murdochi n.sp.: holotype. × 1. Fig. 112.—Marama murdochi n.sp.: paratype. × 1.

Figs. 115, 116, 117.—Dosinula crebra (Hutton): holotype. × 1. Fig. 118.—Dosinula zelandica (Gray): copy of Smith's figure. Figs. 119, 121.—Dosinula zelandica (Gray): Recent. × 1. Fig. 120.—Dosinula elegans (Hutton): holotype. × 1. Figs. 122, 123.—Dosinula firmocosta n.sp.: holotype. × 1.

Figs. 124, 127, 130.—Dosinula suboblonga n.sp.: holotype and paratype. × 1. Figs. 125, 126.—Marama hurupiensis n.sp.: holotype. × 1. Figs. 128, 129.—Dosinula uttleyi n.sp.: holotype. × 1.

Figs. 131, 133.—Tawera marshalli n.sp.: paratypes. × 4. Figs. 132, 135, 136.—Tawera marshalli n.sp.: holotype and paratype. × 1. Figs. 134, 138.—Tawera bartrumi n.sp.: holotype. × 3. Fig. 137.—Tawera assimilis (Hutton): holotype. × 1. Figs. 139, 140.—Tawera errans n.sp.: holotype. × 1. Figs. 141, 142, 143.—Tawera wanganuiensis n.sp.: paratype and holotype. × 1. Figs. 144, 145.—Quoy and Gaimard's figs. of V. mesodesma and V. spissa. × 1. Figs. 146, 147, 148.—Tawera spissa (Q. & G.): Recent. × 1. Figs. 149, 150, 151.—Tawera subsulcata (Suter): lectotype and topotype. × 1.

Figs. 152, 154.—Clausinella morgani (Marwick): holotype. × 1. Figs. 153, 155.—Bassina parva n.sp.: holotype. × 1. Fig. 156.—Bassina speighti (Suter): Chatton. × 1. Fig. 157.—Bassina speighti (Suter): Lower Waipara. × 1. Figs. 158, 159, 160.—Chione (Austrovenus) stutchburyi (Gray): Castlecliff. × 1. Figs. 161, 162, 163.—Bassina yatei (Gray): Recent. × 1.

Figs. 164, 165.—Tawera carri n.sp.: holotype. × 1. Figs. 166, 167, 169.—Paphirus largillierti (Philippi): Recent. × 1. Figs. 168, 170, 171.—Chione (Hinemoana) acuminata (Hutton): paratype and holotype. × 1. Figs. 172, 173.—Chione (Austrovenus) crassitesta Finlay: holotype. × 1.

Figs. 174, 176, 177.—Notopaphia elegans (Desh.): Recent. × 1. Figs. 175, 179, 180, 183.—Eumarcia pareoraensis (Suter): Pareora. × 1. Fig. 184.—Eumarcia pareoraensis (Suter): paratype. × 2. Figs. 178, 181, 182.—Protothaca (Tuangia) crassicosta (Desh.): Recent. × 1. Figs. 185, 186, 187.—Cyclorismina woodsi n.sp.: paratypes. × 1.

Figs. 188, 189, 190.—Irona reflexa (Gray): Recent. × 1. Figs. 191, 192.—Eumarcia (Atamarcia) crassatelliformis n.sp.: holotype. × 1. Fig. 193.—Eumarcia (Atamarcia) enysi (Hutton): topotype. × 1.

Figs. 194, 197.—Eumarcia (Atamarcia) thomsoni n.sp.: holotype. × 1 Fig. 195.—Eumarcia (Atamarcia) benhami n. mut.: holotype. × 1 Fig. 196.—Eumarcia altilunula n.sp.: holotype. × 1 Fig. 198.—Eumarcia (Atamarcia) benhami n. mut.: Waipipi. × 1

Fig. 199.—Eumarcia (Atamarcia) curta (Hutton): Target Gully. × 1. Figs. 200, 205.—Eumarcia (Atamarcia) sulcifera n.sp.: paratypes. × 1. Figs. 201, 204.—Eumarcia (Atamarcia) curta (Hutton): holotype. × 1. Fig. 202.—Eumarcia (Atamarcia) crassa n.sp.: paratype. × 1. Fig. 203.—Eumarcia (Atamarcia) sulcifera n.sp.: holotype. × 1. Fig. 206.—Eumarcia (Atamarcia) curta (Hutton): topotype. × 1.

Figs. 207, 210.—Eumarcia plana n.sp.: holotype. × 1. Figs. 208, 209.—Paphia (Callistotapes) finlayi n.sp.: holotype and paratype. × 1.

Figs. 211, 212.—Eumarcia kaawaensis n.sp.: holotype. × 1. Figs. 213, 214, 215.—Gomphina (Gomphinella) maorum Smith: Kaawa. × 4. Figs. 216, 217.—Eumarcia (Atamarcia) crassa n.sp.: holotype. × 1.