“NEW ZEALAND GOODS”

Dominion, Volume 15, Issue 29, 28 October 1921, Page 10

“NEW ZEALAND GOODS”

INDUSTRIAL EXHIBITION OPENED

many and varied exhibits

PRIME MINISTER ON OUR INDUSTRIES

SPEECHES BY HONS. E. P. LEE AND W. D. STEWART 1

Under the happiest of auspices, the Industrial Exhibition at the Town Hall and the Machinery Hall (in Cable Street) was opened by the Prime Minister (Right Hon. W. F. Massey) yesterday afternoon in the presence of a crowd that filled the whole of the gallery. For the purposes of the exhibition the Wellington Industrial Association had been at pains to utilise every inch of available space in the Town Hall, which J for the nonce has been converted into a miniature metropolis, with the brightest of show windows, artistic displays, and crowded thoroughfares, which run north and south along the main floor of the building. In some cases the stalls are .merely open spaces with goods arranged therein in a more or less orderly or symmetrical fashion, but in the majority of instances the exhibitors of certain classes of goods have grouped themselves together for the simple purpose of ocularly demonstrating what New Zealand can do when it comes to a show-down.

The exhibition is planned to show „ ■ the .public and. Parliament that New Zealand is. not quite so dependent on overseas countries as most people suppose .to be the case, and that there is a good deal to be said for the enterprising men of this country who are striving with might and main to establish secondary industries with comparatively small encouragement from the powers that be. If the exhibition does nothing else,

it will serve to show that there is really a great deal of industrial activ- • ity in New Zealand, the whole of which is not confined to Wellington, and as visitors wander round the busy corridors , they may be excused if they feel prido at the gallant show of our own manufactures, which stare at them from every foot of space in both the Town Hall and the Machinery Hall. As the whole of the ground floor was taken up by stalls (and even the lower part of the choir gallery and beneath it Vere 'tenanted), the public could only bo accommodated in the gallery, and the Primo Minister, members of the Cabinet, members of Parliament, Mr. C. J. Ward (president of the Wellington Industrial Association) and his com- • rnittoe with the secretary (Mr. 11. F. Allen), took theix- seats on the high benches near the console of the organ, at which the city organist presided and , (played tho National Anthem. THE OPENING CEREMONY SPEECH BP THE MINISTER. The exhibition was opened by the Prime ' ■ Minister, Kight Hon. W. F. Massey. Mr. C. J. Ward, president of the Wellington Industrial Association, intro- . duecd the Prime Minister, and asked him •to officially open the exhibition. . The Prime Minister said that he had not come to the exhibition by himself. He had brought the whole of the members of the House of Representatives with him. (Applause.) They had come ulong' because, like hiniself, they were anxious to see what th’o exhibition was like in view of tho Tariff Bill being ‘submitted to Parliament next week. No doubt what they' would see would en- . able them to arrive at a decision en many points that would be submitted , to them. Ho had noticed criticism regarding the tariff in one newspaper, but . ho wanted to toll those present that tho ..Govornmbnt was not going to increase taxation on tho necessaries of life. As far as the exhibition was concerned, he had seen, very little of it, but had heard a great deal, but from what he had heard and seen ho believed that it -••■s one of which the whole of the people of New Zealand should feel proud. Ho believed it would do a very great deal of ■ gcod, ami he was sorry tho whole of New Zealand could not see it. ' It would show the country what the secondary industries were made of. He believed tho secondary industries would go a long way towards restoring this country to the prosperity which it enjoyed just till within tho last few months. (Applause.) They had got to the stage when they should make the best use of their raw material, and convert it into manufactured commodities. That was good business and sound economics. It, however, was not good business to send tho raw material out of the country and have it returned in manufactured goods. Encourage Local Industries. It should bo the business of the people of New Zealand to encourage tixe secondary industries in every pos Bible way, so that tho raw material would be manufactured here for the whole benefit of this country. Take wool: He had heard a great deal about this subject during the last few months, and it was most extraordinary that every time there was a drop in the price it brought depression. He, however, did not think tho depression was going to last long on. this occasion. The whole of the wool was not sent out of the country, because they had woollen manufacturing companies hero, ami they seemed ro be prosperous. Ho wished them all sor.s of prosperity. Ho wanted to see more wool kept in this country, and exported in some form other than tho raw material itself. As showing the value ot New Zealand products, tho Primo Minister stated that when he was on. the other side of the world ho must have had a hundred inquiries with regard to the possibility of purchasing New Zealand Tugs. These rugs had a worldwide reputation, and they could placed ill Canada, the United States, and Great Britain. He was surprised when he went up to Hie great manufacturing centre in the North of England to be riven a Mosgiel rug to.keep him warm during a motor-car journey. New Zealand blankets wherever shown were in vtry strong demand. The cloth manufactured from Now Zealand wool in his country was as good as could be P" r chased anywhere else, and he would like »h« neonle of New Zealand to ask loi goods’ manufactured from New wool. A great deal ot flax was produced here, exported, and sent back in mpo and binder twine. Why should New Zealand not send most of tho flax away in a manufactured stater Huge quantities of tallow were also exported and brought back in tho shape of soab and candles. They had some factories boro for the manufacture of tallow into up anti candles, and as far as ho could asMUtain they had, been very successful.

If they were going to encourage their secondary industries, as they should be encouraged, then New Zealand must stand behind them. (Applause.) There was another article which might he ’ called raw material, and that was coal. There was no end to the coal in this country, and he believed there was enough to keep the largest population New Zealand would ever carry) for the next thousand years. Yet they had to go abroad for coal, ns they could not get it mined. Ho was, however, satisfied to leave bygones behind. When the present contracts came to an end they would be able to get all the coal they required from their own mines. It would bo a very good thing when that time arrived. 110 was glad to say the indicatiohs tended in that direction. Manufacture of Iron. Another matter • they heard a great deal about was the manufacture of iron. They had plenty of iron ore .arid iron sand in this country. There were millions of tons. • Some little time ago ten tons of ore and iron sand were sent Home and he went to see it tested. Electricity was used, and the result was perfectly successful. Tho iron was good 1 as far as a layman could judge. He had not yet received the official report on the test. The question that followed was whether New Zealand would be able to provide electricity sufficient to make a success of tho manufacture of iron. Ho believed it and it would be a very good thing when they could produce iron for their own requirements, and pro&iWy the time would come when it could bo exported to other countries. The people of New Zealand should look forward to making the best of the raw material to supply not only the people here, but people abroad. Connected with New Zealand now were a large number of islands in the Samoan gi'otip. Many of'them were producing copra, a market for which was found mostly in America. Copra was very cheap at the present time. He would be glad to see an establishment started in New Zealand for dealing with this commodity. It could be brought here, the oil extracted, and the resultant by-product could be used for cattle feed, a purpose for which, he was informed, it was very suitable. Parliament had always turned its attention to doing the beat for the secondary industries. Kauri gum had 'been exported from Now Zealand in large quantities, and the records would show that during the last 50 years half a million pounds had been sent away. Science had como to the aid of this industry, for it was now""taken from the soil in a scientific way. It was turned into varnish, paint, and used in the manufacture of linoleum. There was a possibility of it being manufactured into varnish, etc., here, and he hoped in years to come it would bp a prosperous industry. Keep the Money in the Country. New Zealand should turn its raw material into manufactured goods and keep the money in the country. When it bcchine necessary to go outside, and it would be necessary to go outside sometimes. they would give preference to fellow citizens within tho Empire, they should do everything for their own people. The manufacture of linseed oil had just been started. As an agriculturist. he knew there was no difficulty in growing linseed, and he hoped the industry would lx> successful, and agriculturists would be encouraged to add linseed to their articles of produce. Ho pointed out that last ycai they had imported woollen goods valued at £1,793,649, cordage and twine £233,000. and leather (not including boots and shoes) £242,182. Practically every week they were exporting huge quantities ot hides even to Australia, and he had never been able to understand why they could not turn these hides into leather boots or shoes for the uso of the people of this country. They should give New Zealand articles a chance, for they could "ct just as good on article at a lower price. Regarding hydro-electric power, tho Prime Minister said that the Government and local bodies all over New Zealand' were trying to make use of tho water-power, the same as they were doing at Christchurch. He congratulated Christchurch on having power available for its industries and electricity for lighting. They should follow that example. They should not rest until , they "Ot it. " The secondary industries were entitled to the support of everyone. He then declared the exhibition open. The Minister of Industries. Tho Hon. E. P. Hee (Minister of In- . dustries and Commerce) said that they might well he proud of the exhibition, and he congratulated the Industrial Association on the display. For soino months past the Board of Trade had been in co-operation with the manufacturers of the Dominion with a view to placing - before the public specimens of articles manufactured in this country not with the object of advertising any particular institution or company, but with the object of bringing home to the people more closely than at present the fact that New Zealand could manufacture articles of endless variety and high grade, which would compare favourably with articles manufactured in any part of the world. lie had visited 29 factories in Dunedin. 34 in Auckland, and 21 in Christchurch, and was inspecting those of Wellington at present. 110 could assure those present that those responsible for the industries of Now Zealand were using every effort to carry them out on most up-to-date lines, and were bringing to thoir assistance _ tho latest machinery and the best of skilled workmen. With tho plant and men they had in the Dominion there was no reason why they should not produce

many of the articles required in daily life. They were produced, but one of the difficulties had been that tho people did not recognise what the Dominion produced. There was a fashion for people to congratulate others on the fact that they were sending money out of the Dominion to buy articles which could be well produced within- the confines of their own country. The output from New Zealand manufactures in 1596 was £5,817,648. and in 1920 it was £40,920,232. 'The capital employed in 1896 was £4,850,960, and in 1921 £26,4-46,-870. Manufacturing in this country was past the experimental stage. It was here and hero to stay, and he thought it would be good policy fpr the people of the Dominion to trade) within the Dominion. Trade within the Empire was a common cry, but why not so far as possible keep the trade within, tho Dominion? That was the policy in Australia. The articles in tho various stalls came from all the factories, and represented tho products of the Dominion. They had plenty of raw material and plenty of labour and skill that could bo brought to the assistance of the secondary industries. He was not decrying the primary industries, but the people he thought should also support the secondary industries even at some personal sacrifice. Thev would be repaid 'for it. The Board of Trade was out to'help secondary industries. They should all pull together, and when those present had seen tho exhibits they would feel that tho secondary industries of New Zealand were deserving of their fullest and best support. The Hon. W. Downie Stewart, Minister of Internal Affairs, also congratulated the association on its splendid display. Ho referred to the new Tariff Bill, his remarks being published elsewhere. AMONG “OUR OWN” SOME SPLENDID EXHIBITS. The exhibition forms an opportunity for a parade of what is being done by New Zealand’s secondary industries, and as far as space will permit it is very satisfactory. It reveals the progress made by several of the long-established industries, and discloses several industries, the existence of which in New Zealand was very little known. The growth of wool is a primary industry, but tho manufacture of woollen clothing is a secondary indnstry of primary Importance. It is an established industry. All New Zealand knows the value of New Zealand-made blankets, rugs, flannel, men’s underwear, socks, knitted goods; etc., but it was only the war shortage 'which taught the value of our own tweeds. People did not stop to think that if our rugs and blankets were incomparably the best why should not our tweeds be? The magic word “English” carried weight, until English supplies ran short, and people discovered that ’’colonial” tweed of certain kinds was as good as anything to be had. This is apropos of the magnificent joint display that is being made by the woollen companies in tho Town Hall. It is one of tho best and most comprehensive displays of tho finest woollen goods the world can produce. The lines already specified are displayed to tho very best effect.; but other than those one can perceive the outreach of the companies in the range of ready-made suits and ladies’ costumes that are shown. Then there are knitted coats, jerseys, and suits, woollen stockings, as well as socks. The bay of rngsi is a spectacle that speaks of warmth 1 and comfort in the first degree. In a central position fanned out is a brother to tho rug presented to the Prince of Wales by the Wellington Woollen Company. The boot manufacturers have also made a most attractive display behind showwindow plate-glass. Hero may be seen a complete range of boots and shoes covering a wide range of footwear, from the stalwart "Bill Masseys” to delicate ladies’ suede nnd grey kid shoes, as dainty and well finished as any of those imported. Nearby is an elaborate display of Auckland-made millinery—hats, not merely trimmed, but dyed, shaped, blocked, and trimmed in big factories —an industry strange to the Empire City. Near by is a display of wonderfully competentlooking loose-leaf lock-up ledgers, which at once caught the eyes of those to whom ledgers, journals, and day-books are tho beginning,end, and the middle of life.

