II.—Botany.

Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Volume 2, 1869, Page 88

II.—Botany.

List of Naturalized Plants Reported to Occur in New Zealand, With the Distribution of Those Found in the Province of Auckland Shown in Detail. Ranunculaceæ. Ranunculus acris, L., Europe, p., 2-3-4-6, † The figures refer to districts.—See p. 133. Acc. Den. Pas. "repens, L., Europe, P., 3-4, Acc. Den. Pas. Inu. "parviflorus, L., v. australis. Possibly introduced, according to Dr. Hooker. It has, however, the appearance of a truly indigenous plant, and as such it seems best to regard it. Papaveraceæ. Papaver Rhoeas, L., Europe, A., 1, Unc. Col. Via. Local. I have observed this plant in a solitary locality at the north-western extremity of the island; it may, however, be expected to occur commonly as an agrestal plant.

Fumariaceæ. Fumaria parviflora, Lam. Mentioned in Flora. N. Z. ii. I have not seen specimens. Fumaria officinalis, L., Europe, A. 3, Acc. Col. Agre. Cruciferæ. Nasturtium amphibium, L., Europe, P., 1-2-3-4-5-6. Hor. Den. Inu. Pal. Has spread throughout the islands. I am informed that it impedes drainage in some parts of the Province of Canterbury. In this province it is often found in localities which are dry during the greater part of the year. Barbarea præcox, Br., Europe, A., 1-3-4. Hor. Den. Pas. Via. This has probably been mistaken for B. vulgaris, L., in some northern localities. It is usually biennial in Europe. Sisymbrium officinale, L., Europe, A., 1-2-3-4-5-6. Acc. Den. Via. "pannonicum, Jacq., Europe, A., 4. Acc. Ali. Agre. Local. (Introduced with European flax?) Senebiera coronopus, Poir., Europe, A., 1-3-4. Acc. Col. Via. "pinnatifida, D. C., South America, A., 1-2-3-4-5-6. Acc. Den. Via. Lit. Capsella Bursa–pastoris, L., Europe, A., 1-3-4-5-6. Acc. Col. Pas. Via. Lepidium ruderale, L., Europe, A., 1-2-3-4. Acc. Col. Lit. Via., etc. " Lepidium sativum, L., Europe, A., 1-2-3-4. Hor Col. Via. Alyssum maritimum, Willd., Europe, P. Mentioned in Fl. N. Z. ii. I have not seen recent wild specimens. Cochleria Armoracia, L., Europe, P., 3. Hor. Ali. Via., etc. Sinapis nigra, L., Europe, A., 3-5. Acc. Col. Via. Local. "arvensis, L., Europe, A., 1-2-3-4-5-6. Acc. Col. Agre. Via. Brassica Rapa, L., Europe, B., 1-2-3-4-5-6. Agri. Col. Agre. Via. "Napus, L., Europe, B., 2-3-4-5-6. Agri. Col. Agre. Via. Said to have been introduced by Cook. Brassica oleracea, L., Europe, B., 3-4-5. Hor. Col. Lit. Via. This appears to be permanent in littoral situations only. Said to have been introduced by Cook. Brassica compestris, L., Europe, B., 2-3-4-5. Agri. Col. Agre. Via. Raphanus sativus, L., Europe, A. 1-2-3-4-5. Hor. Col. Lit. Probably introduced by Cook. Polygalaceæ. Polygala myrtifolia, L., Cape of Good Hope, P., 3. Hor. Ali. Sep., etc. Vitaceæ. Vitis vinifera, L., Caspian, p., 2-3-4-5. Hor. Ali. Syl., etc. Caryophylleæ. Gypsophila tubulosa, Briss., Levant. I have not seen N. Z. specimens. Dr. Hooker considers it introduced, chiefly, I presume, on the ground of its restricted range in the northern hemisphere, and on the rapidity with which it is becoming diffused in Australia and New Zealand. Silene quinquevulnera, L., Europe, A., 1-2-3-4-5-6. Hor. (?) Acc. (?) Den. Pas. Agre., etc. I believe this is also found in the Province of Canterbury, but am unable to state my authority. Said to have been introduced with grass seed from Chile; it is, however, commonly cultivated in gardens. Lychnis Githago, Lam., Europe, A., 3., Acc. Col. Agre. Local. Stellaria media, With., Europe, A., 1-2-3-4-5-6. Acc. Den. Pas. Agre. Syl.,

