NEW ZEALAND AND THE KOREAN CRISIS

Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1950 Session I, J-03

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1950 NEW ZEALAND

NEW ZEALAND AND THE KOREAN CRISIS

Presented to Both Houses of the General Assembly by Command of His Excellency

By Authority: E. E. Owen, Government Printer, Wellington. —1950.

£. ] Prime Minister's Office, Wellington, 2nd November, 1950. Your Excellency, ■ ■■' I have the honour to submit to Your Excellency the following paper on the crisis in Korea. I have, &c, S. G. Holland, Prime Minister. His Excellency the Governor-General of New Zealand.

CONTENTS ' . •. '■■ .• i, '. PAGE Background to Korean Problem ...' , .-,. ~ ,' .. .. 3 Joint United States - Soviet Commission .. .. .. 3 Action by the General Assembly .. .. .. .. 4 Outbreak of Hostilities .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 New Zealand's Part .. .. .. . . .. 8 APPENDICES— I. General Assembly Resolution, November 14, 1947 (excerpts) .. 11 11. General Assembly Resolution, December 12, 1948. (excerpts) .. 12 111. General Assembly Resolution, October 21, 1949 (excerpts) . . 12 IV. Security Council Resolution, June 25, 1950 .. .. 13 V. Telegram from the United Nations Commission on Korea to the Secretary-General, June 26, 1950 .. . . . . 14 VI. Statement by the President of the United States, June 27, 1950 . . 14 VII. Security Council Resolution, June 27, 1950 . . .. 15 VIII. Statements by United Kingdom and Australian Prime Ministers .. 15 IX. Security Council Resolution, July 7, 1950 .. . . .. 15 X. Security Council Resolution, July 31, 1950 .. .. . . 16 XI. Statement by the Prime Minister in the House of Representatives, June 29, 1950 . . . . .. . . . . .. 16 XII. Statement Issued July 1, 1950, on Provision of Naval Vessels by New Zealand .. . . .. . . . . .. 17 XIII. Statement by the Prime Minister in the House of Representatives, July 26, 1950 .. .. .. .. .. ..17 XIV. General Assembly Resolution, October 7, 1950 .. . . .. 18 2

NEW ZEALAND AND THE KOREAN CRISIS BACKGROUND TO KOREAN PROBLEM - Korea, a nation of 30,000,000 people with an ancient and proud -civilization, lost its status as an independent kingdom when it was annexed by Japan in 1910. In December, 1943, the heads of Government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and China, meeting at Cairo, announced their determination that in due course Korea should become free and independent. The Potsdam Declaration of 26 July, 1945, to which the Soviet Union subscribed when it declared war against Japan on 8 August, 1945, reaffirmed that the terms of the Cairo Declaration should be carried out. After Japan's first offer of surrender on 10 August, 1945, when the nearest American forces were in Okinawa and Soviet troops were already in Korea, the United States proposed that Japanese forces north of 38° north latitude should surrender to the Soviet Commander, while those south of that line should surrender to the American Commander. This arrangement was accepted by Marshal Stalin and the United Kingdom Government and was incorporated in the first General Order issued on 2 September, 1945, by General Mac Arthur, the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers. The forces of the U.S.S.R. occupied the northern half of the peninsula and some weeks later American troops landed in the south. The thirtyeighth parallel was established as the line of demarcation between the two zones solely for the purpose of administering the Japanese surrender. It was a purely artificial boundary, corresponding to no geographical or ethnical division, and was not intended to be in any way permanent. JOINT UNITED STATES - SOVIET COMMISSION At Moscow in December, 1945, the Foreign Ministers of the United States, Soviet Union, and Great Britain decided to establish a joint United States - Soviet Commission to consult with the Koreans and work out methods for the formation of a provisional Government which, for a period of five years, would be subject to a Four-Power Trusteeship by the three Powers and China. The Joint Commission, however, in the course of almost two years of negotiation, failed to reach agreement. During this time, Korea's arbitrary dismemberment along the parallel took on a more permanent character and the just and urgent claims of the Korean people to unity and independence remained unsatisfied. While the United States Military Government concentrated its efforts on the reconstruction of the shattered economy and on preparing the Koreans in its zone for self-government, the Soviet authorities in the north, with the