On the choir terrace the Artificial Limb Department of the Defence Department. makes an interesting display, of ingenious and highly-finished wooden legs, arms, and hands, queer pads, plaster casts, and shapes, yellow legs, White legs, and red legs, with jointed knees, ankles, and feet. These limbs are made from willow, and tho false leg is shown in its journey from the tree trunk to the colour and polished member. On the same level is also spread out a fine range of goods made by the soldiers in the military hospitals, from baskets and leather bags up to a very highlypolishedl and nicely-carved wooden bedstead.

The Department of Industries and Commerce has, under the'choir gallery, a number of out-of-the-way'exhibits, including wire nails of almost all' sizes (made in Christchurch). There is a. very fine display of brass and copper-work by two Dunedin firms, who have been at no end of pains to set their goods out in attractive order. A' firm of billiard-table makers shows a handsome oak dining-billiard table, on which stand two excellent little models of dolls' tables, perfect in every detail. Such a mundane necessity as flour stares across at a most elaborate display of plain and fancy soaps, which appeal to more than one sense at a time. A pyramid of candles of all sizes and colours shows that the age of tho waxed wick has not yet followed tho tallow dip of tho early A r ictorian era.

There is an especially fine display of kitchen ranges of various sides, with brilliant, nickel facings so dear to . the heart of the modern housewife. Two displays of New Zealand-made gas stoves and caliphonts are to be seen in one of the main avenues, and there is a capital exhibit of strong fencing wires, stout enough to repel any ordinary intrusion, and which lend themselves to decorative adjustment. One of the most —ttrnctive displays for tho fair sex is an exhibit of women's blouses and lingerie of the most delicate workmanship, and in all the most desirable tints. Fur hats for men are shown in all stages, from the “hood” as it arrives from Europe to the completed articles—neat and dressy. Preserves, confectionery, milk products, cereal foods are all represented attractively. These are necessarily only a few of the many fine displays ro be seen in tho Town Hall. Tn the Machinery Hall, (in Cable Street), machinery and engineering displays predominate. The Forestry Department makes a good display of New Zealand timbers, dressed' and otherwise; tho local roofing-tile makers are in evidence andi makers of machinery for the modern dairy farm shako a big stick at their imported contemporaries. Tho exhibits in tho Machinery Hall will !>o readier for inspection to-day than they were yesterday.

Tho exhibition was well attended bv the public last evening, tho general opinion expressed being that the exhibition was most interesting nnd instructive.

An orchestra, IrecT by .Mr. Frank Thomas, gave selections of attractive music in tho Town Hall last evenin", . and another orchestra, under Mr. B. Drew performed a like office in the Machinery Hall. Tho exhibition will be .open to-day from noon, to 5 p.m. and from 7.30 p.ui. to 10 p.m.

The following articles descriptive of collective and individual exhibits, and also of New Zealand goods generally, are [published by arrangement.!

NEW ZEALAND MADE FOOTWEAR THE STORY OF ITS PRODUCTION'. In ancient times the only footwear known to man was a simple sandal attached to the foot 'by means of a thong, or something of that kind. Sometimes a rude covering was added, shaped from a single portion of untanned hide. From these primitive beginnings tho modern boot- and shoo had their origin. In many of, the New Zealand boot factories of to-day may be seen no fewer than 800 or 906 different patterns of footwear. When the public demand increases, and the population is greater, specialisation in classes of manufacture will, of necessity, take place, and, of course, specialisation makes for cheaper production of such specialised articles. But highly specialised industries (as the term is understood in America) arc only possible in countries containing large populations. The larger the population, tho more exact the specialisation process. Now Zealand, however, is in Urn process of building, aud as our population increases, step by step, so will our industries become more and more specialised.

It perhaps will be of interest to our readers to learn that GO per cent, of the leather used in the manufacture of boots aud shoes in this Dominion is made from the hides and skins of New Zealand-bred animals. This is an excellent result for both the public and the producer. From tho national point of view, it is better to have the hides converted i*to their highest possible commercial value as shoe products within the Dominion than to export the raw material, which is at tho lowest commercial value. New Zealand is able to produce hides and skins in their particular class equal to anything in the world, and if Hi® tanning and boot manufacturing industries are given a stabilised market there would be no difficulty in producing 86 per cent, of all the footwear needed by the people of this country. An Army of Workers.

Some people try to discredit the importance of industries bv mentioning the number of people actually employed in a particular one, but if wq take the manufacture of leather, ■under the headin" of tanneries, etc., the finished article from the tannery becomes the raw material for the next industry—boot ami shoe manufacture —we find that these two industries, which are indissolubly attached 1 , are responsible for the support of fullv eight, thousand j>eoii.’e in this Dominion. The workers ;n both these industries are'skilled to the highest degree in their particular work, and ; able to produce goods equal to anything of the same class in anv other country in the world. This is not a mere statement. as the boot exhibit in the Exhibition clearly demonstrates. Official Investigation.

During the last few months the members of the Tariff Roval Commission and the British Trade Commissioner visited many of the factories in the principal cities in the Dominion, including Christchurch, and a. few weeks ago the same industries were visited by the members of Parliament tor the Canterbury district, and bv the editors of the local newspapers. These gentlemen, without exception, expressed their astonishment nt what they saw, and it is only fair to the public to say that, if such representative men did not know what their own countrymen were producin'’. can it be wondered that the general public have little or no idea of the tremendous amount of work and tlis numerous processes necessary to manufacturing industries? 'They now know, through tho boot exhibit, nnd despite anything that .can be said to the contrary, that New Zealand-made _ boofi and shoes are equal to anything in the world. Joint Exhibit of Boots and Shoes by N.Z. Boot Manufacturers’ Association. Tho exhibit is the product of the associated members jn Auckland, \\elliii"ton. Christchurch, anti Dunedin. Each manufacturer’s goods are represented, and every line shown is being daily manufactured 1 by one or other of the members. There is no sample exhibited in the case which could not be supplied to any retailer if required. It is claimed *tlwt the quality, stylo, anil, finish of the goods establish the claim that boot and shoe manufacture is one of the key industries of tho Dominion, .because every man. woman, and child rec,vires footwear. A Brief Sketch of a New Zealand Boot Factory. The writer of this article had the opportunity of visiting anv factory ho chose for tho purpose of taking notes. The first department visited was the store room. Here were niles of beautifully tanned hides of every description. There were kid skins in almost endless shades and qualities—the kid skin is. perhaps, for its substance and weight, the strongest leather in the world—and patent colt: that wonderful leather which has entirely surpassed the German patent of pre-war days. This is worthy of special note. . ’ In another section of the stock room were huge quantities of calf skins; black, blue, nigger-brown (or, as the fashion writers prefer to call it, "tele de negro”). Close at hand were suede leathers for various purposes, and in another place huge hides tanned by the chrome process—a mineral tannage which lias revolutionised the leather market of the world. From leathers so treated the most serviceable boots for working men are produced. Before passing from this department he noticed beautiful white buckskins suitable for sports shoes. Speaking generally. the stock of leathers was esceedceedingly interesting; the more so when is remembered that the policy of I lie boot manufacturers of the Dominion is to use New Zealand-made leather wherever possible. Clicking Department. In this department the skins and hides are cut into shapes, this being the first process in the manufacturing section. The word "clicking” took its name more than half a century ago from the metallic tapping of the knives tn. the process of shaping the shoe parts. A clicker has to be thoroughly competent, and must, have some knowledge of geometry. He is dealing with very expensive material, and whilst having to study the quality 'of ,teach particular 'piece and whether it is suitable or otherwise for a particular part of the boot or shoe, he has to bo skilled in cutting the greatest measurement from a given surface. . , , P ,, Another point is that many of the skins and hides have small scars and flaws, all of which must Ixi avoided and cannot be put into the shoe. The clicker has to so manipulate his pattern ns to reduce this loss of leather to a minimum. Tho leathers he uses are, to a very large extent, sold by the square foot, and, in some classes, a price as lii'’h as 9s. per square foot hap to bo paid by tho manufacturer. No machinery of any importance can bo used in this department. There are several reasons. One is that no two skins are alike, ami (hero are several qualities in every skin, and a man, to be a successful clicker, must have acquirer! skilled knowledge in quality and measurement. Another reason is that a set of patterns takes a. long time to cut, and contains a large number of piices. For example, in an ordinary 'ady’s Oxford shoe there are IS separate parts, and in some classes of footwear I bero' are no fewer than 50. Some doubts have been expressed from time to time as to whether tho Now Zealand boot mnniifacl iiTnr is 'up to date Ample proof on this point, is available. English. Continental, and American houses, whose business it is to create fashions and to model lasts, send out their latest products at short intervals, and the New Zealand public van bo kept right up to date in style ami fashion through this means with I anv country in the world. The great I world centre for shoe fashions and styles u is the United States of America, i After the clicker finishes his work it I is passed on to the next process room, I usually known ae

The Machining Department. In this department aro n number of highly-specialised and really wonderful machines, and any description can only vaguely convey to the mind what really happens. . , A wonderful little machine reduces the substance of the leather at the edge, where required, for the purpose ot being folded. This maehino runs at a. high ’ate of speed, making ■ the scarf wide or narrow as may be required, and it may bo regulated to tho thousandth part of an inch. '■'he leather then passes along to another wonderful little machine*, which, in one operation, folds over the edgo of the leather, glues it down, and hammers it. into position just wherever it is required, and produces what is known as the ‘'turned edge.” . Anolhcr machine, which is very interesting io watch is the pcriorating machine, which docs all sorts ol fancy work for toceaps, sides and fronts of shoes, in almost endless variety. The Jciither buttonhole machine lias a fascinaliiin of ite own. Tho leather, being placed under very strong clamps, the 'buttonhole is cut. open and oversewn right, round, following tho shape of the buttonhole; this is all automatically done, ami takes just two seconds per finished buttonhole. If one tries to work a buttonhole by hand the advantages of the machine aro clearly seen. It is a fact that, no handworked buttonjiolo c'ouild Ipnssib'.y bo belter done I han one worked by this machine. . There are also machines for cutting fauev shoe bars, trimming and shaping 'the shoe tongues, and all sorts ot other contrivances' for tho saving of labour and promoting efficiency and ic-gulai-ily of output. Before leaving this deplirtmcnt with all its varied machinery, one's attention is directed to a machine called tho automatic eye-letter. This implement gives five sharp clicks or what«ver number is required and a similar number of eyelets are in place on oil he, «ido of the upper, ready for lacing. Eves are fed along an arm, and their driving synchronises with the punching of the hole. It seems almost impossible for this machine either to miss or make a mistake' of any serf. Lacing by Machinery.

One of the most important operalioris. although apparently a very, simple one, is to see that the uppers are properly laced before going into the making department. They must not be laced too loosely or too tightly. Every upper must be exactly the same for the particular class of work required. For a. long time uppers had to be laced by hand, either with an ordinary lace or a metal fastening, which was never satisfactory'. A brilliant idea was evolved which was io make a machine do this work. The eyelet holes are threaded on to prongs; a needle with a thread iittaehmont, which forms a part of a machine, is put in motion; and in one second the upper is laced; a. knot is tied, the article is ready to pass along into the next department. Assembling Room.