etc. One of the very few naturalized plants found on the Little Barrier Island. Arenaria serpyllifolia, L., Europe, A., 3. Unc. Col. Lit. Local. Confined to a solitary locality on the sandy beach at Koheroa, near Omaha, possibly a waif brought by the sea. Sagina apetala, L., Europe, A., 3. Unc. Ali. Via. Only observed in a single locality, into which it has been latterly destroyed by traffic. Cerastium vulgatum, L., Europe, A., 1-2-3-4-5-6. Acc. Den. (?) Col. (?) Pas. Via. This and a few other species require a term somewhat intermediate between “Denizen” and “Colonist,” being sufficiently abundant and general to belong to the former, while their small size prevents their interference with the original vegetation, to any marked extent. Cerastium viscosum, L., Europe, A., 1-2-3-4-5-6. Acc. Den. (?) Col. (?) Pas. Via. Rup. Observed at an altitude of 2000 feet. Polycarpon tetraphyllum, L., Europe, A., 1-3-4-6. Acc. Den. (?) Col. (?) Lit. Via. Spergula arvensis, L., Europe, A., 1-2-3-4. Acc. Col. Agre. Portulææ. Portulaca oleracea, L., Europe, 1-2-3-4. Hor. (?) Acc. Den. Lit. Agre. Often forming a compact sward in the immediate vicinity of the sea. A troublesome weed in rich cultivated land. Hypericineæ. Hypericum Androsæmum, L., Europe, P., 6. Hor. Col. Via. Local. " perforatum, L., Europe, P., 4-6. Acc. Den. Pas. Local but abundant. Hypericum humifusum, L., Europe, P., 3. Acc. Col. Pas. Local. Malvaceæ. Malva sylvestris, L., Europe, A., 6. Acc. Col. Pas. Local. This and the next species appear to be annual in N. Z., although biennial or perennial in the northern hemisphere. Malva rotundifolia, L., Europe, A., 2-3-4-5-6. Acc. Den. Agre. Via. " caroliniana, W., N. America, P., 1-2-3-4-5-6. Acc. Den. Via. Lavatera arborea, L., Europe, P., 3-4-6. Hor. Col. Lit. Via. Lineæ. Linum usitatissimum, L., Europe, A., 2-3-4. Agri. Acc. Col. Agre. Via. Geraniaceæ. Geranium molle, L. Included in the list of naturalized plants given in the “Handbook,” but should, I think, be considered indigenous, although its area may have been widened by introduction. Pelargonium quercifolium, Ait., Cape of Good Hope. P., 2-3-6. Hor. Col. Via., etc. Erodium cicutarium, L., Europe, A. (?), b. charophyllum, v. “littorale,” 1-2-3-4-5-6. Acc. Den. Via. Found also in Marlborough, (Buchanan.) A. remarkably variable plant; the leaflets in the typical are sometimes scarcely toothed and very broad, and in var. b. narrow–linear, closely resembling the garden Chervil, var. v. in var. b. narrow–linear, closely resembling E. maritimum, Sen., than the present species. It is confined to the Bay of Islands. Erodium moschatum, Sm. Europe, A., 2. Acc. Col. Via. Local. Perhaps a from of the preceding species.

Leguminosæ. Podalyria sericea, W., Cape of Good Hope, P., 3. Hor. Ali. Via. Local. Eutaxia Strangeana, Turc., Australia. Not found in New Zealand, see “Handbook,” p. 53. Ulex Europoeus, L., Europe, P., 1-2-3-4-5-6. Hor. Den. Via., etc. Lotus corniculatus, L., Europe, P., 3-6. Acc. Col. Pas. " major, Scop., Europe, P., 3. Acc. Col. Pas. Uli. Trifolium pratense, L., Europe, P., 1-2-3-4-5-6. Agri. Den. Agre. Pas., etc. "medium, L., Europe, P., 3-6. Agri. Col. Agre., etc. "glomeratum, L., Europe, A., 3. Acc. Col. Via., etc. "repens, L., Europe, P., 1-2-3-4-5-6. Agri. Den. Pas. Via. "procumbens, L., Europe, A., 2-3-4-5-6. Acc. (?) Agri. (?) Col. Pas., etc. Trifolium minus, Sm., Europe, A., 1-2-3-4-5-6. Acc. Den. Pas. Via., etc Melilotus officinalis, Willd., Europe, B. or P., 3-4-5. Acc. Col. Pas., etc. "arvensis, Willd. Europe, P., 2-3-4-5-6. Acc. Den. Via., etc. Medicago lupulina, L., Europe, A., 1-2-3-4-5-6. Agri. Den. Pas. Via., etc. "maculata, L., Europe, A., 2-3-4-5. Acc. Den. Pas., etc. "denticulata, Willd., Europe, A., 1-2-3-4-5-6. Acc. Den. Pas. Via., etc. Psoralea pinnata, Willd., Cape of Good Hope, P., 3-6. Hor. Col. (?) Ali. (?) A plant frequently cultivated; as it seeds freely, small specimens are not uncommon in the neighbourhood of gardens, deserted homesteads, etc., where it can scarcely be expected to become fully naturalized. Robinia Pseudacacia, Willd., North America, P., 3. Hor. Col. Via., etc. Would speedily become common, if not interfered with, as it increases by suckers, as well as by seeds. A striking instance may be seen on the Auckland and Drury railway, where it has established itself on an embankment, about four years since, and bids fair to form a grove. Vicia sativa, L., Europe, A., 2-3-6. Acc. Col. Pas., etc. "hirsuta, Koch., Europe, A., 3. Acc. Col. Agre., etc. "tetrasperma, Moench., Europe, A., 3-6. Acc. Den. Pas. "gracilis, Lais, Europe, A. Fl. N. Z., ii. I have not seen N. Z. specimens. Lathyrus odoratus, Willd., Europe, A., 3. Hor. Col. Syl., etc. Local. Guilandina Bonduc, L., India, P., Fl. N. Z., ii. Erroneously stated by Forster, to have been collected in New Zealand. Acacia lophantha, Willd., Australia, P., 2-3-4-5-6. Hor. Col. Syl., etc. "decurrens, Willd., var. dealbata, Australia, P., 2-3-6. Den. Syl., etc. Rosaceæ. Amygdalus persica, L., Persia, P., 1-2-3-4-5-6. Hor. Den. Syl., etc. Prunus Cerasus, L., Europe, P., 2-3-4-5-6. Hor. Den. (?) Col. (?) Syl., etc. Spiroea salicifolia, Willd., Europe, P., 3-6. Hor. Ali. Via., etc. Rubus discolor, W. and N., Europe, P., 3-6. Hor. Den. Via., etc. "rudis, Weihe., Europe, P., 3. Hor. Col. Sep., etc. Local. "Idoeus, L., Europe, P., 2-3-5-6. Hor. Den. Syl. Via., etc. Fragaria vesca, L., Europe, B., 2-3-4-5-6. Hor. Den. Syl. via. etc. "elatior, Ehrd., Europe, P. 5. Hor. Col. Syl., etc. Local. Alchemilla arvensis, L., Europe, A., 3. Acc. Col. Agre., etc. Local. (Tarnadale, Nelson, 4000 ft., Travers.) Rosa micrantha, Sm., Europe, P., 3-5. Hor. Den. Via., etc. "rubiginosa, L., Europe, P., 2-3-4-5-6. Hor. Den. Via., etc. "canina, L. Europe, P., 3-6. Acc. (?) Col. Via., etc.