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support of Koreans who had fought with the Chinese Communists in Manchuria, set up a Communist administration. Movement between the two zones was restricted, communications were disrupted, and trade between the predominantly industrial north and the agricultural south was drastically reduced. ACTION BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY Finally convinced that further attempts to solve the problem of Korean unification and independence by bilateral negotiation were futile, the United States Government laid the issue before the General Assembly of the United Nations in September, 1947. The Soviet Union contended that the Korean question was beyond the jurisdiction of the United Nations, being a matter for settlement by the States concerned on the basis of the Moscow Agreement. It proposed, however, that Korean representatives should take part in the Assembly's discussions and that all military forces should be withdrawn from Korea at the beginning of 1948. When these proposals were defeated, the Soviet Union, backed by the five Eastern European States, refused to take further part in the debate. In spite of the unco-operative attitude of the Soviet Union, the Assembly adopted a resolution on 14 November, 1947,* establishing a United Nations Temporary Commission to observe nation-wide elections for a Korean National Assembly, which would set up a National Government and consult with the Commission on Korean independence and the early withdrawal of the occupying 1;roops. When the Temporary Commission arrived in Korea early in 1948, it was refused access to the Soviet-occupied zone, but on 12 May it observed elections in the south. A Government was accordingly brought into being in August which claimed jurisdiction over the whole country and to which the United States Military Command progressively transferred its govermental authority in South Korea. Shortly afterwards, as the result of elections which were not held under international observation, a Communist regime was set up in the north. This too claimed to be sovereign throughout Korea. At the Third Session of the General Assembly in December, 1948, the Soviet Union repeated its refusal to co-operate in any way and demanded the abolition of the Commission on Korea. The Assembly, however, extended its term of appointment and instructed it to persevere in its endeavours to promote the unity of the country. It declared, further, that the Government of the Republic of Korea was a lawful one .based on free elections, having effective control over that part of Korea accessible to the Commission and in which the great majority of the Korean people residedj, and that this was the only such Government in KoreaJ. In the spirit of the Assembly's resolution, the major

* Appendix I. I Appendix 11.

f Approximately 20 million out of a total of 29 million.

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Powers recognized the Government of the Republic of Korea early in 1949, and since that time over thirty nations, including New Zealand, have accorded it their recognition. In 1949, as in 1948, the Commission met with no success. It observed the withdrawal of the United States troops in January, but was unable to verify the withdrawal of the Soviet forces, which were reported s to have left the north in December, 1948, after training and equipping a strong North Korean Army. The Commission was unable to establish contact with the northern authorities or to make any progress towards reducing the barriers dividing the country. In its report it noted the grave consequences of this decision : politically the necessity for maintaining the State virtually on a war basis was having a serious effect on the development of free institutions in the south; and, militarily, the increasingly frequent armed clashes along the frontier threatened to provoke a full-scale civil war. At its fourth session in October, 1949, again in the face of Soviet opposition, the General Assembly directed the Commission to report any developments which might lead to military conflict and in its discretion to appoint observers for this purpose, as well as to continue in its efforts to facilitate the removal of the economic and political barriers dividing Korea.* United Nations Field Observers were sent to Korea at the request of the Commission in March of this year. The last report of these military observers, after a routine field tour along the thirty-eighth parallel, was submitted to the Commission the day before the northern invasion. It indicated no unusual activity on either side of the parallel and pointed out, in particular, that the South Korean Army was organized entirely for defence and was in no condition to carry out an attack on a large scale against the forces of the north. OUTBREAK OF HOSTILITIES On 25 June the Commission on Korea reported to the SecretaryGeneral of the United Nations that North Korean forces had launched an attack in strength early that morning all along the thirty-eighth parallel. It drew the Secretary-General's attention to the seriousness of the situation, which was assuming the character of full-scale war and endangering the maintenance of international peace and security. The Security Council acted swiftly. Twenty-four hours after the northern invasion it met at the request of the United States and adopted a resolution! by a vote of 9 to 0, with one abstention (Yugoslavia), branding the northern attack as a breach of the peace and calling for the immediate cessation of hostilities and the withdrawal of the northern forces to the thirty-eighth parallel. The United Nations Commission on Korea was requested to observe the withdrawal, and all members of the United Nations were asked to render every assistance to the United

* Appendix 111.

f Appendix IV.

Nations in the execution of this resolution and to refrain from assisting the North Koreans. The Soviet Union was not present when this resolution was passed, having absented itself from meetings of the Security Council since January, when it had claimed that the participation of the Chinese Nationalist representative was illegal. The next day the Commission on Korea reported more fully. It observed that all the evidence at its disposal, far from justifying the northern allegations that hostilities had been begun by South Korea, pointed to a calculated and co-ordinated northern attack, prepared and launched with secrecy. In another message*, it expressed the view that, judging from the actual progress of operations, the northern attack was a well-planned, full-scale invasion, which took the South Korean forces, deployed on a wholly defensive basis, completely by surprise. At noon on 27 June the President of the United States issued a statement f pointing out that the northern troops, in defiance of the Security Council, were pressing their attack. Mr. Truman announced that he had ordered the United States air and sea forces to give the Korean Government troops cover and support. The President said that he had at the same time directed the United States fleet to prevent any attack on Formosa and had given orders that military assistance to the Philippines Government and the forces of France and the Associated States in Indo-China should be accelerated. When the Security Council met three hours later it noted from the report of the Commission on Korea that the North Korean forces had neither ceased hostilities nor withdrawn to the parallel, and that urgent military measures were required to restore international peace and security. A second was accordingly adopted, in the continued absence of the Soviet Union, by 7 votes to 1 (Yugoslavia), with 2 abstentions (India and Egypt). This resolution recommended that the members of the United Nations furnish such assistance to the Republic of Korea as might be necessary to repel the armed attack and to restore international peace and security in the area. India later notified its support for the resolution. An overwhelming majority of the members of the United Nations endorsed the action of the Security Council, which was opposed only by the Soviet bloc. Immediate assistance was given by the United States, which informed the Secretary-General on 30 June and on 6 July that, in addition to the naval and air support already provided, the President had offered certain supporting ground units. Moreover, the President had authorized the United States air forces to conduct missions on specific targets in North Korea and a naval blockade of the whole Korean coast had been ordered. The United Kingdom and other members of the British Commonwealth were also swift to respond with military aid. British and

* Appendix V.

f Appendix VI.