To the casual observer, this department is a mystery, and, until explained; conveys tho ‘idea that the, place is in a state of chaos and everything is mixed; however, this is not so. The uppers meet the bottom stock. Everything required for the bottom of tho boots, v.itli tho exception of tho heels, is ready and in order (quality, sizes and style), and tho workman takes them away in baskets, each order being kept separate and distinct. Preparation cf the Sole Leathers. The hides ofleather having been trimmed, according to the various qualities, they pass through a guillotine, which cuts sides into lengths according to the quality,' length by length. After the leather has been properly prepared for the process of ■ shoeniaking, the various shapes required aro obtained by the uso of a machine which needs only a wooden pattern to determine what the shape shall be. A razor-like blade, sweeps rapidly round tho pattern, cutting Hie leather as if it were a blade of grass. The machines are capable of adjustment, so that slight alterations (if required) may be made without the expense' of a separate pattern for such adjustment. In this department men are engaged in cutting stiffeners for the back of the heels, special toe pieces, inner soles, lifts and top pieces, each section requiring a separate machine. Then the leather has to be passed through a number ,of smaller machines', such as moulding machines, which put. the stiffeners into tho right shape. This is a huge, heavy piece of mechanism. Soles and in-soles 'have to be channelled in various ways, according to tile class of work for which the leather has to be used. W o now come to probably the most interesting department, in which is" installed the newest and most scientific machinery, lor boot manufacturing work. The Process of Bottoming.

The class of machinery used in this section of bout manufacturing all over the world is, for tho great part, under the lease system. A good deal ot criticism has been indulged in during the last twenty or thirty years as to whether it is right that a huge manufacturing eoncefn should monopolise the boot machinery of the world. The company was largely opposed by the Britisn jx'ople, ami for a long time, but the company eventually won through. It keeps its lessees right up to date, anu any new appliances, attachments, or machinery which are deemed better than the old ones, can be installed under certain conditions which are not unreasonable, and thus the boot manufacturing industry is kept up to date. As as a matter of fact, it is almost impossible for any manufacturer not to progress in his work—and, incidentally, in his methods—by reason of the machinery system which operates in tho particular department under review. It will not be possible in this article to describe all the machines, but, generally speaking, they are with few exceptions, simply highly specialised tools, almost hiunan in their action if intelligently guided, but they do need the intelligence of man to obtain the best results. It is in this department that the various methods of the attachment of soles to the uppers are carried out. J here ar" several distinct classes or methods under two main headings—the vertical system and the- horizontal system. In the vertical svsteni the attaemnent is through the soles, upper and in-soles, the fastener being vertically placed. Speaking generally, when fastened by thread it is tho Blake, or sometimes called the Mackay process. Sometimes the fasle.uing is by a rivet automaticallyd-;- 1 from a machine ipid driven, fhiough, clenched on the surface of the inner sole. Another method is l>v the screwing proce"s: the machine cuts its own screw, which is screwed into the teathcr at a terrific speed, and is automaticallj cu. off nt the exact length required. Anolhei method of fastening is ihe o d-1 method of wooden pegs. I he >»< J for this purpose is a marvel. It makes its own peg, ami cuts it oil in the inside. leaving a smooth surface he horizontal system, known as ( '“ o(1 ,. vent- svsteni. includes a law vauetj 01 n»'whirps The first is for fixing in Dio welt exactly as the old liaml-crattsmeii used to <lo. but. with a very much greater tension than a man could maintain, l>eing about 105 to 1101 b. tension on eii.il St The hoot having passed through this machine it is further prepared tot Hie JJttaehment of the sole to Ihe welt , and he number of parts ami movemc s » this machine is almost hewildeiing. It is wonderful how such a large nunilxi of wnrl-iiv naris can be tuned nnd adjusted so as to maintain a perfect sewing. Another system of adjustment is vliat is known as the pump system In tins case the shoes are made inside out. --o that an upper which is originally stitched on a left foot last becomes a .right foot shoe After the sewim- is finished, and before the stitc.hes arc thoroughly set, Hm shoes are put through a machine, min™ the sole, the nrenaration of Lie orton? before the -’o is attaehe. m every process must J’ o .an imperfect shoe is the lesult. Levelling Process.

TTero is a machine which has a very peculiar motion. The purpose of he inacliine is to make the bottom of the nhoc level. »ml to remove any unevenness which may have taken place in the foregoing processes. I he boot or shoe is placed on to its proper last, put up to

tho machine, which by several motions dealing with tho waist, forepart and centre-levelling, all automatically controlled. returns tho shoo to Hie operator finished, eo fur as that process is concerned. The shoo is now .ready for the attachment of tho heel. Special feeder plates aro provided, and the nails aro led to multiple discs controlled l>>- the feeder plate as Io the number of nails needed. Tho operator of the heeling machine is a man that must bo trained to know the exact pitch required ns well as tho length of nail. When everything is in position, the unsbnped heel is held by clamp, and eno pressure from the operator’s loot lexer attaches tho heel, leaving just oneeighth of an inch undriven for a tempiirary holding for the next process, which is the top lift of the heel. The heel operator releases his lever once niore, and the top lilt is attached, blinded with a smooth surface ready for the next operation—the attachment of the top bit to the main heel. This is done in several ways, according to the class of woi ■: to bo 'performed. These machines nr. called slugging machines. The sltigge. makes its own nails from a coil ot spe-cially-prepared steel wire or brass wire, as the case may be, and these nails are driven through the leather. The shoe is then ready for the next process, which is the first trimming of the heel. Jo the casual observer the heel trimming machine. is nerve-racking. Tho cutting attachment ie by three knives fixed in a circle with about three-quarters of an inch or more between the edge ot each knife-blade. As the knife shaft travels nearly five thousand revolutions to the minute, its effect, on any visitor can bo easily understood. Finishing. Tho finishing process is also exceedingly interesting. The heels having been trimmed by the machine already referred to, they pass for a final finishing to a machine with I'clt wheels of various shapes, covered with emery, and these rotate at a great speed. The final finish is now given to the heel preparatory to the colour being put upon it, black or otherwise. lu the meantime, tho forepart has Deen attended to by a beautiful machine, or rafl er tool, and the shoe is now ready for >te rfaal finish and polish. The forepart ot .im shoe is made, smooth by a clever machine,_ to which is fitted a largo number of tools to suit the thickness and stvle of the sole, and these tools aro kept hot so as to produce, a highlvburnished finish. The heels are polished by friction. Nothin.™ now remains except to finish the bottom. There arc an infinite variety of finishes, and these require several different machines to obtain the required results. The shoes are now ready for final examination, cleanin#, hoxiiiß. braiKling, or uny other small detail which any particular goods may need. . The writer of this article believes that practically every description of boots and shoes eaii bo manufactured within the Dominion, and there is really no need for anybody to purchase imported footwear. Here at our doors is an opportunity to encourage Dominion keep money circulating in tho country, to provide work for the people of the country, remembering that if we keep the money circulating amongst ourselves that that money is useful after the article is worn out. This article on the manufacture of boots and shoes is supported by the evidence available from this Exhibition, and there is no doubt that if a similar storv is told of the other industries represented here, an equally i.nod case can be made out for the development of this country through these manufacturing enterprises.

RAT MANUFACTURING THE NEW ZEALAND INDUSTRY. The war has been fruitful of 'convincing evidence of our unpardonable folly in depending on oversea countries for our existence either as a civil or military unit in the family of nations. A >vhole library of Defence Acts and Regulations, and the most perfect military- scheme over ilcvised will leave us a prey to any Power, while wo lack the secondary industries necessary to equip an army and navy. If by any chance subjecto-d to a. prolonged blockade. New Zealand would be without adequate means of clothing its JX'ople, and before very long n large portion of the population would be hard put, to it for adequate supplies. Even ,were the Dominion assured of freedom from naval or military aggression fay._the next half-century, tho war has placed on bur shoulders a staggering load of debt, which no conceivable scheme but. expansion of industrial enterprise, can lighten. At t'ho Exhibition, the National Hat Mills, Ltd., have a comprehensive display 'of hats and hat-making in every stage, from the rabbit’s fur to the completed article. Hat-making in its entirety is a comparatively young industry in New Zealand, and one which it is hoped the Government will see fit to materially assist. AVhat is looked for, and what is vitallv necessary if tho industry is to bo properly developed, is an increased tariff on imported hats, and, even more important, the imposition of a duty on hats in any stage of manufacture, which are now admitted free- In, addition, tho support of the public is solicited through their insisting upon getting New Zea-land-ma<lo hats. If they do so, and if tho tariff is amended, on the lines indicated. this industry is certain to grow to such an extent that the, large number of hands required in its working, and the reasonableness at which the finished hat will bo retailed, will make it a groat asset to the country. One striking result of Protection in Australia has been that, at one period of the Great War, hats were sold there at one-'half of the price at which they could he imported from any part ot the world, and enough was being produced to supply the whole country and, export large quantities to other countries, especially Now Zealand. A. comparison between the present New Zealand and Australian tariffs on hoods tor Lat-making i? very instructive. Australian hoods arc imported into New Zealand duly free, but if New Zealand hoods are seiit to Australia the have to pay 45 per cent. duty. Now Zealand is treated as a foreign .count ri , and tho 'highest duty is charged against ' l Tho National Hat Mills, Ltd. of Welliiv’ton. have been established for some years, but their early operations conaisled of importing the hat in hood foim and making it up at their works. The growth of the business, particu lai; whilst the European war was fouriit when very few were entering New Zealand caused e firm to install a complete plant tor the. manufacture of fur-felt hats, from rab- ( bits’ fur, through all processes necessary to the finished article. _ Special works have been built lor hood making, which consists of a process ,ot preparing the Tabbits’ skins, removing ill fur from them. The fur is then formed into hoods, afterwards being dyed in ths several colours required by h'at buyers. . . The next step is that of shaping, which takes considerable time and earn, after which Hie hat. to al! intents and purposes, is the finished article, and tho whole of tho work, with the exception of (lie baud, is accomplished without sending any money out of the country. The efforts'of this New Zealand firm are to be commended, for there is no doubt but industries such as this eno are going to assist the country at such times as' we ere now experienciug, ivhen money is tight and iniicli is about. It is estimated that about 25,000 dozen fur-felt hats are required for use in the Dominion, but at present 80 per cent, of these are imported from abroad. There is no doubt as to the quality of Hie locally-made hats, for they arc equal in every respect to those made bv foreign-films. , • , 'Hat-manufacturing is a natural try to New Zealand, for here rabbits are to be found in abundance , ami' Lae labour is available to make this an extensive industry. . AVlicn the. territorial scheme was first introduced m 1911 the National Hat Mills,. Ltd secured the contracts for territorial and cadet! at-., and up till 1918 made all the felt hat for tho several contingents which left New Zealand for tho Great War. There were in all about 300,600 felt hats made for the New Zealand Government by (his firm, and satisfaction was evinced in every respect, for the quality, coloui, and finish of these hats proved clearly that there is. no necessity to send out ol’ tho Dominion for fur-felt hats. buving public’s assistance is needed to build this industry. Ask for hats made bv the National Hat Mills, Ltd., of New Zealand; take no other. Aou will i, O rewarded, for the quality is there, Mid you will receive full value loi toui I money.

“NUGGET” POLISHES A THRIVING INDUSTRY. Tn Belfast Street, Christchurch, stands a two-storied brick building, on Ihe side of which is painted a slogan familiar tliroughoul New Zealand—Did you "Nugget" your bools this morning? Tho building contains the offices and factory of the ‘‘Nugget Polish” Co.. Ltd., whose products are to be found in practically every boot shop and grocer’s stere in the Dominion. Twelve years ago; in response to the increased demand for "Nugget” products, tho company commenced manufacturing in New Zealand, Christchurch being selected' as the most suitable centre for the purpose. Naturally, the business in those days was nothing like (he size of that done to-day. and a small staff sufficed to meet all requirements. The advantages of establishing a factory in the Dominion were chvious, the principal being that it would enable the company to place on the market a. polish that would not be adversely affected by having to pass through the tropics, as was always likely to be the case with ’hat which is shinned from England.