Rosa indica, L., China, P., 3-6. Hor. Ali. Sep. Via., etc. Local. "multiflora, Thunb., China, P., 2-3-5-6. Hor. Den. Via. Sep., etc. Lytherarieæ. Lythrum hyssopifolium, L., Europe, A., 1-2-3-4-5-6. Acc. Den. Inu. Via. In the northern hemisphere this plant is generally rare and sporadic; here it is notably a social plant, and most abundant. I have not observed that it has any tendency to become trimorphic, under altered conditions of existence. Lythrum Grafferi, Cust., Europe, P., 2-3. Unc. Den. Syl. Pas. I have not seen this pretty plant in cultivation in the Colony. Onagrarieæ. OEnoshera stricta, L., S. America, P., 2-3-5-6. Hor. Den. (?) Col. (?) Via. Lit. Cacteæ. Opuntia vulgaris, Mill., S. America, P., Fl. N. Z., ii. I have not seen this plant in a wild state. Cucurbitaceæ. Cucurbita citrullus, L., A., 3-5. Hor. Ali. Via., etc. Can scarcely be said to hold its ground. Cucurbita, sp., Pacific Islands, (?) A., 2-3-4-5-6. Hor. Ali. Via., etc. Intro-duced by the Maoris, as was probably the case with the preceding. Umbelliferæ. Apium graveolens, L., Europe, B. 3. Hor. Col. Via. Local. Petroselinum sativum, L., Europe, B., 2-3-4-6. Hor. Den., or Col. Pas. Via. Pimpinella Saxifraga, L., Europe, P., 3. Acc. Col. Pas. Local. Foeniculum vulgare, L., Europe, P., 2-3-4-6. Hor. Den. Via. Daucus Carota, L., Europe, B., 2-3-6. Hor. Col. Pas., etc. Pastinaca sativa, L., Europe, B., 2-3-4. Hor. Col. Pas., etc. Torilis nodosa, Gært., Europe, A., (?) 3-4. Acc. Col. Pas. Via. Scandix Pecten–Veneris, L., Europe, A., 3. Acc. Col. Agre. Cherophyllum cerefolium, Crantz., Europe, A. Handbook Fl. N. Z., p. 759. I have not seen wild specimens. Caprifoliaceæ. Sambucus nigra, L., Europe, P., 2-3-4. Hor. Col. Syl. Via. Rubiaceæ. Galium Aparine, L., Europe, A., 3-6. Acc. Col. Via., etc. Sherardia arvensis, L., Europe, A., (?) 1-2-3-4-5-6. Acc. Den. Pas. Via. Vaterianeæ. Fedia olitoria, L., Europe, A., 3. Acc. Col. Pas. Dipsaceæ. Scabiosa atropurpurea, L., India, (?) P., 1. Hor. Den. Sep. Via., etc. Compositæ. Erigeron canadensis, L., N. America, A., 1-2-3-4-5-6. Acc. Den. Pas. Via. Rup., etc. Bellis perennis, L., Europe, P., 2-3-4-5-6. Acc. Den. Pas.