% Appendix VII.

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Australian naval units in the area were immediately placed at the disposal of the United States, whose forces were bearing the brunt of the action in support of the Korean Republic* New Zealand and, later, Canadian vessels were also made available, and Australia gave air support with the R.A.A.F. fighter squadron stationed in Japan. Other countries offered military aid, while many were prepared to assist with medical supplies, transport, and foodstuffs. On 7 July a third resolutionf was adopted by the Security Council recommending that all members providing military forces and other assistance should make them available to a unified command under the United States. In accordance with this resolution, General Douglas Mac Arthur was designated Commander of the United Nations forces in Korea and was authorized to use the United Nations flag, together with the flags of the nations taking part against the northern aggressors. During the first weeks of the fighting the North Korean armies exploited to the full the military advantage they had gained by their sudden onslaught and, despite the gallant resistance of the United Nations forces, drove steadily southwards. On 14 July the Secretary-General of the United Nations brought to the attention of member Governments the urgent need for additional effective assistance and invited them to examine their capacity to provide an increased volume of combat forces, particularly ground forces. In response to this request, a number of Governments, including those of the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand, announced their intention of sending ground forces to Korea. Canada decided to provide at once a long-range transport squadron for service in the Pacific airlift and to begin the training of an additional army brigade which would be available for use in carrying out Canada's obligations under the United Nations Charter and which would form part of the United Nations force if it could be most effectively used in that way when ready for service. Of the remaining Commonwealth countries, South Africa offered a fighter squadron, India offered a field ambulance and surgical unit, and Pakistan a quantity of wheat. Numerous offers of assistance by the provision of armed forces, transport, goods, and services were also received from other members of the United Nations. On 31 July the Security Council adopted a further requesting the Unified Command to exercise responsibility for determining relief requirements in Korea and asking the Secretary-General, the Economic and Social Council, the Specialized Agencies, and nongovernmental organizations to provide such assistance as might be sought by the Unified Command. At the beginning of August, the representative of the Soviet Union returned to the Security Council to assume the Presidency, which is held in turn by each member for one month. From the outset he made it clear, by using every means of obstruction at his disposal, that his Government's principal objective was to prevent the Council from taking

* Appendix VIII.

f Appendix IX.

t Appendix X.

effective action. Charging that the Council's decisions on Korea were illegal because the Soviet Union, a permanent member, had been absent when the resolutions had been approved and because China had been represented by the delegate of the Nationalist Government and not of the Communist Government in Peking, he launched a number of extravagant and inflammatory attacks upon the United States and other members of the United Nations which had come to the aid of the Korean Republic. As a result of the Soviet tactics it was not possible for the Council to reach a decision on a draft resolution introduced on 31 July by the United States condemning the North Korean authorities for their continued defiance of the United Nations and calling on all States to refrain from action which might spread the conflict, thereby further endangering international peace and security. However, the Russian representative was not able to interfere with the United Nations Unified Command in its operations against the Communist invaders, as sufficient authority already existed in the Council's second and third resolutions. In the following month the Korean problem came before the General Assembly when the United Nations Commission on Korea presented its report, thus giving an opportunity to New Zealand and other nations not represented on the Security Council to play an effective part in deciding on future action in Korea. NEW ZEALAND'S PART Both as a member of the United Nations and as a Pacific country, New Zealand is deeply interested in establishing peace, freedom, and stability in Korea. The New Zealand representative at the General Assembly accordingly supported the three Assembly resolutions of November, 1947, December, 1948, and October, 1949, the principal object of which was the creation of a free, unified, and independent State in Korea. On 20 June, 1949, New Zealand gave formal recognition to the Republic of Korea as an independent sovereign State whose territory is that part of the Korean peninsula in which free elections were held under the observation of the United Nations Temporary Commission, and to the Government of President Syngman Rhee as the lawful Government of that State. The Government were accordingly gravely concerned at the outbreak of aggression by the North Korean Communists against the duly constituted Government of the Republic of Korea. Thirty hours after the Security Council passed the resolution of 27 June calling for assistance from member States in repelling the armed attack by the forces of North Korea and restoring peace and security, the Prime Minister announced in the House of Representatives that the New Zealand Government welcomed the measures taken by the Security Council and that they would dp,whatever lay within their power to fulfil the obligations New Zealand had incurred under the United Nations Charter. He added