That the. decision was a wise one is shown by the success that has attended the enterprise. The business has increased' by leaps and bounds, and to-day Hie company employs a staff of between 20 and 36. and has four “commercials” continuously on the road. A reporter who visited the premises this week was made acquainted with the process of manufacture. After being carefully dealt with by experienced hands, the ingredients b.rc taken into )the boiling room, and there mixed in pans, steam being made use of to keep the mixture thoroughly agitated, enabling the ingredients to thus properly compound'. Having reached such a- stage, the compound, now in a Semi-liquid or creamy state, is removed to another part of the room and placed in cooling tanks, automatic stirring machines, assisted by running cold water, keeping the compound mixing until tho cooling process has been completed. In this state tho polish is taken into the filling room and placed in receptacles through which it is made up in tins of three sizes, per medium of the latest filling machines, two in number, each of which has a capacity for filling no fewer than 15,006 tins per hour. Deliveredl from, the machines in rows of eleven, the tins of polish are first carefully inspected, and then passed on to have tinfoil interposed between the top of the polish and the lid, which is then made secure. The finished article may then be packed in cardboard boxes to fulfil orders. ,

In another payt of the building "Nugget” outfits are made, this being quite a largo item in the company’s business The velvet polishing pads, which nearly everybody in New Zealand has seen at some time or other, are filled with wool teasings, supplied by a local woollen null. The cardboard boxes containing tho outfits are also made up on the premises, the parts being supplied and the printing done by a Christchurch printing works. The brushes are also supplied by a Christchurch firm. The tins jn which the polish is packed are nianufactured by an Auckland firm. It is the policy of the company to have manufactured in- New Zealand 'everything that can he made here, hence it is that practically everything connected with the industry is produced in the Dominion. By this means the company ensures that only fresh stock is sent to its clients, who can thus, when selling the polish to a customer, do so without any doubt as to its trustworthiness, knowing that there is no danger of deterioration having set in. It is not so many years ago since "Nugget” productions first came into existence. They made their appearance about the year 1895, at a time when blacking held sway, chrome tanned leathers being then 'a novelty. How chrome leathers established their popularity is well known, and side by side with lhein has developed the demand for "Nugget” polishes. The use of this polish every morning has become a confirmed custom in New Zealand, just as it has in other countries. and no one would care now to contemplate a sudden cessation of sup''Al'o .lines' .’manufactured in Clirisfriinrch ,by the company include . 6 . Augget” boot and shoe polishes in black, brown, dark brown, and tony rod a white wax polish for patent leather or fancy kid footwear, etc., and an antiseptic floor polish.

MORRISON AND MORRISON PRINTING INK MANUFACTURERS 24 HARRIS STREET. WELLINGTON. The necessity of developing our secon--dai-y industries was clearly demonstrated during tho war period by tho heroic work done by many manufacturers in supplying the needs of this country, which hitherto had bpon provided for by overseas inaiiuf'acturer.s. Tn no branch of industry was this more euccessfully done than in tho inanufacturo of printing inks. Messrs. Morrison and Morrison, printing inkl manufacturers, 210 Madras Street, Christchurch (Wellington Office, 24 Harris Street), s'houldered the burden ol providing for tile requirements of printers throughout tho Dominion during tho whole of the war period. This will be clearly evi fenced by their display at tne exhibition.

Not only do printing inks of their manufacture equal in every respect tho imported" article, but it is also noteworthy Chat while printers' note-papix <ind other printers’ requisites increased iu cost several hundreds per cent, in many cases, tile price of their inks muring that period only advanced on an average of 20 per cent. It behoves printers to remember the services, this firm rendered them in their hour of need, and so support a firm which is so admirably equipped to supply t'heir needs at all times. It was in 1006 when Messrs. Morrison and Morrison first established their business. Since then tho two brothers have gained the confidence of all users of printers’ inks, and to-day they operate ink grinding mills of the very latest typo in Christchurch —and branches in Auckland and Wellington lor the convenience oi tTieir Northern clients Printers must appreciate Hie value of fresh ink. and che incalculable benefit ol buying direct from the pianufacturer just what is lv required for Hie particular woik tnej Imve on b.aii.i. An additional advantage is the ability <>f securing at a moments notire an ink to suit the paper being a> well as the climatic conditions prevailing at that particular time. Anrher important, feature in there dais o'f short capital is that dealing direct tvi 4 ii the manulanturer they ohMaie rhe neoessitv of carrymg extensive stocks i anttetoation of future requnemen s, i • i ..rf.n for vears merely represents can be immediatelv satnffied infill Hie “fonn oi a 'substituto which 1,1 're'Jv will not be what is reo/ned. Jlorrison ami Morr.smi also aim "io Xml' stacks’'of ’print - PMwr metal litho tJ A>U l ‘oro’X sole New‘’Zealand agents r . Ilw> T/inston Monotype and type-cast-machines, and “Glixit” commercial ■paste. wliicli tlicv <iro can only be properly provided by local ln! Another advantage that printers enjoy in dealing with this firm is the convenience of having inks ground to exacth match any tint required. AVhen special work is to be executed, either letteinress or lithographic, it too often happens that an artist may uso special or peculiar colours iu a design. In th is ease it 'is usual to send the design io Messrs Morrison and Morrison and have them grind inks io the exact shades lT ?n l addition to the regular letter-press, lithographic and offset inks, th.s firm handles cover and ruling.inks, tin-piint-ing inks, marbling colours, and fugitive inKs for cheques.

“ZEAI.ANDIA” BOOTS SKELTON. ITIHSTIUK, A < 0., LTDThe brand “Zealandia” was first used by the manufacturers of this well-known, footwear in 1875. Business development necessitated a factory being establish. on (ho land al present occupied by the Now Zealand Express Company’s buildings op the corner of Manchester -ana Hereford Streets, Christchurch; a bii'fe . and stone building, now being used I'7 a printing firm, was built to serve as warehouse and office. The growth of business rendering the corner building inadequate, the next development was to build a four-story brick building on the ’other side of the warehouse in Hereford Street, Christchurchbuilding recently occupied by M esten. Bros, and others. These combined premises within ten years proving for the demands of an ever-expandtaa business, tho site. of this firms present factory was acquired, and a inct -Y erected capable of doubling the outpi H Tn connection with this, tho pi building, it is interesting to know that the plans’ were drawn for a KYJ. j double Hie size of the present buildHi„, thus permitting of the extension of 4 present factory at a later date. This firm has branches established m Auckland, Palmerston North, and Grevmouth, and their represcn.atives makß periodical calls on all ro ® North Cape to the Bluff. The company does not aim to make all classes of footwear, but restricts its operations, a=> ■far as possible, to tho medium ana better grades. For many years prior tn the great "slump, ’ the demand, tor their manufactures greatly exceeded tn» supply—the main difficulty being th impossibility of securing the skulea labour necessary to, the standard quality. Position Held by New Zealand made Footwear. There is no doubt that the quality of New Zealand footwear ,is equal to anything imported belonging to tne same class, and' this has been the case for many years. One great disappointment, experienced by all manufacturers is the insistent demand from all parts of the country to use other than recognised New Zcalapd brands —of these brands this company possesses at least a dozen. That New Zealand footwear equals in every way imported goods of the same class is recognised by tne editors of the Christchurch papers. recently inspected a joint exhibit made by Christchurch manufacturers, and made it an occasion to express their astonishment that such fine footwear was produced in our city. It is not claimed that boots of tqnal quality, etvle, and finish are not produced elsewhere in New Zealand, but it is emphatically and rightly claimed that there are none better. Tn support nf this contention it may he pointed oot that the manufacturers cf "Zealandia boots have for the past quarter of a century guaranteed every pair of branns ed boots to give reasonable wear, and the retailor knows that this sriiarantee stands behind every pair he sells. A Fallacy Exploded. Tt has been contended by some uninformed people that because of New Zealand's geographical position she must be out of date in the production of' footwear. This is fallacious. There are no machines of any importance used in boot factories in the United. States, of America or Groat Britain which are. not represented' in most New Zealand factories. Owing to smallness of population there may not bq so many nia-. chines of each kind. but. every essential’, machine is in operation in this country. The Question of Styles. Wifli regard to styles, it must be re-; memhered that in no part of the world ■ are tho different styles created by manufacturers themselves. It .is a special branch of the business Confined to "last” makers and "style-service organisations,” and the makers of New Zealand boots have the latest models sub-, mitted to them twice every year. An Independent Opinion. The members of the Tariff Commission, when visiting the different Christchurch factories, gave special attention' to footwear;" Also members of Parliament on the occasion 'of their visit The editors of newspapers as the result of their inspection arrived at tho conclusion the New Zealand-made foot- 1 wear equalled in respect to quality, style, and price, anything that could bo imported; and that the piiblic was making no sacrifice by insisting on. being supplied with boots and shoes mnde in their own country by their own fellow-citizens. The Wide “Zealandia” Range. "Zealandia” boots cover a very wide range of styles, including men’s heavy shooting boots, ordinary boots for regular street wear, suitable for both summer or winter; ladies’ footwear of every kind, from heavy golfing boots. to the dainty evening slipnor, together with, all the necessary grades for girls an<? boys. Leather .substitutes aro never, used in the. "Zealandia” factory, the aim of the company being to use such, material, and to employ such workmen, as will enable them io give the guarantee. which is available where ‘‘Zealandia’.’ bools are sold.

ZE ALAND! A SOAP CO., LTD. (Christchurch). GOOD VALUES AND FAI.R TRADING. "Good values and fair trading''’ is th* slogan of the Zealandia Soap, Candle, and Trading Company, .Ltd., and the firm ha.-? always lived up to it. The two factories —one at Belfast and the other at Woolston—manufacture the finest products which it is possible io produce in New Zealand, or anywhere else. Soap is such an everyday article that la are inclined to look upon it as or<4 nary—something made from fat. without .much skill or labour. It can be made’ that way, but it is not the finished product which comes from the Ze.ilanclia factories. In the first place, the. raw fat obtained from the abattoirs is placed in large sealed "digesters” and "cooked” from four to five hours until it is turned into tallow. . The tallow is specially refined until it is like the finest margarine, run into casks, and then placed in huge vats. Here it. is blended with the finest coconut, oil and other ingredients for about three days. It is then run into a ‘'mixer," an iron vessel with a large worm in the centre, ami (he colouring matter and scents are added. From the mixer, it runs into collapsible iron “frames.” which hold about half a ton of soap. The frames run on rails and after (he mixture has cooled for two days they are run into n convenient position and stripped, leaving .the blocks of soap on the trolleys, the ’block is run through the slabbing machines to cut it into bars, which at* branded and placed on racks to After seasoning has been completed, the finished soap is wrapped .and packed in boxes for export, and so it. goes through, the retailer’s hands to the consumer. ho brands, "VET/VET. "Regent Silkstone" and “Premier arc the highest grade soaps on the market, and for these onlv the finest grade constituents . aie used Another product pt the works is washing soda, which is made from ‘he "soda’ ash” imported from abroad. The ash is treated by a special process which converts it into the crystallino form Sand soap of the best quality is also made. Fino numice sand is boiled, with the soap constituents, and the mixture is run into trays or moulds. When set the blocks are dried first ut. ordinary temperature Aiid then in a. heated dryingronin until all moisture has been evanoratnd off, when the precess is completed. In the candle department on* of the main products is, of course. Searchlight candles, the paraflin wax tor these brands being imported from Borneo and Rangoon.. It is clarified and 'hen run into intricate moulding machines. which turn out from DC to -CO candles at a tune. Tim Company also manufacture various articles, such as glycerine, oleo, oliene, etc. Tim alxivo exhibits are in the Board, of Trade Section of the exhibition.