Conyza ambigua, D. C. Europe, A. Handbook Fl. N. Z., p. 760. I have not seen wild specimens. Eclipta erecta, L., India, A., Handbook Fl. N. Z., p. 760. I have not seen wild specimens. Siegesbeckia orientalis, L., India, A., 4. Unc. Col. Via. I am indebted to Mr. Lawson for specimens from the Great Barrier. Woolastonia biflora, D. C., (?) India, A. Handbook Fl. N. Z. p. 760. I have not seen wild specimens. Bidens pilosa, L., N. America, A., 1-2-3-4-5-6. Acc. Den. Via. Agre. Anthemis arvensis, L., Europe, A., 3. Acc. Col. Via. "nobilis, L., Europe, P., 3-6. Hor. Col. Via., etc. Achillea millefolium, L., Europe, P., 3-6. Acc. Agri. Den. Pas. Matricaria inodora, L., Europe, A., 2-3-4-6. Acc. Den. Via. Agre. "Chamomilla, L., Europe, A., 2-3-4- Acc. Den. Via., etc. Chrysanthemum Leucanthenum, L., Europe, P., 2-3-4-6. Acc. Den. Pas. "segetum, L., Europe, A., 3. Acc. Col. Agre. Local. Senecio vulgaris, L., Europe, A., 2-3-4-5-6. Acc. Col. Agre. Via. scandens, L., Cape of Good Hope, P., 1-2-3-4-6. Hor. Den. Sep. Via. Osteospermum monifliferum, Willd., Cape of Good Hope, P., 3. Hor. Col. Via., etc. Local. Cryptostemma calendulacea, Br., Cape of Good Hope, A., 3-6. Acc. Den. Pas. Via. First observed in 1863. Centaurea nigra, L., Europe, P., 3-6. Acc. Col. Pas. "solstitialis, L., Europe, A., 3. Acc. Ali. Agre. "Calcitrapa, L., Europe, A., 3-6. Acc. Den. Via. Carduus lanceolatus, Gært, Europe, A., (B. in Europe) 1-2-3-4-5-6. Acc. Den. Agre. Via. Commonly called “Scotch Thistle,” but erroneously: that species in the C. arvensis, Curt., which happily has not yet been introduced. Silybum Marianum, Gært., Europe, A., 2-3-4. Hor. Col. Pas. Via. Lapsana communis, L., Europe, A., 3-6. Acc. Col. Via. Agre. Arnoseris pusilla, Gært., Europe, A., Fl. N. Z. ii. I have not seen N. Z. specimens: can Lapsana communis be the plant intended? Cichorium Intybus, L., Europe, P., 2-3-4. Hor. (?) Acc. (?) Col. Pas. Hypochoeris glabra, L., Europe, A., 3-4. Acc. Col. Rup. Pas. "radicata, L., Europe, P., 1-2-3-4-5-6. Acc. Den. Pas. Via. Major Heaphy informs me that this plant was extremely rare in the neighbourhood of Auckland in 1856-7. It is now found over the entire province, a most troublesome and abundant weed, especially on clay soils. Sometimes shown on sheep runs. Thrincia hirta, Roth., Europe, P., 3. Acc. Den. Pas. Apargia autumnalis, Willd., Europe, P., 3-4. Acc. Col. Pas. Tragopogon minor, Fries., Europe, B., 3. Acc. Col. Pas. "porrifolius, L., Europe, B., 3. Unc. Col. Pas. Helminthia echioides, Gært, Europe, A. P., 1-2-3-4-5-6. Acc. Den. Pas. Via., etc. Not unfrequently the withered stems retain sufficient vitality to produce flowers and seed two seasons. Sonchus oleraceus, L., Europe, A., 12-3-4-5-6. Acc. Pas., etc. S. asper, Hoff. the S. oleraceus of the Handbook, is certainly indigenous. Sonchus arvensis, L., Europe, P., 2-3-4. Acc. Col. Agre. Taraxacum Dens–Leonis, Desf., Europe, P., 2-3-4-6. Acc. Den. Pas., etc. The var. palustris is the only form indigenous to this province, and is extremely rare. Barkhausia taraxacifolia, Thi., Europe, B., 6. Acc. Col. Agre.