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that the Government were in consultation with the United Kingdom Government and were prepared to make available units of the Royal New Zealand Navy should this form of assistance be required.* On 1 July the Prime Minister announced that, after consultation with the United Kingdom and United States Service authorities in Far Eastern waters, the Government had given orders for the two New Zealand frigates H.M.N.Z.S. " Pukaki " and H.M.N.Z.S. " Tutira " to sail for Hong Kong en route to the Korea area.f The two frigates sailed from Auckland on 3 July and arrived in the theatre on 1 August. They have since been in action in various operations under the United Nations Unified Command, in the course of which they formed part of the protective force for the critical landing at Inchon. H.M.N.Z.S. " Pukaki" is now being relieved by the frigate H.M.N.Z.S. '•' Rotoiti," which sailed from Auckland on 7 October for Korean waters. On 14 July, when the United Nations forces were being forced back towards Pusan, the main supply port on the south-east coast, and the military situation in Korea was serious, the Secretary-General of the United Nations asked the New Zealand and other Governments for further assistance, particularly by way of ground forces. After careful consideration, in the course of which the Government consulted with the United Kingdom, United States, Australian, and other interested Governments, the Prime Minister announced in the House of Representatives on 26 July that, in view of the gravity of the situation created by North Korean aggression and of the further appeal by the United Nations for additional effective forces, the Government had decided to make an immediate offer to the Secretary-General of a special combat unit for service with other ground forces. It was stated that, subject to the outcome of consultations then proceeding with other Governments, it would probably take the form of an artillery formation.! Recruiting opened the following day throughout New Zealand, and on that day 2,018 volunteers enrolled. By the time recruiting closed on 5 August a total of 5,982 had applied for enlistment in the force. K Force, as it has come to be known, has now entered camp and is engaged in training. In discussing its future in view of the improved military situation in Korea, the Prime Minister said on 27 September that there had been no proposal so far for any change in the New Zealand contribution, and that any decision on the future of the New Zealand force would be made by the United Nations, of whose forces it was a component. With the comparatively sudden defeat of the North Korean invaders in South Korea, the question of the future of Korea has become a matter for urgent decision in which New Zealand, as a member of the United Nations, must take part. The question of the independence of Korea has been debated in the United Nations General Assembly now sitting in New York, and the New Zealand delegate, together with the

* Appendix XI.

f Appendix XII.

t Appendix XIII.

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delegates of forty-six other countries, has voted for a resolution calling for all appropriate steps to be taken to ensure conditions of stability throughout Korea and for elections to be held under the auspices of the United Nations for the establishment of a unified, independent, and democratic Government in the sovereign State of Korea. Speaking in favour of the resolution, the New Zealand delegate, Sir Carl Berendsen, said that New Zealand fully supported the principles expressed in it because his Government stood, as always, for collective defence of peace and resistance to aggression. The resolution was adopted on 7 October by 47 votes to 5, with 7 abstentions.* A seven-member Commission, consisting of Australia, Chile, the Netherlands, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, and Turkey, is to represent the United Nations in promoting the establishment of a unified, independent, and democratic Korean Government and to assist in Korea's rehabilitation. Pending its arrival in Korea, an interim committee has been formed in New York by the Governments represented on the Commission. The first act of this committee has been to recommend to General Mac Arthur that his Unified Command should exercise authority in the areas liberated in the north and institute civil government there. It has been fully realized that the United Nations, in assuming responsibility for the future of Korea, must not only complete its military task, but also lay the foundation for Korea's economic reconstruction. Long-range programmes are now being prepared under the segis of the United Nations. The most urgent task, however, is the immediate provision of relief supplies to the civilian population of Korea, which has suffered greatly. The Unified Command has requested food, clothing, and medicine for emergency relief purposes. On 6 October, New Zealand, in response to an urgent request for protein food, informed the Secretary-General that the Government would make available to the Unified Command a quantity of dried peas. Supplies of milk powder and soap are also going forward from New Zealand to Korea. Further relief supplies are being provided by many other Governments, Specialized Agencies, and unofficial relief organizations.

* Appendix XIV.