MESSRS. JACKSON & CO, PAINT AND VARNISH MANUFACTURERS, WELLINGTON. EXHIBIT IN MACHINERY HALL. An argument used every day against paint manufacturing in New Zealand, by those who should know better. Is that wo have no raw materials in Now Zealand, and must import them all to mainffacture. The following figures . show this statement to be exceptionally unfair, and show/further, that a large quantity of the paint and varnish imported into New Zealand from Britain fe only foreign material with British labour only used on name. Britain imported, free of duty, in 1918 (a normal year):— White lead, 424,01 d cwt. Barytes (paint adulterant) 1,150.219 owt. Linseed, 1,426,519 quarters. Linseed oil, 619,510 cwt. Gums (for varnish manufacture), 477,893 cwt. Red oxide of iron, 1,714,04X1 cwt. Zinc oxide, 372,852 cwt. Painters’ colours and pigments (unenUmerated), 869,321 owt Varnish concentrated (resinous or semiliquid, requiring to be thinned), 425,598 gallons. . Apart from the native pigments, of which New Zealand possesses millions of tons, we can do just as Britain is doing and employ our own manhood. The output of Australian factories increased .£100,000,000, in the eight years from 1908 to 1916. They are protecting their industries and providing employment, which in time of drought and other hard times resulting from economical and other causes will help Australia to tide over the disastrous effects of unemployment, and will 'always keep many thousands of men and women prosperous. It will also assist to stabilise conditions generally. To show something can be done under very adverse conditions (as a comparison of the Australian and New Zealand tariffs will prove) this firm instances its business In its own manufactured goods, with five 4 customers: To a Southern house it has supplied '.£541 worth of putty alone. To an Auckland house it has supplied -91149 worth of putty and distemper, etainers and oxide in oil.. To a small shipping company it has supplied £lO7O worth of ready mixed paints. To a New Plymouth house it has supplied £979 worth of ready mixed paints. While to the Government departments it has supplied .£3626 worth of its various lines. These figures cover a comparatively short period and the putty and distemper have mostly been made from New Zealand materials. Many other illustrations could be given but these will suffice. With the present tariff the paint and varnish industry has no chance whatever in New Zealand, for our country is a dumping ground for Ipaints, etc., made outside, and is the happy hunting ground for foreign bagmen.

We have a mountain of ore containing 82 per cent, of ferricoxide. probably the best in the world. Yet nothing has been done with this valuable material, which produces a paint with greater covering power and lasting qualities than any other material handled by the head of this firm in his 45 years experience at the trade. Nothing can be done with this'.product, because all dry colours come m free. We have abundance of material, that will produce all our putty, distempers, kalsomines, whitings, etc., which has laid dormant since d:scovered by the early geologists. We have plenty of ochres, umbers, gums, etc., and we grow 2,000 tons of linseed and send it away to be crushed and then Import the oil'extracted' from our own seed. Nothing of importance has been done with any of our New Zealand materials, and no> business man will risk putting down expensive machinery to deal with same while tho goods from nil parts of the world come in free. The humble little show at the Exhibition exactly illustrates tho short sighted methods towards local industry. In Australia one pounds sterling are invested in paint and varnish !manufacture; and, kvith the exception of one pigment alone, New Zealand is endowed with the neclessary paint stuffs more lavishly than ,1b Australia. ; Apart from trained experts obtained 'from Europe from time to time, Messrs. Jackson and Co. have been very fortunate in having at the helm a very successful and practical man who has made a hobby of the paint and varnish manufacturing, and has devoted every spare moment to innumerable teste for which his forty-five years’' experience has particularly adapted him. With the assistance of Professor Easterfield and other well known analytical chemists, extending over many years,, the firm has been , siiccessjf.ul in producing several of the finest materials known in tho trade from New Zealand pigments alone. The New Zealand pigments gave JackPon and Co. innumerable disappointments extending over 14 years, and many times the firm almost despaired; but within tho last year its efforts have been crowned with success, and plans for machinery I for! jnanufacturp, such as rock jaw breakers, pulverisers, levigation plants, air and steam drying machinery, etc., are being prepared. rhe oxide, putty, and distempci's made by Jackson and Co. from tho New Zealand materials are second to none. •They are quite prepared to submit tho goods made by them to impartial experts, and to substantiate their assertions in respect to tho New Zealand pigments mentioned.

I “ — J - AND W. FAULKNER SPECIALISTS IN IRONWORK. w 9 <,f^ n , bce 1 n seated since the war did not ] cnoir the variety of goods that aro produced in their own country. Messrs. J. and W Faulkner of Dunedim who have a neat little exhibit in the Industrial Exhibition, is a firn that is somewhat of an eye-opener to local folks. It was geneiOlly supposed that all iron bedsteads were imported; but this firm turned out no fewer than 14.000 during the year before the war. The demand has fallen away slightly since owing to the vogue for the wooden bedstead; but fashions in such furniture change cilery few years, and some day the iron bedstead Will come back again, perhaps. This enterprising firm, which moves with the times, is also a large manufacturer of perambulators and go-carts, making' everything about them even to the nnder-carriogo and wheels, in which the firm specialises. Probably they are the biggest suppliers of wheels in the country, and samples may bo seen in tho exhibit at the Town Hall. The spokes of every wheel are cast into the hub, and electrically welded into the rims, making a. very solid and durable job. Tn this respect tho business of J. and W. Faulkner extends all over tho Dominion. Tho exhibit referred to takes tho form of .an electric elevator cage, of Original design, with a coppered front of wicker-work design, and chaste, ornamentations above and below. The firm has supplied cages to Parliamentary Buildings, tho Government Buildings, National Bank; the new State Fire Building. tho Dominion Formers' Institute, nmd the Mandel Building in Willis Street. Members of Parliament have a chance of comparing the Faulkner cage with one imported by the Government, in the new marble building. Another specialty of the Dunedin firm Is ornamental ironwork—coppered or nickelled—grills and rails for. bank and dhon counters, ornamental itron gates and fences (such as have been supplied to tho Taliliorenikau, Awapuni, «nd Ellerslie racecourses), and the u< qnA Wharf and quays in Wellington. The firm also turns out anti-septic steel chairs and tables and operating tables for hospitals (they supplied tho Maheno and Marama with such anything in the wav ot P' <)l n ~ mental Ironwork finds J. and W. Wk nor rciadv. A. member of tn daily attendance at tho Exlnbitio .

THE LIGHT OF THE WORLD THE WAX VESTA. BRYANT AND MAY, BELL AND CO.’S GREAT INDUSTRY. “Have you a match?” The request is so every day and all day, and the obligation so tri.vial that it is only the ultra-polite who append the word "please” to the question. It is probably the only one article in the whole world that is given away by the million every day; the only item of free exchange; the only thing that a man' lends and never expects to be returned. Yet it is quite indispensable to life, an everyday necessity, and the one thing that we would all miss at once were we deprived of it. It has saved the lives of castaways, has restored life where otherwise death from freezing must ensue, it has been tho means of people lost in forest wastes being discovered, has explained mysteries, revealed impending tragedies, and rescued man from a hundred perils. In short, the match, to civilisation, means the creation of light and heat, without which life would be a poor.,thing indeed. But how many think of such things when they say: "Have you a match ?” and you produce the necessary vesta as a matter of common courtesy.

It is only when one sees tho wax vesta in the process of manufacture that these thoughts are apt to strike home, for the operation is most interesting and illuminating to the man in the street, whether he a borrower or a lender be. The one ,big factory in New Zealand is that of Bryant and May, Bell and Co.. Ltd., a limb of the big factory in England. Visitors to the Industrial Exhibition may see the’ life history of the creation ot a match on a card, but one needs to travel to Nowtown to the factory to see the actual process. ~ _ , ... On entering the factory, the first thing that strikes one is ,the lofty, lengthy, and well-lighted rooms. Tho reason for the length is at once apparent, for all the principal machines are very 10l ‘8> necessarily so, as miles of taper aio dealt with every few minutes. The first machine encountered is tne taper or wick-makei*. The. cotton is imported from Manchester in bales and is stretched out and wound off on one machine, and then transferred to another, which 'has a central bath: of: wax and gum in warm solution. Slowly the ,«» Iks? mi-mrl the entire length ot uno maenmv, winding round . huge rollers, each endtoss length of taper keepmg s plate A™ roun B d T ami S fi?m. e yet it through the —.o tins taper W . , There are a hundred separate tapers £ each °£VS°in ya o r n d : SoSV* v£ ot hr; out. Having the t , Y the tip is necessary. This; isaaaea j exactly one hour. regiments of » time 5”,4“ ojeX Fc^ble^ a to be done is to box the matches but as the article itself is so small and good safe packing so essential that process entails even more work than the actual making of the match. For instance. the boxes have to be made, and this entails the use of half a dozen machines, each of which has its own particular function. There is the big cutting machine for cutting the light cardboard into the required sizes for the. flat boxes; then the tops and bottoms have to be pasted over with thin blue paper. That is accomplished by a machine which is fed with the cardboard pieces from one side and a ribbon of pasted paper from the other. Then there is a little machine, which works like lightning, sticking m the back piece to be found in every slide box df matches; still another which works with praiseworthy energy sticks on tho tiny strip of sand-paper; whilst another attends to the pasting on of the company’s bright label—and the box is complete.

Having the matches and, the boxes made, all that is necessary is to bring them together. Sounds quite simple, yet the box-filling department requires machinery just as interesting and complicated as the actual making of the match. When The matches are made the chains ? which contain the brigades ,of matches are transferred to the filling machine, and are fed by an ingenious contrivance and pushed out of their sockets in tho chain jusb.in time to drop into an endless chain of boxes that is passing that point. Of course, wnere millions of matches are being treated the filling process docs not work perfectly. Thousands of matches are spilt in the process, but these are caught by a receptacle, and straightened out later by another machine, so that there is little or no loss. As the boxes pass on. the girls in charge pack and straighten tho contents firmlv -and 'lip t'he boxes into slides, ready for packing. Tn the case of the round boxes, or "plaids” (as they are called in the trade), the cardboard used in box-mdk-ing lias first of all to be twisted into long tubes, and then pasted over with the plaid or white paper, according to the function they are to fulfil. The tubes are then cut into the required sizes for the boxes, the parts are assembled. and machines fit in the tops end bottoms in a most ingenious mannei. For th© filling of the round boxes a. special machine .is provided, which gathers t'he matches in a bunch and pushes in just the required number to fill tho box. The boxes having been filled they are sent on to the wrapping and packing department en route to the outer world. In the old days match-making was a dangerous business, and employees were often the victims of what was known as "phossy jaw,” caused by too close a contact with white phosphorous, but that sort of thing has long been done away with. Phosphorous in a sulphide form is now used; it is not ablo of producing “phossy jaw, but while it is not recommended as an article of dirt, it is non-poisonous. Ihe factory is clean and a'ry, «’> d comparatively quirt-in short, the type of factory fhat could be placed anywhere without creat. ing a nuisance of any kind.

KEMPTIIORNE, PROSSFR & CO. N.Z. DRUG CO., LTD. Visitors to tho Industrial Exhibition should' not miss seeing the N.Z. Drug Co., Ltd.'s, exhibit. It comprises medicinal preparations, the manufacture of which the company has developed witli great energy, for some time, at its factory in Dunedin. The principal lines of interest are those from the Pill nnd Tablet Lozenge Department. Samples of these are shown in various stages of manufacture The raw materials are uncoated pills’ and tablets, and tho finished products are golatino coated, sugar coated in pink and white and chocolate colours. Samples of medicated jubes and lozenges are also on’ as well as tinctures, syrups, liquid, extracts, concentrated infusions and ointments, all samples of the many different kinds manufactured The Company’s manufactured extract of malt, and a special preparation of malt with cod liver oil. are given prominent places in the big showcase A display of tho well-known 4010 lavender water is a reminder also of the numerous toilet and perfumery specialities manufactured. Snlfarilla tablets Pavo a conspicuous place on one side of tho case. These tablets are a combination of the well-known remedies of sulphur and sareparilla. Tho raw material in its stages up to tho finished tablet is shown.

