BAR TO EAST A SOURCE OF ILLNESS

Evening Post, Volume CXXVIII, Issue 136, 6 December 1939, Page 18

BAR TO EAST

A SOURCE OF ILLNESS

TREATY WITH TURKEY

A DIPLOMATIC TRIUMPH

PRESS RECEPTION

(By Air Mail-—From "The Post's" London Representative.) LONDON, October 24; A signal success for British diplomacy, with political effects which may ;be equivalent to a first-class naval vic-tory-^-such is the almost universal opinion in Britain.of the Allies' treaty with "turkey. Great satisfaction" has been expressed at its conclusion on all sides. - . "Scrutator," commenting in the "Sunday Times," said: "For Britain the new treaty with Turkey offers in equal measure moral and material advantage. It enables us without excessive strain to discharge our role as the protector of weaker States against aggression. At the same time it increases pur naval power and gives us increased freedom of action. "How signal is the success of British diplomacy in the Mediterranean is best realised by casting back our minds less than two years. We were then being exhorted to take the: side of the Red Republicans against Franco's Nationalists. Our relations with Italy were bad, our position in the Eastern Mediterranean with Turkey still unsecured, Arabs hostile, and Jews aggrieved. The position was one of real danger. From end to end of the Mediterranean we had not a friend.with the exception ,df the Jews in Palestine on whom we could certainly rely. Mr. Chamberlain made friendship with Spain possible, by strict neutrality in the civil war; nor did his cultivation of Italian good will fail to get a certain response. A FRIENDLY LAKE. "But it was the treaty with Russia into which Germany most hastily rushed, in fear of. a long war with us which she could quite easily have avoided, that completed the good work and converted the whole Mediterranean from Gibraltar to the Caucasus into a friendly lake. It is just both to recognise the beneficence of the

change and to ascribe it to the right causes in the skill of,our diplomacy and the folly of the Germans. "This is not the time to argue whether the guarantee to Poland was" in fact wise, and whether, if we had not given it, but had contented ourselves with a treaty of assistance, with Turkey, Peland by exploiting the jealousies between Germany and Russia might not have found a way of saving herself from the troubles that have overwhelmed her. , •'However that may be, the Treaty with Turkey has this great advantage —that at any rate we can get there.,lf the independence of South-east Europe is menaced by aggression, we shall not have to wait before impregnable fortresses at the opposite end of Europe, but shall be able, in;the first moment of danger, to be at the side of our friends, and to render them immediate assistance in the full measure of our power. Would that had been possible in Poland!" . . i MAJOR ALLIED SUCCESS. In a leading article, the ; "Sunday Times" comments:"The signing of the treaty, between Turkey, Great Britain, and France may be reckoned a major success for Air lied policy. The treaty is riot a temporary makeshift, but is concluded for fifteen years, which1 is as far ahead as any such document may be expected to look. It is defensive, and only! comes into operation to thwart aggression by others. Its - importance may fairly be gauged by the outburst of; fury that it has evoked in Berlin. It. opposes a dear veto-to designs planting the German flag on the • coast of the Black Sea. Such designs were temporarily realised in 1918 under the iniquitous Tieaty of Brest-Litovsk, and the Berlin outcry suggests that, here as elsefWiere, it is the Nazi aim: to restore the provisions of that treSty." - In the opinion of the "Manchester. Guardian," "the agreement between the Western Governments arid Turkey has made a deep impression all over the world." "This is not surprising," it is added. "German diplomacy consists in a sequence of flattery v and threat, and both have been tried on Turkey. Herr yon Papen is understood to have made lavish efforts* and" we know from the experience of" the' last war that Governments, when-hard' pressed, will exhibit a remarkable generosity in disposing oi property that does not. belong to them. . i "'. "A good deal was expected also from; the fa;te of Poland. The effect of vio-i lence is cumulative. Hitler hopes when he destroys one State to destroy others by showing what happens to those who; resist him. Hence the moral value of; this new agreement is almost as- im-