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APPENDIX I—GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION, NOVEMBER 14, 1947 (EXCERPTS) The General Assembly, 1. Resolves that elected representatives of the Korean people be invited to take part in the consideration of the question ; 2. Further resolves that in order to facilitate and expedite such participation and to observe that the Korean representatives are in fact duly elected by the Korean people and not mere appointees by military authorities in Korea, there be forthwith established a United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea, to be present in Korea, with right to travel, observe and consult throughout Korea. B The General Assembly, 1. Decides that the Commission shall consist of representatives of Australia, Canada, China, El Salvador, France, India, Philippines, Syria, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic ; 2. Recommends that the elections be held not later than 31 March, 1948, on the basis of adult suffrage and by secret ballot to choose representatives with whom the Commission may consult regarding the prompt attainment of the freedom and independence of the Korean people and which representatives, constituting a National Assembly, may establish a National Government of Korea. The number of representatives from each voting area or zone should be proportionate to the population, and the elections should be under the observation of the Commission; 3. Further recommends that as soon as possible after the elections, the National Assembly should convene and form a National Government and notify the Commission of its formation ; 4. Further recommends that immediately upon the establishment of a National Government, that Government should, in consultation with the Commission : (a) constitute its own national security forces and dissolve all military or semi-military formations not included therein, (b) take over the functions of government from the military commands and civilian authorities of North and South Korea, and (c) arrange with the occupying Powers for the complete withdrawal from Korea of their armed forces as early as practicable and if possible within ninety days ; 5. Resolves that the Commission shall facilitate and expedite the fulfilment of the foregoing programme for the attainment of the national independence of Korea and withdrawal of occupying forces, taking into account its observations and consultations in Korea. The Commission shall report with its conclusions, to the General Assembly and may consult with the Interim Committee (if one be established) with respect to the application of this resolution in the light of developments ; 6. Calls upon the member States concerned to afford every assistance and facility to the Commission in the fulfilment of its responsibilities ; 7. Calls upon all members of the United Nations to refrain from interfering in the affairs of the Korean people during the interim period preparatory to the establishment of Korean independence, except in pursuance of the decisions of the General Assembly; and thereafter, to refrain completely from any and all acts derogatory to the independence and sovereignty of Korea.

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APPENDIX lI—GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION DECEMBER 12, 1948 (EXCERPTS) The General Assembly, . . . 2. Declares that there has been established a lawful government (the Government of the Republic of Korea) having effective control and jurisdiction over that part of Korea where the Temporary Commission was able to observe and consult and in which the greater majority of the people of all Korea reside ; that this Government is based on elections which were a valid expression of the free will of the electorate of that part of Korea and which were observed by the Temporary Commission ; and that this is the only such Government in Korea ; 9. Recommends that member States and other nations, in establishing their relations with the Government of the Republic of Korea, take into consideration the facts set out in paragraph 2 of the present resolution. APPENDIX lII—GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION, OCTOBER 21, 1949 (EXCERPTS) The General Assembly, Having considered the report of the United Nations Commission on Korea, and having taken note of the conclusions reached therein, Mindful of the fact that, due to difficulties referred to in the report of the Commission, the objectives set forth in the resolutions referred to have not been fully accomplished, and in particular that the unification of Korea, and the removal of barriers to economic, social and other friendly intercourse caused by the division of Korea have not yet been achieved, Having noted that the Commission has observed and verified the withdrawal of United States occupation forces, but that it has not been accorded the opportunity to observe or verify the reported withdrawal of Soviet occupation forces, Concerned lest the situation described by the Commission in its report menace the safety and well-being of the Republic of Korea and of the people of Korea and lead to open military conflict in Korea, 1. Resolves that the United Nations Commission on Korea shall continue in being with the following membership : Australia, China, El Salvador, France, India, Philippines and Turkey and, having in mind the objectives set forth in the General Assembly resolutions of 14 November, 1947, and 12 December, 1948, and also the status of the Government of the Republic of Korea as defined in the latter resolution, shall: (a) Observe and report any developments which might lead to or otherwise involve military conflict in Korea ; (b) Seek to facilitate the removal of barriers to economic, social and other friendly intercourse caused by the division of Korea ; and make available its good offices and be prepared to assist whenever in its judgment a favourable opportunity arises, in bringing about the unification of Korea in accordance with the principles laid down by the General Assembly in the resolution of 14 November, 1947 ;

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(c) Have authority, in order to accomplish the aims defined under subparagraphs (a) and (b) of the present paragraph, in its discretion to appoint observers, and to utilize the services and good offices of one or more persons whether or not representatives on the Commission ; (d) Be available for observation and consultation throughout Korea in the continuing development of representative government based on the freely-expressed will of the people, including elections of national scope ; (e) Verify the withdrawal of Soviet occupation forces in so far as it is in a position to do so ; 3. Calls upon member States, the Government of the Republic of Korea, and all Koreans to afford every assistance and facility to the Commission in the fulfilment of its responsibilities, and to refrain from any acts derogatory to the purposes of the present resolution; APPENDIX IV—SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION, JUNE 25, 1950 The Security Council, Recalling the finding of the General Assembly in its resolution of 21 October, 1949, that the Government of the Republic of Korea is a lawfully established Government " having effective control and jurisdiction over that part of Korea where the United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea was able to observe and consult and in which the great majority of the people of Korea reside ; and that this Government is based on elections which were a valid expression of the free will of the electorate of that part of Korea and which were observed by the Temporary Commission ; and that this is the only such Government in Korea " ; Mindful of the concern expressed by the General Assembly in its resolutions of 12 December, 1948, and 21 October, 1949, of the consequences which might follow unless member States refrained from acts derogatory to the results sought to be achieved by the United Nations in bringing about the complete independence and unity of Korea ; and the concern expressed that the situation described by the United Nations Commission on Korea in its report menaces the safety and well-being of the Republic of Korea and of the people of Korea and might lead to open military conflict there ; Noting with grave concern the armed attack upon the Republic of Korea by forces from North Korea, Determines that this action constitutes a breach of the peace, 1. Calls for the immediate cessation of hostilities ; and calls upon the authorities of North Korea to withdraw forthwith their armed forces to the thirty-eighth parallel ; 2. Requests the United Nations Commission on Korea (a) To communicate its fully considered recommendations on the situation with the least possible delay ; (b) To observe the withdrawal of the North Korean forces to the thirty-eighth parallel; and (c) To keep the Security Council informed on the execution of this resolution ; 3. Calls upon all members to render every assistance to the United Nations in the execution of this resolution and to refrain from giving assistance to the North Korean authorities.