JAS. J. NIVEN AND CO., LTD. HIGH-CLASS ENGINEERING WORK. The most striking illustration of what New Zealand can produce in the way of high-class engineering work is to be found in the exhibit of Jas. J. Niven and Co., Ltd., the well-known General and Refrigerating Engineers, of Wellington, who have works or branch establishments at Wellington, Palmerston North, Napier, Wairoa, H. 8., Gisborne, Hamilton, Auckland, Christchurch. Dunedin. and London. Tho exhibits of this progressive firm are in every case standard productions, built to clients’ order, and are therefore typical samples of the high degree of excellence in regard to material, workmanship, and design which is embodied in all their manufactures. Niven and Co., Ltd., have been specialists, in all branches of Refrigeration far upwards of 35 years, and for many years past have been manufacturing the whole of the machines installed by them. They show two small ammonia refrigerating machines as typical samples of their manufacture—one of six tons, and the other of twelve tons refrigerating capacity per 24 hours. To those familiar with machines of this class the massive design, high finish, and general excellence of these exhibits will make a strong Mosely associated with the compressors themselves is the ammonia condenser. A standard tnple-laced atmospheric type condenser is shown, oi flcapacity suitable the smaller of the two compressors; and this exhibit illustratesX excellence of the pipe.work for refrigerating purposes carried out bv this firm, to whose credit niacect the complete equipment of a large Farmere’- MeatV, Ltd -the tort two being, repeat orders Amongst the many freezing j freezing machines built ‘ n ~ w bo MoVd S': hern; Poverty’s Bay Farmers F.M. ~ Southland FM. Co. Every one of these worts use a special type of comprossor designed and manufartured by Niven gas Co Ltd., for direct, coupling to a ga. engine, thereby taking of minimum operating costs for fuel. Another interesting exhibit isin milk drying machine, designed and manutac hired bv this firm, embodying special features, and illustrating the almost unlimiteT capacity of the manufacturers for cirrvin o ' out engineering work of a very high standard. The highly-finished rollers in this machine are specially finished, ground and to a degree of accuracy within 1-lOOOths of an inch the machine-cut gears for. opening the machine forming a striking contrast to the assortment of cut gear* of all kinds also exhibited on this stand A 3-stage oxygen compressor is also shown—one of a bptch built to the order of the Acetone Illuminating and Welding Co of Napier, for use in one of their numerous compressing, stations It also affords convincing testimony that, for the very highest grade of engineering productions, it is not necessary to ' vond the firm responsible for this exhibit 7 A small "Cambridge” Patent Suction Gas-producer Plant is exhibited. It is suitable for use with small-powered engines up to 20-h.p. This plant is the invention of a New Zealander, and is patented throughout the world; Jas. J. Niven and Co., Ltd., now control tho manu factoring and selling rights. During the past seven years they have manufnetored and sold in New Zealand alone plant totalling over 12,060-11 P The special feature of these plants is that they are designed for using low grade and consequently cheap fuel, such as lignite, brown coal, wood, refuse, coconut husks, etc. The result is the supply of gas of a high calorific value at a very as this exhibit undoubtedly is. it would not be possible in an exhibition such as this, and m the space available, to make anything like a comprehensive exhibit of the manufactures of this progressive firm, which comprises nlant of every description, such as boilers, Steam engines, pumns. air compressors, hydraulic presses and pumps, wool dnmping plant, manure dryers log-haulers, dairv plant, freezing works plant. sawmilling machinery, and special machinery of every kind.

“ RESTAR ” AN IDEAL ROAD SURFACE. USED THROUGHOUT NEW ZEALAND. ‘Restar” figures among the purely Now Zealand products in the Industrial Exhibition. The apparatus for making this fine roaJ surface is too bulky and complicated to exhibit, but what will interest many people*—in particular those associated with local bodies—are tho sections of "Restar” surfacing which have been cut out of main arterial Toads after Being subjected to many years of heavy traffic. Perhaps there is no more convincing evidence of th© wearing quality of any article than a close-up inspection after ■ years of solid use, and this applies to the "Restai" blocks taken from the fine 20ft. “Restar” goads in the Waitotara and Hawera counties. “Restar" is a tar product. Tar—itself a by-product of coal—is one of the richest minerals known to man. Its products are almost innumerable, and every year seems to find something new. Its treatment Jpr "Restar" was a lucky chance. The tar, obtainable from the gasworks, is treated in a series of monster vats, which, by the way, have to be licensed, owing to the possibility that the vats may be used for the manufacture of whisky. For the same reason two citizens havb to enter into a bond on behalf _of the company to ensure that no such use shall be made of tho vats, which, in Wellington, are located at Miramar. Tar in its original state as it emerges from gasworks, is e. fluid substance which perishes on exposure to the air. It has been found that by the elimination, by the distilling process, of certain constituents, the residue has a long life, and is elastic in nature. The first process relieves the tar of the ammoniated water, the second of its light volatile oils (which make a splendid disinfectant), and the third tho napthaline in the oil (which is afterwards treated bv steaming process until beautiful white crystals are formed, from which moTTi-balls are made). The residue, to Which is added other ingredients, is the "Restar," ono of tho best-proved and longest wearing road-binding materials in existence.

The ordinary tar asphalt has a dry perished look after a year or two of wear, and is inclined to crumble, (but in tho case of "Restar” a road surface, mixed according to approved formula, presents a "lively” resilient floorin" capable of taking tho heaviest traffic all the. year round. That is why it is being favoured by road engineers all over the Dominion.. Many of tho roads in Wanganui, Waitotara, and Taranaki are laid down in solid "Restar" to a width of 20ft, and any motorist who has travelled over such roads, soma of which have been down for seven or emlit vears, will testify. All the Christcliurcli tramway trucks are "Restored, and the Wellington City Council is making extensive use of tho product. Such is the growing pr/iularity of "Restar” that the future holils the possibility of a tar shortage, if the product of gas companies alone arc to bo relied upon. The “Restar" disinfectant is a serviceable household and factory requisite, agreeable in odour and sudden death to all noxious germs. From the oils distilled a first-class anti-corrosive black paint is being made. This paint has a shiny enamel-like finish, and is most effective for use on ships, iron roofs, motor-cars. farm implements, the frames lof steel windows, shutters, and all man. ner of ironwork.

FOR THE SPORTSMAN COLONIAL AMMUNITION COMPANY’S EXHIBIT. Thirty-seven years ago Major John Whitney founded the present Colonial Ammunition Company at Mount Eden, Auckland, and its success has been, u great tribute to the power, and capabilities of New Zealand enterprise. Thirtyseven. years ago—lBB4—the plant was on a small scale: now it occupies 10 acres at Mount Eden, and is one of the finest establishments in the Dominion. Its display of gun-ware at tho Industrial Exhibition is very excellent. NeaUy arranged in special cases are cartridges, shot, and bullets, displayed so ns to show the intricate parts of each. Shot do not seem very important things. They are only little round pellets, says the onlooker, who hasn t tho least idea of how they- are made. „ Ho does not realise that there is a E “Ot tower” over 80 feet high in Auckland, from which tho drops of molten ni.etal fall to the water below. Whitney is a haM-nmkk fort things connected with gunnery. At the stall in the exhibition one can seo the various, types ot bullets. As is well known, this, pioneer company of the army of local industry has the Government contract for mark 7, .303 military fine bullets they are. Turks on Gallipoli found that out. Within six weeks after the outbreak of war the C.A.C. had extended its capabilities to tho utmost, and the Samoan Expeditionary Force, and later, the Main Body, carried m their, bandoliers and pouches bullets made in New Zealand. The Turk is understood to have been much impressed by them. But C.A.C. does not only stand as a sterling mark for military bullets. Not at all. The C.A.C. soft-nosed sporting bullet is one of tho finest in the world, and is popular with New Zealand sportsmen. The two grades of sporting cartridge for shotgun are of splendid worth and the man who takes C.A.C. shot out with him comes home smiling with his game-bag full. It’s a fact.. At the stall is shown also the special waterproofing process for sporting cartridge. The casual observer will bo astounded at the delicate components of a cartridge. There are the cap, the filling, and a host of other things, which all are shown separately. , ~ Experts are in attendance the stall, and they can always explain the different thing! The success of C.A.C. wares can possibly be attributed to the ’J 10 ?* era machinery which is being used in the production of the articles, meaning greater efficiency. In (addition, the Cmnpany has produced a double-barrelled shotgun that is controlled by a single trigger. Every sportsman knows that annoying feeling when he misses with the right barrel, and fires the wrong one! On this new gun, such a tiling cannot happen. For, as well as tho safety clip, there is a special mechanism which can make the order of tire "left, right,” or "right, left, for distance or length, as tho caso might be. Here- are two extracts from letters of appreciation: "I won the Napier Maidi Gras shoot tho other day with youi 'Favourite' 2Jin. cartridges and I will be glad if you will forward me 50 23m. 7-shot 12 gauge. and 50 in-6-sliot ,at your earliest, as I am gomß down to the 41200 match in Dunedin. . "I am pleased to report all sales have been satisfactory, and no complaints,’ none expected. It is evident the future is bright for the firm, as the slogan is becoming general, like that of the Nov Zealand woollen goods the same is applying to cartridges: It it is Colonial it will do me.

BUILDING MOTOR BODIES MUNT, COTTERILL’S EXHIBIT. Just outside the big Machinery Hall, where there are many excellent exhibits, stands a big Leyland truck. At least, if one looks at the bonnet one sees tho word "Leyland." But look at the body and you will see that the wood looks familiar. ’lt is New Zealand wood, and not foreign. And the whole of the body was manufactured by Munt, Cotterill and Co., Ltd., the well-known carriers. In addition to their ordinary business, this Wellington firm have a large coach-building and motor-body manufacturing plant. Judging by the big truck that stands outside the Machinery Hall the productions from this firm are of a very high standard. The up-to-date cabin and body was built for a truck owned by tho Wellington Meat Export Company, and is very striking. Tho third order from the company, it is superior to any other cab in-trucks. The driver's cabin is a miniature railway driver's cab. It is a compact little room. Glass shields —one of which is a special contrivance used exclusively .on these trucks—guard tho driver from wind and rain;' and in addition, there is a special arrangement with winch lie 19 able to open the front emeld, if ho needs fresh air. The seats are upholstered, there being room for two in the cabin; and there are small sidewindows. The whole affair is veiy comfortable indeed. The rear portion of the truck is made of very fine timber, including kauri. It is really good-anti looks it. Every portion is well finished, and the* whole truck is as good as could bo obtained anywhere, Munt, Lottorill have built to date over 50 of these motor cabins and bodies and have sent them all through New Zealand, from Auckland to Dunedin. Those requiring such things built can well realise the advantage of having them ™ anu ?“ c ; hired in New Zealand. With the standard of workmanship and the quality ot production, outside manufacturers would have a hard job competing against Munt, Cotterill. ft sounds all light for buyers to s-ay: "lye're g-ettinij out an American or an English truck, but why should they go to the extra expense when local industry give them what they require at a much lower prioe? Bv supporting local industry, citizens will be helping along tho great move for efficiency.

WINSTONE’S TILES In ths Machinery Hall, on tho harbour side, is to bo seen, a red-tiled porch, which shows what fine shingle tiles are now beingi turned out at the big laumarunui works of Winstone, Ltd., of Auckland and Wellington. This tile, which is becoming increasingly populai throughout New Zealand, is a pl aln shingle tile that is less absorbent than any other tile on the market-winch is, perhaps, a first consideration m a, roofing material. , - The tiles aro made from the virgin grey papa rock —a sample of .which is shown. It is ground to powder in a. null, and from that stage is worked, into a semi-plastic state in a plug mill, in which condition it is w lnt ? a machine, which turns it put in a long ribbon, and cuts it up into tile lengths (12in. by 7in.). The grey cake then goes to the press, which compresses the tile, bores the nail holes, and shapes the nib (by which tho tile hangs).. A camber or slight bend is then given the tile, which is sent on to the drying room, and thence to the kiln. That is the manufacturing history in brief of the "Rosemary" roofing tile, the simplicity and effectiveness of which are evident. Another feature is the fine natuial terracotta colour .he tiles retain In addifion to the oiuinary shingle tilrewliich may bo seen m section on the roof of the stall—the company manufactures ridging and finials in harmony with so ago the company suffered loss br fire, but to-dav it has a new kiln capable of holding 50.000 tiles, and the latest, presses have recently been .installed A specialty of this company is that it will not soil its tiles for anyone to erect—its representatives in the various centres keep export tilers on hand, and a price is given straight out for a specifi Another product of the Taumarunui works is an "acid brick, a speciallvmade brick for use m chemical and manure 'works, vitrified to stand a,ll t0 Among the buildings which have been roofed with "Rosemarvs” are the new Glaxo factory at Marton, and ten houses attached to .it. six other dairy products factories, tho Maori house at Ngaruawaiiia,. tiro Girls* High School at Palmerston North, Mr. J. M'Eldowney 3 now residence in Hill Street. Wellington. St. Catherine's Convent at Kilbirnie, and a new St. Helens Home at Pukekohe. Mr. A. E. Smith is th® local manager.