Barkhausia foetida, Moench., Europe, B. (P. in N. Z.?) 6. Acc. Col. Agre. Crepis virens, L., Europe, A. (P. in N. Z.?), 1-2-3-4-5-6. Acc. Den. Pas. Via. Xanthium spinosum, L., Europe, A., 2-3-6. Acc. Col. Via., etc. First observed in 1863, on Mount Eden. Stylidieæ. Stylidium graminifolium, Swartz. Australia, P., 3. A solitary specimen was picked on clay hills near Auckland, by Col. Bolton in 1851, but the plant has not been collected since. Handbook Fl. N. Z., p. 168. Stylidium spathulatum, Br., Australia, P., Fl. N. Z., ii. Stated erroneously to have been collected at Tasman's Bay. Ericeæ. Epacris purpurascens, Br. Fl. N. Z., ii. Considered by Dr. Hooker to have been introduced, but on imperfect information. The plant is certainly indigenous. * See ante, page, 107, “On Epacris purpurascens, as a New Zealand plant.” Primulaceæ. Anagallis arvensis, L., Europe, A., b. coerulea, 1-2-3-4-5-6. Acc. Den. Agre. Pas., etc. Var. b. near Auckland only. Apocyneæ. Vinca major, L., Europe, P., 2-3-6. Hor. Den. Sep. Via. Gentianeæ. Erthroea centaurium, Pers., Europe, A., 1-2-3-4-5-6. Hor. Den. Eri. Pas. Archdeacon Willians informs me this occurs in abundance at Poverty Bay. Boragineæ. Cynoglossum micranthum (?), India, B. Fl. N. Z., ii. I have not seen specimens of any plant in N. Z. belonging to this genus. Echium vulgare, L., Europe, B., 6. Acc. Col. Via. I am indebted to Mr. Gillies for specimens collected on the west side of the Firth of Thames. Lithospermum arvense, L., Europe, A., 3. Acc. Col. Agre. Via. Convolvulaceæ. Ipomoea chrysorrhiza, Forst., Tropics, P. Handbook Fl. N. Z., p. 760. I have not seen this plant in a wild state. Ipomoea Batatus, Lam., Tropics, P., 2-3. Hor. Ali. Via., etc. Occasionally met with on abandoned native cultivations, but rarely proves permanent. Asclepiadeæ. Asclepias nivea, L., North America, P., 3. Hor. Ali. Via. Solaneæ. Solanum nigrum, L., Europe, P. (A. in Europe), 1-2-3-4-5-6. Hor. (?) Acc. (?) Den. Agre. Via. Probably introduced by the Maoris who use the leaves and young tops as food. Solanum tuberosum, L., South America, P., 1-2-3-4-5-6. Hor. Ali. Via., etc. Ripens seed but rarely in an uncultivated condition. Solanum virginianum, L., N. America, P., 1-2-3-6. Hor. Ali. Via.

Solanum indicum, L., India, P., 3-6. Hor. Ali. Via. Physalis Alkekengii, L., Europe, P., 3. Hor. Ali. Via. peruviana, L., South America, P., 1-2-3-4-5-6. Hor. Den. Via. Agre. Syl. Capsicum annuum, L., America, A., 3. Hor. Ali. Via., etc. Lycopersicum esculentum, Mill., S. America, A., 2-3-4. Hor. Ali. Via., etc. Datura stramonium, L., Europe, A., 2-3-6. Hor. Ali. Agre. Via. Nicotiana tabacum, L., America, A., 2-3-6. Hor. Ali. Agre. Via. Lycium Barbareum, L., Barbary, P., 1-2-3-6. Hor. Col. Via. Scrophularineæ. Verbascum Thapsus, L., Europe, B., 3-4-6. Hor. Col. Eri. Via. phoeniceum, L. Included, on the authority of the writer, in the list of naturalized plants published in the Handbook Fl. N. Z., but has not proved permanent. Verbascum glabrum, L., Europe, B., 2-3-4-5. Hor. Den. Eri. Via. Herpestes cuneifolia, Spr. Handbook Fl. N. Z., p. 203. Included in Raoul's list of New Zealand plants, probably in error. Veronica arvensis, L., Europe, A., 1-2-3-4-5-6. Acc. Den. Agre., etc. "serpyllifolia, L., Europe, P., 1-2-3-4-5-6. Acc. Den. Pas., etc. "agrestis, L., Europe, A., 3. Acc. Den. Agre. "Buxbaumii, Ten., Europe, A., 3-6. Acc. Den. Agre. " officinalis, L., Europe, P., Fl. N. Z., ii. I have not seen N. Z. specimens. Can V. serpyllifolia have been mistaken for it. Veronica Anagallis, L., Europe, P. Handbook of N. Z. Fl., p. 761. I have not seen N. Z. specimens either indigenous or naturalized; and in the absence of positive information am not aware of any reason for considering it introduced, except its being a common European plant. Digitalis purpurea, L., Europe, P., 3. Hor. Den. Via. Syl. I have seen this plant in other districts, but am unable to refer to any notes respecting it. Linaria elatine, Mill., Europe, A., 3-6. Acc. Col. Agre. Via. Verbenaceæ. Verbena officinalis, L., Europe, P., 1-2-3-4-6. Acc. Den. Eri. Via. Labiateæ. Plectranthus australis, Br., Pacific Islands. Fl. N. Z. ii. Erroneously intro-duced into Raoul's Catalogue of N. Z. Plants. Mentha aquatica, L., Europe, P., 2. Hor. Den. Pal. Local. "piperita, Sm., Europe, P., 3-6. Hor. Den. Pal. "viridis, L., Europe, P., 3-4-5-6. Hor. Den. Via. Pas. "dentata, L., Europe, P., 3-6. Hor. (?) Den. Inu. Via. Stachys arvensis, L., Europe, A., 1-2-3-4-6. Acc. Den. Agre. Pas. Nepetata Cataria, L., Europe, P., 4. Unc. Col. Sep. Local. Calamintha Acinos, Clairv., Europe, P., 4. Unc. Col. Pas. Local. Prunella vulgaris, L., Europe, P., 1-2-3-4-5-6. Acc. Den. Pas. Via. Phytolacceæ. Phytolacea decandra, L., America. Handbook Fl. N. Z., p. 761. Included in the list, by a clerical error, instead of the next species. Phytolacea octandra, L., Mexico, P., 3-6. Unc. Den. Via. Sep. Frequently decandrous and decagynous.