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APPENDIX V—TELEGRAM FROM THE UNITED NATIONS COMMISSION ON KOREA TO THE SECRETARY-GENERAL Seoul, June 26, 1950. ■ Commission met this morning 1000 hours and considered latest reports on hostilities and results direct observation along parallel by UNCOK Military Observers over period ending 48 hours before hostilities began. Commission's present view on basis this evidence is, first, that judging from actual progress of operations Northern regime is carrying out wellplanned, concerted, and full-scale invasion of South Korea, second, that South Korean forces were deployed on wholly defensive basis in all sectors of the parallel, and, third, that they were taken completely by surprise as they had no reason to believe from intelligence sources that invasion was imminent. Commission is following events and "will report further developments. APPENDIX VI—STATEMENT BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, JUNE 27, 1950 In Korea the Government forces, which were armed to prevent border raids and to preserve internal security, were attacked by invading forces from North Korea. The Security Council of the United Nations called upon the invading troops to cease hostilities and to withdraw to the thirty-eighth parallel. This they have not done but on the contrary have pressed the attack. The Security Council called upon all members of the United Nations to render every assistance to the United" Nations in the execution of this resolution. In these circumstances I have ordered United States air and sea forces to give the Korean Government troops cover and support. The attack upon Korea makes it plain beyond all doubt that Communism has passed beyond the use of subversion to conquer independent nations and will now use armed invasion and war. It has defied the orders of the Security Council of the United Nations issued to preserve international peace and security. In these circumstances the occupation of Formosa by Communist forces would be a direct threat to the security of the Pacific area and to United States forces performing their lawful and necessary functions in that area. Accordingly I have ordered the Seventh Fleet to prevent any attack on Formosa. As a corollary of this action lam calling upon the Chinese Government on Formosa to cease all air and sea operations against the mainland. The Seventh Fleet will see that this is done. The determination of the future status of Formosa must await the restoration of security in the Pacific, a peace settlement with Japan, or consideration by the United Nations. I have also directed that United States forces in the Philippines be strengthened and that military assistance to the Philippine Government be accelerated. I have similarly directed acceleration in the furnishing of military assistance to the forces of France and the Associated States in IndoChina and the dispatch of a military mission to provide close working relations with those forces. I know that all members of the United Nations will consider carefully the consequences of this latest aggression in Korea in defiance of the Charter of the United Nations. A return to the rule of force in international affairs would have far-reaching effects. The United States will continue to uphold the rule of law. I have instructed Ambassador Austin, as the representative of the United States to the Security Council, to report these steps to the Council.

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. .- APPENDIX VII—SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION JUNE 27, 1950 The Security Council, Having determined that the armed attack upon the Republic of Korea by forces from North Korea constitutes breach of the peace, Having called for an immediate cessation of hostilities, and Having called upon the authorities of North Korea to withdraw forthwith their armed forces to the thirty-eighth parallel, and Having noted from the report of the United Nations Commission on Korea that the authorities in North Korea have neither ceased hostilities nor withdrawn their armed forces to the thirty-eighth parallel and that urgent military measures are required to restore international peace and security, and Having noted the appeal from the Republic of Korea to the United Nations for immediate and effective steps to secure peace and security, Recommends that the members of the United Nations furnish such assistance to the Republic of Korea as may be necessary to repel the armed attack and to restore international peace and security in the area. APPENDIX VIII (a) Statement by United Kingdom Prime Minister, June 28, 1950 The House will wish to know what action His Majesty's Government is taking in pursuance of the resolution of the Security Council passed yesterday calling on all members of the United Nations to furnish assistance to the Republic of Korea. We have decided to support United States action in Korea by immediately placing our naval forces in Japanese waters at the disposal of the United States authorities to operate on behalf of the Security Council in support of South Korea. Orders to this effect have already been sent to the Naval Commander in Chief on the spot. Notification of this action is being made to the Security Council, United States Government, Government of South Korea, and all Commonwealth Governments. (b) Statement by Australian Prime Minister, June 29, 1950 The Commonwealth Government has informed the Security Council of the United Nations and the Government of the United States that it has decided to support the resolution of the Security Council in relation to Korea by immediately placing the ships of the Royal Australian Navy now in Japanese waters at the disposal of the United Nations through the United States authorities, in support of the Republic of Korea. This decision has also been communicated to the Government of the United Kingdom. APPENDIX IX—SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION, JULY 7, 1950 The Security Council, Having determined that the armed attack upon the Republic of Korea by forces from North Korea constitutes a breach of the peace. Having recommended that members of the United Nations furnish such assistance to the Republic of Korea as may be necessary to repel the armed attack and to restore international peace and security in the area,