AN AUCKLAND SURPRISE NEW ZEALAND MILLINERY. There is an eye-opener for Wellington in tho display of locally-made millinery which is being made at the Exhibition by five Auckland firms of millinery tnan-uftkcturers-Messi-s. Foote Bros., Ltd., J. G. M.cFarlane, G. Wilfred Plummer, Ltd., Plummer Hat Co., Ltd., and Somerset and Co. In the Empire City we have milliners by tho score, who are doubtless adept enough at their business (which is mostly confined to trimming imported shapes), but in Auckland there are five firms actually engaged in making hats from the imported Chinese straw plait, agd plaits and rushes from Java, Tuscany, Leghorn, and other places that specialise in straw for the manufacture of ladies’ hats. Although ■ tho straw may originally come from China —it is mostly rice straw —it has to go to England to be bleached white. Fortunes have been sunk in trying to bleach straw plait for hats, but England alone has been successful. In this exhibit may bo seen hanks of the unbleached and bleached plait, and a largo show-case filled with smaitlydesigned. and tastefully-trimmed hats iliac are up to the very best standard in this class of goods. The central position is occupied by t!he "jazz hat,” a big shapely flop hat in all tho colours ci the rainbow, and the tints between. There are smart designs in delicate 'Leghorn straw, suitable for bridesmaids, and there are serviceable hats for everyday wear. Hats designed for particular types, and 'hats to suit everybody. Hats 'and toques in styles that are sold every day, and those which do not go over the counter once a month. What is surprising to learn is that the dyeing, stiffening, blocking-out shaping, and trimming are all done in big factories, containing a great deal of ingenious machinery. The millinery business in New Zealand has, it will be seen, become an industry—and one that needs some measure of protection. At present the raw material (straw plait) conies in duty free, and there is a duty of 25 per cent, on millinery (trimmed hats), but even that impost does not prevent the impoitation of a great deal of millinery which could bo made as well and as cheaply in New Zealand. At the present time tho work of the factories cannot go along steadily throughout the year There are slack periods w'hen the hands hauO to bo put off. Last season A19,()0fl of millinery was imported into Auckland. Had half that sum been expended on the products of local companies they would probably have been able to get through without dismissing any hands, and yet there would have Been no fall-ing-off either in style or quality of the ladies’ headgear. It will be seen tiom this that'the millinery business is vitally interested in the tariff—and deserves consideration. . , „ ■ 3 “What is to become of the Paris mod. els?” was asked, when ft heavy duty was mentioned. “They will come in even if The duty is 100 per cent., was the inte , res^infr f o learn that the millinery factories of Auc^’ a . 1 only 40 hours, on five days of the -neoK, anef the head of ono of the firms concerned stated that he paid no «du!t hand in his establishment less than X 5 per week, which on a five-day week is -Cl a The’ attention of the ladies of' Wellington particularly is directed to t e exhibit o? tho Auckland millinery firms as an illustration of what can be done in New Zealand factories in this department of art.

“K” FOOD PRODUCTS TRIUMPH OF QUALITY. W'hat everyone wants in a food-product is fine flavour, and the article that has the best flavour is the ono that will become most popular. Upon this idea has been ■ bull tho largest food-product business in New Zealand—the famous “K” factory in “Sunny” Nelson. Flavour as the "result of quality in manufacture —and quality means constant care and cleanliness, absolute purity, and a. strict guard over ingredients. A Story of Success. Mr. S. Kirkpatrick founded the business f« ty years ago, and to-day the works cover two acres, while the “K” goods are known and appreciated in every nook and corner of New Zealand, and also in many oversea countries. Indeed, tho “K” has long been a worthy ambassador for New Zealand industries, and the' scores of highest awards won by "K” at various international exhibitions., prove that the merits of the "K” goods are genuine and distinctive. Among the Orchards. The chief products of the "K” factory are the well-known "K” jams, jellies, and other fruit preserves; and here the "K” people have a unique advantage in being situated amid the largest fruitgrowing district in tho Dominion. There are about 10,000 acres of orchards in Nelson, and the best of tho fruits they produce go to the "K” factory, where they arc preserved while fresh and luscious. What this means in the flavour of the jam will be realised bv all housewives. It is no wonder that "K" jam is too preference in ,eo many houses; for tho average housewife who wishes to make jam as to b© content with, stalo fruit, and • inconvenient means of cooking her jam. At tho "K” factory there is most modern equipment, and several tons of jam can bo prepared each day. Popular “K” Products. But jam Is only one of the many “K” products with fine flavour. The "K" green peas (canned) are the freshest of spring peas from Nelson gardens, and are unrivalled as a luncheon and dinner treat all the year round. "K" tomato soup is the finest article of its kind on the market—another triumph for the quality ideal. The “K” factory also includes an extensive and up-to-date spice works, where are produced many household necessities, including “K” baking powder, “IU coffee, “K” pepper, “K” ground spices The big "K” dominates the jam and food-product market to-day, and it is the wise housekeeper’s guide to satisfaction. The manufacturers are determined to uphold the quality ideal, and to ensure that all goods bearing the K brand are the purest and best it is possiblo, to make.

high-class neckwear The Parisian Neckwear Company 'has pleasure in drawing the attention of the trade to tho establishment of a now industry in New Zealand—the manufacture of all grades and classes of men’s neakwear. The company's up-to-date factory and showrooms are situated at 74 upper Lorno Street, Auckland, and with wellselected stocks ; of English, Continental, and American tie silks on hand, visitors aro assured that an inspection will prove especially interesting. All models of men's neckwear arc being manufactured —and big shipments constantly arriving tho stocks are being kept abreast of all markets. The trade mark for tho firm’s goods is "PARISIAN,” and with the excellence of material, design and ■workmanship, a high-grade article is being produced at competitive prices. "Parisian” neckwear will prove a genuine seller upon its own merits. The company has demonstrated that it can produce neckwear equal to the best imported in quality at values which excel. For this reason, together with the fact that it is engaged in a local Industry, tho enterprise deserves, encouragement. Every tie sold assists in keeping our money circulating in the .Domiijion and helps to find employment for New Zealand men and women. Representatives of the company arc keeping in constant touch with retailers throughout New Zealand, but s hould any information bo at any tune desired it will be furnished immediately upon application. ~ ~ . „ Mail Orders.—Special attention is b - ing given this feature of the business On application, quality and desired w.ill be dispatched immediac y on appro., and satisfaction in all instances is guaranteed.

WOOD BROS., LIMITED IMPERIAL ROLLER FLOUR. Good wino needs no bush and Wood’s flour being a 'household word throughout New Zealand very little need be said in recommendation of their Imperial holler Flour, pure whole wheatmeal for broad and porridge and their Gold Medal Semolina. Successful iri. every competition entered, the long list of exhimtion awards is ample testimony ,!n e merits of their manufactures Allied as it is with the primary industry of the. Canterbury province, the history of this business is fairly symbolical of the groat prbgress made in Canterbury and the Dominion generally in the past sixty years. Tho founder of the business, tho late Mr. W. D. Wood, arrived in 1850 by tho Randolph, ono of the'historical first four ships. In 1856 he erected the windmill near tho railway lino, on what afterwards was called Windmill Road, now included, in Antigua Street, Christchurch, and the mill was for some time a prominent landmark in the district. Milling operations, were commenced in August, 1856, but it was not long before tho requirements of flic little settlement outran the capacity of the mill, and in 1862 a water-power mill was erected at Riccarton, the building being on one bank of the stream. Further extensions were soon necessary and extended to the other hank, and later stores were provided forrtioliling wheat supplies. In 18S9, on the introduction of tho roller system, the mill buildings were again enlarged, but in a few years the business was beyond the capacity of tho water-power, and in 1891 a large steam mill was erected at Addington, where the company had previously erected com. modious granaries. In 1908 the mill was again enlarged, and later was added, the large wheat icle.vator for expeditious handling of the wheat. In August, 1916, electricity was adopted as the motive power, and thus within sixty years, wind, water, steam, and electricity had been used for power purposes. It might also bo noted t'he late Mr. Wood was tho pioneer in the shipment of wheat from New Zealand, a business which by the early ’eighties had grown to a big thing, both for the producers and as a means of adding to the weultn of the colony. From the day of small things progress has been made to the present fine mill, and the largo stores with a holding capacity of equal to nearly 506,000 bushels. From recedvjng supplies :by bullock wagons it now necessitates one of the largest railway sidings in the Dominion to accommodate the traffic. Apply this expansion to the milling industry, generally, and it is readilv seen it is almost of 'vital importance to the safety -and welfare of the Dominion. From an employment point of view, from ploughing operations on the farm to the finished milling, there is no other article whose cost is so largely absorbed in labour. A considerable quantity.ot coal is required in connection with threshing, so that one industry becomes interwoven with another, and the attendant railway revenue for this and the produce is of sufficient importance to demand consideration. , „ . . r „ From the viewpoint of safety hist, it Is essential we should produce a sufficient food supply within our own borders—few people realise how very close we have been to danger-point within the last few years, and from which we shall notiescape until our own markets are reasonably preserved to our own producers enabling us to produce wealth and circulate amongst ourselves the 'hard cash we should otherwise have to send abroad for tho purchase of wheat and flour.

“GET YOUR GEAR CUT” BY THE. ALEX. P,L»<S ENGINEERING CO. EXPERT CRAFTSMANSHIP. There never was an age when the skilled gear-cutter was in such' keen demand as the present one. The coming of the motor has made gear-cutting an expert line of engineering in itself, and in that sphere the Alex. Ross Engineering Company, of Lower Taranaki Street, Wellington, hold a well-established reputation. Being experts, they are naturally proud of their work, and from a glance at the fine display of gears and gear-cutting tools to bo seen in the Machinery Hall they 'have every reason to be. In many cases where something goes wrong with the internal mechanism of a. car, people go to the chemist rather than to tho doctor. The doctor in this case is -the man who knows all about the gears, and who can replace any part in a workmanlike manner. Only a few years ago certain parts of cars had to be imported to replace those broken or damaged in any way; hut with experience and skill in tool-making, those, disabilities have been removed. Only last year this firm turned out 2800 gears, and what is more, each bit of work was stamped in such a way that its history was revealed on reference to a check book—a system that spells thoroughness and care. Ono set of exhibits shows the metamorphosis of a gear-box gear from tho block steel to the perfect article, true to tho 10,060 th part of an inch. Ono could not help noticing the smooth perfection of a worm and worm wheel, and the tools to cut them with; a fibre and steel gear (which makes for silence), milling cutters, ami some fine examples of milled work; shackle bolts, gudgeon pins, hardened lathe mandrells, and internal gears (for the Taubrenson drive). Every car-owner, and all those interested in this department of engineering should insppet tho exhibit of the Alex. Ross En. ginerting Co.

PROGRESSIVE NEW ZEALAND BUSINESS RADIUM POLISHES. The manufacture of Radium Polishes commenced in a small, way in the town of Martinborough, Wairarapa, about fourteen years ago. In a very short time the increase of business necessitated removing to Wellington, that being considered the best and most suitable centre for distribution throughout the Dominion. Radium Polishes, owing to their sterling qualities, attracted the attention of the most fastidious users of ' boot polices. Then floor polish followed, making a name for itself very quickly. These polishes are now famous from tho North Cape to Stewart Island. Harness polish and a cream metal polish were subseqimntly added, and other lines are to follow—all of which will be up to their usual high standard of quality. Since ronioving'to'Tvellington tho sales have increased over fourfold, and about 18 months ago a suitable three-story building was secured and equipped near tho Basin Reserve, and considerably larger plant was put in to copo with tho increased demand. Of this business it may be said it is New Zealand-made and New Zealand-owned, ylt is a New Zealand industry in every sense of Hie word. The lines flow manufactured include hoot polish (black, white, and light and dark tan), floor polish, harness polish, car polish, liquid furniture polish, "Radium” spray disinfectant, cleanser and polisher.