Plantagineæ. Plantago major, L., Europe, P., 1-2-3-4-5-6. Acc. Den. Via. Pas. "media, L., Europe, P., 3. Acc. Col. Pas. Via. "lanceolata, L., Europe, P., 1-2-3-4-5-6. Agri. Den. Pas. Via. Polygoneæ. Polygonum aviculare, L., Europe, A. Handbook Fl. N. Z., p. 761, where it is included in the list of naturalized plants, chiefly, I presume, from its rapid diffusion in the south, coupled with the fact of its being a common European plant. In this province it is not spreading more than might be expected from the increase of cultivated land. I prefer to regard it as indigenous. Polygonum minus, Herd., Europe, A. Handbook Fl. N. Z., p. 761. Except the var. decipiens be intended, I have not seen this plant in the colony. That form must surely be considered indigenous. Fagopyrum esculentum, Moench., Europe, A., 3-6. Agri. (?) Acc. (?) Ali. Agre., etc. May possibly become a weed of cultivated land, but at present can scarcely be considered naturalized. Rumex conglomeratus, Murr., Europe, P., 3. Acc. Col. Inu. "viridis, Sibth., Europe, P., 1-2-3-4-5-6. Acc. Den. Syl. Sep. "obtusifolius, L., Europe, P., 1-2-3-4-5-6. Acc. Den. Via. "crispus, L., Europe, P., 2-3-5-6. Acc. Den. Agre., etc. "Acetosa, L., Europe, P., 2-3-6. Acc. Col. Pas. "Acetosella, L., Europe, P., 1-2-3-4-5-6. Acc. Den. Eri. Agre. Chenopodiaceæ. Chenopodium album, L., Europe, A., 3-6. Acc. Col. Agre. "viride, L., Europe, A., 3. Acc. Col. Agre. "murale, L., Europe, A. 2-3-5-6. Acc. Den. Via. Agre. "urbicum, L. Europe, A. Handbook Fl. N. Z., p. 762. I have not seen N. Z. specimens. Chenopodium ambrosioides, L., Europe, A. (P.?). Handbook Fl. N. Z., p. 762. It seems preferable to regard this as indigenous. As in Europe, so here, soils turned over from considerable depths frequently produce this plant in abundance, which could not be the case, at present, had it been intro-duced by Europeans. Amaranthaceæ. Euxolus viridis, Moq., Brazil, A., 2-6. Unc. Col. (?) Ali. (?) Via. The occurrence of this plant in the Bay of Islands or Whangarei districts, rests upon Cunningham's authority (see “Handbook,” p. 233), no other botanist appears to have met with it. Observed by the writer in a solitary locality at the Thames, but on ground set apart for building purposes. Amaranthus lividus, L., N. America, A., 3. Unc. Col. (?) Ali. (?) Via. " oleraceus, L., East Indies, A., 2-3-4. Unc. Den. Via. " Blitum, L., Europe, A., 2-3. Acc. Col. Via. Agre. " retroflexus, L., N. America, A., 2-3-4. Acc. Col. Via. " caudatus, L., East India, A., 1-3. Hor. Col. Via., etc. Euphorbiaceæ. Euphorbia Lathyris, L. Europe, P., 6. Hor. Col. Syl. " Peplus, L., Europe, A., 1-2-3-4-5-6. Acc. Den. Agre., etc. " Helioscopia, L., Europe, A., 1-2. Acc. Den. Agre. Via. Jatropha Curcas, L., S. America. P. Fl. N. Z., ii. I have not seen N. Z. specimens.

Ricinus Palma–Christi, L., East Indies, P., 2-3-6. Hor. Col. Agre. Via. Poranthera ericifolia, Ruge., Australia, P. Fl. N. Z., ii., Dr. Sinclair. I have not seen wild specimens. Urticeæ. Urtica urens, L., Europe, A., 2-3. Acc. Col. Via. Local. dioica, L., Europe, P., 3. Acc. Col. Via. Local. Ficus Carica, L., South Europe, P., 2-3-5-6. Hor. Ali. Syl., etc. Dioscoreæ. Dioscorea alata, L., India, P., Handbook Fl. N. Z., ii. I have not seen wild specimens. Maranteæ. Canna Indica, Rose, India, P., 3. Hor. Col. (?) Ali. (?) Via. Irideæ. Sisyrinchium anceps, L., N. America, P., 6. Unc. Col. Via. I am indebted to Mr. Gillies for specimens collected near Mata–Mata. Iris Germanica, L., Europe, P., 2-3-5-6. Hor. Den. Pas. Via. Gladiolus byzantinus, L., Turkey, P., 6. Hor. Col. Pas. Via. Antholyza oethiopica, Ker., Cape of Good Hope, P., 2-3-6. Hor. Col. Via. Amaryllideæ. Agave Americana, L., America, P., 2-3-6. Hor. Col. Via. Aroideæ. Colocasia antiquorum, Scholl., Asia, P., 2-3-4-5. Hor. Col. (?) Den. (?) Pal. Via. Alocasia Indica, Scholl., India, P., Handbook Fl. N. Z., p. 762. I have not seen N. Z. specimens. Richardia Africana, Kunth., Egypt. etc., P., 2-3-6. Hor. Col. Pal. Via. Juncaginaceæ. Aponogeton distachyon, L., Cape of Good Hope, P., 1–(2?). Hor. Den. Lac. I am indebted to Captain F. W. Hutton for my knowledge of the existence of this plant at Waimate, where it is said to have been planted by the missionaries, and is now abundant in streams, etc. Dr. Stratford showed me a plant in his garden which he believed had been sent to him from Whangarei, with the information that it was frequent in streams. I should be glad to receive more precise information respecting these localities. Liliaceæ. Allium vineale. L. (?) Europe, P., 1-2-3-4-5. Hor. Den. Pas. Probably intro-duced by Marion, at the Bay of Islands, in 1772. (Vide “Thompson's Story of New Zealand,” Vol. i., p. 236). In some localities it covers acres of ground, but quickly dies down. As I have not seen flowers the identification must be regarded as doubtful. Asphodelus fistulosus, L., Europe, P., 1-3. Hor. Col. Pas. Agre, etc. Asparagus officinalis, L., Europe, P., 2-3. Hor. Ali. Sep., etc. Occasionally solitary plants are seen, probably originating from seeds conveyed by birds: although growing vigorously they do not spread, and can only be expected to do so in strictly littoral localities, As a naturalized plant it occupies exactly the same position in which it is seen in the midland counties of England.