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1. Welcomes the prompt and vigorous support which Governments and peoples of the United Nations have given to its Resolutions of 25 and 27 June, 1950, to assist the Republic of Korea in defending itself against armed attack and thus to restore international peace and security in the area; 2. Notes that members of the United Nations have transmitted to the United Nations offers of assistance for the Republic of Korea; 3. Recommends that all members providing military forces and other assistance pursuant to the aforesaid Security Council resolutions make such forces and other assistance available to a Unified Command under the United States; i. Requests the United States to designate the commander of such forces; 5, Authorizes the Unified Command at its discretion to use the United Nations flag in the course of operations against North Korean forces concurrently with the flags of the various nations participating ; 6. Requests the United States to provide the Security Council with reports as appropriate on the course of action taken under the Unified Command. APPENDIX X—SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION, JULY 31, 1950 The Security Council, Recognizing the hardships and privations to which the people of Korea are being subjected as a result of the continued prosecution by the North Korean forces of their unlawful attack; and Appreciating the spontaneous offers of assistance to the Korean people which have been made by Governments, Specialized Agencies and non-governmental organizations ; Requests the Unified Command to exercise responsibility for determining the requirements for the relief and support of the civilian population of Korea, and for establishing in the field the procedures for providing such relief and support; Requests the Secretary-General to transmit all offers of assistance for relief and support to the Unified Command ; Requests the Unified Command to provide the Security Council with reports, as appropriate, on its relief activities ; Requests the Secretary-General, the Economic and Social Council in accordance with Article 65 of the Charter, other appropriate United Nations principal and subsidiary organs, the Specialized Agencies in accordance with the terms of their respective agreements with the United Nations, and appropriate non-governmental organizations to provide such assistance as the Unified Command may request for the relief and support of the civilian population of Korea, and as appropriate in connection with the responsibilities being carried out by the Unified Command on behalf of the Security Council. APPENDIX XI—STATEMENT BY PRIME MINISTER IN HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, JUNE 29, 1950 The Government are following events in Korea with the utmost attention and they are in constant touch with the British and American Governments. The New Zealand Government hold the view that the action taken by the Security Council is fully in accord with the United Nations Charter.

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The Charter provides that the Security Council shall determine the existence of any breach of the peace or act of aggression, and shall make recommendations or decide what measures shall be taken to deal with it«. If measures not involving the use of armed force would be ineffective, then the Security Council may take such action by air, sea or land forces as may be necessary to maintain or restore international peace and security. Despite the fact that the arrangements contemplated in Article 43' of the Charter have not been concluded, because of disagreements between the leading members, and there are no formal agreements with the Security Council under which members would make available to the Council armed forces and other assistance which the Council could call upon and use where necessary, the New Zealand Government hold the view that the Security Council has a clear duty to maintain international peace and security, and they feel that it is incumbent upon members of the United Nations to give their full co-operation in all endeavours to achieve that end. The New Zealand Government welcome the measures thus promptly taken by the Security Council and fully approve the terms of the Council's resolution of 27 June. They have advised the United Kingdom and the United States Governments of their support for the action taken by those Governments to assist the Republic of Korea to withstand aggression. The New Zealand Government will do whatever lies within their power to fulfil the obligations they have incurred under the United Nations Charter. They are prepared to make available units of the Royal New Zealand Navy should this form of assistance be required and they are at present in consultation with the United Kingdom Government on this matter. APPENDIX XII—STATEMENT ISSUED JULY 1, 1950, ON PROVISION OF NAVAL VESSELS BY NEW ZEALAND The Prime Minister (Right Hon. S. G. Holland) announced this evening that, in accordance with the resolution of the Security Council and after consultation with the United Kingdom and United States Service authorities in Far Eastern waters, the Government had given orders for the two New Zealand frigates H.M.N.Z.S. "Pukaki" and "Tutira" to sail for Hong Kong en route to the Korean area. These two vessels, will leave Auckland on Monday. APPENDIX XIII—STATEMENT BY PRIME MINISTER IN HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, JULY 26, 1950 I wish to inform the House of the Government's decision in regard tothe request of the Secretary-General of the United Nations for theprovision of increased combat forces for Korea. The Government has given very full and careful consideration to this matter ever since the receipt of the first resolution of the Security Council, and has been in constant consultation with the United Kingdom and other British Commonwealth countries and the United States. As the House is aware, in response to the first appeal, the two frigates H.M.N.Z.S. " Tutira " and " Pukaki " were despatched for service in Korean waters.