Tho company’s motto is "Keep the Quality Up.” This point has always been kept to the fore and maintained, knowing that users soon detect any variation of"qualitv. Tho productions are equal to if not better than tho imported articles, and deserve the support of all who are interested in tho business and industries of Now Zealand origin. "Radium” polishes gained certificates of award for boot polishes granted bv the Industrial Association’s Exhibition of 1911, and the gold medal was awarded ‘'Radium Spray" disinfectant and cleanser and polisher at tho Auckland Exhibition.

FROM WAIPUKURAU A NEW VARNISH FIRM. Hawke’s Bay is not known generally as a manufacturing province. It specialises in cattle, sheep, and fine weather, and drowses along contentedly enough. There are a. few industries in. Hastings, but none in central Hawke’s Bay, a defect Mr. B. Spencer Carver intends to rectify _ r „ ■ I’or several yeans past Mr. Carver has been interested in perfecting the manufacture of varnish from New Zealand kauri gum and New Zealand-grown linseed oil. The oil has not always been readily available, and he has used, the imported article, but from his knowledge of the oil extracted from Can-terbury-grown linsleejd, and a certain formula from an English source which he possesses, he is convinced that he can turn out the highest-gi-ade varish possible. Mr. Carver says that no man can manufacture a good varnish, without a thorough knowledge of the-Pro-perties of the oils concerned. On his attractive stand in. the Machinery Holl lib has iv set of phials ot oils and tcreU which lie has refined from linseed o l the purity, “clinging” qualities, and fine < olouring of which seem to indicate teat Mr Carver has a very thorough knowledge of his business Having, the knowledge of tho finer points tvifh tliA refining of the oil, a Knowledge O? the many virtues of kauri gum and a formula which has b ?en t^teAJ iiSiolthH over a period ot mnnj jears, Carver (of B. Spencer Carver and Co ) set to work, and manufetured his m ™krt ’ buV the 3 quality 0 of ’'the rtruck with admiration who have seen the Comorder lb to’ exhibit the varnish, as ‘'S u .““J small tables varmshed. forthTlmstre as though French whilst a panelled interior door in figXposure to the gather One of toe tinv naiiels he t=hows has been fix pos'ed to all kinds of weat^ r ’ h t Ut jwt always dried up clean and h 7 t er ns the damp atmosphere of best adapted to the Hmt° iSe’sßay is cßmaticall'y suited the results in toe manufoHure of varnish. Dampness or inoisis nothing climatic to prevent the manu iar.ro, a of the best varnish possible. 'an watmproof drossin" for oil coats, oil-sheets, and too quality of the new dressmg.

SOME HEATERS ALFRED AND GRIFFITHS’S DISPLAY. It has been said' consists And Aldred and Griffiths’s “Dickers” heater, lor restauiants an. I ten-rooms, which is being shown, at tho mnehinerv hall "of the Industrial Ex hibition, is certainly the finest of efficiency that has seen in Wellinaton for a very long time mast. 1 an old-time restaurant. Mell, it naa an urn for coffee, with a gas rlI1 l>». a urn for tea, with a gas ling, urn for hot milk-with another gas ring. Pies were heated by means ef another ring—and so on. The new Ixuling heater” shown at the exhibition is splendid. There is a big cylinder with smaller evlinders on each side. A tube - ■ up to a pie-oven, with a watei jacket. But here is the important point. U e cannot <lraw water from the top tap nnhl it actually boils, which is essential for tea-making purposes, hren t i lower tap hot water can.be Arawn duec Iv after lighting. It is equal to any machine of its kind on the market, bein" a great deal cheaper and moZ - ac '’ , “ omical in working cost. And as an example of its popularity, one restaurant in Wellington has obtained . Another excellent contrivance is be latest “high-pressure heater, this ma chine is manufactured of very stout corrupted cooper, and "'ith brazed searaa. it mm be installed in the basemenh and will supply hot water ■■ house Where it is desired to take outlie kitchen range and gaa cooker this heater can be fittcil to tn Axistinsj hot-water service, and with veil little fuel and attention will give a gmoc S other excellent things to be seen at this stall. Remember, oveiy Httln bit (>r the articles is locally niaimfactured. Tho new gas heater is another fine example of Aldred and 'irdhthss work It is suitable for coal gas or any petrol gas. on the market, and is used for supplying hot water, to baths. .Ims heater is manufactured in ed copper, tinned inside, am as tho ga_ does not come into contact with the water it can bo used for purposes. It is the most economical gas heatei on tne market. This heater can also lie made smaller, suitable for sinks, basins, etc. At very small gas consumption it will snpplv a steady flow of hot water over the sink for } washing-up purposes, etc.

WELLINGTON GAS COMPANY A HOST OF GOOD THINGS. The Wellington Gas Company, Lid., has an exhibit in the Industrial Exhibition that is well worth seeing. A feature is the cafe fwunta.ni boiler— the boiler which helps business mast. J here are many points about it. there is no steam, no splashing, no smell, no smoke, and no waste; the boiler is noiseless, end cannot burst nor.boil empty., Eire minutes after lighting .the gas, a steady flow of boiling water is produced, rhe gas is controlled from the boiling va e tap. and—a child can understand ri- rt 1 ® exhibits include several Bath Heaters, a patent boater for ’es, taurants, a gas-heating C ° art J aa \ washing copper, and others. It simply Xows industry can compete with great success against tho imporrei, whose only claim to fame is, alter all that the goods come from abroad. In rna ,;,. ° flismlav of heaters and ft known that bricks can be sent to all »'■■> wjI,* 1 ,* lo “ 1 try Will bo amply ’^P Md '..-

. GIRLS AND RUGBY. UNANIMOUS OPINIONS. The to° P prov” 8 that Rugby is not a suitable game for girte Doctors seem to be unanimous in their CO nis?now°tii n health of girls and wodiscussed from many points of view by dl One en of *th« C most dangerous foes to health is the common cold or cough. If Baxter’s Lung Preserver were taken promptly at the" first sign of trouble, many P a serious illness would lie averted. Consumption is often the result of a cold that has been allowed to become ° h For l fifty-five years Baxter’s Lung Preserver has been doing good work in New Zealand homes. Its healing, soothing qualities have always proved of immense benefit to those suffering from sore chests and throats inflamed bronchial tubes, and difficult breathing. Just now, when influenza is about again, every home should have its bottle of Baxter's Lung Preserver for the protection of each member, of the family. A dose in time saves nine. Get a big bottle of "Baxter’s' to-day *s. 6d. everywhere, from chemist or grocer. Advt.

“ MATCHLESS ” FOOTWEAR DUCKWORTH, TURNER AND CO.’S CREATIONS. If you are of the male persuasion, with tho average “mere man’s” appreciation of, and delight in, a pleasingly accoutred "female form divine," the brier-, est survey will convince you that much of the total effect produced by th® "vision of delight" is directly traceab.o to the footwear worn. Pursuing your investigations, you will find that the rr vision" is clad with “Matchloss foot* wear — “Matchless” in quality, and finish as well as in name. Ultimately you will find yourself at the factory of Messrs. Duckworth, Turner and Co., Ltd., situated at 178 Carlyle Street, Sydenham, and may be made acquainted by tho processes, truly magical in character, whereby the skins of different animals are transformed into the objects of delicate grace and beauty that aroused your admiration when “first she burst upon your sight.” The business of Duckworth, Turner and Co., Ltd., is in many respects remarkable. Established twenty-one years ago, it is to-day in the forefront of the boot and shoe manufactories of the Dominion, and is producing articles that successfully ,challenge comparison with the best that can bo produced. In the period mentioned the firm has not only got together a staff of skilful and trustworthy operatives,. but has assembled a collection of time and labour saving machinery and appliances that entitle the firm’s factory to rank with the best* equipped and most modern boot factorie® in the Dominion. At present the factory with its staff of one hundred operatives is turning out 260 pairs of boots daily, and this output, if necessity arose, could be easily increased to 450 pairs daily. But higher praise i® due the firm in addition to appreciation of the great advances the business ha® made in the past twenty-one years. The past eight or nine months, as is pretty generally known to the public, has been a critical period for the Dominion boot and shoe manufacturer, due in a largo measure to the "dumping” of large quantities of Australian-made boots on. the New Zealand market; as a consequence comparatively few factories in the Dominion have been able to employ their operatives for full time; Messrs. Duckworth, Turner and Co. are in the proud position of being able to state that during this critical period they have not discharged' one employee nor has one employee lost a day’s time as. the result of slackness in business. Now, rightly considered and all the circumstances being borno in mind, this is a higli tribute to the careful management of the business, and to the foresight; and enterprise shown by those sible for guiding it. Adaptability to changing circumstances is, truly, as important an essential in business life it is in the universal struggle for exist-, ence. Evidences appear on every hand, a« the visitor makes a tour of inspection ot the factorv, that tho management is keenly alive to the paramount importance of keeping well abreast of th» times, of the fashions, and last, but by no means least, with the improvements in machinery and with the latest inventions in machinery. It is no misapplication of the term to say that the work done by some of the machines is truly magical—operations that at oM time it was considered could be only done bv hand are now, by the cunning adaptation of mechanical devices, done quicker and neater by machines. It would be a long story to follow a skin of leather from the time it enters the lactory till it emerges in the shape ot boot or shoe, but tho marvellous harmony and interlocking of tho various operations cannot help but stiongly impress oven the most casual observer. As indicated in the opening paragraph. Messrs. Duckworth, Turner and Co. are at present engaged principally in the manufacture of women’s tootwear, find it is a. veritable eye-opener see slices of such delicacy of design. Ilexibilitv, lightness, and exquisite irorkmanship being manufactured in a New Zealand city by our own people. to many who see these fascinating creations in the shop windows the first thought that crosses the mind is that, they are from overseas—such workmanship must be impossible in New land. But here, in our very midst, every working day they, are being produced, they are being Ixl and worn, and they are giving the. wearers that delicious aesthetic satisfaction that comes on.y from perfect workmanship and perfect fit and . ease and comfort that a pcrfoct-fittmg worth and Turner’s "Matchless shoes are tn every sense of the word true to name; the firm guarantees every article it sells, and that its guarantee is real and valuable is borne out by the fact, that in every respect their goods give satisfaction, as repeat orders eloquently testify. Consider, for a minute or two the variety and workmanship of their “Matchless” footwear for ladies. They, manufacture Court shoes, Oxford shoes, and fancy strap shoes—the lart-men-tioned being the absolute !as’ word in fashionable footwear for ladies. All throe classes of shoes are in tho manner they conform to the ships of the foot; in design they please tho eyes of the most exacting, and compare more than favourably with the highest quality of imported shoes; in flexibility, and in wearing qualities they excel anything that is brought from overseas. These shoes are made an black glaees, patents, and suedes, and in a range of colours that give a wide field of choice and permit of the nicest matching and harmonising between the lady's costume and her footwear. They are made in dark and light b uro dark and light browns, dark arid light grey, in champagne tint, m fieid-mouse hnt, and in fawn. For those who affect white, they can be got in white kid and white nubuck. It must not be assumed that all this fine workmanship, and this carofu! attention to details, means that the purchaser of "Matchless” footwear is called upon to pay higher prices than if the imported article was bought. It is asserted. not only with confidence but with knowledge, that only the highest skilled experts are able to detect essential differences between the Christcliurchmarie shoe and the imported one; but when it comes to comparing the price of the locally-manufactured article with the imported one, it is found that to obtain tho same quality, finish,. h,.l ness, and flexibility, a higher price has to be given for the imported shoe, bo that, apart altogether from those patriotic considerations that should animate those who have the welfare of the land they live in at heart, the purchaser of "M’atchlees” shoes is exercising a wise economy which in throe days is by no means one of the lessor virtues. Messrs. Duckworth, Turner and Co. are it need hardly bo said, staunch believers in New Zealand’s ability- to manu. factors its own raw products economically. New Zealand leathers are used by them to a very large extent, and the success which has crowned their efforts to produce stylish and artistic footwear for ladies has been due, 4n some measure to the fact that they have been able to obtain from the local tannenes the required varieties and colours and nice even-grained l skins.