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1909. NEW ZEALAND.

DEPARTMENT OF LANDS: REPORT ON A BOTANICAL SURVEY OF STEWART ISLAND. By L. COCKAYNE, Ph.D.

Presented to both Bouses of the General Assembly by Command of His Excellency.

CONTENTS. Part I Introduction Page I Part III. The plant formations— continued. Page. A. General remarks 2 B - kowlaad vegetation-cowled. B. Early history of Stewart Island .. 3 *• Hea ™~7, or C. History of botanical research .. 4 f u !i <• ■'\ a " D. Physiography 0 (6.) Heath of ancient dunes, E. Climate . 7 valleys Olivers* reshwater and Kakianua .. 2b Part II. Special ecology— • (c.) Mason Bay .. .. 26 A. The ecological conditions .. .. 9 1 (d.) Heath at Port Pegasus .. 26 B. Ecology of the plants- 3 - Bo f ?» d swamps1. General 10 « \ f ne ™ 1 . : ■ .. . ' • 2() 2. Life-terns- <*•> and Kakiahua (a ) Trees 10 Valleys .. .. 2b *. Small ' 'forest - trees and ( c -) Old dune bogs near Mason ' shrubs .. ..11 , Ba y •• -.27 (c) Low trees and shrubs of the (rf) Swamp .. 27 scrubs and heaths .. II ..Bogs near Port Pegasus . . 27 (d.) Herbaceous and suffruli- - ~„ (/.) Boggy meadow .. 27 cose plants- C - Mountain vegetation- («.) Cushion plants .. 12, ■ nera! . ■• ....•• " £ 3. Rosette plants •• '2 2. The manuka formation 28 7. The tussock form 13 Sc ™ b , of ' !" iowe1 ' hllls; 00 (8.) The yucca form .. 13 „ a , , P ? oe 8 *?* •■ • • 28 i. The ' large - leaved »■ scrnbplants 13 ( "-> General •• •• 28 (f.) Leaves and leaf'- (/,.) Composition of the fonnaanatomy .. 13 .. ™ on , ., •' , • • ™ , . T . 1/f List of the species .. 29 (e.) Lianes .. ..14 Dist "b t'o 2Q (3) Ferns 17 6S !.!-> '.'. 14 (<Z.) General character and phy3. Variation according to environ- 4 Boggy j]^ ;" ;; » (a.) .. .. 15 Colonisation of new ground .. 31 (6.) Effect of wind and soil .. 16, « t>° S , + +■" '" " qT . r. i j • -i f „ i,„*„ b. Bock vegetation . . .. 31 4. Prolonged juvenile forms, hete- , r 16 1. General 31 Part III. The plant formations— 2 - Evidence regarding land-connection with . „ . , . . • the South Island .. .. 32 A. Coastal^ vegetation- (a.) In favour of land-connection .. 32 1. General .. .. .. 17 jjj Against land-connection, or con2. Dunes— tradictory .. .. 32 (a.) General .. .. 17 (a.) Characteristic genera or (6.) Port William .. .. 18 i8S absent from (c.) Mason Bay .. 18 Stewart Island .. 32 The d mie forest '• \l (fl.) Anomalies of distribution (A) The Old Neck .. . ; . 19 on the outlying islands (e.) Wilson Bay .. .. 19 of the group .. 32 3. Coastal scrub— : Attempted explanation of some (a.) General .. 19 of foregoing difficulties .. 33 (b.) Senecw rotmidifolius as- 3. Subantarctic relationship .. .. 34 sociation .. .. U 4. Affinities with the Chatham Islands .. 35 (c) Senecio-Okarm association 5. General conclusions 35 ia A !f 0 !,7 A «JJ Part V. Remarks on the bird-life-(/3.) The Neck, the Old , Genera i . _ ._ ..35 Neck, Glory Cove 20 % List of spec i es and notes thereon '.'. 35 4. Salt meadows and related associa- Part VI The future o£ Stewart Is i and _ t> ons • • • • ' ' oi *• Agricultural capabilities .. .. 40 "'• cliffs •• •• -.21 2 Sawmilling .. .. ..40 B. Lowland vegetation— ;j, Stewart Island as a watering-place .. 40 1. Forests— («.) General ..' .. .. 40 (a.) General .. .. 21! (6.) The scenery.. .. .. 41 (6.) Composition of the forests 22 (c.) The protection of the fauna and (f.) The rimu-kamahi associa- flora .. .. ..41 tion— (d.) Introduced animals .. .. 42 (a). Physiognomy .. 22 Part VII. The floristic botany— (j3.) Affinities of the as- .1. Descriptions of new species and varieties 42 sociation .. 23 j ,2. List of pteridophytes and spermophytes 45 (d.) The yellow-pine association 24 3. List of introduced plants .. .. 65 (e.) Regeneration of the forest 24 ' Part VIII. Bibliography . . .. 66

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