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In view of the gravity of the situation created by North Korean aggression, and of the further appeal by the United Nations for additional effective forces, particularly ground forces, we have given further consideration to the practicability of making an additional contribution in order to fulfil our obligations to the United Nations. After discussions in the Defence Committee —with the Service Chiefs present —and in Cabinet, the Government has been in further consultation with the United Kingdom as to the role of the proposed New Zealand unit in relation to other ground forces. Though the question of the role and type of a New Zealand ground force is still under consideration, I feel that I should, without further delay, announce that the New Zealand Government is immediately offering to the Secretary-General of the United Nations a special combat unit for service with other ground forces. Subject to the outcome of the consultations now proceeding, this will probably take the form of an artillery formation. Army offices will be open to receive volunteers for this combat unit from 8 a.m. to-morrow. I am sure that the course I have outlined will commend itself to both sides of the House, and to the country as a whole. APPENDIX XIV—GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION, OCTOBER 7, 1950 The General Assembly, Having regard to its resolutions of 14 November, 1947, No. 112 (ii), of 12 December, 1948, No. 195 (hi), and of 21 October, 1949, No. 293 (iv), Having received and considered the report of the United Nations Commission on Korea, Mindful of the fact that the objectives set forth in the resolutions referred to above have not been fully accomplished and, in particular, that the unification of Korea has not yet been achieved, and that an attempt has been made by an armed attack from North Korea to extinguish by force the Government of the Republic of Korea ; Recalling the General Assembly declaration of 12 December, 1948, that there has been established a lawful Government (the Government of the Republic of Korea) having effective control and jurisdiction over that part of Korea where the United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea was able to observe and consult and in which the great majority of the people of Korea reside ; that this Government is based on elections which were a valid expression of the free will of the electorate of that part of Korea and which were observed by the Temporary Commission ; and that this is the only such Government in Korea, Having in mind that United Nations armed forces are at present operating in Korea in accordance with the recommendations of the Security Council of 27 June, 1950, subsequent to its resolution of 25 June, 1950, that members of the United Nations furnish such assistance to the Republic of Korea as may be necessary to repel the armed attack and to restore international peace and security in the area, Recalling that the essential objective of the resolutions of the General Assembly referred to above was the establishment of a unified, independent and democratic Government of Korea,

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1. Recommends that (a) All appropriate steps be taken to ensure conditions of stability throughout Korea ; ■(b) All constituent acts be taken, including the holding of elections, under the auspices of the United Nations, for the establishment of a unified, independent and democratic Government in the sovereign State of Korea ; (c) All sections and representative bodies of the population of Korea, south and north, be invited to co-operate with the organs of the United Nations in the restoration of peace, in the holding of elections and in the establishment of a unified Government; (d) United Nations forces should not remain in any part of Korea otherwise than so far as necessary for achieving the objectives specified in subparagraphs (a) and (b) above ; (e) All necessary measures be taken to accomplish the economic rehabilitation of Korea; 2. Resolves that (a) A Commission consisting of Australia, Chile, Netherlands, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand and Turkey, to be known as the United Nations Commission for the Unification and Rehabilitation of Korea, be established to (i) Assume the functions hitherto exercised by the present United Nations Commission in Korea; (ii) Represent the United Nations in bringing about the establishment of a unified, independent and democratic Government of all Korea ; (iii) Exercise such responsibilities* in connection with relief and rehabilitation in Korea as may be determined by the General Assembly after receiving the recommendations of the Economic and Social Council; The United Nations Commission for the Unification and Rehabilitation of Korea should proceed to Korea and begin to carry out its functions as soon as possible ; (b) Pending the arrival in Korea of the United Nations Commission for the Unification and Rehabilitation of Korea, the Government of the States represented on the Commission should form an interim committee composed of representatives meeting at the seat of the United Nations to consult with and advise the United Nations Unified Command in the light of the above recommendations ; the interim committee should begin to function immediately upon the approval of the present resolution by the General Assembly ; (c) The Commission shall render a report to the next regular session of the General Assembly and to any prior special session which might be called to consider the subject-matter of the present resolution, and shall render such interim reports as it may deem appropriate to the Secretary-General for transmission to members ; The General Assembly, furthermore, Mindful of the fact that at the end of the present hostilities the task of rehabilitating the Korean economy will be of great magnitude,

3. Requests the Economic and Social Council, in consultation with the Specialized Agencies, to develop plans for relief and rehabilitation on the termination of hostilities and to report to the General Assembly within three weeks of the adoption of the present resolution by the General Assembly; 4. Also recommends the Economic and Social Council to expedite the study of long-term measures to promote the economic development and social progress of Korea, and meanwhile to draw the attention of the authorities which decide requests for technical assistance to the urgent and special necessity of affording such assistance to Korea; 5. Expresses its appreciation of the services rendered by the members of the United Nations Commission on Korea in the performance of their important and difficult task; 6. Requests the Secretary-General to provide the Commission with adequate staff and facilities, including technical advisers as required; and authorizes the Secretary-General to pay the expenses and per diem of a representative and alternate from each of the States members of the Commission. Approximate Cost ofPapet. — Preparation, not given ; printing (050 copies), £42 10s.

By Authority: R. E. Owen, Government Printer, Wellington. —1950,

Price 9d.]