Cyperaceæ. Cyperus tenellus, L., South Africa, A., 3. Acc. (?) Den. Inu. Pas., etc. In vast abundance from Auckland to the Kaipara: one of the first spring plants collected by the writer after his arrival in the province in 1863, when it had, as now, all the appearance of a true native. Gramineæ. Alopecerus pratensis, L., Europe, P., 2-3-5. Agri. Col. Pas. "agrestis, L., Europe, A., 3. Acc. Col. Agre. Found also in Wellington. Handbook Fl. N. Z., p. 321. Phleum pratense, L., Europe, P., 2-3-4-5-6. Agri. Den. Pas. Phalaris canariensis, L., Europe, A., 1-2-3-4-5-6. Acc. Den. Via. Agre. Holcus lanatus, L., Europe, P., 1-2-3-4-5-6. Acc. Den. Via., etc. " molis, L., Europe, P., 1-2-3-4-5-6. Acc. Den. Pas. Via. Panicum colonum, L., Australia, A. Handbook Fl. N. Z., p. 324. I have not seen N. Z. specimens. Panicum gibbosum, Br., Australia, A. Handbook Fl. N. Z., p. 324. Probably included in Raoul's list of N. Z. plants, by mistake. Panicum glaucum, L., Tropics, A. Handbook Fl. N. Z., p. 324. I have not seen wild specimens. Setaria viridis, P. de Beauv., Europe, A., 2-3. Acc. Col. Inu. Pas. " italica, P. de Beauv., Europe, A., 3-6. Acc. Den. Via. Pas. Mr. W. T. Bassett informed me that he first observed this grass at Papatoitoi, about 1863: it is now to be found for several miles by the road–sides, etc. Aristida calycina, Br., Australia, A. Handbook Fl. N. Z., p. 330. Doubtful if ever found in New Zealand. Agrostis vulgaris, With., Europe, P., 2-3-4-6. Agri. Den. Pas. Via. Gastridium lendigerum, Gaud., Europe, A., 2-4-6. Agri. Col. Pas. Via. Cynodon Dactylon, L. Europe, P., 1-2-3-4-6. Agri. Den. Pas. Via. Digitaria sanguinalis, Scop., Europe, A., 1-2-3-4-5-6. Acc. Den. Via. Agre. " humifusa, Pers., Europe, A., 3-6. Acc. Col. Via. Pas. Elusine indica, Gært., India, A. Handbook Fl. N. Z., p. 331. “Has been gathered near Auckland.” I have not seen N. Z. specimens. Anthoxanthum odoratum, L., Europe, P., 1-2-3-4-5-6. Agri. Den. Pas. Via. Aira caryophyllea, L., Europe, A., 3-6. Acc. Den. Eri. Avena sativa, L., Europe, A., 1-2-3-4-6. Agri. Col. Agre., etc. In great abundance on sea cliffs in the Kaipara. Poa annua, L., Europe, A., 1-2-3-4-5-6. Acc. Den. Pas. Via., etc. " pratensis, L., Europe, P., 2-3-4-5-6. Agri. Den. Pas., etc. The var angustifolia is the more common form. Poa trivialis, L., Europe, P., 3. Agri. Col. Pas. Inu. Too closely cropped by cattle to allow of its rapid diffusion. Eragrostis Brownii, Kunth., Australia, P., 1-3. Acc. Den. Eri., etc. Abundant over a large district at Keri Keri, Bay of Islands, growing amongst the low Tea–tree, and giving an abundant supply of nutritious grass, much liked by cattle and horses. Mr. H. T. Kemp informed me he first observed it in 1865, and that it was spreading with great rapidity: less common in the Auckland district. Eragrostis eximia, Stend., Australia. Handbook Fl. N. Z., p. 344. Erroneously reported to have been found in N. Z. Briza minor, L., Europe, A., 1-2-3-4-5-6. Acc. Den. Agre., etc. maxima, L., Europe, A., 3-6. Hor. Col. Pas. Via. Dactylis glomerata, L., Europe, P., 1-2-3-4-5-6. Agri. Den. Pas., etc. Cynosurus cristatus, L., Europe, P., 2-3-4-6. Agri. Col. Pas.