portant as is the strategical advantages it bestows. Turkey may be able to say.of her neighbours, adapting what Pitt said in his most famous speech, that she has saved herself by her energy and her neighbours by her example. "If Turkey could have been bribed or intimidated into changing sides, Hitler would have gained a success comiparable with Napoleon's success in dissolving hostile coalitions. But Turkey stood out against threat and bribe and Yon Papen has returned to Berlin with his rejected offers in his pocket to receive the displeasure of,-his master. The Ambassadors have been summoned from Moscow and Rome, and German diplomacy has to address . itself to a new situation." THE BEST OF REASONS. "Most tenacious of our opponents in, the last world war, Turkey has joined the Allied Anti-aggression Front for the best of all possible reasons. '■-' She has taken carefui stock of the world situation and has concluded, that it is in her own best interests •to dp so," said Mr. Victor Gordon Lennox, the "Daily Telegraph" diplomatic correspondent. \ ... . "Her decision was taken many months ago. : . Her promise to assist us in resisting aggression in the .Mediterranean and "Balkan areas was' given publicity by her Premier and endorsed unanimously by her Parliament-last spring. It is doubly satisfactory that the formal treaty, expressing the manner and circumstances of the mutual guarantees, should be signed when:war in Europe has already been joined, in this fact lies the proof that this is no mere, scrap of paper." "A close study of the' general situation following the signing of the Turkish Alliance shows that the military aspect' of the international situation has swung over sharply in favour of those, who oppose aggression,", writes the ; military correspondent of tha '^Yorkshire Post." . , , ' " "The European situation is at once clarified; not only in relation to ' the operations now being conducted in the West but also as tending towards establishing a more definite future for the threatened Balkan and' Danubiah States. The extra-European effect gives some assurance that; a military front will not be created for the Allies in Asia, and that our maritime line of communication through the Mediterranean will, under any eventualities, be kept open. "The military gains accruing, from the new alliance far outweigh the benefits conferred on Germany by her pact, with Russia. Both alliances have , a neutral' basis, but whereas the Russo^ German agreement is in essence nonmilitary," that between they Allies and

Turkey is a pact based on the foree1; of arms if an aggression occurs; affecting any of the three nations, oi» if any Power feels constrained, not being an original aggressor/ to goto the assistance of a Power Uhat has initiated an act of international banditry. - ; "Turkey has been enable^: to continue her friendship with tlhe Soviet and to bring that Power yvw/thin the aura of the new alliance,"in"«n indirect manner, through a clause.wWch allows Turkey to remain neutral jn/ any conflict which may embrace/ the forces of the Soviet. Here, then; is the basis of an understanding which*'may provide for a recast in the iß&lkans and allows Turkey to play her ; ; proper part in any co-operative scheme; as a future • partner of Russia." ; >

Dr. Plewa told the jspmmer school of the London Group ,-• for '.Individual Psychology at Oxford recently that illness might arise froni { psychological difficulties, and that, trijthough no one could produce symptoms, if was possible to produce something else — namely, nervous " tension; —and then the symptoms followed, says "Th« Times." Nervous tension could pro-; duce almost every physical symptom, he said, but it was' fessential before psychological treatment began that there should be a ; thorough medical • examination to determine -that a particular symptom was in reality of nervous origin. ; ' Failures in life, Dr. Plewa maintained, were the. artificial creation of the person who failed. vHe set himself-a false aim and continued- to follow. it even when its. falsity" had'been demonstrated by circumstances." Some neurotics did not even;want.to fulfil their , own aim; they aimed impossibly high so that they , would never, 'be put ta the test* The restf trouble with the neurotic was that.-he'did not see the world with the ..eyes of .other, people? he made for himself. an idea of the world that suited his own1 purpose. This might seam- nobody's business, .■ but.the neurotic's' symptoms were not' just. the. private - affair of the person concerned, and ■other people always suffered as well./ Speaking of the nervous child at another session,-Dr. Plewa .said they, should never! v think of a r child as •* "case," "but rather as someone in difficulty over its approach towards life. Nervousness could not-be-inherited. N© child was born with a'stable, or unstable constitution—that was aft imagination ' o4i the part'of Vthe,. psy» chologist. / " '