Festuca bromoides, L., 1-2-3-4-5-6. Acc. Den. Eri. Via. Bromus erectus, Heids., Europe, P., 3. Acc. Col. Pas. " sterilis, L., Europe, A., 1-2-3-4-5-6. Acc. Den. Via., etc. " tectorum, L., Europe, A., 3. Acc. Ali. Via. " commutatus, Schroed., Europe, P., 3-6. Acc. Col. Pas., etc. " molis, Parl., Europe, A., 1-2-3-4-5-6. Agri. Den. Agre. Via., etc. Found also in Marlborugh, Buchanan; Nelson, ascending to 4000 feet, Travers. Handbook N. Z. Fl., p. 342. Bromus racemous, Parl., Europe, A., 3-4-6. Acc. Col. Agre. Pas. Also found in Otago. Handbook N. Z. Fl., p. 342. Bromus arvensis, Godr., Europe, A., 3. Acc. Col. Agre. " patulus. Parl., Europe, A., 3. Acc. Ali. Agre. Ceratochloa unioloides, Pal. de Beauv., P. in N. Z., N. America, 2-3-6. Agri. Den. Pas., etc. Arundinaria macrosperma, Mich., N. America, P., 5. Hor. Ali. Agre., etc. Confined to abandoned Maori cultivations; probably introduced by the missionaries. Lolium perenne, L., Europe, P., 1-2-3-4-5-6. Agri. Den. Pas., etc. " italicum, Braun., Europe, B., 2-3-4-6. Agri. Col. Agre. Pas., etc. " temulentum, L., Europe, A. var. b. arvense, 1-2-3-6. Acc. Col. Agre. Lit. A widely variable plant. A depauperated state, with solitary spikelets, has been collected near Auckland. Triticum sativum, L., A., 2, etc. Agri. Ali. Agre., etc. Frequently renewed from accidental causes, but can scarcely be said to maintain its ground. Hordeum sativum, L., A., 3, etc. Agri. Ali. Via. This is even more fugitive than the preceding. Hordeum murinum, L., Europe, A., 2-3-4. Acc. Col. Via. Rup. Lepturus incurvatus, Trin., Europe, A., 3. Acc. Col. Lit. Inu. Anthistiria australis, Br., Australia, P., Auckland, Dr. Sinclair, Handbook Fl. N. Z., p. 325. I have not seen N. Z. specimens. Apluda unitica, Br., India, P., Handbook Fl. N. Z., p. 325. I have not seen N. Z. specimens. Andrapogon refractus, Br., Australia, P., Handbook Fl. N. Z., p. 325. Doubtful if ever seen in New Zealand. It has been difficult to decide whether some of the plants in the fore-going list should be assigned to the “Denizen” or “Colonist” class; and the same difficulty has been experienced, although in a smaller degree, with a few plants at present classed as “Aliens” Without doubt a few years will show the necessity of removing many “Colonists” to the “Denizen” class, and possibly a small number of “Aliens” to the “Colonist” class; and the entire grouping in this paper may possibly be revised with advantage, whenever the naturalized plants of the southern provinces are worked up. As has already been indicated, I hope to return to the subject at an early opportunity, and therefore forbear from further extending a paper which has already exceeded the limits originally proposed. I would, however, take this opportunity of earnestly pressing upon the attention of botanists in other parts of the colony, the importance of paying immediate attention to this branch of botanical study:—Dr. Hooker well remarks, “that now is the time for certifying the dates of the introduction of many plants, which, though unknown to the islands a quarter of a century ago, are already actually driving the native plants out of the country, and will before long take their places, and be regarded as the commonest native weeds in New Zealand.” A few, very few years will accumulate difficulties to an extent which can only be appreciated by students of European floras, and make that

which might now be done with facility, a work which will task the critical skill of the most experienced observers. Perhaps I may be permitted to add a word of caution:—there is some danger of attaching too great importance to the rapid spread of plants in certain localities, as evidence of their exotic origin: for example, Gypsophila tubulosa, and Polygonum aviculare, are regarded as introduced chiefly on this ground. But truly native plants as Microlœna stipoides, and Danthonia semi-annularis, have increased in an equally remarkable degree in the northern part of this province during the last four or five years, and have evinced a surprising power of adaptation to altered and altering circumstances, beyond having become plentiful in undisturbed localities where they were formerly scarce. Facts of this kind, however starling in their nature, and obscure in their origin, are of high significance and importance in their relations, and show most forcibly the impolicy of adopting sweeping conclusions, and the necessity for patient and continuous observation. Comparative statement of the position of the species enumerated in the foregoing catalogue: Denizens 109 Colonists 111 Aliens 31 Extinct and Erroneous 12 Probably Indigenous 9 Position not known 20 Total 292